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MODULE-15

Module 15 covers correlation analysis, focusing on bivariate data that explores relationships between two variables, such as age and height or IQ and academic performance. It emphasizes the use of scatterplots to visualize these relationships and describes how to assess the association's form, direction, strength, and outliers. Additionally, it introduces the Pearson correlation coefficient (r) as a quantitative measure of the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables.

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Danilo Balagot
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2 views6 pages

MODULE-15

Module 15 covers correlation analysis, focusing on bivariate data that explores relationships between two variables, such as age and height or IQ and academic performance. It emphasizes the use of scatterplots to visualize these relationships and describes how to assess the association's form, direction, strength, and outliers. Additionally, it introduces the Pearson correlation coefficient (r) as a quantitative measure of the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables.

Uploaded by

Danilo Balagot
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© © All Rights Reserved
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MODULE 15: CORREALTION ANALYSIS

LESSON 1: BIVARIATE DATA AND SCATTERPLOT


Bivariate data deals with two variables that can be explored to establish relationships.
Bivariate data has an independent variable and a dependent variable. We use bivariate data
to compare two sets of data and to discover any relationships between them.
Bivariate data examples
• age and heights of the babies and toddlers
• age and the systolic blood pressure
• IQ and academic performance
• Number of absences and grades

One of the best methods for graphing bivariate data that is through the scatterplot. A
scatterplot is a type of data display that shows the relationship between two numerical
variables. Each member of the dataset gets plotted as a point whose (x, y) coordinates relates
to its values for the two variables. Scatter plots are used to observe relationships between
variables.

A quick description of the association in a scatterplot should always include a description of


the form, direction, and strength of the association, along with the presence of any outliers.
Form: Is the association linear or nonlinear?
Direction: Is the association positive or negative?
Strength: Does the association appear to be strong, moderately strong, or weak?
Outliers: Do there appear to be any data points that are unusually far away from the
general pattern?
LESSON 2: COEFFICIENT OF CORRELATION
Another way to get a qualitative measure for the strength and direction of association
between two variables is to determine its correlation coefficient. The Pearson product moment
coefficient of correlation, denoted by r with values between -1 and 1. It gives the following us
information:

• The direction of association. If −1 < 𝒓 < 0, then the variables are negatively
correlated. That is, an increases in one variable implies a decrease in the other variable. If 0 <
r < 1, then the variables positively correlated. This implies that an increase in one variable
implies an increase in the other variable.
• The strength of association. The closer r is to -1, the stronger the negative correlation
between the variables. The closer r is to 1, the stronger the positive correlation between the
variables. As r gets, closer to 0 the association from either direction becomes weaker. Values
of r very close to 0 suggest no correlation between the variables involved.

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