Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)

Semester 1- 2024 -2025

 Information
I) Lecturer:

• Prof. Nguyen Huy Bich, Ph.D.

• ORCID: 0000-0002-0644-3262
• Scopus ID: 36191086100
• Faculty of Engineering and
Technology
• Nong Lam University, HCMC,
Vietnam
• DID: +84-908-961-309
• Email: [email protected]
 Information
II Outline:
Part 1: Fluid Mechanics
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: Fluid statics
Chapter 3: Fluid Kinematics
Chapter 4: Fluid Dynamics
Part 2: Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)
Chapter 1: Introduction CFD
Chapter 2:Procedure of CFD development
Chapter 3:Case study of CFD

III. Reference:
- Text books I have sent to you
 Attendance Policy
• Attendance is required for lecture.
• Worth 20% of your grade
– First unexcused absence no penalty
– Second unexcused absence lose 8%
– Third unexcused absence lose 12%
– Four unexcused absence: no permit to attend
final exam (lose 100%).
• Exam: HW and attendance: 10% Mid-exam:
20%; Final Exam: 70%
Part 1: Fluid Mechanics

Chapter 1: Introduction
MAJOR AREAS OF CONTINUUM MECHANICS

Continuum mechanics is a branch of mechanics that deals with the

analysis of the kinematics and the mechanical behavior of materials
modelled as a continuous mass rather than as discrete particles.

Elasticity
Describes materials that return to their rest shape after an applied
stress.
Solid mechanics
The study of the physics of
continuous materials with a Plasticity
defined rest shape. Describes materials that
permanently deform after a Rheology
sufficient applied stress.
Continuum mechanics The study of materials with both
The study of the physics of solid and fluid characteristics.
continuous materials
Non-Newtonian fluids
Fluid mechanics
The study of the physics of
continuous materials which take
the shape of their container. Newtonian fluids
 Fluid Mechanics Overview

Fluid Mechanics

Gas Liquids Statics Dynamics

F =0 i  F  0 , Flows
i

Water, Oils, Stability

Air, He, Ar,
N2, etc. Alcohols, Pressure Buoyancy Compressible/
etc.
Incompressible
Laminar/
Surface
Turbulent
Tension
Steady/Unsteady
Compressibility Density Viscosity Vapor Viscous/Inviscid
Chapter 3: Fluid
Pressure
Chapter 1: Introduction kinematic
Chapter 2: Fluid Statics
Chapter 4: Fluid
Dynamics
Chapter 5: Pipe flow
 Why Fluids?
• Brainstorm a list of engineered or
biological devices that require an
understanding of fluids to explain how they
work.
• What fluids properties do you think would
be important in explaining each of the
devices?
The scientists contribute to Fluid Mechanics
 Characteristics of Fluids

• Gas or liquid state

• “Large” molecular spacing relative to a solid
• “Weak” intermolecular cohesive forces
• Can not resist a shear stress in a stationary
state
• Will take the shape of its container
• Generally considered a continuum
• Viscosity distinguishes different types of fluids
 Measures of Fluid Mass and Weight: Density
The density of a fluid is defined as mass per unit volume.
m
=
v
m = mass, and v = volume.

•Different fluids can vary greatly in density

•Liquids densities do not vary much with pressure and temperature
•Gas densities can vary quite a bit with pressure and temperature
•Density of water at 4° C : 1000 kg/m3
•Density of Air at 4° C : 1.20 kg/m3

1
Alternatively, Specific Volume: =

Measures of Fluid Mass and Weight: Specific Weight
The specific weight of fluid is its weight per unit volume.

 = g
g = local acceleration of gravity, 9.807 m/s2

•Specific weight characterizes the weight of the fluid system

•Specific weight of water at 4° C : 9.80 kN/m3
•Specific weight of air at 4° C : 11.9 N/m3
Measures of Fluid Mass and Weight: Specific Gravity
The specific gravity of fluid is the ratio of the density of the fluid
to the density of water @ 4° C.


SG =
H O2

•Gases have low specific gravities

•A liquid such as Mercury has a high specific gravity, 13.2
•The ratio is unitless.
•Density of water at 4° C : 1000 kg/m3
 Viscosity: Introduction

The viscosity is measure of the “fluidity” of the fluid which is not

captured simply by density or specific weight. A fluid can not resist a
shear and under shear begins to flow. The shearing stress and
shearing strain can be related with a relationship of the following form
for common fluids such as water, air, oil, and gasoline:
du
 =
dy
 is the absolute viscosity or dynamics viscosity of the fluid, u is the
velocity of the fluid and y is the vertical coordinate as shown in the
schematic below:

“No Slip
Condition”
 Viscosity: Measurements

A Capillary Tube Viscosimeter is one method of measuring

the viscosity of the fluid.
Viscosity Varies from Fluid to Fluid and is dependent on
temperature, thus temperature is measured as well.
Units of Viscosity are N·s/m2 or lb·s/ft2

Movie Example using a Viscosimeter:

 Newtonian fluids:

A Newtonian fluid is a fluid whose stress versus strain rate

curve is linear and passes through the origin

In a Newtonian fluid, the relation between the shear stress

and the shear rate is linear, passing through the origin, the
constant of proportionality being the coefficient of
viscosity.
in M.K.S. N kg  m
s
m =2 N  s s 2

stress = = Pascal  s =
μ=
2 2
(m/s) m m
velocity gradient m
kg
= [ML-1T-1]
m s
μ
[Note]: Kinematic Viscosity ν =

 N  s  1 
in M.K.S. ν =  2  
3 
 m  kg/m 

=
(kg  m/s )s m
2 3

m2 kg
m2
= [L2T-1]
s 18
the C.G.S. unit of viscosity is called poise
C.G.S. M.K.S.
g kg
1 poise = 1 = 0.1
cm  s m s

1 centipoise = 10 -2 poise
= 0.01 poise

➔ water at 68 ℉ has a viscosity of 1 cp.

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 Laminar shear, the non-
This type of flow is known
constant gradient, is a result of
as a Couette flow
the geometry the fluid is
flowing through (e.g. a pipe).
 Viscosity: Newtonian vs. Non-Newtonian

Toothpaste
Latex
Paint

Corn
Starch

Newtonian Fluids are Linear Relationships between stress and

strain: Most common fluids are Newtonian.
Non-Newtonian Fluids are Non-Linear between stress and strain
 Viscosity: Kinematic Viscosity


=

•Kinematic viscosity is another way of representing
viscosity
•Used in the flow equations
•The units are of L2/T or m2/s and ft2/s
The temperature dependence of liquid viscosity is the phenomenon
by which liquid viscosity tends to decrease (or, alternatively, its
fluidity tends to increase) as its temperature increases.
Effect of temperature on the viscosity of a gas

Sutherland's formula:

Gas C [K] T0 [K] μ0 [μPa s]

air 120 291.15 18.27

ammonia 370 293.15 9.82
carbon
240 293.15 14.8
dioxide
carbon
118 288.15 17.2
monoxide
helium 79.4 273 19
hydrogen 72 293.85 8.76
nitrogen 111 300.55 17.81
oxygen 127 292.25 20.18
sulfur dioxide 416 293.65 12.54
 Vapor Pressure: Evaporation and Boiling

Evaporation occurs in a fluid when liquid molecules at the surface have

sufficient momentum to overcome the intermolecular cohesive forces and escape
to the atmosphere.

Vapor Pressure is that pressure exerted on the fluid by the vapor in a closed
saturated system where the number of molecules entering the liquid are the same
as those escaping. Vapor pressure depends on temperature and type of fluid.

Boiling occurs when the absolute pressure in the fluid reaches the vapor pressure.
Boiling occurs at approximately 100 °C, but it is not only a function of temperature,
but also of pressure. For example, in Colorado Spring, water boils at temperatures
less than 100 °C.

Cavitation is a form of
Boiling due to low pressure
locally in a flow.
 Surface Tension

At the interface between a liquid and a gas or two immiscible liquids, forces
develop forming an analogous “skin” or “membrane” stretched over the
fluid mass which can support weight.

This “skin” is due to an imbalance of cohesive forces. The interior of the fluid is
in balance as molecules of the like fluid are attracting each other while on the
interface there is a net inward pulling force.

Surface tension is the intensity of the molecular attraction per unit length along
any line in the surface.

Surface tension is a property of the liquid type, the temperature, and the other
fluid at the interface.

This membrane can be “broken” with a surfactant which reduces the surface
tension.
 Surface Tension: Liquid Drop

The pressure inside a drop of fluid can be calculated using a free-body diagram:
Real Fluid Drops Mathematical Model

R is the radius of the droplet, s is the surface tension, Dp is the pressure

difference between the inside and outside pressure.
The force developed around the edge due to surface tension along the line:
F = 2Rs
surface
Applied to Circumference

This force is balanced by the pressure difference Dp:

Applied to Area
Fpressure = DpR 2
 Surface Tension: Liquid Drop

Now, equating the Surface Tension Force to the Pressure Force, we

can estimate Dp = pi – pe:
2s
Dp =
R
This indicates that the internal pressure in the droplet is greater that the
external pressure since the right hand side is entirely positive.

Is the pressure inside a bubble of water greater or less than that of a

droplet of water?
4s
Prove to yourself the following result: Dp =
R
 Surface Tension: Capillary Action

Capillary action in small tubes which involve a liquid-gas-solid

interface is caused by surface tension. The fluid is either drawn up
the tube or pushed down.
“Wetted” “Non-Wetted”

Adhesion

Cohesion
Adhesion
Cohesion

Adhesion > Cohesion Cohesion > Adhesion

h is the height, R is the radius of the tube, q is the angle of contact.

The weight of the fluid is balanced with the vertical force caused by surface
tension.
 Surface Tension: Capillary Action

Free Body Diagram for Capillary Action for a Wetted Surface:

Fsurface = 2Rs cos q

W = R 2 h
Equating the two and solving for h:
2s cos q
h=
R
For clean glass in contact with water, q  0°, and thus as R decreases, h
increases, giving a higher rise.

For a clean glass in contact with Mercury, q  130°, and thus h is negative
or there is a push down of the fluid.
 Types of flow
(a) steady: velocity, pressure, temperature etc. can vary with
distance but not with time.
(b) unsteady: one or more variables vary with time.
(c) uniform: conditions do not vary with position.
(d) compressible: density of fluid changes with pressure (e.g.
gases).
(e) viscous flow: all fluids are viscous, but viscosity only has large
effects near boundaries. Far away from boundaries, viscosity
is negligible.

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 Laminar and turbulent flow

low velocity: Smooth lines indicate Laminar flow on increasing

velocity (vary but continuous flow give transitional flow)

high velocity (particles move randomly in turbulent flow)

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