BSC-DBMS

UNIT-1
DATA BASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

1. Define the following:Data, Information, Database, DBMS

Ans: DATA: A Data is a raw fact. Data is the building blocks of Information.

Example of data are rollno, name, rama, 50000, age, Hyderabad, salary , address etc.,

INFORMATION: Meaning collection of data or processed data is known as information

For example: (rama , 50000, Hyderabad) gives information about a person.

DATABASE: A database is a collection of data about one particular organization. A database contains
one or more tables. A database is also known as “Schema”

SYMBOL of database:

DBMS: DBMS stands for Database Management System. It is a collection of programs used to create
a database structure, organize the database(add, modify or delete data ) and provide security for data
in a database. We use SQL to work with DBMS.
Examples of DBMS Software’s are: Oracle, MY SQL , MS-SQL, MS-Access etc.,

2. Describe the differences between Data and Information

DATA INFORMATION
Data is raw fact and figures. Information is a processed form of data. For
For example: 32 in data. example: Age 32
Data is not significant to a business. Information is signification to a business.
Data are atomic level pieces of information. Information is a collection of data. For
It can be in the form of numbers, characters, example: Age and 32 collected together to
symbols, or even pictures. form information (Age 32).
Data does not help in decision making. Information helps in decision making.
Observations and recordings are done to Analysis is done to obtain information
obtain data.
Input to any system may be treated as data. Output after processing the system is
information.
Difficult to understand properly. Easy to understand.
Data must be processed to understand. Information is already in understandable
form. It may be processed further to make it
more understandable.
Data may not be in the order. Information should be in the order.

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3Q. Write about Basic File Terminologies or Define the following : Table , Record, Field.
Ans: Field: A field is defined as a character or a group of characters that has a specific meaning. A field
is also known as “Attribute”.
Examples of fields are stno, sname, addr, fname, dob etc.,

Record: A record is defined as collection of related fields. A record is also known as “Tuple”.

Examples of record are (1,rama,kkd,…..),(2,gita,rjy,….)

Table: A table is defined as collection of records. A table is also known as “Entity” or “sub-schema” or
“File”.

Ex: The records of STUDENT Table are given below

Student No. SName Addr Fname DOB

S01 Saritha KKD Rama Rao 11-11-2000

S02 Kavitha KKD Mohan Rao 10-10-2000

S03 Krishna KKD Raja Rao 8-8-2000

4Q. What is File Processing System. What are drawbacks or limitation of File Processing System.

File Processing System:

 A file processing system(FPS) is a method of storing and organizing data in computer files.
 In File processing system files are designed using programming languages like c, cobol, c++,java
etc.,
 Here, Files are called “Flat Files”. It is best suited for small databases.

Representation of FILE PROCESSING SYSTEM is as follows:

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Drawbacks or limitations of File Processing System:

 Data Redundancy:
 Data redundancy means duplication of data values, i.e. same information is duplicated
in several files.
 This makes data redundancy.
 Data redundancy results in memory wastage.
 EX: The same information of customer will be stored in two different locations.
 Data Inconsistency:
 Data inconsistency means a different copies of the same data are not matching.
 Due to data redundancy the data may not be in consistent state.
 This occurs as the result of update operations that are not updating the same data
stored at different places.
 E.g. Address information of a customer is recorded differently in different files.
 Difficulty in Accessing Data:
 Accessing data is not convenient and efficient in File Processing Systems.
 Integrity Problems:
 Data Integrity means that the data contained in the database is both correct and
consistent.
 The data values may need to satisfy some integrity constraints.
 It is difficult to add new constraints in FPS.
 No Data Sharing:
 In FPS, data sharing is not possible i.e., we cannot open a file at a time in more than
one computer.
 Atomicity Problems:
 Any operation on database must be atomic. This means operation completes either
100% or 0% (either complete or not happen at all).
 It is difficult to ensure atomicity in file processing system.
 For example: Transferring $100 from account A to Account B. If a failure occurs during
execution there could be situation like $100 is deducted from Account A and not
credited in Account B.
 Concurrent Access Variation:
 If multiple users are updating the same data simultaneously, it will result I inconsistent
data state.
 In file processing system it is very difficult to handle this using program code. This
results in concurrent access variation.
 Lack of Data Security :
 It is difficult to provide security for data in FPS.
 Security features like password protection, locking data in a file are difficult to
implement.

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5. Write about the characteristics of Database Approach.

Characteristics of Database Approach:

A database approach possesses the following characteristics:

 It is central repository of shared data. It allows several users to access the database
concurrently.
 A fundamental feature of the database approach is that the database system does not only
contain the data but also the complete definition and description of these data. These
description are basically details about the extent, the structure, the type and the formant of
all data and, additionally, the relationship between the data. This kind of stored data is called
metadata (“data about data”).
 A primary feature of the database approach is a standardized, uniform approach to database
access. This means that the same overall procedures are used by all applications programs to
retrieve data and information.
 Data should be correct with respect to the real world entity that they represent.
 Data should be protected from unauthorized access.
 Its organization is such that duplication of data is minimized.
 Data in a database exit permanently until it is not explicitly deleted.

6. What are the various components of Database?

COMPONENTS OF DATABASE SYSTEM:

A database system is composed of following four major components, which coordinate with each
other to form an effective database system.

(a) Data (b) Hardware

(c)Software (d) Users

(a) Data: It is a very important component of the database system. Most of the organizations
generate, store and process large amount of data. Data may be of different types:

1. User data: It consists of a table(s) of data called structure(s), where column(s) are called fields
or attributes and rows are called records or tuples for tables. A relation must be structured
properly.
2. Metadata: Metadata means “data about data”. It is a description about the structure of the
database. System tables store the metadata which includes basic information about the
design of each table, the data type of each field and various constraints set on them.

(b)Hardware: The hardware consists of the secondary storage devices such as magnetic disk (hard
disk, zip disk, floppy disk), optical disk (CD-ROM, DVD), magnetic tapes etc.

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(c)Software: The DBMS needs three types of softwares. They are

1. Operating system software: Manages all hardware components and acts as an interface between
user and the computer. Ex: Microsoft Windows, Linux, Unix.

2. DBMS software: Database s/w is used to create database structure and organize the database. Ex:
Oracle, MS SQL,MY SQL,MS Access etc.,

3. Application Software: Used to design an front-end application. Ex: Java, HTML,.NET etc.,

(d)Users: There are 5 types of users identified in database system.

The users of a database system can be classified in the following groups:

(i)Naive Users: Naive user has no knowledge of database system and about its any supporting
Software. These users uses the existing application to interact with the database.
Ex: ATMs, online library system, ticket booking systems etc.
(ii)Online Users: Online users are those who may communicate with the database directly via an
Online device or via a user interface and application program.
(iii)Application Programmer: Application Programmers are developers who are responsible for
Developing application programs.
(iv)DataBase Administrator(DBA): A person who is responsible for managing the overall database
Management system is called Database Administrator.
(v)End User: These are the people who interact with dbms to perform different operation on
Database such as retrieving,updating,inserting,deleting data etc.

7. What is DBMS? Explain about the advantages and disadvantages of DBMS(or objectives of
DBMS)?
INTRODUCTION TO DBMS:
“Data base management system (DBMS) is a software used to manage the database and its
various operations like insertion, deletion, updation and retrieval. It enables users to store, modify
and extract information from a database as per the requirements. It acts as an intermediator
between the user and the database”.
ADVANTAGES OF DBMS:
It has a number of advantages as compared to traditional file processing approach. The
major advantages of DBMS are:
1.Controlling Redundancy 6.Data Integration
2.Data Consistency 7.Integrity Rules
3.Improved Data Sharing 8.Data Independence
4.Improved Data Security 9.Data Atomicity
5.Improved Data Access 10.Backup and recovery procedures

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 Controlling redundancy:
 In DBMS, all the data of an organization is integrated into a single database.
 The data is recorded at only one place in the database and it is not duplicated.
 By controlling redundancy, we can save storage space.
 Data Consistency:
 In the file processing system, information is duplicate throughout the system .so
changes made in one file may be necessary be carried over to another file.
 Reduced data redundancy leads to better data consistency.
 Improved Data Sharing:
 In a paper-based record keeping, data cannot be shared among many users.
 Data stored in DBMS can be shared among multiple users at the same time if they
are connected through a network.
 The data can be shared by authorized users only.
 Improved Data security:
 Data security is the protection of database from unauthorized users.
 DBMS provides a framework for better enforcement of data privacy and security
policies.
 Improved Data Access:
 Data in a database can be accessed and manipulated by means of a query.
 DBMS sends output of query to the application.
 Data Integration:
 Data integrity means that the data contained in the database is both accurate and
consistent.
 Therefore, data values being entered for storage could be checked to ensure that
they are of the correct format or not.
 Integrity Rules:
 Integrity constraints or consistency rules can be applied to database, so that the
correct data can be entered into the database.
Ex: primary key, foreign key, unique etc.
 Data Independence:
 The separation of database from the application program that is used to access the
data is called data independence.
 In DBMS, the database and application programs are separated from each other.
 Data Atomicity:
 Any operation on database must be atomic i.e.it should either complete or not
occur at all.(all or none).
 Backup and Recovery:
 Most of the DBMSs provide the backup and recovery systems that automatically
create the backup and restoring the data if required.

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DISADVANTAGES OF DBMS:

 High cost
 Complexity of Backup and recovery
 Security Threats.

8. Write about the Evaluation of DBMS?

History of DBMS: File based system was the predecessor to the DBMS. The chronological order of

the development of DBMS is as follows:

1. Flat file system(1960s-1980s)

2. Hierarchical Data Model(1970s-1990s)
3. Network Data Model(1970s-1990s)
4. Relational Data Model(1980s-present)
5. Object-Oriented DBMS(OODBMS)(1990s-present)
6. Object-Relational DBMS(ORDBMS)(1990s-present)
7. Data Warehousing(1980s-present)
 Early 1960s: Charles Bachman introduced the first general purpose DBMS called as Integrated
Database(IDS). It created the basis for the network model which was standardized by
CODASYL(Conference on Data System Language).
 Late 1960s: IBM developed IMS(Information Management System). The hierarchical database
model was the IBMs first DBMS called IMS.
 1970: Edgar Frank Codd (E.F.Codd) created Relational Model
 1976: Peter Chen presented Entity-Relationship(ER) model, which is widely used in database
design.
 1980: SQL(structured Query Language) was develop by IBM. It became the Standard query
language for databases.
 1980s and 1990s: IBM, Oracle, Informix and others developed powerful DBMS.

9. Explain the three level architecture of DBMS.

THREE LEVEL ARCHITECTURE OF DBMS:

In the early 1970s, the ANSI-SPARC (American National Standard Institute-Standard Planning
and requirements committee) defined a frame work for data modelling on degrees of abstraction.
The term abstraction means the amount of detail you want to hide.

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This framework is used for describing the structure of specific database system. In this, the database
schemas can be defined at 3 levels. So, this architecture is called as three level (or) ANSI-SPARC
Three-tier (or) Three schemes

 The external level (user view)

 The conceptual level (logical view)
 The internal level (physical or storage view)

DATA

THE EXTERNAL LEVEL :

 The external level or user view is at the highest of the three level DBMS architecture.
 This is the highest level of data abstraction.
 It includes a number of user views of the database .
 It is also known as view level.
 Different views may have different representation of same data.
 It describes only part of the entire database that is relevant to each user.

THE CONCEPTUAL LEVEL:

 The middle level is known as the conceptual level or logical view.

 It deals with the structure of the entire database.

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 It is also known as logical level.

 It defines “what data are stored in the database” and what relationships exist among those
data.
 It hides the details of physical storage.
 This view does not contain any storage level details.
 Database Administrator and designers work at this level to determine “what data to keep in
database”.

THE INTERNAL LEVEL :

 The lowest level of three level DBMS architecture is known as the internal level or internal
schema.
 This is the lowest level of data abstraction.
 It describes the physical structure of data in database.
 It describes how the data items are stored in the physical storage devices (hard disk, CD, DVD,
Tape drives etc).
 It deals with file structures, access methods, data compression and ecncryption techniques if
used.

Data Independence:

Schema: The overall design of the database is called schema or metadata.

The ability to modify the schema definition in one level without affecting another level is
called data independence. They are of two types.

Physical Data Independence: The ability to modify a physical schema without causing
application programs to be rewritten.

Logical Data Independence: The ability to modify a logical schema without causing application
programs to be rewritten.

10. Explain about classification of DBMS.

Classification of DBMS:
The DBMSs can be classified into different categories on the basis of several criteria’s. These
are classified according to: DBMS is categorized into types based on the following:

i. Based on the Data Model

ii. Based on no.of users
iii. Based on location/sites
iv. Based on Data usage.

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1.Based on the data model: Depending on the data model they use, the DBMS can be
classified as 1. Hierarchical Data Model

2. Network Data Model

3.Realational Data Model

 Hierarchical database –
→ This model used the tree as its basic structure.
→ In this, the records are present in parent or child relationships.
→ They are used in industry on mainframe platforms.
→ Examples are IMS(IBM), Windows registry(Microsoft).
 Network database –
→ Mainly used on a large digital computers.
→ If there are more connections, then this database is efficient.
→ They are similar to hierarchical database, they look like a cobweb or interconnected
network of records. Examples are CA-IDMS(COMPUTER associates), IMAGE(HP).
 Relational database –
→ This is the most popular data model used in industries.
→ It is based on the SQL.
→ They are table oriented which means data is stored in the form of rows and columns
called tables or relations.Examples are MYSQL(Oracle, open source), Oracle database
(Oracle), Microsoft SQL server(Microsoft) and DB2(IBM).

2.Based on the number of users

Single user Database–It can support only one user at a time. It is mostly used with the personal
computer on which the data resides accessible to a single person. The user may design, maintain and
write the database programs.

Multiple user Database– It supports multiple users concurrently. In this, data can be both integrated
and shared. It can be divided into two types.

→ Workgroup Database: When a multiuser database supports a small number of users (or) a
specific department in an organization, then it is called as workgroup database.
→ Enterprise Database: When the database is used by the entire organization, across many
departments, then it is known as enterprise database.

3.Based on the sites:

Centralized database – The DBMS and database are stored at the single site that is used by several
other systems is called centralized database. The data is maintained on the centralized server.

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Distributed database – In this data and the DBMS software are distributed over several sites but
connected to the single computer.

There are two types in distributed databases.

1.Homogeneous Database: If the same software(DBMS) is accessed to multiple sites then it

can be called as homogeneous distributed database.

2. Heterogeneous Database: If the different softwares are accessed to different systems then
it can be called as heterogeneous database.

4.Based on the DataUsage:

 Operational Database: A database that is designed to support a company’s day-to-day

operations is classified as an operational database.
Ex: Banking database
 Data Warehouse: It is a repository of an organization’s data which is used for reporting and
analysis. Most of the data in data warehouse are based on historical data obtained from
operational database.

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11. Explain about different Data Models?

Data Model: It defines the logical structure of the database including data types, relationships
between data and constraints that should apply on the data. It is a conceptual representation of data
structures which is required for database.

Basic Building blocks: The basic building blocks of all data models are:

1.Entity: An entity is anything which data are to be collected and stored.

Ex: student, teacher employee etc.

2.Attribute: It is a characteristic or property of an entity.

Ex:name, no, age, salary etc

3. Relationships: It describes an association among entities.The different types of relationships

are: 1.One-to-One relationship(1:1)
2.One-to-Many relationship(1:M)
3.Many-to-One relationship(M:1)
4.Many-to-Many relationship(M:M or M:N)

Types of DataModels: The most widely accepted data models are:

 Hierarchical Data Model

 Network Data Model
 Relational Data Model
 Object-oriented Data Model
 Object-Relational Data Model

Hierarchical Model –

 In mid 1960S, IBM developed IMS(Information Management System).

 IMS is used as an alternate model of Hierarchical model.
 It was developed to manage large amount of data.
 In this model, data is organized in a tree-like structure.
 In this, the records are present in parent or child relationships i.e. there is only one entity
which is called root at the top of hierarchy.
 The relationship exists in the Hierarchical model is one-to-one and one-to-many.
 They are used in industry on mainframe platforms.
 Examples are IMS(IBM), Windows registry(Microsoft).

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Advantages:

 Simplicity
 Data security
 Data Integrity
 Efficiency

Disadvantages:

 Implementation complexity
 Database Management problem
 Lack of structural independence.

Network Model–

 In early 1960s Charles Bachman created first database called as IDS(Integrated Data Store).
 It is standardized by CODASYL(Conference on Data Systems Language).
 It is also called as CODASYL model.
 Mainly used on a large digital computers.
 The main benefit of network model is, it provides many-to-many relationships.
 If there are more connections, then this database is efficient.
 Examples are CA-IDMS(COMPUTER associates), IMAGE(HP).

Advantages:

 Conceptual simplicity
 Easy to access data.

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 Data Integrity
 Data Independence

Disadvantages:

 System complexity
 Absence of Structural independence

Relational Model–

 Edgar Frank Codd (E.F.Codd) introduced relational model in 1970

 Inorder to overcome all the drawbacks of the previous sytem, the relational database system
got introduced.
 It can be implemented through RDBMS(Relational Database Management System).
 This is the most popular data model used in industries.
 It is based on the SQL(Structured Query Language).
 They are table oriented which means data is stored in the form of rows and columns called
tables or relations.
 Examples are MYSQL(Oracle, open source), Oracle database (Oracle), Microsoft SQL
server(Microsoft) and DB2(IBM).

Advantages:

 Conceptual simplicity
 Easy to access data.
 Structural Independence
 Design Implementation
 Data Integrity
 Data Security

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 Data Independence

Disadvantages:

 Hardware overheads
 cost

Object oriented Model – The information here is in the form of the object as used in object oriented
programming. It adds the database functionality to object programming languages. It requires less
code, use more natural data and also code bases are easy to maintain. Examples are ObjectDB
(ObjectDB software).

Object relational Model – Relational DBMS are evolving continuously and they have been
incorporating many concepts developed in object database leading to a new class called extended
relational database or object relational database.

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