UNIT-I

Introduction to Big Data: Big Data refers to the massive volume of

data—both structured and unstructured—that is generated at a rate and
scale far beyond the processing capacity of traditional data management
tools. The data can be from various sources such as social media, sensors,
devices, transactions, and more. Big Data is often characterized by the four
Vs:

These characteristics make it difficult for traditional data management tools

to handle Big Data effectively.

The 4 V's of Big Data refer to the key characteristics that define and
describe big data. They are:

1. Volume: This refers to the amount of data being generated.

The scale of data in big data is so vast that it can be measured
in petabytes or even exabytes. Examples include social media
posts, transaction logs, and sensor data.
2. Velocity: Velocity is the speed at which data is generated,
processed, and analyzed. Big data often requires real-time or
near-real-time processing to extract value from the data as it is
being produced. Think of real-time data from financial markets,
social media, or IoT devices.
3. Variety: This refers to the different types of data. Big data
comes in various forms, including structured, semi-structured,
and unstructured data. Examples include text, images, audio,
videos, and sensor data. Handling this diversity is crucial for big
data systems.
4. Veracity: Veracity refers to the trustworthiness or quality of the
data. Since big data can come from many sources, its accuracy
and consistency can vary. Ensuring data quality is important to
make reliable decisions and insights.

These 4 V's help in understanding the challenges and complexities of

working with big data.
Problems with Old Technologies:
1. Limited Processing Power: Older data management technologies,
like traditional relational databases, were not designed to handle the
massive amounts of data Big Data involves. As a result, they cannot
scale to meet the demands of modern data processing needs. They
struggle with the volume of data, leading to performance bottlenecks.
2. Inability to Handle Unstructured Data: Traditional databases excel
in structured data, but most Big Data sources, like social media
feeds, images, and sensor data, are unstructured or semi-structured.
This makes it difficult for older technologies to process and analyze
such data effectively.
3. Slow Data Processing: Old systems often rely on batch processing,
which means data is processed in chunks at scheduled intervals. Big
Data, however, often requires real-time or near-real-time processing,
something traditional systems cannot provide efficiently.
4. Scalability Issues: Traditional systems were designed with a fixed
set of resources, meaning that as data grows, it becomes
increasingly difficult to scale these systems. Big Data requires highly
scalable technologies to accommodate growth in data size and
complexity.
5. Cost-inefficiency: Scaling traditional databases often involves
purchasing expensive hardware and licenses, which can be
prohibitive for organizations trying to work with vast amounts of data.
This can lead to inefficiencies and high costs.
6. Data Integration Challenges: With diverse data sources in Big Data
environments, traditional tools struggle to integrate various data types
and sources seamlessly. Data must often be cleaned and formatted
before it can be analyzed, which increases processing time and
costs.
7. Lack of Advanced Analytics Support: Older technologies are not
equipped to support advanced analytics such as machine learning,
artificial intelligence, or real-time data mining. Big Data demands
more advanced, flexible, and specialized tools that can extract
meaningful insights quickly.
Transition to Modern Technologies: To overcome these issues, modern
technologies such as Hadoop, Spark, NoSQL databases, and cloud
computing platforms have emerged. These tools are designed to handle
Big Data's complexity by offering horizontal scalability, flexibility in data
handling, faster processing capabilities, and advanced analytics support.

KEY TRENDS OF BIGDATA

Big data continues to evolve rapidly, and several key trends are shaping its
future. Here are some of the most important:

1. AI and Machine Learning Integration

 Trend: More organizations are using AI and machine learning (ML)

models to analyze big data, moving beyond traditional analytics.
 Impact: Machine learning helps unlock deeper insights and make
more accurate predictions, improving decision-making processes.

2. Edge Computing

 Trend: Processing data closer to where it is generated (e.g., IoT

devices) rather than relying on centralized cloud data centers.
 Impact: Reduces latency, enables real-time processing, and
alleviates bandwidth issues.

3. Data Privacy and Security

 Trend: With increasing regulations (like GDPR) and heightened

concerns around data breaches, businesses are focusing more on
securing big data.
 Impact: Companies are investing in better encryption, access control,
and privacy measures to safeguard sensitive data.

4. Cloud Adoption
  Trend: The move to cloud-based data storage and analytics solutions
is accelerating, as businesses require scalable and flexible platforms.
 Impact: Cloud services provide cost-efficient, on-demand access to
storage, processing power, and advanced analytics tools.

5. Data Democratization

 Trend: Making data accessible to more employees, not just data

scientists or IT specialists.
 Impact: Self-service analytics tools allow non-technical users to
explore and make decisions based on data, boosting data-driven
cultures within organizations.

6. Real-Time Data Processing

 Trend: The ability to analyze data in real-time is becoming more

critical, especially in industries like finance, healthcare, and e-
commerce.
 Impact: Real-time analytics allows businesses to act quickly on
emerging trends, customer behavior, and operational issues.

7. Data Governance and Quality

 Trend: With the explosion of data, there is a stronger emphasis on

ensuring its accuracy, consistency, and integrity.
 Impact: Companies are putting systems in place to govern data
quality and ensure compliance with standards and regulations.

8. Augmented Analytics

 Trend: The use of AI to automate data preparation, discovery, and

insights generation.
 Impact: Augmented analytics tools help analysts focus on higher-
level tasks by automating mundane aspects of data analysis and
increasing efficiency.

9. Data as a Service (DaaS)

 Trend: The rise of DaaS platforms that offer businesses easy access
to external datasets and data analytics tools.
  Impact: DaaS simplifies the process of obtaining valuable data
insights and allows businesses to focus on their core activities without
needing in-house data management.

10. Synthetic Data

 Trend: The generation of synthetic data through AI and simulations.

 Impact: Synthetic data is used when real data is scarce, costly, or
sensitive, especially in areas like healthcare, automotive, and
financial services.

These trends highlight how big data is transitioning into a more accessible,
efficient, and intelligent field that drives innovation and improves business
outcomes.

Parallel Processing in Big Data

Parallel processing in big data refers to the technique of simultaneously
executing multiple tasks or computations across multiple processors or
machines to process large amounts of data more efficiently. This method is
crucial in big data environments where the volume, velocity, and variety of
data exceed the capabilities of traditional single-threaded processing.

Here’s how parallel processing plays a role in big data:

1. Data Partitioning:

 The data is often too large to fit into the memory of a single machine
or processor. To overcome this, big data systems partition the data
into smaller chunks (called splits or partitions) that can be processed
independently by different machines or cores in parallel.
 Examples: Hadoop (using HDFS to store data across a cluster),
Spark (data distributed across memory or disks of a cluster).

2. MapReduce (in Hadoop ecosystem):

 One of the most well-known models for parallel processing in big data
is MapReduce.
o Map step: Data is split into chunks, and each chunk is
processed in parallel by different machines (mappers). Each
mapper processes the data and outputs a key-value pair.
 o Reduce step: The key-value pairs are aggregated in parallel
across machines (reducers), producing the final result.
 MapReduce helps distribute the data and computation workload
across a cluster of machines.

3. In-memory Processing (Apache Spark):

 Apache Spark is a big data processing framework that performs in-

memory parallel processing. Unlike Hadoop MapReduce (which
writes intermediate data to disk), Spark keeps intermediate data in
memory, making it much faster.
 Spark uses Resilient Distributed Datasets (RDDs) or DataFrames
to split data into partitions, which are then processed in parallel
across the cluster. This enables more efficient data processing for
iterative algorithms (e.g., machine learning).

4. Parallel Algorithms:

 Many algorithms have been developed to take advantage of parallel

processing. For instance:
o MapReduce-based algorithms (e.g., word count, term
frequency).
o Graph processing algorithms (e.g., Pagerank, graph
traversal) where data is processed in parallel across many
nodes.
o Machine learning algorithms that distribute computation
across multiple processors to train models faster.

5. Fault Tolerance:

 Parallel processing in big data systems often involves multiple

machines, and failure is a common risk. To ensure the system
continues to work even when one or more nodes fail, systems like
Hadoop and Spark include mechanisms for fault tolerance.
 Data replication and checkpointing allow parallel processing systems
to recover from node failures without losing progress.

6. Distributed Storage:

 Parallel processing often relies on distributed storage systems like

HDFS (Hadoop Distributed File System) or cloud storage, where data
 is spread across many machines. This allows each machine to
access only the portion of the data it is responsible for, helping with
parallel computations.

Benefits of Parallel Processing in Big Data:

 Speed and Efficiency: By breaking down tasks and processing them
concurrently, large datasets can be processed in a fraction of the
time.
 Scalability: Parallel systems scale horizontally, meaning more nodes
(machines) can be added to handle more data.
 Cost-effectiveness: Instead of upgrading to more powerful
hardware, organizations can use many commodity machines in
parallel, reducing costs.

Examples of Technologies for Parallel Processing in Big

Data:
 Hadoop: Distributed file system (HDFS) with the MapReduce
framework.
 Apache Spark: In-memory parallel processing for faster data
analysis.
 Apache Flink: Stream processing system that supports parallel
computation.
 Dask: A parallel computing library in Python that scales from a laptop
to a cluster of machines.

Parallel processing is essential for making sense of the vast and complex
datasets generated today. By leveraging parallelism, big data systems can
execute complex computations in a timely and cost-efficient manner.
CLOUD AND BIG DATA
The combination of cloud computing and big data has revolutionized how
organizations store, manage, and analyze vast amounts of data. Here's
how they work together and why this synergy is so important:

1. Cloud Computing Overview:

 Cloud computing refers to the delivery of computing services

(servers, storage, databases, networking, software) over the internet
(the cloud). It allows businesses to scale resources on demand, only
paying for what they use without having to manage physical
hardware.
 The cloud offers flexibility, scalability, and cost-efficiency for running
applications, processing data, and hosting infrastructure.

2. How Cloud Enhances Big Data:

 Storage Capacity: Traditional on-premise infrastructure can be

limiting in terms of storage capacity, especially with the growing
volume of data. The cloud offers virtually unlimited storage options
(e.g., Amazon S3, Google Cloud Storage), enabling organizations to
store massive datasets without the constraints of physical storage
hardware.
 Scalability: Cloud services are inherently scalable, meaning
organizations can dynamically scale resources (compute power,
storage, and bandwidth) based on their needs. This is particularly
useful for big data workloads, which often require substantial
computational power and storage that can fluctuate.
o Example: A company might process a small set of data daily
but need to process terabytes of data during certain events
(e.g., product launches, special campaigns). Cloud platforms
like AWS, Azure, and Google Cloud provide elastic compute
services that scale up or down as required.
 Cost-Effectiveness: Cloud computing allows companies to pay for
what they use, making it much more affordable than investing in
expensive hardware for processing and storing large datasets. This is
a key benefit for big data, which typically demands heavy
computational resources.
 o Example: Services like Amazon EMR (Elastic MapReduce)
enable users to spin up a cluster of machines as needed to run
big data jobs and shut it down after the task is complete,
reducing costs.
 Distributed Computing: Cloud providers offer distributed computing
platforms that can process large datasets across many machines
simultaneously. This is critical for big data analytics, which often
require parallel processing for tasks like machine learning, data
transformation, and aggregating large amounts of information.
o Example: Google BigQuery and Amazon Redshift are cloud-
based data warehouses that allow massive parallel processing
to query large datasets efficiently.

3. Cloud Services for Big Data:

Cloud platforms provide a variety of tools and services to help businesses

work with big data:

 Data Storage:
o Amazon S3: A scalable object storage service, ideal for storing
large datasets.
o Google Cloud Storage: Another scalable option for storing
unstructured data, supporting petabytes of data.
o Azure Blob Storage: For storing massive amounts of
unstructured data, often used in big data applications.
 Data Processing:
o Amazon EMR (Elastic MapReduce): A cloud-native big data
platform for running Hadoop, Spark, and other big data
frameworks.
o Google Dataproc: A fast, easy-to-use service for running
Apache Hadoop and Apache Spark clusters.
o Azure HDInsight: A cloud service that provides Hadoop,
Spark, and other big data tools on the Azure platform.
 Data Warehousing and Analytics:
o Amazon Redshift: A fully managed cloud data warehouse that
allows users to run complex queries on large datasets.
o Google BigQuery: A serverless, highly scalable, and cost-
effective cloud data warehouse for running SQL queries on very
large datasets.
 o Azure Synapse Analytics (formerly SQL Data Warehouse):
A cloud-based analytics service that integrates with big data
and provides analytics through a combination of data
warehousing and data lake integration.
 Machine Learning & AI:
o Amazon SageMaker: A cloud-based platform that allows
developers to build, train, and deploy machine learning models
at scale.
o Google AI Platform: A suite of tools for building and deploying
machine learning models in the cloud.
o Azure Machine Learning: A cloud service for building, training,
and deploying AI models at scale.

4. Benefits of Cloud for Big Data:

 Flexibility: The cloud enables businesses to run various big data

frameworks, including Apache Hadoop, Apache Spark, and NoSQL
databases (e.g., MongoDB), without worrying about infrastructure.
 Speed: With powerful cloud-based compute instances and storage
services, big data processing tasks that once took days or weeks can
be completed in hours or minutes.
 Accessibility: Cloud platforms provide centralized access to data,
making it easier for teams to collaborate, share insights, and work
together on big data analytics projects, regardless of location.
 Security and Compliance: Major cloud providers invest heavily in
security features, including data encryption, identity and access
management, and compliance with regulations such as GDPR and
HIPAA.

5. Challenges of Cloud and Big Data:

While the cloud offers significant benefits for big data, there are some
challenges:

 Data Transfer Costs: Moving large datasets to and from the cloud
can incur substantial costs, especially for businesses that generate
significant amounts of data. Cloud providers often charge based on
data transfer bandwidth.
 Latency: For real-time big data analytics, latency in data transfer
between the cloud and on-premise systems may affect performance.
  Data Privacy and Governance: Ensuring that data is secure and
compliant with regulations when stored and processed in the cloud is
critical for organizations. Effective data governance and security
policies must be implemented.

6. Examples of Cloud-Big Data Use Cases:

 Retail: Analyzing customer behavior, preferences, and buying

patterns across millions of transactions using cloud-based big data
tools.
 Finance: Real-time fraud detection and risk analysis using large-
scale data processing and machine learning on cloud platforms.
 Healthcare: Storing and analyzing patient data, medical imaging, and
research data on the cloud to derive insights into healthcare trends
and improve patient care.
 Social Media: Processing massive amounts of social media data in
real-time for sentiment analysis and trend tracking, often using cloud-
based platforms like Google BigQuery or AWS Lambda.

7. Key Cloud Providers for Big Data:

 Amazon Web Services (AWS): Offers a range of services like

Amazon EMR, S3, Redshift, and Lambda for big data processing and
analytics.
 Google Cloud Platform (GCP): Includes BigQuery, Dataproc, and
various AI and machine learning services for big data workloads.
 Microsoft Azure: Provides services like HDInsight, Azure
Databricks, and Synapse Analytics for big data and advanced
analytics.

Big data And Hadoop implementation

Big Data refers to large, complex datasets that traditional data processing
tools are inadequate to handle efficiently. These datasets can be
structured, semi-structured, or unstructured. The main characteristics of Big
Data are often referred to as the "3 Vs":

1. Volume – The sheer amount of data.

2. Velocity – The speed at which data is generated and processed.
 3. Variety – The different types of data (structured, unstructured, etc.).

Hadoop is one of the most popular frameworks used for Big Data
processing. It is an open-source software framework that facilitates the
distributed storage and processing of large datasets across clusters of
computers. It is designed to handle large-scale data storage and analytics.

Key Components of Hadoop:

1. HDFS (Hadoop Distributed File System):

o HDFS is designed for storing large datasets across multiple
machines in a distributed environment.
o It divides large files into blocks and stores them across various
nodes (machines) in a cluster.
o It is fault-tolerant, meaning if one node fails, another node can
take over the storage responsibilities.
2. MapReduce:
o MapReduce is a programming model for processing large
datasets in a parallel and distributed fashion.
o It splits tasks into smaller sub-tasks ("Map" phase) and then
aggregates the results ("Reduce" phase).
o It can be used to perform tasks like sorting, filtering, and
aggregating large datasets.
3. YARN (Yet Another Resource Negotiator):
o YARN manages and schedules resources across the Hadoop
cluster.
o It is responsible for managing the compute resources and
coordinating the execution of tasks across the cluster.
4. Hadoop Ecosystem:
o Hadoop’s ecosystem includes several tools and libraries that
work with HDFS and MapReduce for different use cases like
data ingestion, analysis, and visualization.
o Examples include:
 Hive – A data warehousing tool for SQL-like queries.
 Pig – A scripting platform for working with large data sets.
 HBase – A NoSQL database that runs on top of HDFS for
real-time processing.
 Sqoop – A tool to transfer data between Hadoop and
relational databases.
  Flume – A tool for collecting and ingesting data into
Hadoop.
 Oozie – A workflow scheduler for managing Hadoop jobs.
 Zookeeper – Coordinates distributed applications and
ensures synchronization.

Hadoop Implementation Process:

To implement a Hadoop-based Big Data solution, follow these steps:

1. Infrastructure Setup:
o Set up a Hadoop cluster (you can use on-premises servers or
cloud infrastructure like AWS, Azure, etc.).
o Install Hadoop on each node in the cluster and configure the
Hadoop components (HDFS, YARN, MapReduce).
2. Data Ingestion:
o Gather the data you want to process. Data can be ingested
from various sources like databases, logs, APIs, etc.
o You can use tools like Flume or Sqoop to ingest data into
Hadoop or use Kafka for real-time data streaming.
3. Data Storage in HDFS:
o Load the ingested data into the HDFS for storage. The data will
be split into blocks and distributed across the nodes in the
cluster.
4. Data Processing:
o Write MapReduce programs (in Java, Python, etc.) or use
higher-level tools like Hive or Pig to process the data stored in
HDFS.
o You can run these programs on the cluster, and YARN will
handle resource allocation.
5. Data Analysis:
o Once the data is processed, you can analyze it by writing SQL
queries in Hive or using machine learning libraries like Mahout.
o You can also use Spark (a fast, in-memory data processing
engine) with Hadoop for more advanced analytics.
6. Visualization and Reporting:
o For data visualization and reporting, you can use tools like
Tableau, Power BI, or Apache Zeppelin to create dashboards
and reports on top of the processed data.
7. Monitoring and Optimization:
 o Use Ganglia, Nagios, or Ambari to monitor the health of the
Hadoop cluster.
o Optimize the Hadoop cluster by tuning the resource allocation,
data replication, and performance of MapReduce jobs.

Example: Simple Hadoop Implementation for Word Count:

1. Data Setup:
o Assume you have a text file stored in HDFS that contains text
data, and you want to count the number of occurrences of each
word.
2. MapReduce Program:
o Map Phase: The Mapper reads each line of the text, splits it
into words, and emits a key-value pair where the key is the
word, and the value is 1.
o Reduce Phase: The Reducer takes the key-value pairs from
the Mappers, groups them by the key (word), and sums the
counts of each word.

3. Job Configuration:
o Configure the job by setting the input and output paths and
specifying the Mapper and Reducer classes.

4. Execute the Job:

o After writing the code, compile it and run the MapReduce job on
the Hadoop cluster. The results will be stored in the output
directory on HDFS.

Hadoop implementation can be more complex depending on the specific

needs (e.g., real-time analytics, machine learning, etc.), but this overview
should give you a basic understanding of the process

Predictive Analytics and Big Data:

What is Predictive Analytics?
Predictive analytics is a branch of data science that leverages statistical
techniques, machine learning algorithms, and historical data to make
data-driven predictions about future outcomes.
 Why Predictive Analytics is important?
Predictive analytics is important for several reasons:
 Informed Decision-Making: By anticipating future trends and
outcomes, businesses and organizations can make more strategic
decisions. Imagine being able to predict customer churn (when a
customer stops using your service) or equipment failure before it
happens. This allows for proactive measures to retain customers or
prevent costly downtime.
 Risk Management: Predictive analytics helps identify and mitigate
potential risks. For example, financial institutions can use it to detect
fraudulent transactions, while healthcare providers can predict the
spread of diseases.
 Optimization and Efficiency: Predictive models can optimize
processes and resource allocation. Businesses can forecast demand
and optimize inventory levels, or predict equipment maintenance needs
to avoid disruptions.
 Personalized Experiences: Predictive analytics allows for
personalization and customization. Retailers can use it to recommend
products to customers based on their past purchases and browsing
behavior.
 Innovation and Competitive Advantage: Predictive analytics
empowers organizations to identify new opportunities and develop
innovative products and services. By understanding customer needs
and market trends, businesses can stay ahead of the competition.
How Predictive Analytics Modeling works?

1. Define a Problem:
 Firstly data scientists or data analysts define the problem.
 Defining the problem means clearly expressing the challenge that the
organization aims to focus using data analysis.
 A well- defined problem statement helps determine the appropriate
predictive analytics approach to employ.
2. Gather and Organize Data:
 Once you define a problem statement it is important to acquire and
organize data properly.
 Acquiring data for predictive analytics means collecting and preparing
relevant information and data from various sources like databases, data
warehouses, external data providers, APIs, logs, surveys, and more
that can be used to build and train predictive models.
3. Pre-process Data:
 Now after collecting and organizing the data, we need to pre-process
data.
 Raw data collected from different sources is rarely in an ideal state for
analysis. So, before developing a predictive models, data need to be
pre-processed properly.
 Pre-processing involves cleaning the data to remove any kind of
anomalies, handling missing data points and addressing outliers that
could be caused by errors or input or transforming the data , which can
be used for further analysis.
 Pre-processing ensures that data is of high quality and now the data is
ready for model development.
4. Develop Predictive Models:
 Data scientists or data analysts leverage a range of tools or techniques
to develop a predictive models based on the problem statement and the
nature of the datasets.
 Now techniques like machine learning algorithms, regression models ,
decisions trees, neural networks are much among the common
techniques for this.
 These models are trained on the prepared data to identify correlations
and patterns that can be used for making predictions.
5. Validate and Deploy Results:
 After building the predictive model, validation is the critical steps to
assess the accuracy and reliability of predictions.
 Data scientists rigorously evaluate the model's performance against
known outcomes or test datasets.
 If required, modifications are implemented to improve the accuracy of
the model.
 Once the model achieve satisfactory outcomes it can be deployed to
deliver predictions to stakeholders.
 This can be done through applications, websites or data dashboards,
making the insights easily accessible to decision makers or
stakeholders.
Predictive Analytics Techniques:
Predictive analytical models leverage historical data to anticipate future
events or outcomes, employing several distinct types:
 Classification Models: These predict categorical outcomes or
categorize data into predefined groups. Examples include Logistic
Regression, Decision Trees, Random Forest, and Support Vector
Machine.
 Regression Models: Used to forecast continuous outcome variables
based on one or more independent variables. Examples include Linear
Regression, Multiple Regression, and Polynomial Regression.
 Clustering Models: These group similar data points together based on
shared characteristics or patterns. Examples comprise K-Means
Clustering and Hierarchical Clustering.
 Time Series Models: Designed to predict future values by analyzing
patterns in historical time-dependent data. Examples
include Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average
(ARIMA) and Exponential Smoothing Models.
 Neural Networks Models: Advanced predictive models capable of
discerning complex data patterns and relationships. Examples
encompass Feed Forward Neural Networks, Recurrent Neural
Networks, and Convolutional Neural Networks.
Benefits of Using Predictive Analytics
 Improved Decision Making: Predictive analytics enables businesses
to make informed decisions by analyzing trends and patterns in
historical data. This allows organizations to develop market strategies
tailored to the insights gained from data analysis, leading to more
effective decision-making processes.
 Enhanced Efficiency and Resource Allocation: By leveraging
predictive analytics, businesses can optimize their operational
processes and allocate resources more efficiently. This leads to cost
savings, improved productivity, and better utilization of available
resources.
 Enhanced Customer Experience: Predictive analytics enables
businesses to enhance the customer experience by providing
personalized product recommendations based on user behavior. By
analyzing customer data, businesses can understand individual
preferences and tailor their offerings accordingly, leading to increased
customer satisfaction and loyalty.
 Applications of Predictive Analytics
Predictive analytics has a vast range of applications across different
industries. Here are some key examples:
Applications of Predictive Analytics in Business
 Customer Relationship Management (CRM): Predicting customer
churn (customer leaving), recommending products based on past
purchases, and personalizing marketing campaigns.
 Supply Chain Management: Forecasting demand for products,
optimizing inventory levels, and predicting potential disruptions in the
supply chain.
 Fraud Detection: Identifying fraudulent transactions in real-time for
financial institutions and e-commerce platforms.
Applications of Predictive Analytics in Finance
 Credit Risk Assessment: Predicting the likelihood of loan defaults to
make informed lending decisions.
 Stock Market Analysis: Identifying trends and patterns in stock prices
to inform investment strategies.
 Algorithmic Trading: Using models to automate trading decisions
based on real-time market data.
Applications of Predictive Analytics in Healthcare
 Disease Outbreak Prediction: Identifying potential outbreaks of
infectious diseases to enable early intervention.
 Personalized Medicine: Tailoring treatment plans to individual patients
based on their genetic makeup and medical history.
 Readmission Risk Prediction: Identifying patients at high risk of being
readmitted to the hospital to improve patient care and reduce costs.
Applications of Predictive Analytics in Other Industries
 Manufacturing: Predicting equipment failures for preventive
maintenance, optimizing production processes, and improving product
quality.
 Insurance: Tailoring insurance premiums based on individual risk
profiles and predicting potential claims.
 Government: Predicting crime rates for better resource allocation and
crime prevention strategies.
Difference between Big Data and Predictive Analytics

SR.NO Big Data Predictive Analytics

Predictive analytics is the

Big Data is group of
process by which raw data is
technologies. It is a
first processed into structured
1. collection of huge data
data and then patterns are
which is multiplying
identified to predict future
continuously.
events.

It deals with the quantity of It deals with the application of

2. data, typically in the range of statistical models to existing
.5 terabytes or more. data to forecast.

It’s a best practice for It’s a best practice for data for
3.
enormous data. future prediction.

It has a vast backend

It has tool with built-in
technology imports for
integrations of the reporting
Dashboards and
4. tools like Microsoft BI tools. So,
Visualizations like D3js and
no need to fetch it from source
some paid ones like Spotfire
or from some outside vendors.
a TIBCO tool for reporting.

Its engines like Spark and

Hadoop comes with built-in
It deals with the platform based
Machine Learning libraries
5. on the probability and
but the incorporation with AI
mathematical calculation.
is still an R&D task for the
Data Engineers.

It has high level of It has medium level of

advancement, its engines advancement, has a limited
have eventually upgraded change of algorithmic patterns
6.
themselves throughout the as they are giving them better
development processes and score from the start with
level of cross-platform respect to their field and
SR.NO Big Data Predictive Analytics

compatibility. domain-specific work analysis.

It is used for risk evaluation

It is used to make data
7. and prediction of future
driven decisions.
outcomes.