International Journal of

INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS IN

ENGINEERING
ISSN:2147-67992147-6799 www.ijisae.org Original Research Paper

Enhance Data and Power Transmission in Free-Space Optical Systems

Under Environmental Circumstances

Mudher. M. Hussein1, Asst. Prof. Mishari .A .Askar2

Submitted: 22/01/2023 Accepted: 28/03/2023

Abstract
Free space optics is one of the new technologies that is now being utilized to replace radio frequency wireless communication because of
its benefits, including cost, speed, bandwidth, few mistakes, and effective communication. The FSO offers far higher-quality services than
the RF communication network. Free space optics is an unlicensed band, which makes it less expensive than technology that is licensed.
Communication is affected by atmospheric conditions since the atmospheric channel is employed for transmission. This study tries to
maintain communication and send data under normal and turbulent conditions
Keyword : FSO, LOS, QAM, RF, OFDM.

1-Introduction the earliest wireless phones to be created, the picture

phone, has not yet seen widespread commercial use [5].
The telegram, which was developed in 1885, is the first
As technology evolves, new developments like the
example of wireless technology. Changes in technology
discovery of the laser and the light-emitting diode (LED)
are occurring as time goes on. Currently, every user
affect how optical wireless communication is transmitted.
expects a high-speed network, which the RF network
Information is still sent via filament bulbs today, although
cannot deliver. As a result, we must look to alternative
the FSO market used to be somewhat restrictive. The
technologies, such as optical fiber, to meet our needs. In
development of the laser aided in the advancement of the
recent years, optical transmission has received increased
FSO.For the transmission of the speech signal, video, etc.
attention [1]. Information is wirelessly transmitted
in optical wireless communication, the transmission must
through optical transmission, also known as free space
be in line of sight with the reception part. Free-space
optics or optical wireless communication (FSO). The FSO
optics provide several benefits over traditional systems,
is a technology that allows us to send signals through
including enormous bandwidth that allows for the
atmospheric channels that take the shape of light. The PD
transmission of massive amounts of data and tiny beam
(photodiode) at the receiver end receives the light signal
divergences that allow for the transmission of signals over
that is produced by the laser or LED and is sent via the
great distances with little to no misalignment. It also aids
atmosphere. The FSO generally sends the information
in achieving high security since the narrow beam is
signal via the infrared spectrum. Although atmospheric
challenging to penetrate, requires less power and mass, is
circumstances have less of an impact on IR wavelengths,
simple to install, has a fast speed, and is less expensive
some ranges are distorted as a result of atmospheric
than conventional technology because the expense of fiber
molecular activity [2]. One of the most ancient
and digging has been eliminated. The FSO is divided into
approaches, free space optics, dates back to the seventh
many transmission categories, such as ultra-short-range
century. At that time, the Romans and Greeks more firmly
communication, which refers to communication that
utilized sunlight for communication [3]. The employment
occurs within a wireless LAN, or ultra-short-range
of fire, smoke, semaphore, and other point-to-point
communication, which refers to communication that
communication techniques is described next [4]. One of
occurs between chips. This kind of communication occurs
________________________________________________________ in a conference room, a room, etc.; medium-range
1
College of Computer Science and Mathematics, Department of communication occurs through a local area network. It
computer science, Tikrit University, Saladin, (Tikrit), 34001, Iraq, happens in a public setting, on campus, at a business, etc.
[email protected]
2.
[6] surveillance network, a backhaul system, etc. This
College of Computer Science and Mathematics, Department of
computer science, Tikrit University, Saladin, (Tikrit), 34001, Iraq, network can communicate across distances of up to 100
[email protected] kilometers between satellites, and it uses ultra-long-range

International Journal of Intelligent Systems and Applications in Engineering IJISAE, 2023, 11(5s), 67–77 | 67
technology. [7] This communication has a very wide incoming beam if the eddy diameter is of the order of the
range. Broadcasting, satellite-to-satellite communication, beam dimension. In order to lessen the impact of
and other applications employ this sort of communication. scintillation, many sorts of models are utilized. These
The atmospheric impact is a disadvantage of this models, which go by the names log-normal, K
technology since, as we have already established, the distribution, and I-K distribution, are frequently utilized at
atmosphere serves as the route for it. The coverage area is low turbulence levels. We had to switch to new models,
also a disadvantage. Due to the FSO's limited coverage such as the Double Gamma-Gamma model, the Double
area and line of sight which is necessary for free space Weibull distribution model, and the Gamma-Gamma
optic Three obstacles stand in our way when discussing (GG) model, when the amount of turbulence grew (DGG).
atmospheric effects: turbulence, absorption, and When the distortion's size is smaller than the beam's
scattering. The many types of molecules that are present dimension, a quasi-static model, etc., is said to be beam
in the atmosphere play a role in atmospheric absorption. spreading. The influence of the beam spreading is felt at
[8] We already know that water readily absorbs light; the receiver section, where both the receiver aperture
hence, the presence of atmospheric water vapor angle and the strength of the signal at the receiver end are
contributes to atmospheric absorption. The effect that also impacted [10]. The term "background effect" refers to the
exists in guided optical communication is scattering. The additional influence that lowers the signal quality. This
phenomenon of light flowing through a material and being effect happens when we reflect light, disperse sunlight, or
dispersed by airborne particles is known as scattering. The transform optical signals into electrical signals. The
radius of the particle through which the scattering occurs majority of the time, background radiation causes this
determines how much scattering occurs. The scattering is impact. At the transmitter end, many sorts of modulation
brought on by the deviation in the angle of the light. The methods are used to get around all the aforementioned
forms of scattering that occur are known as Rayleigh limitations. These modulation techniques enable us to
scattering when the particle's radius is less than its change the information-carrying signal's delivered signal
wavelength, and when it is virtually Now let's speak about strength. Amplitude modulation, phase modulation,
the atmospheric weather, such as rain, fog, snow, etc., frequency modulation, and polarization modulation are
which also affects how well our communication systems the many forms of modulation used in optical wireless
operate. [1] Because the wavelength we utilized for communication. These many modulation techniques are
communication is nearly identical to the wavelength at employed in accordance with the scenario's needs, which
which the effect of fog occurs, the effect of fog is more are concealed by energy efficiency, power requirements,
pronounced in all of these weather situations than all other spectrum efficiency, etc. [11] In this research, we discuss
effects. Because of absorption, scattering, and reflection, the FSO communication with an emphasis on the
it can alter the properties of the optical signal or entirely modulation strategies applied to enhance the link
obstruct the flow of light. The impact of snow is performances.
dependent on snow particle size; in certain instances, very
2.Free space optic communication
big snow particles totally block the light that must
transmit. Now, we are thinking about the losses that are The phrase "free space optical communication" describes
by modifying the reflective index of the light, which is a connection that is made between communicating nodes
influenced by the temperature, solar wind, and air that are physically separated from one another by an
pressure. [9] We experience information loss as a result of atmosphere that serves as an unguided medium in between
the signal fading or sparking caused by this sort of impact. them. The most crucial need for an FSO connection is the
The signal's fluctuation results in a change in its amplitude existence of a line of sight between two FSO units. Each
and phase, which prevents the receiver end from receiving unit contains an optical transceiver with a laser transmitter
the correct information or signal and lowers the network's and a receiver, enabling full duplex or bidirectional
performance. To lessen the impact of turbulence, many communication. Every FSO unit uses a high-power
theories are presented. When the swirl's dimensions are optical source to convert network traffic into light pulses
greater than the transmitter beam's dimensions, it causes (such as a laser or an LED). For the purpose of receiving
the beam to randomly deviate from its intended course and information, one lens in the transmitter emits light to
is referred to as beam steering. Beam wandering is a another lens in the receiver through the environment. The
typical occurrence in long-distance communication, such received signal is then connected to the network after
as satellite communication. Scintillation is the process of being converted back to a digital signal. [12]. A block
irradiance variations at the receiver caused by the swirl's schematic of an FSO system's essential architecture may
ability to function as a lens to focus and defocus the be seen in Figure 1.

International Journal of Intelligent Systems and Applications in Engineering IJISAE, 2023, 11(5s), 67–77 | 68
 Figure 1: Block diagram of a FSO communication system

3-literature review Mehtab Singh and colleagues (2021) proposed a novel

design for a radio-over-free-space optical (RoFSO)
O. B. Yahia et al. described a hybrid RF/FSO transmission
transceiver based on MDM-OFDM. As primary
system for SatCom in the year 2022. According to weather
assessment criteria, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and
data gathered from sensors and used for context
power total were used to assess connection strength and
awareness, the satellite in this technology chooses
accessibility under the influence of both a clean
between RF and FSO connections. They built outage
environment and a variety of dust situations. The results
probability (OP) expressions and took into consideration
showed that next-generation uses increased the rating of
a variety of meteorological factors to assess how
data through an acceptable SNR [16]
effectively the planned network would operate. The
diversity order is also determined using asymptotic In the year 2021, Magdalena Garlinska et al. presented an
analysis. The suggested technique outperforms dual- examination of the effects of meteorological conditions on
mode, traditional hybrid RF/FSO communication in terms the strength of radiating recipients and the laboratory
of OP and also offers some power gain, according to the implementation platform for the FSO structure. Under a
results [13]. This was found by contrasting the two range of meteorological situations, this study is an
approaches. operation that takes place in the upper third of the
atmosphere (8–12 m). According to the results of the
S. C. Tokgoz et al. (2022) looked at the physical layer's
analytical study and the data that was gathered, near-
role in hybrid FSO-mmWave system security. This
infrared waves have weaker transmission properties than
examination took place in the presence of several
optical radiation, with a wavelength of about 10 meters in
eavesdroppers of various kinds. For FSO and mmWave
low-light situations. This proves that it is absolutely
communications, respectively, Weibull fading channels
feasible to create FSO linkages in the 8–12 m band [17].
and exponential air turbulence are taken into account.
They show that the analytical formulations and the data- A balancing center and a laser fog sensor might be used,
based Monte Carlo simulations match up perfectly [14]. according to Mazen Abdel-Latif and colleagues' study
from 2020, to improve the performance of wireless optical
In the year 2022, G. D. Verma et al. proposed a combined
connections (FSO). The wireless optical connection
dual-hop free-space optical (FSO) and radio frequency
utilized MIE dispersion; the system was simulated using
(RF) communication system. This system employs hybrid
the MATLAB and OPTISYSTEM programming
automated repeat request (H-ARQ) protocols on both
environments; and the transmitted signal had a
hops to serve the end user through a decode-and-forward
wavelength of 1550 nm. The study's conclusions show
(DF) relay. The asymptotic analysis, which is used to
that when the quality factor was present in environments
calculate the diversity gain, provided useful insights into
with moderate, light, and very light fog, it increased from
the system's performance, according to the findings. This
3.6 percent to 44.45 percent [18].
was discovered to be true since it helped with the diversity
gain computation. Monte Carlo simulation is utilized to To determine the impact that dust has on the effectiveness
confirm the study's findings [15]. of FSO linking transport and the amplitude modulation of
the wave, Maged A. Esmail and his colleagues conducted

International Journal of Intelligent Systems and Applications in Engineering IJISAE, 2023, 11(5s), 67–77 | 69
an experiment. You may view their conclusions here designs and uses of OWC tools (2018). The goal of this
(2019). The results show that a small viewing range study was to better comprehend the distinctions between
significantly affects the performance of the all-optical optical wireless networks (OWC) and the current
FSO link, leading to a high bit error rate (BER). The same generation of radio frequency technologies [21].
dusty circumstances were used to analyze the FSO-RF
4-Proposal work and Result
frequencies. The results showed that the RF connection
was unaffected by the dust storm, making it a great backup standard attenuation range
for the FSO link in situations where there was an
abnormally high amount of dust [19].
In their 2019 study, Ghassan Al-Nawaimi and colleagues
suggested adopting packet length optimization to increase
data transfer speeds in free-space optical (FSO) systems.
The average ASNR measurement was obtained by the
receiver and transmitted back to the transmitter. When the 4.1 FSO system with clear weather condition
suggested approach was combined with adaptive
This system tested for 1.25 Gb/s with transmitted power
modulation and coding (AMC) and a fixed package
of 15.563 dBm for a distance of 17km with clear weather
length, the traditional FSO experienced a gain of 0.8–1.9
conditions. (clear weather 0.43dB/km). The general
dB [20].
diagram of the FSO system is depicted in Figure 4.1.
A survey was carried out by Mustafa Zaman Choudary
and colleagues to contrast and evaluate the various

Figure 4.1 FSO system

Transmitter parameter
Parameter Value Unite
Wavelength 785 nm
Frequency Spacing 100 GHz
Power 15.56 dBm
Excitation 10 dB
Line width 10 MHz
Modulation Type NRZ Non Return Zero

FSO Parameter
Parameter Value Unite
Range 17 km
Attenuation 0.43 dB/km
Additional losses 1 dB
Beam divergence 0.25 mrad
Transmitter losses 1 dB

International Journal of Intelligent Systems and Applications in Engineering IJISAE, 2023, 11(5s), 67–77 | 70
Receiver Parameter
Parameter Value Unite
Photodiode PIN
Gain 3
Receiver aperture diameter 7 cm
Receiver losses 0 dB

The eye diagram of the FSO system is represented in dB/km. The FSO system tested for a 17km transmission
Figure 4.2. The system shows the minimum BER value of distance with 15.54 dBm.
1.5 ×10-10 for clear weather with attenuation of 0.42

Figure 4.2 Eye Diagram of the FSO system with Clear Weather Condition.
Figure 4.3 represent the optical time domain visualizer, where the system shows that the data has a power of 1.34 W.

Figure 4.3 Optical Time Domain Visualizer of Received Signal for the Clear Weather.

International Journal of Intelligent Systems and Applications in Engineering IJISAE, 2023, 11(5s), 67–77 | 71
 The variation of the BER with different transmitted power represents in Figure 4.4. The system was evaluated at a 17km
transmission distance.

1.00E-03
1.00E-07

BER
1.00E-11
1.00E-15
1.00E-19
1.00E-23
14 15 16 17 18
Transmitting Power (dBm)

Figure 4.4 BER Variation with Transmission Power for the Clear Weather Condition
The variation of the received power with different transmitted power represents in Figure 4.5. The system was evaluated at
a 17km transmission distance.

20
Transmitted Power

15
(dBm)

10

0
-33 -32 -31 -30 -29
Received Power (dBm)
Figure 4.5 Received Power Variation with Transmission Power for the Clear Weather Condition
The variation of the BER with different transmitted distances is represented in Figure 4.6. The system was evaluated at 15.53
dBm as transmission power..

1.00E-02
1.00E-06
1.00E-10
1.00E-14
BER

1.00E-18
1.00E-22
1.00E-26
1.00E-30
1.00E-34
12 14 16 18 20
FSO distance (km)

Figure 4.6 BER Variation with Transmission Distance for the Clear Weather Condition
4.2 FSO system with haze weather condition The eye diagram of the FSO system is represented in
Figure 4.7. The system show the minimum BER value of
This system tested for 1.25 Gb/s with transmitted power
1.5 ×10-10 for clear weather with attenuation of 4.2
of 15.563 dBm for a distance of 4.5 km with the haze
dB/km. The FSO system tested for a 4.5 km transmission
weather conditions
distance with 15.54 dBm

International Journal of Intelligent Systems and Applications in Engineering IJISAE, 2023, 11(5s), 67–77 | 72
 Figure 4.7 Eye Diagram of the FSO system with Haze Weather Condition.
Figure 4.8 represent the optical time domain visualizer, where the system shows that the data has a power of 1.25 W for the
haze weather condition.

Figure 4.8 Optical Time Domain Visualizer of Received Signal for the Haze Weather.
The variation of the BER with different transmitted power represents in Figure 4.9. The system was evaluated at a 4.5 km
transmission distance.

International Journal of Intelligent Systems and Applications in Engineering IJISAE, 2023, 11(5s), 67–77 | 73
 1.00E-02
1.00E-05
1.00E-08

BER
1.00E-11
1.00E-14
1.00E-17
1.00E-20
12 14 16 18
Transmitted Power (dBm)

Figure 4.9 BER Variation with Transmission Power for the Haze Weather Condition
The variation of the received power with different transmitted power represents in Figure 4.10. The system was evaluated at
a 4.5km transmission distance.

20
Transmitted Power (dBm)

18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
-33 -32 -31 -30 -29
Received Power (dBm)

Figure 4.10 Received Power Variation with Transmission Power for the Clear Weather Condition
The variation of the BER with different transmitted distances represents in Figure 4.11. The system was evaluated at 15.53
dBm as transmission power.

1.00E-03
1.00E-07
1.00E-11
BER

1.00E-15
1.00E-19
1.00E-23
1.00E-27
1.00E-31
3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5
Transmitting distance (km)

Figure 4.11 BER Variation with Transmission Distance for the Haze Weather Condition
4.3 FSO system with heavy rain weather condition The eye diagram of the FSO system is represented in
Figure 4.12. The system show the minimum BER value of
This system tested for 1.25 Gb/s with transmitted power
3.1 ×10-33 for heavy rain weather with attenuation of 9.22
of 15.563 dBm for a distance of 2.3 km with heavy rain
dB/km. The FSO system tested for a 2.3 km transmission
weather conditions of 9.2dB/km.
distance with 15.54 dBm

International Journal of Intelligent Systems and Applications in Engineering IJISAE, 2023, 11(5s), 67–77 | 74
 Figure 4.12 Eye Diagram of the FSO system with Heavy Rain Weather Condition.
Figure 4.13 represent the optical time domain visualizer, where the system shows that the data has a power of 2.6 W.

Figure 4.13 Optical Time Domain Visualizer of Received Signal for the Heavy Rain Weather.
The variation of the BER with different transmitted power represents in Figure 4.14. The system was evaluated at a 2.3 km
transmission distance.

International Journal of Intelligent Systems and Applications in Engineering IJISAE, 2023, 11(5s), 67–77 | 75
 1.00E-01
1.00E-06
1.00E-11
1.00E-16
1.00E-21

BER
1.00E-26
1.00E-31
1.00E-36
1.00E-41
1.00E-46
1.00E-51
1.00E-56
2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7
Transmitting Distance (km)

Figure 4.14 BER Variation with Transmission Power for the Heavy Rain Weather Condition
The variation of the received power with different transmitted power represents in Figure 4.15. The system was evaluated
at a 2.3 km transmission distance.

20
Transmittted Power (dBm)

18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
-30 -29.5 -29 -28.5 -28 -27.5 -27 -26.5 -26
Received Power (dBm)

Figure 4.15 Received Power Variation with Transmission Power for the Heavy Rain Weather Condition
5-Conclosion optics, Journal of Optical Networks, Vol. 2, no. 6, pp.
178–200, Jun. 2003.
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Evaluation of visible
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