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electronisc science tech_

The document provides an overview of basic electronics, including definitions, applications, and classifications of electronic components. It explains the differences between passive and active components, as well as insulators, conductors, and semiconductors, including intrinsic and extrinsic types. Additionally, it discusses the importance of doping in enhancing semiconductor conductivity and the significance of resistors in electronic circuits.

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1 views6 pages

electronisc science tech_

The document provides an overview of basic electronics, including definitions, applications, and classifications of electronic components. It explains the differences between passive and active components, as well as insulators, conductors, and semiconductors, including intrinsic and extrinsic types. Additionally, it discusses the importance of doping in enhancing semiconductor conductivity and the significance of resistors in electronic circuits.

Uploaded by

anamayank111
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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B.

TECH LET 2021 BASIC ELECTRONICS

Electronics

The word 'electronics' is derived fromelectron mechanics, which means the study of the behavior of
an electron under different conditions of externally applied fields. The Institution of Radio
Engineers (IRE) has given a standard definition of electronics as "that field of science and
engineering, which deals with electron devices and their utilization."

Applications of electronics

Communication and Entertainment

In communication, the main application of electronics was in the field of telegraphy and telephony.
This utilizes a pair of wires.

Radio and TV broadcasting provide a means of both communication as well as entertainment. With
the help of satellites it has become possible to establish instant communication between places very
far apart.

Defense Applications

One of the most important developments during World War II was the RADAR. By using radar it is
possible to detect and find the exact location of the enemy aircraft.

Industrial Applications

Use of automatic control systems in industries is increasing day by day. Electronic circuits are used
in industrial applications like control of thickness, quality, weight and moisture content of a
material.

Medical Sciences

Doctors and scientists are constantly finding new uses for electronic systems in the diagnosis and
treatment of various diseases. Some of the instruments which have been in use are:
Xrays, for taking pictures of internal bone structures and also treatment of some diseases
Electrocardiographs (ECG).

ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS

Electronic components are mainly classified into two types they are:

Passive components

Resistors, capacitors and inductors are called passive components. These components are
themselves not capable of amplifying or processing an electrical signal. But, these components are
very important in a electronic circuit. Without aid of these components active components (such as
transistor) cannot be made of amplify signal.

Active components

ctive components require a source of energy, typically in the form of a direct current, in order to
perform their specific function. They are able to manipulate the flow of electricity in some way.
Most active components consist of semiconductor devices, such as diodes, transistors and integrated
circuits.

What is Insulator

Such substances that show a high value of resistance for movement of current under normal
situations are called insulators.These insulators are available in a single element or compounds and
provide a large value of resistance.

Rubber is a very common insulator material used in different cloths, tyres are construed with a
rubber,etc

What is Conductor

Conductor features are reverse to the insulators there are a lot of free valence electrons in their
valence shells for conductance.

The Iron is the very common conductive material used in different devices like the engine of
vehicles for the conduction of heats.examples of these substances are iron, copper, silver, gold, etc.

What is semiconductor

Semiconductor shows conductance behavior between insulators and conductors these are also
conductor and insulator so-known as semiconductors.

The examples of these materials are silicon, germanium, arsenic, etc

What is Intrinsic Semiconductor?

Intrinsic semiconductor definition is, a semiconductor that is extremely pure is an intrinsic type. On
the energy band concept, the conductivity of this semiconductor will become zero at room
temperature which is shown in the following figure. The intrinsic semiconductor examples are Si &
Ge.
In the above energy band diagram, the conduction band is empty whereas the valence band is filled
totally. Once the temperature is increased, some heat energy can be supplied to it. So the electrons
from the valence band are supplied toward the conduction band by leaving the valence band.

The flow of electrons while reaching from valence to the conduction band will be random. The
holes formed within the crystal can also flow anywhere freely. So, the behavior of this
semiconductor will show a negative TCR (temperature coefficient of resistance). The TCR means,
when the temperature increases, the material’s resistivity will be decreased & the conductivity will
be increased.
What is Extrinsic Semiconductor?

To make a semiconductor like conductive, then some impurities are added which is called extrinsic
semiconductor. At room temperature, this kind of semiconductor will conduct a small current;
however, it is not helpful in making a variety of electronic devices. Therefore, to make the
semiconductor conductive, a little quantity of appropriate impurity can be added to the material
through the doping process.

Doping
The process of adding impurity to a semiconductor is known as doping. The amount of impurity which is
added to the material has to control in the extrinsic semiconductor preparation. In general, one impurity
atom can be added to 108 atoms of a semiconductor.

Resistor

A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance as a


circuit element.

The SI unit of resistor is Ohm.


1). What is an intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductor?

The pure type of semiconductor is the intrinsic type whereas the extrinsic is, the semiconductor in
which impurities can be added to make it conductive.

2). What are the examples of intrinsic type?

They are Silicon & germanium

3). What are the types of extrinsic semiconductors?

They are P-type and N-type semiconductors

4).Why extrinsic semiconductors are used in electronics manufacturing?

Because the electrical conductivity of the extrinsic type is high compare with intrinsic. So these are
applicable in designing transistors, diodes, etc.
5). What is the conductivity of intrinsic?

In a semiconductor, the impurities & structural defects have an extremely low concentration is
known as the conductivity of intrinsic.

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