NOT FOR SALE

Science

Quarter 2, Wk 6 - Module 6

Carbon Compounds
9

What I Know
(Pre-Assessment)1
Multiple Choice: Choose the best answer. Write the corresponding letter of your choice on the blank provided before each
number.

____ 1) An organic (carbon molecule) bond represents ____?

a. a transfer of protons c. a pair of shared electrons
b. a transfer of electrons d. a pair of shared protons
____ 2) Carbon can bond to ?
a. H b. N c. O d. all of these
____ 3) Carbon atom forms how many bonds?
a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4
____ 4) Which of the following pairs, is highly flammable?
a. gasoline; acetone c. oil; vinegar
b. water; ethanol d. LPG; kerosene
____ 5) Princess wants to remove her nail polish. What must she use?
a. gasoline c. ethanol
b. vinegar d. acetone
____ 6) Most organic compounds have (a. lower; b. higher) boiling and melting point as compared to inorganic compound.
____ 7) What is the common uses of methane?
a. disinfectant c. fertilizer
b. artificial ripening agent d. fuel
____ 8) Which alkane would likely to have a very low boiling point?
a. butane b. hexane c. pentane d. propane
____9) To which group of hydrocarbons does the moleculewith the structure given:
a. alkane b. alkene c. alkyne d. none of these
____ 10) How many types of bonds are there in the given hydrocarbon compound:
a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4

Lesson 1 Carbon and Its Bond

What I Need to Know
The learner shall be able to:

1.explain how the structure of a carbon atom affects the types of bond it forms. (S9MT-IIg17)

In this lesson, you will get to know, how unique the carbon atom is. This lesson will answer particularly how the
structure of the carbon atom affects the types of bond it forms: single bond (C-C), double bond (C=C), and triple bond
(C≡C). The structural formulasof carbon and other atoms will showyou the exact way of connecting them to each other
using a short, straight line, known as a bond.
Carbon is the same element present in all living things and some nonliving things, such as paper, coal, and
diamond. Carbon forms organic compounds with other many atoms like hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and halogens,
which can form complex structures. The structural formula is preferred instead of using the molecular formula because it
shows the exact ways in which the atoms are connected to each other in a form of bond.2

What’s New
1
Adapted with minor modifications from Science 9 Learners Module, DepEd Philippines, 2014, xx.
2
John McMurry, Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry (Pacific Grove: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company,
2000), xx.
A. Describe your observations from the following pictures below:
1.Burning of salt and sugar (http://www.mcutter.com/nat/experiment626/)

_______________________
_______________________
2. a traditional cooking setup (https://cybernag.files.wordpress.com/2018/05/three-stone-stove.png)

___________________________

B. Show the Lewis symbol of the following atoms: (Sci 9 LRM, 2014, pp 115)
C. Identify the type of Covalent Bonds (Sci9 LRM, 2014, pp122)
Compound Chemical Lewis Type of Covalent Bond
Formula Structure (polar / nonpolar)
Water
Methane
Ethane
Methanol
What Is It
The compounds which contain carbon forms with H, N, O and few other elements are usually called organic
compounds. All these are obtained from plants and animals and their changed remains like coal and petroleum. Sugars,
starches, oils and proteins are examples of carbon compound obtained from plants and animals. While hydrocarbons,
such as hexane and benzene, are examples of carbon compound obtained from coal and petroleum.3
Organic compounds have low thermal stability and usually decompose, easily char and burn when heated. Thus,
organic compounds have lower melting points and boiling points due to its weaker bonds -which is the covalent bond.
Element Family or Group Lewis Symbol
Lithium 1 Li ▪
Fluorine
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Carbon
Hydrogen
Salt (NaCl) is classified as inorganic compound that has higher melting point as
compared to sugar (C12H22O11). Sugar easily melts in the presence of flame or fire and eventually
changes into black color. This is an evidence that organic compound has weaker bond, its
chemical properties changes like the color, odor and taste.
http://www.mcutter.com/nat/experiment626/
05/21/2020, 20:00
Lewis Structure of Carbons and Hydrogens
The only distinguishable characteristic of organic compounds is that all contain the
element carbon. Carbon is the most common element present in all biodegradable materials.
Carbon has a unique ability to bond together, may form a long chains and rings.
The ground-state electron configuration (lowest-energy arrangement) of an atom is a description of the orbitals
that the atom’s electrons occupy. The Carbon (6C12) atom with electron configuration of 1s2 2s2 2p2 has four (4) electrons
on its valence shell (outer shell). While hydrogen (1H) with electron configuration of 1s1has one (1) valence electron.
G.N. Lewis in 1916 proposed a shared-electron bond and now called covalent bond. The carbon bonded to other
atoms, not by losing nor gaining, instead by sharing its electrons.
The four (4) valence electrons of carbon represents the
4 dots of carbon in its Lewis structure:
So, with one dot for hydrogen atom:
A stable molecule results when a valence octet of electrons (Octet Rule) has been achieved for all atoms in a
molecule, as shown below:

Carbon has 4 valence electrons that can form a maximum of four

covalent bonds. Bonds are usually represented by a short, straight line connecting the atoms, with each bond
representing a shared pair of electrons.

3
George I. Sackheim and Dennis D. Lehman, Chemistry for the Health Sciences (Prentice Hall, Inc.,
2003), xx.

2
 What’s More

Illustrate the Lewis and Kekule (Line) structure of the following molecules. The first one has been done for you.

Atoms Molecular structure

In Lewis In Kekule (line-bond)

What Is It

Bonds are usually represented by a short, straight line connecting the atoms, with each bond representing a
shared pair of electrons. Each carbon atom in the following compounds forms four bonds:

Electron sharing occurs when two atoms approach and their atomic orbitals overlap. Bonds that have circular
cross-section and are formed by head-on overlap of atomic orbitals are called sigma(α) bonds. Bonds form by sideways
overlap of p-orbitals are called pi(π) bonds.
Two carbon atoms can form a covalent bond by sharing a pair of electrons, which will either form into a structure of
saturated hydrocarbon and unsaturated hydrocarbon. A detailed discussion on Hydrocarbons will follow in the next lesson.
What’s More
Show a possible structural formula of molecules by connecting each atom:

Atoms involved Structural Formula (line-bond)

Ex:
6 Hydrogen
2 Carbon

3
 4 Hydrogen
1 Carbon

4 Hydrogen
2 Carbon
(involves double bond)

6 Hydrogen
3 Carbon
(there is one-double bond
between two C atoms)

2 Hydrogen
2 Carbon
(involves triple bond)

4 Hydrogen
3 Carbon

(there is one-triple bond

between two C atoms)

What I Have Learned

Sentence Completion/Word Pool. Pick your answers from the given word pool.
_______ as element is present in sample like charcoal, paper and even in a precious stone Cue words:
like __________. Carbon
________ compounds are carbon compounds which properties depend on the number of covalent
bonds formed. The _________ bonds found in organic or carbon molecules are formed by Diamond.
_________ of electron pairs between atoms. The primary bond that holds between carbon atoms four (4)
is sigma bond, while the multiple bond (double or triple) formed by ________. multiple
Atoms with four (4) or more valence electrons like carbon form as many bonds as they Octet
need electrons to fill their valence shells and thereby reach a stable ______.
Organic
It is important to always count the number of bonds of each particular atom. Carbon should
have ______ bonds. Hydrogen has only one (1) bond, oxygen with two (2) bonds, nitrogen could
pi-bond
have ________ bonds, and only one (1) bond for halogens. sharing
Carbon, oxygen and nitrogen, with more than one bond, could possible formed three (3)
___________ bond (double or triple bond).

What I Can Do
Activity No. 1: Carbon compounds modelling
Objective: Youwill be able to reproduce your own model of Carbon molecules.
Materials: balls; sticks or straw; glue or masking tape
Procedure:
1. Using the molecules given, student/s will make way to somehow copy the ball and stick model of some carbon
molecules.
2. The carbon atom is black while the hydrogen atom will be a white ball.
3. Use the straw or stick for the bond that holds between atoms of carbon and hydrogen.

For Methane (CH4)

This is the model of the methane molecule with plastic balls.

This model represents the carbon atom and the directions where the
chemical bond is formed. Using the stick as the bond, and at its end will be
joined with hydrogen (a white ball).

For Ethane (C2H6)

4
 Ethane is formed by two carbon atoms (black balls) that are joined with bond (stick). Each end of
bonds is attached with hydrogen atom (white ball).

Lesson 2 Saturated and Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

What’s In
As you learned from Lesson 1, a carbon atom is unique that it has four valence electrons, which enables it to form
four covalent bonds with atoms of other elements and other carbon atoms.
Since there are numerous compounds of carbon, these are convenient to organize them into groups according to
their structural similarities. The simplest and most commonly encountered class of organic compounds is the
hydrocarbons.
Moreover, the structures of hydrocarbons affect their properties, such as physical state and boiling point.

What I Need to Know

At the end of the lesson, you will be able to:

1. explain how the structure of saturated and unsaturated carbon atoms affects the type of bonds it forms. (S9MT-IIg17)

Specifically, after going through this module, you will be able to:
1. identify the structure of saturated and unsaturated carbon atom compounds or commonly known as
hydrocarbons;
2. determine the name of the structure of saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons;
3. determine the trends of the boiling point and physical state of hydrocarbons relative to the increase in number
of carbon atoms;
4. classify the hydrocarbon compounds into saturated and unsaturated; and
5. classify unsaturated compounds into alkenes and alkynes.

What’s New

5
 In your everyday activities, you may have come across articles or items that you find are very useful and make
daily living comfortable. In this lesson, hydrocarbons will be further discussed and it is hoped that appreciation will be one
of the end realizations elicited from you.

The activity below will give you common examples of hydrocarbons and their special uses. Unscramble the bold
italic letters and look for the correct words in the word search below. Encircle your answers.

● Things like Styrofoam food containers you get from a

24-hour shop to grab something to eat are now
normal occurrences. Food containers such as these
are made of an unsaturated hydrocarbon called
eytrsen.
● Themnae, a major component of natural gas, is used
for home heating in cold countries.
● Netehe is a plant hormone that plays important roles
in seed germination and ripening of fruits.
● Yntehe is a highly reactive molecule used in
oxyacetylene torches.
● Utbnea, used as fuel for cigarette lighters and
portable stoves, is also a propellant in aerosols, a
heating fuel, a refrigerant, and used in the
manufacture of a wide range of products.
*wordsearch was created
fromhttps://worksheets.theteacherscorner.net/make-your- own/word-
search/#top

COLORING IS FUN!

In the next activity, you will match the correct number from column A to thecorresponding prefix in column B. You
are to color the boxes containing prefixes in Column B with the color of the number in column A.

A B

What Is It
SATURATED HYDROCARBONS: Alkanes
Alkanes, whose general formula is CnH2n+2, also called paraffins (meaning, ‘low affinity’), are hydrocarbons that
contain only single bonds. They are classified as saturated hydrocarbons (with all carbon atoms linked by single
bonds).Therefore, for an alkane with five carbon atoms, the formula would be C5H12. The simplest alkane is methane, CH4,
a major component of natural gas and is used for some heating in cold countries.
Table 1 on the next page will show you the hydrocarbons’ names and their corresponding molecular structure,
expanded and condensed structural formulas, which are very important in understanding their individual makeup and
differences. Study the table thoroughly and answer the succeeding guide question.
Table 1. Alkanes

6
Guide Question:
1. In the table above, the names of the alkanes are written using a system that tells us the exact number of
carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon compound. How is this method done? On the succeeding table, please write
down your observation by providing the added group of words (affix) for each hydrocarbon compound name.
The first one has been done for you.

# of carbon atoms Compound Name Affix

1 methane Meth-
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

UNSATURATED HYDROCARBONS: Alkenes and Alkynes

Alkenes, also called olefins, are unsaturated hydrocarbons containing one or more double bonds (C=C). As a
result, it contains less hydrogen atoms bonded to the carbon atoms and follows the general formula: C nH2nin an alkene,
the formula of a three-carbon atom with one double bond then would be C 3H6. Ethene is the simplest alkene with the
chemical formula, C2H4 a plant hormone that plays important roles in seed germination and ripening of fruits.

ethene 1-
butene

Figure 1. Samples of Alkenes

n H2n-2. The simplest alkyne, a highly reactive molecule used in oxyacetylene torches is acetylene or ethyne,
C2H2.
ethyne
propyne

Figure 2. Samples of Alkynes

SELF-CHECK:
Classify the following compounds as alkene or alkyne based on the given structure:
1. CH3CH = CHCH3 _________________________
2. HC Ξ C - CH3 _________________________
3. H2C = CH - CH3 _________________________
4. H3C - CH2 - C Ξ C - CH3 _________________________

The table below shows the physical properties of each hydrocarbon in terms of its phase, boiling point and melting
point. Observe the changes of the properties as the number of carbon atoms (Recall Table 1) in the hydrocarbon
compound increases.

7
 Table 2. Physical Properties of Hydrocarbons

Guide Question:
1. Examine the data in Table 2 and identify the trends (increasing or decreasing) of the properties of the three (3)
hydrocarbon groups with regard to the number of carbon atoms. Write your observations below.
a. Alkanes
Phase: __________________________________________________
Boiling Point Trend: ________________________________________
Melting Point Trend: ________________________________________
b. Alkenes
Phase: __________________________________________________
Boiling Point Trend: _________________________________________
Melting Point Trend: ________________________________________
c. Alkynes
Phase: __________________________________________________
Boiling Point Trend: _________________________________________
Melting Point Trend: ________________________________________
2. What do you think will be the boiling and melting points of the next longer alkane, alkene, and alkyne after dec- (10
carbon atoms)? Will it be greater than the value for decane, decene and decyne?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

What’s More

Hydrocarbon structures can also be determined through its name based on the IUPAC (International Union of
Pure and Applied Chemistry).

HYDROCARBON NOMENCLATURE

The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) has established rules in order to systematize the
naming of hydrocarbon molecules. The process of naming is shown below.

Table 3. Steps in Naming Hydrocarbons

Determine the following Steps in Naming
No. of
Carbon Classes of Type of Combine
Suffix Carbon Prefix Suffix
Compounds Hydrocarbons Bonds prefix+suffix
Atoms
Saturated
Alkane Single -ane 2 Eth- -ane ethane
Hydrocarbon
Unsaturated Alkene Double -ene 3 Prop- -ene propene
Hydrocarbon Alkyne Triple -yne 4 But- -yne butyne

In naming, we determine the number of carbon atoms in the compound and look for the equivalent prefix. Prefixes
are added to the "ene" or "yne" final syllable where more than 1 multiple bond is present. The first few prefixes for these
are:

8
 No. of carbon atoms Prefix
1 meth-
2 eth-
3 prop-
4 but-
5 pent-
6 hex-
7 hept-
8 oct-
9 non-
10 dec-

Note: There are aromatic compounds (cyclic hydrocarbons) whose naming rules you shall take up in more advanced
classes in the future.

SELF-CHECK:

Name the five

hydrocarbons below following the IUPAC rules.

______________
______________
______________
______________
______________

What I Have Learned

Complete the concept map below by providing the missing terms. Choose from the word pool below.

What I Can Do
Let’s Investigate!

9
 In our daily activities, we usually encounter common products containing hydrocarbon compounds at home or
anywhere. Classify the corresponding pictures to the class of hydrocarbon it belongs.

Complete the table by writing the name of the product on the first column and then classify the product as to the kind of
hydrocarbon group it belongs to by checking the appropriate column.
Products Alkane Alkene Alkyne

Summary

Carbon atom is a unique kind of elements that has four valence electrons, which enables it to form four covalent
bonds with atoms of other elements and other carbon atoms.
The simplest and most commonly encountered class of carbon compounds are the hydrocarbons. These are
classified into two groups based on their structure: the saturated carbon-hydrogen compounds known as alkanes that
indicate a single bond between the carbon - carbon atoms; and the unsaturated hydrocarbons whichare further classified
into alkenes and alkynes.

The type of bonds present in the compound affects the physical properties of the hydrocarbons. The increasing
number of carbons in the compound indicates a high boiling point as it exists in a liquid state; on the other hand, as the
number of carbon atoms decreases in the compound with the presence of a double or triple bond, the boiling point
decreases as its phase changes to gaseous form.
Long chained hydrocarbons are polymers and many of them occur naturally. Other polymers are synthetic. This
means that, they are produced in labs or factories. Synthetic polymers are created in synthesis reactions in which
monomers bond together to form much larger compounds. Plastics are examples of synthetic polymers. The plastic items
in Figure below are all made of polythene (also called polyethylene). They consist of repeating monomers of ethene
(C2H4).4

Assessment: (Post-Test)5
I. Multiple Choice: Choose the best answer. Write the corresponding letter of your choice on the blank provided before
each number.
____ 1) Carbon atom forms how many bonds?
a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4
____ 2) Carbon can bond to ?
a. H b. N c. O d. all of these
____ 3) An organic (carbon molecule) bond represents ?
a. a transfer of protons c. a pair of shared electrons
b. a transfer of electrons d. a pair of shared protons
____ 4) Most organic compounds have (a. lower; b. higher) boiling and melting point as compared to inorganic compound.
____ 5) Which of the following pairs is highly flammable?
a. gasoline; acetone c. oil; vinegar
b. water; ethanol d. LPG; kerosene
____ 6) Princess wants to remove her nail polish. What must she use?
a. gasoline c. ethanol
b. vinegar d. acetone
____ 7) Which alkane would likely to have a very low boiling point?
a. butane b. hexane c. pentane d. propane
____ 8) What is the common use of methane?
a. disinfectant c. fertilizer
b. artificial ripening agent d. fuel
____ 9) How many types of bonds are there in the given
hydrocarbon compound:
a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4
____10) To which group of hydrocarbons does the molecule with the structure below?
a. alkane b. alkene c. alkyne d. none of these

Key Answers
Pre-Assessment
1) C 2) D 3) D 4) D 5) D
4
“A Chemistry of Carbon.”
5
"Science 9 Learners Module.”

10
 6) A 7) D 8) D 9) C 10) B
LESSON 2
What’s New
• Styrene
• Methane
• Ethene
• Ethyne
• Butane

SATURATED HYDROCARBONS: Alkanes

# of carbon atoms Compound Name Affix POST TEST
1 methane Meth- 1) D
2 ethane Eth- 2) D
3 propane Prop- 3) C
4 butane But- 4) A
5 pentane Pent- 5) D
6 hexane Hex- 6) D
7 heptane Hept- 7) D
8 octane Oct- 8) D
9 nonane Non- 9) B
10 decane Dec- 10) C

UNSATURATED HYDROCARBONS: Alkenes and Alkynes

SELF-CHECK
1) Alkene 2) Alkyne 3) Alkene 4) Alkyne

HYDROCARBON NOMENCLATURE
SELF-CHECK
1) Heptane 2) 1-Pentene 3) 3-Nonyne 4) 3-Hexene 5) Decane

References

"A Chemistry of Carbon." CK-12 Foundation. Accessed June 10, 2020.

https://www.ck12.org/section/properties-of-carbon-%3a%3aof%3a%3a-chemistry-of-carbon/.

"Carbon and Hydrocarbons (article) | Carbon | Khan Academy." Khan Academy. Accessed
June 10, 2020. https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/properties-of-carbon/carbon/a/
carbon-and-hydrocarbons.

McMurry, John. Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry. CA:Brooks/Cole Publishing Co., 2000.

Sackheim, George I., and Dennis D. Lehman. Chemistry for the Health Sciences, 8th ed. Prentice
Hall, Inc., 2003.

Science 9 Learner’s Module, DEPED Philippines, 2014.

www.mcutter.com/nat/experiment626/

www.complex.com/life/2018/02

11