Notes for the following content Computer Networks...

Computer Networks Fundamentals

1. What is a Computer Network?
A computer network is a collection of two or more interconnected computers,
along with other computing devices (like printers, servers, etc.), that are
linked together for the purpose of sharing data, resources, and
communication. The connection between these devices can be established
using physical cables (like Ethernet) or wireless technologies (like Wi-Fi). The
ultimate goal of a network is to enable seamless and efficient information
exchange.
2. Advantages of Networking
Connecting computers and devices in a network offers numerous
advantages:
 Resource Sharing: Devices such as printers, scanners, and storage
devices can be shared among multiple users, reducing costs and
improving efficiency.
 Data and Information Sharing: Users can easily access and share files
and data stored on other computers in the network, facilitating
collaboration and information flow.
 Enhanced Communication: Networks provide powerful communication
tools like email, video conferencing, and instant messaging, allowing
users to communicate quickly and effectively regardless of their physical
location.
 Centralized Data Management: Data can be stored on a central
server, making it easier to manage, secure, and back up. This ensures
data integrity and consistency.
 Flexibility and Scalability: Networks allow for flexible access to
information from various locations (remote access) and can be easily
expanded to accommodate more users and devices.
 Cost-Effectiveness: Sharing resources and software reduces the need
for purchasing multiple licenses or hardware, leading to significant cost
savings.
 Increased Storage Capacity: A network provides access to storage on
remote computers, effectively increasing the storage capacity available
to an individual user.
3. Types of Networks
Networks are generally categorized based on their geographical scope.
a) Local Area Network (LAN)
A LAN is a network that is confined to a relatively small geographical area,
such as a single building, a school campus, or an office.
 Ownership: Typically owned and managed by a single person or
organization.
 Speed: Offers high data transfer speeds (e.g., 100 Mbps, 1 Gbps).
 Technology: Commonly uses Ethernet cables and Wi-Fi.
 Example: The network connecting computers and printers within your
school or office.
b) Wide Area Network (WAN)
A WAN is a network that spans a large geographical area, such as a city,
country, or even the entire globe. It is essentially a collection of
interconnected LANs.
 Ownership: Often managed by multiple organizations or public carriers.
 Speed: Generally has slower data transfer speeds compared to LANs
due to the long distances.
 Technology: Uses technologies like telephone lines, fiber optic cables,
or satellite links to connect.
 Example: The Internet is the largest WAN in the world. A company's
network connecting its offices in different cities is also a WAN.
c) Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
A MAN is a network that is larger than a LAN but smaller than a WAN. It
typically covers a city or a large campus.
 Ownership: Can be owned by a single organization (like a government
body) or can be a service provided by a public carrier.
 Purpose: Often used to connect multiple LANs within a city.
 Example: A network connecting all the branches of a bank within a city,
or a cable TV network across a city.
4. Network Topologies
Network topology refers to the physical or logical arrangement of nodes
(computers, printers, etc.) and connections within a network.
a) Bus Topology
In a bus topology, all devices are connected to a single central cable, called
the bus or backbone. Data sent by a device travels along the bus and is seen
by all other devices, but only the intended recipient accepts and processes
the data.
 Concept: A single communication line that all devices tap into.
 Pros: Easy to install, requires less cable than other topologies.
 Cons: If the main cable fails, the entire network goes down. It can be
difficult to troubleshoot. Performance degrades as more devices are
added.
b) Star Topology
In a star topology, all devices are connected to a central device, such as a
hub or a switch. Each device has a dedicated point-to-point link to the central
device.
 Concept: A central connection point for all devices.
 Pros: Easy to install and manage. A failure in one link does not affect the
rest of the network. Easy to add new devices.
 Cons: If the central device fails, the entire network fails. Requires more
cable than a bus topology.
c) Ring Topology
In a ring topology, each device is connected to exactly two other devices,
forming a circular pathway for signals—a ring. Data travels from device to
device in one direction until it reaches its destination.
 Concept: Devices are connected in a circle.
 Pros: Performs better than a bus topology under heavy network load.
 Cons: A failure in one device or cable can break the loop and take down
the entire network. Adding or removing devices disrupts network activity.
5. Basic Network Devices
a) Hub
A hub is a basic networking device that connects multiple computers or other
network devices. When a data packet arrives at one port, it is copied and
broadcast to all other ports. It operates at the Physical Layer (Layer 1) of the
OSI model. It is not "intelligent" as it does not know the specific destination
of the data.
b) Switch
A switch is a more intelligent device than a hub. It connects multiple devices
on a network, but unlike a hub, it can inspect data packets as they are
received, determine the source and destination device, and forward the
packet only to the intended recipient. This improves network efficiency and
security. It operates at the Data Link Layer (Layer 2) of the OSI model.
c) Router
A router is a device used to connect different networks together, for
example, connecting a home LAN to the Internet (a WAN). A router acts as a
dispatcher; it directs traffic and forwards data packets between networks
based on their IP addresses. It operates at the Network Layer (Layer 3) of the
OSI model and is crucial for enabling communication across the internet.
Feature Hub Switch Router

OSI Layer Layer 1 (Physical) Layer 2 (Data Link) Layer 3 (Network)

Function Connects devices Connects devices Connects different

in a LAN in a LAN networks

Data Forwarding Broadcasts to all Sends to a specific Routes between

ports port networks

Intelligence Non-intelligent Intelligent (uses Very Intelligent

MAC addresses) (uses IP addresses)

Use Case Simple, small LANs Most common Connecting a LAN

(rarely used now) device for LANs to the Internet

6. Question Bank
Part A: Short Answer Questions (3 Marks)
1. What are the key differences between a LAN and a WAN?
Answer: The three main differences between a LAN and a WAN are:
1. Geographical Area: A LAN covers a small area like a single building,
while a WAN covers a large area like a city or country.
 2. Speed: LANs offer much higher data transfer speeds compared to WANs.
3. Ownership: LANs are typically privately owned by a single organization,
whereas WANs are often managed by multiple entities or public carriers.
2. Explain the function of a router in a network.
Answer: A router is a network device that operates at the Network Layer (Layer 3).
Its primary function is to connect two or more different networks together, such as
connecting a home network (LAN) to the Internet (WAN). It inspects the destination
IP address of incoming data packets and uses a routing table to determine the best
path to forward the packet towards its final destination.
3. Describe the Star Topology and list one major advantage and one major
disadvantage.
Answer: In a Star Topology, all network devices are connected to a central hub or
switch. Each device has a dedicated connection to this central point.
 Advantage: It is robust. If one connection or cable fails, only that single
device is affected; the rest of the network continues to function normally.
 Disadvantage: There is a single point of failure. If the central hub or
switch fails, the entire network goes down.
Part B: Long Answer Questions (5 Marks)
1. Describe the three main types of networks (LAN, MAN, WAN) based on their
geographical scope. Provide a real-world example for each.
Answer:
 Local Area Network (LAN): This is the smallest type of network,
typically restricted to a small geographical area like a single office
building, a home, or a school campus. They are privately owned and offer
high-speed connectivity. Example: The network of computers, printers,
and servers in a school's computer lab, allowing students to share files
and access a shared printer.
 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN): This network is larger than a LAN
and smaller than a WAN, designed to cover a city or a large town. It can
be a single network or a connection of multiple LANs. A MAN can be
owned by a private company or be a public service. Example: A cable TV
network that provides services across an entire city. Another example is
a network connecting all government offices within a city.
 Wide Area Network (WAN): This network spans a very large
geographical area, such as a state, country, or even the entire globe. A
WAN is essentially a network of networks, connecting multiple LANs and
MANs. The speed is generally lower than a LAN. Example: The Internet is
the most prominent example of a WAN. A large multinational corporation
connecting its offices in New York, London, and Tokyo also uses a WAN.
2. Compare and contrast a Hub, a Switch, and a Router. Explain a scenario where
you would use each device.
Answer:
A Hub, Switch, and Router are all networking devices but have distinct functions and
operate at different layers of the OSI model.
 Hub: A hub is the simplest and least intelligent device. It operates at the
Physical Layer (Layer 1). When it receives data on one port, it blindly
 broadcasts that data to every other port. All devices connected to the
hub share the same bandwidth.
 Scenario: A hub would be used in a very small, simple, and non-
secure network where cost is the absolute priority, like setting up a
temporary network for a small LAN party with old hardware. (Note:
Hubs are largely obsolete today).
 Switch: A switch is smarter than a hub and operates at the Data Link
Layer (Layer 2). It inspects incoming data packets and learns the MAC
addresses of the devices connected to its ports. It then forwards data
only to the specific port of the intended recipient, creating a dedicated
connection. This is much more efficient and secure than a hub.
 Scenario: A switch is the standard device for creating a wired Local
Area Network (LAN) in an office or home. It connects multiple
computers, printers, and servers, allowing them to communicate
efficiently within the local network.
 Router: A router is the most intelligent of the three and operates at the
Network Layer (Layer 3). Its primary job is to connect different networks
together. It uses IP addresses to make decisions on how to route packets
from a source network to a destination network.
 Scenario: A router is used to connect your home or office LAN to the
Internet (a WAN). It directs traffic between your local devices and the
wider internet, acting as the gateway for your network.
Part C: Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)
1. What does LAN stand for?
a) Large Area Network
b) Local Area Network
c) Long Area Network
d) Local Arena Network
Answer: b
2. Which of the following is the largest type of network?
a) LAN
b) WAN
c) MAN
d) PAN
Answer: b
3. A network connecting computers in a single room or building is a:
a) WAN
b) MAN
c) LAN
d) PAN
Answer: c
4. The Internet is an example of a:
a) LAN
b) MAN
c) WAN
 d) All of the above
Answer: c
5. Which network topology uses a single central cable to which all devices
are connected?
a) Star
b) Ring
c) Bus
d) Mesh
Answer: c
6. In which topology does the failure of a central device bring down the
entire network?
a) Bus
b) Ring
c) Star
d) Mesh
Answer: c
7. Which device operates at the Physical Layer (Layer 1) of the OSI model?
a) Switch
b) Router
c) Hub
d) Bridge
Answer: c
8. Which device is used to connect two or more different networks?
a) Hub
b) Switch
c) Repeater
d) Router
Answer: d
9. A switch is more intelligent than a hub because it forwards data based
on:
a) IP Address
b) MAC Address
c) Port Number
d) Packet size
Answer: b
10. A router operates at which layer of the OSI model?
a) Layer 1
b) Layer 2
c) Layer 3
d) Layer 4
Answer: c
11. What is the main advantage of networking?
a) Increased processing speed
b) Sharing resources
c) Better graphics
 d) All of the above
Answer: b
12. A network that covers a city is called a:
a) LAN
b) WAN
c) MAN
d) CAN
Answer: c
13. In Ring topology, data flows in:
a) One direction
b) Both directions
c) Random directions
d) Towards the central server
Answer: a
14. What is the physical or logical arrangement of a network called?
a) Topology
b) Protocol
c) Architecture
d) Transmission Mode
Answer: a
15. What is the primary disadvantage of a Bus topology?
a) It is expensive
b) A break in the main cable disables the entire network
c) It is slow
d) It requires a central device
Answer: b
16. Which of the following is a network device?
a) CPU
b) Mouse
c) Switch
d) Monitor
Answer: c
17. Sharing a printer on a network is an example of:
a) Data sharing
b) Resource sharing
c) Communication
d) Centralized management
Answer: b
18. Which device regenerates a weak signal?
a) Hub
b) Switch
c) Repeater
d) Router
Answer: c
19. A collection of interconnected computers is called a:
a) System
 b) Network
c) Server
d) File
Answer: b
20. What address does a router use to forward data packets?
a) MAC Address
b) IP Address
c) Port Address
d) Frame Address
Answer: b
21. In Star topology, if one computer's cable fails, what happens?
a) The entire network fails
b) Only that computer is affected
c) The central device fails
d) The adjacent computer is affected
Answer: b
22. Which of the following is NOT an advantage of networking?
a) Cost effectiveness
b) Increased storage capacity
c) Increased security risks
d) Enhanced communication
Answer: c
23. A hub is also known as a:
a) Intelligent Hub
b) Multiport Repeater
c) Switch
d) Router
Answer: b
24. MAN stands for:
a) Mega Area Network
b) Main Area Network
c) Metropolitan Area Network
d) Multi-user Area Network
Answer: c
25. The connections between computers in a network can be:
a) Wired
b) Wireless
c) Both a and b
d) Neither a nor b
Answer: c
26. Which topology is the most difficult to troubleshoot?
a) Star
b) Bus
c) Mesh
d) All are easy
Answer: b
27. What does a switch create?
a) A single collision domain
b) A single broadcast domain
c) Multiple collision domains
d) Multiple broadcast domains
Answer: c
28. Which of these provides a dedicated connection between two devices?
a) Hub
b) Switch
c) Both Hub and Switch
d) None of the above
Answer: b
29. A router connects your LAN to the:
a) CPU
b) Internet
c) Printer
d) Monitor
Answer: b
30. In which topology is adding or removing a computer difficult and can
disrupt the network?
a) Star
b) Bus
c) Ring
d) Mesh
Answer: c
31. An email system is an example of which network advantage?
a) Resource Sharing
b) Data Sharing
c) Communication
d) Cost-Effectiveness
Answer: c
32. The process of sending data to a specific device on a network is called:
a) Broadcasting
b) Unicasting
c) Multicasting
d) Anycasting
Answer: b
33. Which device broadcasts data to all connected devices?
a) Switch
b) Router
c) Hub
d) Modem
Answer: c
34. A university campus network is an example of a:
a) LAN
b) WAN
 c) MAN
d) PAN
Answer: a (or MAN if the campus is very large and spread out, but LAN is
the most common answer)
35. Which of these is a valid data transfer speed for a modern LAN?
a) 56 Kbps
b) 1 Mbps
c) 1 Gbps
d) 128 bps
Answer: c
36. The physical path over which a message travels is called the:
a) Protocol
b) Medium
c) Signal
d) Route
Answer: b
37. A device's physical address is its:
a) IP Address
b) MAC Address
c) Port Address
d) Logical Address
Answer: b
38. Which topology is the most reliable and robust?
a) Bus
b) Star
c) Ring
d) Mesh (Though not covered in detail, it's the most robust)
Answer: b (Of the three discussed: Bus, Star, Ring)
39. The main function of a router is:
a) Amplifying signals
b) Connecting devices on the same network
c) Path determination
d) Filtering frames
Answer: c
40. When you access a website, your request goes through a:
a) Hub
b) Switch
c) Router
d) Repeater
Answer: c
41. Centralized data management is an advantage of networking because it
improves:
a) Gaming performance
b) Data security and backup
c) Processing speed
 d) User interface
Answer: b
42. Ethernet is a technology primarily used in:
a) WANs
b) MANs
c) LANs
d) All of the above
Answer: c
43. Which device works with frames and MAC addresses?
a) Repeater
b) Hub
c) Switch
d) Router
Answer: c
44. Which device works with packets and IP addresses?
a) Hub
b) Switch
c) Bridge
d) Router
Answer: d
45. Which topology requires the most cabling?
a) Bus
b) Ring
c) Star
d) All require the same
Answer: c
46. Which of the following is NOT a network device?
a) Router
b) Switch
c) Operating System
d) Hub
Answer: c
47. Connecting multiple LANs in a city creates a:
a) WAN
b) MAN
c) CAN
d) PAN
Answer: b
48. A "collision" occurs when:
a) Two devices send data at the same time on a shared medium
b) A router fails
c) A cable is disconnected
d) A computer shuts down
Answer: a
49. Which device reduces the number of collisions on a network?
a) Hub
 b) Repeater
c) Switch
d) Transceiver
Answer: c
50. The primary purpose of a computer network is to:
a) Make computers faster
b) Share resources and communicate
c) Improve graphics
d) Run complex software
Answer: b

Detailed Lecture Notes: Introduction to

Internet, Protocols, and HTML

1. Introduction to Protocols (e.g., TCP/IP)

🔹 What is a Protocol?

 A protocol is a predefined set of rules that determine how computers communicate over
a network.
 It ensures consistency and reliability in communication.
 Without protocols, devices would not be able to interpret each other's data.

🔹 Importance of Protocols

 Enable interoperability between different hardware/software.

 Support reliable and error-free communication.
 Provide standard mechanisms for connection, transmission, and termination.

🔹 TCP/IP Model (The Internet Protocol Suite)

TCP/IP is the foundation of the modern Internet.

Layers of TCP/IP:
 Layer Description Protocols
Application Provides network services to applications HTTP, FTP, SMTP
Transport Ensures reliable delivery of data TCP, UDP
Internet Responsible for logical addressing and routing IP
Manages hardware and data transmission over physical
Network Access Ethernet, Wi-Fi
media

🌐 Example:

When you visit a website:

1. HTTP requests the web page.

2. TCP breaks the data into packets and ensures error-free delivery.
3. IP routes the packets from source to destination.

2. Introduction to the Internet and World Wide Web

🔹 What is the Internet?

 A global network connecting millions of computers.

 Uses TCP/IP to communicate.
 Composed of:
o Clients (user devices)
o Servers (store websites, files, services)
o Routers and switches (direct data traffic)

🔹 Internet vs. Intranet

Internet Intranet
Public and global Private and internal
Accessible by anyone Access restricted to members
Requires ISP Hosted by organization

🔹 What is the World Wide Web (WWW)?

 A service on the Internet that allows users to access hyperlinked documents using a
browser.
 Uses HTML for content and HTTP for communication.
 Developed by Tim Berners-Lee in 1989.
3. History and Evolution of the Internet
🔹 Timeline of Internet Development

Year Development
1969 ARPANET - First computer network developed by DoD
1973 TCP/IP design started
1983 TCP/IP adopted as ARPANET standard
1989 WWW invented by Tim Berners-Lee
1991 First public web page published
1995 Internet commercialized and made globally accessible

🔹 Major Milestones:

 Web 1.0: Static web pages (1990s)

 Web 2.0: Interactive web (social media, blogs) (2000s)
 Web 3.0: Intelligent, semantic web (AI-powered, decentralized)

4. Internet Services
🔹 Email (Electronic Mail)

 Sends messages via Internet using protocols:

o SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) – sends email.
o POP3 (Post Office Protocol) / IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol) –
retrieves email.
 Email clients: Gmail, Outlook, Thunderbird.

🔹 WWW (World Wide Web)

 A vast collection of linked documents (web pages).

 Accessed via browsers using URLs.
 Operates over HTTP/HTTPS protocols.

🔹 FTP (File Transfer Protocol)

 Transfers files between computers on a network.

 Commonly used by developers to upload web files to a server.

🔹 Web Browsers

 Applications that render HTML and allow users to interact with websites.
  Examples: Chrome, Firefox, Edge, Safari.
 Components:
o Address bar, Back/Forward buttons, Rendering engine, Developer tools

🔹 Search Engines

 Help users find information on the web.

 Use web crawlers to index pages.
 Examples: Google, Bing, DuckDuckGo.

5. Understanding URLs and IP Addresses

🔹 What is a URL?

URL (Uniform Resource Locator) – the web address used to access resources.

Structure of a URL:

bash
CopyEdit
https://www.example.com/path/page.html?query=123#section2
Part Description
https Protocol
www.example.com Domain name (maps to an IP address)
/path/page.html Resource path
?query=123 Query string (optional)
#section2 Anchor to part of the page (optional)

🔹 What is an IP Address?

 A numerical label identifying devices on a network.

Types of IP:

 IPv4: 32-bit (e.g., 192.168.1.1)

 IPv6: 128-bit (e.g., 2001:0db8:0000:0042:0000:8a2e:0370:7334)

Role of IP:

 Assigns identity to devices.

 Allows data packets to be routed to the correct device.
6. Introduction to HTML (HyperText Markup Language)
🔹 What is HTML?

 HTML is the language used to create web pages.

 It structures content using tags.
 HTML files are plain text files with .html or .htm extensions.

🔹 Basic HTML Structure:

html
CopyEdit
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>My First Web Page</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Hello, World!</h1>
<p>This is a sample paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>

🔹 Common HTML Tags

Tag Description
<html> Root element of HTML page
<head> Contains metadata and links
<title> Sets the title of the web page tab
<body> All visible content
<h1> to <h6> Headings
<p> Paragraph
<a href=""> Hyperlink
<img src=""> Embed image
<br> Line break
<ul>, <ol> Unordered/ordered lists
<li> List item
<div>, <span> Layout and inline containers

🔹 HTML Attributes
  Provide additional information about elements.
 Syntax: attribute="value"

Example:

html
CopyEdit
<a href="https://example.com" target="_blank">Visit</a>

 href: link destination

 target="_blank": opens in new tab

🔹 HTML Comments
html
CopyEdit
<!-- This is a comment -->

 Not displayed in browser.

 Used for notes or debugging.

100 Multiple Choice Questions on

Internet, Protocols, and HTML
1. 1. Which protocol ensures reliable delivery of data in the TCP/IP model?

 a) UDP
 b) HTTP
 c) TCP
 d) FTP
 ✔ Answer: TCP

2. 2. What is the correct HTML tag for inserting an image?

 a) <img>
 b) <image>
 c) <pic>
 d) <src>

✔ Answer: <img>

3. 3. What does HTML stand for?

 a) Hyper Transfer Markup Language

 b) HyperText Markup Language
 c) HighText Machine Language
 d) Hyperlink and Text Markup Language

✔ Answer: HyperText Markup Language

4. 4. Which tag is used to create a hyperlink in HTML?

 a) <link>
 b) <a>
 c) <href>
 d) <url>

✔ Answer: <a>

5. 5. What is the correct format of an IPv4 address?

 a) 192.168.1.1
 b) 2001:0db8:85a3::8a2e:0370:7334
 c) example.com
 d) https://example.com

✔ Answer: 192.168.1.1

6. 6. Which protocol ensures reliable delivery of data in the TCP/IP model?

 a) UDP
 b) HTTP
 c) TCP
 d) FTP
 ✔ Answer: TCP

7. 7. What is the correct format of an IPv4 address?

 a) 192.168.1.1
 b) 2001:0db8:85a3::8a2e:0370:7334
 c) example.com
 d) https://example.com

✔ Answer: 192.168.1.1

8. 8. Which protocol ensures reliable delivery of data in the TCP/IP model?

 a) UDP
 b) HTTP
 c) TCP
 d) FTP

✔ Answer: TCP

9. 9. What is the correct format of an IPv4 address?

 a) 192.168.1.1
 b) 2001:0db8:85a3::8a2e:0370:7334
 c) example.com
 d) https://example.com

✔ Answer: 192.168.1.1

10. 10. What is the correct format of an IPv4 address?

 a) 192.168.1.1
 b) 2001:0db8:85a3::8a2e:0370:7334
 c) example.com
 d) https://example.com

✔ Answer: 192.168.1.1

11. 11. What is the correct format of an IPv4 address?

 a) 192.168.1.1
 b) 2001:0db8:85a3::8a2e:0370:7334
 c) example.com
 d) https://example.com
 ✔ Answer: 192.168.1.1

12. 12. Which protocol ensures reliable delivery of data in the TCP/IP model?

 a) UDP
 b) HTTP
 c) TCP
 d) FTP

✔ Answer: TCP

13. 13. What is the correct HTML tag for inserting an image?

 a) <img>
 b) <image>
 c) <pic>
 d) <src>

✔ Answer: <img>

14. 14. Which protocol ensures reliable delivery of data in the TCP/IP model?

 a) UDP
 b) HTTP
 c) TCP
 d) FTP

✔ Answer: TCP

15. 15. Which protocol ensures reliable delivery of data in the TCP/IP model?

 a) UDP
 b) HTTP
 c) TCP
 d) FTP

✔ Answer: TCP

16. 16. What is the correct format of an IPv4 address?

 a) 192.168.1.1
 b) 2001:0db8:85a3::8a2e:0370:7334
 c) example.com
 d) https://example.com
 ✔ Answer: 192.168.1.1

17. 17. Which protocol ensures reliable delivery of data in the TCP/IP model?

 a) UDP
 b) HTTP
 c) TCP
 d) FTP

✔ Answer: TCP

18. 18. Which layer of the TCP/IP model is responsible for addressing and routing?

 a) Application
 b) Transport
 c) Internet
 d) Network Access

✔ Answer: Internet

19. 19. What does TCP/IP stand for?

 a) Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol

 b) Total Control Protocol/Internal Protocol
 c) Transfer Communication Protocol/Internet Provider
 d) Technical Communication Process/Integrated Protocol

✔ Answer: Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol

20. 20. What is the correct HTML tag for inserting an image?

 a) <img>
 b) <image>
 c) <pic>
 d) <src>

✔ Answer: <img>

21. 21. What is the correct format of an IPv4 address?

 a) 192.168.1.1
 b) 2001:0db8:85a3::8a2e:0370:7334
 c) example.com
 d) https://example.com
 ✔ Answer: 192.168.1.1

22. 22. What does TCP/IP stand for?

 a) Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol

 b) Total Control Protocol/Internal Protocol
 c) Transfer Communication Protocol/Internet Provider
 d) Technical Communication Process/Integrated Protocol

✔ Answer: Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol

23. 23. What does HTML stand for?

 a) Hyper Transfer Markup Language

 b) HyperText Markup Language
 c) HighText Machine Language
 d) Hyperlink and Text Markup Language

✔ Answer: HyperText Markup Language

24. 24. Which protocol ensures reliable delivery of data in the TCP/IP model?

 a) UDP
 b) HTTP
 c) TCP
 d) FTP

✔ Answer: TCP

25. 25. Who invented the World Wide Web?

 a) Bill Gates
 b) Steve Jobs
 c) Tim Berners-Lee
 d) Vint Cerf

✔ Answer: Tim Berners-Lee

26. 26. Which protocol ensures reliable delivery of data in the TCP/IP model?

 a) UDP
 b) HTTP
 c) TCP
 d) FTP
 ✔ Answer: TCP

27. 27. Which protocol is used to send email?

 a) FTP
 b) SMTP
 c) IMAP
 d) HTTP

✔ Answer: SMTP

28. 28. What is the correct format of an IPv4 address?

 a) 192.168.1.1
 b) 2001:0db8:85a3::8a2e:0370:7334
 c) example.com
 d) https://example.com

✔ Answer: 192.168.1.1

29. 29. Which layer of the TCP/IP model is responsible for addressing and routing?

 a) Application
 b) Transport
 c) Internet
 d) Network Access

✔ Answer: Internet

30. 30. What does TCP/IP stand for?

 a) Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol

 b) Total Control Protocol/Internal Protocol
 c) Transfer Communication Protocol/Internet Provider
 d) Technical Communication Process/Integrated Protocol

✔ Answer: Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol

31. 31. Which protocol ensures reliable delivery of data in the TCP/IP model?

 a) UDP
 b) HTTP
 c) TCP
 d) FTP
 ✔ Answer: TCP

32. 32. Which protocol ensures reliable delivery of data in the TCP/IP model?

 a) UDP
 b) HTTP
 c) TCP
 d) FTP

✔ Answer: TCP

33. 33. Which protocol ensures reliable delivery of data in the TCP/IP model?

 a) UDP
 b) HTTP
 c) TCP
 d) FTP

✔ Answer: TCP

34. 34. Which protocol is used to send email?

 a) FTP
 b) SMTP
 c) IMAP
 d) HTTP

✔ Answer: SMTP

35. 35. Which protocol ensures reliable delivery of data in the TCP/IP model?

 a) UDP
 b) HTTP
 c) TCP
 d) FTP

✔ Answer: TCP

36. 36. What is the correct format of an IPv4 address?

 a) 192.168.1.1
 b) 2001:0db8:85a3::8a2e:0370:7334
 c) example.com
 d) https://example.com
 ✔ Answer: 192.168.1.1

37. 37. What is the correct format of an IPv4 address?

 a) 192.168.1.1
 b) 2001:0db8:85a3::8a2e:0370:7334
 c) example.com
 d) https://example.com

✔ Answer: 192.168.1.1

38. 38. Which layer of the TCP/IP model is responsible for addressing and routing?

 a) Application
 b) Transport
 c) Internet
 d) Network Access

✔ Answer: Internet

39. 39. Which layer of the TCP/IP model is responsible for addressing and routing?

 a) Application
 b) Transport
 c) Internet
 d) Network Access

✔ Answer: Internet

40. 40. What does TCP/IP stand for?

 a) Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol

 b) Total Control Protocol/Internal Protocol
 c) Transfer Communication Protocol/Internet Provider
 d) Technical Communication Process/Integrated Protocol

✔ Answer: Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol

41. 41. What is the correct HTML tag for inserting an image?

 a) <img>
 b) <image>
 c) <pic>
 d) <src>
 ✔ Answer: <img>

42. 42. Which protocol is used to send email?

 a) FTP
 b) SMTP
 c) IMAP
 d) HTTP

✔ Answer: SMTP

43. 43. What is the correct HTML tag for inserting an image?

 a) <img>
 b) <image>
 c) <pic>
 d) <src>

✔ Answer: <img>

44. 44. What is the correct format of an IPv4 address?

 a) 192.168.1.1
 b) 2001:0db8:85a3::8a2e:0370:7334
 c) example.com
 d) https://example.com

✔ Answer: 192.168.1.1

45. 45. What is the correct format of an IPv4 address?

 a) 192.168.1.1
 b) 2001:0db8:85a3::8a2e:0370:7334
 c) example.com
 d) https://example.com

✔ Answer: 192.168.1.1

46. 46. Which tag is used to create a hyperlink in HTML?

 a) <link>
 b) <a>
 c) <href>
 d) <url>
 ✔ Answer: <a>

47. 47. What is the correct format of an IPv4 address?

 a) 192.168.1.1
 b) 2001:0db8:85a3::8a2e:0370:7334
 c) example.com
 d) https://example.com

✔ Answer: 192.168.1.1

48. 48. What is the correct HTML tag for inserting an image?

 a) <img>
 b) <image>
 c) <pic>
 d) <src>

✔ Answer: <img>

49. 49. What is the correct format of an IPv4 address?

 a) 192.168.1.1
 b) 2001:0db8:85a3::8a2e:0370:7334
 c) example.com
 d) https://example.com

✔ Answer: 192.168.1.1

50. 50. Which of the following is a search engine?

 a) Google
 b) Gmail
 c) Facebook
 d) Yahoo Mail

✔ Answer: Google

51. 51. What does TCP/IP stand for?

 a) Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol

 b) Total Control Protocol/Internal Protocol
 c) Transfer Communication Protocol/Internet Provider
 d) Technical Communication Process/Integrated Protocol
 ✔ Answer: Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol

52. 52. Which tag is used to create a hyperlink in HTML?

 a) <link>
 b) <a>
 c) <href>
 d) <url>

✔ Answer: <a>

53. 53. Which layer of the TCP/IP model is responsible for addressing and routing?

 a) Application
 b) Transport
 c) Internet
 d) Network Access

✔ Answer: Internet

54. 54. What is the correct HTML tag for inserting an image?

 a) <img>
 b) <image>
 c) <pic>
 d) <src>

✔ Answer: <img>

55. 55. Which tag is used to create a hyperlink in HTML?

 a) <link>
 b) <a>
 c) <href>
 d) <url>

✔ Answer: <a>

56. 56. What is the correct format of an IPv4 address?

 a) 192.168.1.1
 b) 2001:0db8:85a3::8a2e:0370:7334
 c) example.com
 d) https://example.com
 ✔ Answer: 192.168.1.1

57. 57. What does TCP/IP stand for?

 a) Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol

 b) Total Control Protocol/Internal Protocol
 c) Transfer Communication Protocol/Internet Provider
 d) Technical Communication Process/Integrated Protocol

✔ Answer: Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol

58. 58. Which tag is used to create a hyperlink in HTML?

 a) <link>
 b) <a>
 c) <href>
 d) <url>

✔ Answer: <a>

59. 59. Which protocol is used to send email?

 a) FTP
 b) SMTP
 c) IMAP
 d) HTTP

✔ Answer: SMTP

60. 60. Which protocol ensures reliable delivery of data in the TCP/IP model?

 a) UDP
 b) HTTP
 c) TCP
 d) FTP

✔ Answer: TCP

61. 61. Which protocol ensures reliable delivery of data in the TCP/IP model?

 a) UDP
 b) HTTP
 c) TCP
 d) FTP
 ✔ Answer: TCP

62. 62. Which protocol ensures reliable delivery of data in the TCP/IP model?

 a) UDP
 b) HTTP
 c) TCP
 d) FTP

✔ Answer: TCP

63. 63. What is the correct format of an IPv4 address?

 a) 192.168.1.1
 b) 2001:0db8:85a3::8a2e:0370:7334
 c) example.com
 d) https://example.com

✔ Answer: 192.168.1.1

64. 64. Who invented the World Wide Web?

 a) Bill Gates
 b) Steve Jobs
 c) Tim Berners-Lee
 d) Vint Cerf

✔ Answer: Tim Berners-Lee

65. 65. What is the correct format of an IPv4 address?

 a) 192.168.1.1
 b) 2001:0db8:85a3::8a2e:0370:7334
 c) example.com
 d) https://example.com

✔ Answer: 192.168.1.1

66. 66. Which protocol ensures reliable delivery of data in the TCP/IP model?

 a) UDP
 b) HTTP
 c) TCP
 d) FTP
 ✔ Answer: TCP

67. 67. Which protocol ensures reliable delivery of data in the TCP/IP model?

 a) UDP
 b) HTTP
 c) TCP
 d) FTP

✔ Answer: TCP

68. 68. Which tag is used to create a hyperlink in HTML?

 a) <link>
 b) <a>
 c) <href>
 d) <url>

✔ Answer: <a>

69. 69. Which protocol is used to send email?

 a) FTP
 b) SMTP
 c) IMAP
 d) HTTP

✔ Answer: SMTP

70. 70. What does TCP/IP stand for?

 a) Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol

 b) Total Control Protocol/Internal Protocol
 c) Transfer Communication Protocol/Internet Provider
 d) Technical Communication Process/Integrated Protocol

✔ Answer: Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol

71. 71. Which tag is used to create a hyperlink in HTML?

 a) <link>
 b) <a>
 c) <href>
 d) <url>
 ✔ Answer: <a>

72. 72. What is the correct format of an IPv4 address?

 a) 192.168.1.1
 b) 2001:0db8:85a3::8a2e:0370:7334
 c) example.com
 d) https://example.com

✔ Answer: 192.168.1.1

73. 73. Which protocol ensures reliable delivery of data in the TCP/IP model?

 a) UDP
 b) HTTP
 c) TCP
 d) FTP

✔ Answer: TCP

74. 74. Which protocol ensures reliable delivery of data in the TCP/IP model?

 a) UDP
 b) HTTP
 c) TCP
 d) FTP

✔ Answer: TCP

75. 75. Which protocol ensures reliable delivery of data in the TCP/IP model?

 a) UDP
 b) HTTP
 c) TCP
 d) FTP

✔ Answer: TCP

76. 76. What does TCP/IP stand for?

 a) Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol

 b) Total Control Protocol/Internal Protocol
 c) Transfer Communication Protocol/Internet Provider
 d) Technical Communication Process/Integrated Protocol
 ✔ Answer: Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol

77. 77. Which protocol ensures reliable delivery of data in the TCP/IP model?

 a) UDP
 b) HTTP
 c) TCP
 d) FTP

✔ Answer: TCP

78. 78. Which layer of the TCP/IP model is responsible for addressing and routing?

 a) Application
 b) Transport
 c) Internet
 d) Network Access

✔ Answer: Internet

79. 79. What is the correct HTML tag for inserting an image?

 a) <img>
 b) <image>
 c) <pic>
 d) <src>

✔ Answer: <img>

80. 80. What does HTML stand for?

 a) Hyper Transfer Markup Language

 b) HyperText Markup Language
 c) HighText Machine Language
 d) Hyperlink and Text Markup Language

✔ Answer: HyperText Markup Language

81. 81. Which protocol ensures reliable delivery of data in the TCP/IP model?

 a) UDP
 b) HTTP
 c) TCP
 d) FTP
 ✔ Answer: TCP

82. 82. Which tag is used to create a hyperlink in HTML?

 a) <link>
 b) <a>
 c) <href>
 d) <url>

✔ Answer: <a>

83. 83. Which layer of the TCP/IP model is responsible for addressing and routing?

 a) Application
 b) Transport
 c) Internet
 d) Network Access

✔ Answer: Internet

84. 84. What does TCP/IP stand for?

 a) Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol

 b) Total Control Protocol/Internal Protocol
 c) Transfer Communication Protocol/Internet Provider
 d) Technical Communication Process/Integrated Protocol

✔ Answer: Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol

85. 85. Who invented the World Wide Web?

 a) Bill Gates
 b) Steve Jobs
 c) Tim Berners-Lee
 d) Vint Cerf

✔ Answer: Tim Berners-Lee

86. 86. Which protocol ensures reliable delivery of data in the TCP/IP model?

 a) UDP
 b) HTTP
 c) TCP
 d) FTP
 ✔ Answer: TCP

87. 87. Which protocol is used to send email?

 a) FTP
 b) SMTP
 c) IMAP
 d) HTTP

✔ Answer: SMTP

88. 88. What does TCP/IP stand for?

 a) Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol

 b) Total Control Protocol/Internal Protocol
 c) Transfer Communication Protocol/Internet Provider
 d) Technical Communication Process/Integrated Protocol

✔ Answer: Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol

89. 89. Which protocol ensures reliable delivery of data in the TCP/IP model?

 a) UDP
 b) HTTP
 c) TCP
 d) FTP

✔ Answer: TCP

90. 90. Which tag is used to create a hyperlink in HTML?

 a) <link>
 b) <a>
 c) <href>
 d) <url>

✔ Answer: <a>

91. 91. What is the correct HTML tag for inserting an image?

 a) <img>
 b) <image>
 c) <pic>
 d) <src>
 ✔ Answer: <img>

92. 92. Which protocol ensures reliable delivery of data in the TCP/IP model?

 a) UDP
 b) HTTP
 c) TCP
 d) FTP

✔ Answer: TCP

93. 93. What is the correct format of an IPv4 address?

 a) 192.168.1.1
 b) 2001:0db8:85a3::8a2e:0370:7334
 c) example.com
 d) https://example.com

✔ Answer: 192.168.1.1

94. 94. Which protocol ensures reliable delivery of data in the TCP/IP model?

 a) UDP
 b) HTTP
 c) TCP
 d) FTP

✔ Answer: TCP

95. 95. Which protocol ensures reliable delivery of data in the TCP/IP model?

 a) UDP
 b) HTTP
 c) TCP
 d) FTP

✔ Answer: TCP

96. 96. What is the correct format of an IPv4 address?

 a) 192.168.1.1
 b) 2001:0db8:85a3::8a2e:0370:7334
 c) example.com
 d) https://example.com
 ✔ Answer: 192.168.1.1

97. 97. Which protocol ensures reliable delivery of data in the TCP/IP model?

 a) UDP
 b) HTTP
 c) TCP
 d) FTP

✔ Answer: TCP

98. 98. Which of the following is a search engine?

 a) Google
 b) Gmail
 c) Facebook
 d) Yahoo Mail

✔ Answer: Google

99. 99. What is the correct format of an IPv4 address?

 a) 192.168.1.1
 b) 2001:0db8:85a3::8a2e:0370:7334
 c) example.com
 d) https://example.com

✔ Answer: 192.168.1.1

100. 100. What does TCP/IP stand for?

 a) Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol

 b) Total Control Protocol/Internal Protocol
 c) Transfer Communication Protocol/Internet Provider
 d) Technical Communication Process/Integrated Protocol

✔ Answer: Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol