RGUHS MOST REPEATED IMPORTANT QUESTIONS

SUBJECT:- BIOCHEMISTRY
CARBOHYDRATES:-
 Classify carbohydrates with examples – 5m
 Functions of carbohydrates – 5m
 Chemical properties of carbohydrates – 5m
 What are epimers and give examples – 3m
 Invert sugar -3m
 Mucopolysaccharides and functions & composition – 5m
 Name reducing and non reducing disaccharides -3m
 Classify disaccharides – 3m
 Mucopolysaccharides -3m
 Polysaccharides – 3m
 Disaccharides – 3m
 Classify carbohydrates with example, write its biological
importance of any two -10m
 Starch – 3m
 Lactose – 3m
NUTRITION:-
 Kwashiorkor and marasmus – 5m
 Dietary fibers with examples -3m & 5m
 Calorific value (carb, protein , lipids)– 3m
 Nitrogen balance – 3m & 5m
 Balanced diet – 5m & 3m
 PCM / PEM – 3m & 5m
 Essential fatty acids and function – 3m & 5m
 BMR and factors a ecting it – 5m
 Balanced diet & mention nutritional importance of
carbohydrates proteins and lipids – 10m
 SDA – 3m & 5m
  Respiratory quotient & their values of carbohydrates proteins
and lipids – 3m
BIOMOLECULES AND CELL
 Mitochondria and its functions – 3m & 5m
 Golgi apparatus function – 3m
 Functions of lysosomes – 3m
 Ribosome – 3m
 Fluid mosaic model – 5m
 Active transport – 5m
 Structure of plasma membrane with diagram – 5m
 Functions of plasma membrane – 3m
VITAMINS
 Vitamin A – 10m
 Enumerate di erent manifestations of thiamine & vitamin C –
3m
 Active form of vitamin D & its biochemical role – 5m
 Pellagra – 3m
 Vitamin B12 – 10m
 Rickets – 3m
 Vitamin D functions and deficiency - 5m
 Biochemical functions of biotin – 3m
 Vitamin D – 10m
 Biochemical functions of vitamin A – 5m
 Scurvy – 3m
 Biochemical functions of vitamin C – 5m
 Functions of niacin – 5m
 Coenzymes of thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pyridoxine, folic
acid – 3m
 Deficiency features of vitamin A – 3m
 Active forms of vitamin A & functions – 5m
 Vitamin C – 3m
  Deficiency symptoms of niacin – 3m
 beri beri – 3m
 vitamin deficiency in beri beri and pellagra – 3m
 vitamin C – 10m
 night blindness – 3m
 Wald’s visual cycle – 3m
 Provitamins and give examples – 3m
 Biotin dependent carboxylation reaction – 3m
WATER ELECTROLYTE AND ACID BASE BALANCE
 Normal pH of blood, role of kidney in maintaining acid base
balance – 10m
 Metabolic acidosis – 3m & 5m
 Role of ADH in water regulation – 3m
 Normal osmolarity of blood – 3m
 Renal regulation of blood – 5m
 Name serum electrolytes and give their normal values – 3m
 Respiratory & metabolic acidosis – 5m
 Respiratory & metabolic alkalosis – 5m
 Regulation of water balance – 3m
 Bicarbonate bu er -3m
 Metabolic alkalosis – 3m
 Anion gap – 3m
 Bicarbonate bu er system of blood – 5m
 Renin angiotensin system maintaining electrolyte balance –
5m
 What are electrolytes & add a note on regulation of electrolyte
balance – 5m
 Dehydration – 3m
 Role of respiration in acid base balance – 5m
 Regulation of blood calcium – 5m
 Renal regulation of water balance – 5m
ORGAN FUNCTION TEST
  Name any two preservatives to store urine – 3m
 Creatinine clearance test & normal values– 5m
 RFT – 5m
 Any 6 functions of liver classify LFT with examples and utility
– 10m
 Describe LFT – 10m
 Vandenberg’s test – 3m
 Enumerate TFT – 3m
 Types of jaundice – hemolytic jaundice -5m
 Enumerate RFT, define clearance test, CCT importance – 10m
 Causes of obstructive jaundice – 3m
 Normal values of serum total bilirubin, serum urea, serum
total cholesterol, serum creatinine, blood urea & uric acid –
3m
TISSUE PROTEIN
 Muscle contraction – 5m
 Collagen function – 3m
 Elastin – 3m
 Protein in muscle contraction – 3m
 Structure and function of collage – 5m
 Explain process of muscle contraction -5m
 Write note on structure of myosin – 5m
 Sliding filament theory of muscle contraction – 5m
 Biochemical mechanism of muscle contraction – 5m
 Muscle protein – 3m
 Myosin – 3m
 Enzyme involved in MC – 3m
 Collagen – 5m
 Contractile protein – 5m
HORMONES
 Steroid hormones – 5m
  Define hormones and classify hormones with examples – 5m
 Hormones maintaining homeostasis – 3m
 cAMP – 3m
LIPIDS
 two functions of phospholipids- 3m
 phospholipids – 5m
 essential fatty acids – 3m
 beta oxidation of palmitic acid – 10m
 classification and functions of lipids – 5m
 essential fatty acids & its deficiency symptoms – 5m
 describe properties of lipids – 5m
 PUFA – 3m
 Phospholipids with functions – 3m
 Lipid classification functions of phospholipids – 5m
 Fatty acid with examples -5m
 Derived lipids – 3m
 Describe micelle formation – 5m
PROTEIN AND AMINO ACIDS
 Structural classification of amino acids – 5m
 Classify amino acid & mention chemical properties – 10m
 Iso electric pH – 3m
 Essential amino acids – 5m&3m
 Conjugated protein – 5m
 Sulphur containing amino acids – 3m
 Describe secondary structure of protein – 5m
 Biological active peptides – 5m & 3m
 Peptide bonds – 3m
 Denaturation of protein – 5m
 Functions of proteins – 5m & 3m
 Zwitter ion – 3m
 Functional classification of protein – 5m
  Structural organization of protein with example – 5m
 Glutathione – 3m
 Classification of protein with ex – 10m
 Describe protein structure – 5m
 Amphibolic pathway- 3m
NUCLEIC ACIDS & NUCLEOTIDES
 TRNA – 5m & 3m
 Charg ’s rule – 3m
 Draw trna and describe its functions – 5m
 Genetic code – 3m
 Watson & crick model of DNA – 5m
 DNA & RNA di erence – 3m
 Trna structure – 3m
 Describe structure of DNA – 5m
 Types of RNA & functions – 5m
 DNA functions – 5m
 mRNA – 3m
 name any two secondary messengers – 3m
ENZYMES
 factors a ecting enzyme activity – 5m
 energetics – 3m
 classify enzymes with examples – 5m
 isoenzyme & their clinical significance – 5m
 kM value & significance – 5m
 allosteric regulation & enzymes – 5m
 list 5 diagnostic enzymes & mention their clinical significance
– 5m
 di erent types of enzyme inhibition with example – 10m
 enzyme structure function mechanism of enzyme action
inhibition of enzyme – 10m
 co enzyme role in metabolism with 4 examples – t5m
  5 enzymes of diagnostic significance with normal serum
levels – 5m
 Isoenzyme – 3m & 5m
 Enzyme of diagnostic importance in myocardial infraction –
3m
 Competitive inhibition – 5m
 Diagnostic importance of enzymes – 5m
 Allosteric enzymes – 3m
 Enzymes and factors a ecting enzyme activity – 5m
 Enzyme inhibition -5m
 Active site – 3m
 Proenzyme – 3m
DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION
 Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates – 5m
 Lipase – 3m
 Digestion and absorption of protein – 5m
 Pinocytosis – 3m
 Emulsification of fats – 3m
 Lactose intolerance – 3m
 Bile salts – 3m
 Role of bile salts in lipid digestion – 3m
 How lipids are absorbed in GIT – 5m
 Primary and secondary bile acids – 3m
METABOLISM OF CARBOHYDRATES
 TCA cycle & energetics -10m
 Glycogenolysis – 5m
 Glycogen synthesis – 5m
 Gluconeogenesis – 10m
 cAMP – 3m
 phagocytosis – 3m
 glycogen storage disorders – 5m & 3m
  Cori’s cycle – 3m
 glycolysis – 10m & 5m
 key enzyme of glycogenolysis – 3m
 steps of glycogenesis – 5m
 enumerate key glycogenic enzymes – 3m
 Kreb’s cycle -10m
 Urea cycles and inborn errors associated – 10m
 Describe detailed glycogen metabolism – 10m
 Glycosuria – 10m
 Vongierk’s disease – 3m
 Aerobic glycolysis add bioenergetics pathway – 10m
METABOLISM OF LIPIDS
 Lipoprotein and function – 5m
 Ketogenesis – 5m
 Ketone bodies & ketogenesis – 5m
 Normal serum level of cholesterol & Triglyceride – 3m
 Ketone bodies – 3m
 Causes of ketosis – 3m
 Structure and function of cholesterol – 5m
 Rothear’s test – 3m
 Very low density lipoprotein & low density lipoproteins – 3m
 Plasma lipoproteins & functions – 5m
 Lipoprotein classification – 5m
 Biological important components produced from cholesterol
– 3m & 5m
 Fatty liver – 5m
 Bad cholesterol – 3m
 Carnitine cycle -3m
 Steroid hormone – 3m
METABOLISM OF AMINO ACIDS
 Urea cycle – 5m
  Phenylketoneuria – 5m
 Biologically important compounds formed from phenyl
alanine & tyrosine – 10m
 Alkaptonuria – 3m
 Normal level of blood urea and two causes of imcrease in
blood urea – 3m
 Normal level of urea and creatinine – 3m
 Transamination – 3m& 5m
 Metabolic product of tyrosine – 3m
 Normal value of blood urea & cholesterol – 3m
 Important components obtained from glycine – 3m
 How ammonia is detoxified in body – 5m
 Nutritional importance of proteins – 5m
 Compounds synthesized by tyrosine – 3m
 Important products formed by phenylalanine and glycine –
5m
 Albinism – 3m
METABOLISM OF NUCLEOTIDES
 GOUT – 3m
 Nucleotides of biological importance – 3m
MINERALS
 Functions of calcium – 5m
 Functions of iron – 3m
 Rich source of iron – 3m
 Calcium – 10m
 Explain mechanism of absorption of iron & note on deficiency
manifestation – 5m
 Calcium regulation in body – 3m
 Normal range of serum potassium and calcium – 3m
 Source and absorption of calcium – 5m
 Blood urea level & causes of uremia – 3m
  Regulation of plasma calcium levels – 5m
 Fluorosis – 3m
 Normal value of serum total cholesterol and blood urea – 3m
 Source function deficiency of copper – 5m
 Absorption distribution storage of calcium (CA) – 5m
 Levels of calcium and urea in serum – 3m
 Normal level of cholesterol & CA – 3m
 Biochemical function absorption of iron normal value of
serum AST & serum phosphorus – 3m
INSULIN GLUCOSE HOMEOSTASIS & DIABETES MELLITEUS
 Classify and write complications of diabetes mellitus – 5m
 Hormones regulating blood glucose – 3m& 5m
 Metabolic changes in diabetes mellitus – 5m
 Blood glucose regulation – 5m
 Glucose tolerance test indicators – 3m
 Hormonal regulation of blood glucose and glycosuria – 10m
 Diabetes mellitus and types – 5m
 Diabetes mellitus and GTT – 10m
 Non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus – 3m & 5m
 Renal threshold for glucose and its significance – 3m