Dr. H.M Parveez Ahmed IVth Semester, B.

E
Dept. of Chemistry Biology for Engineers (BBOC407) - CSE Stream GITW, Bangalore
Module–I: CELL BASIC UNIT OF LIFE
Introduction. Structure and functions of a cell. Stem cells and their application. Bio-
molecules: Properties and functions of Carbohydrates, Nucleic acids, proteins, lipids.
Importance of special bio-molecules: Properties and functions of enzymes, vitamins and
hormones.
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1. What is cell? Explain the different types of cells with neat diagram.

Definition of Cell: A cell is defined as the smallest, basic unit of life that is responsible
for all of life’s processes
(Robert Hooke discovered the cell in 1665. All organisms are made up of a single cell or
many cells called unicellular or multicellular respectively.)

Cells are of two types:

Prokaryotic : they lack a true nucleus. Ex- BACTERIA

Eukaryotic : they have a true nucleus and membranes surround the organs inside
the cell. Ex- FOUND IN PLANTS ANIMALS, FUNGI.

2. Explain in brief about structure and function of a cell.

The cell structure comprises many components with a specific function. The components
are the Cell wall, Cell membrane, Cytoplasm, Nucleus, and Cell organelles….

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Dr. H.M Parveez Ahmed IVth Semester, B.E
Dept. of Chemistry Biology for Engineers (BBOC407) - CSE Stream GITW, Bangalore

1.Cell membrane: It supports and protects the cell. It is composed of lipids &proteins
2.Cytoplasm: Jelly like structure filling the cell containing organelles
3.Nucleus:Houses genetic materials (DNA) controlling cell activities’
4. Organelles:Specialize Structure
a.Endoplasmic Reticulum:Involved in protein and lipid metabolism
b.Nucleolus: The nucleolus is the site of ribosome synthesis. Also, it is involved in
controlling cellular activities and cellular reproduction.
c.Golgi Bodies: Golgi bodies are called the cell’s post office as it is involved in the
transportation of materials within the cell
d.Lysosomes:Lysosomes: are the cell's also called as "suicide bags" that protect the cell by
destroying foreign bodies.
e. Ribosomes: are the sites for protein synthesis
f.Mitochondria: They are called powerhouses of the cell and produce ATP
g. Chloroplast: They are the organelles for photosynthesis.
h.Vacuoles: Vacuoles store food, water, and other waste materials in the cell

Functions of cell: They provide structure and support

 Facilitate growth by mitosis.
 Allows transport of substances.
 Energy production.
 Aids in reproduction.
3. Compare Prokaryotic and Eukaryoyic cells
Prokaryotic cells: 1.cells do not have well defined nucleus but only nucleoid is present,
2.looks like bacteria with long tail and shape.
3.Cytoplasm , Cell wall and cell membrane present.
4. Capsule like Nucleoid is present.
5. Organelles like Plasmid, Ribosomes are present.

Eukaryotic cells: , cells have well defined nucleus and has complex structure.
✔ Its slightly oval in shape.
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Dr. H.M Parveez Ahmed IVth Semester, B.E
Dept. of Chemistry Biology for Engineers (BBOC407) - CSE Stream GITW, Bangalore
✔ It has Ribosomes, Endoplasmic reticulum, Mitochondrion, Centrosomes, Golgi
body, Lysosome
3. What are a Stems cells and mention its applications?

Stem cells are undifferentiated biological cells found in all multi-cellular organisms they can
multiply them selves by mitosis. They are classified into two types

Embryonic stem cells: Isolated from blastosys and they are pluripotent, they generate all
cells of all different germ layer (endoderm, ectoderm and mesoderm)

Adult stem cells: adult stem cells are also called as somatic stem cell fund in various
tissues.throughout the body of nearly all

Applications:

 Regenerative Medicine : Stem cells are used to regenerate damaged tissues & organs.

1. Tissue Repair

2. Orthopedic Treatments : Joint and bone regeneration

● Treatment of Diseases

1. Blood Disorders : treating Anaemia, leukemia by replacing blood cells.

2. Neurological Disorders : In Parkinson and Alzheimer diseases.

● Drug Development and Testing : For testing new drugs before using on animals.

● Understanding Disease Mechanisms : In labs and controlled manner, diseases

and their spread and control, can be studied using stem cells.

● Cell-Based Therapies : To address various medical conditions and treating a

particular malignant cell to stop spreading of disease.

4. What are bio-molecules? Explain in brief about different types of Biomolecules.

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Dr. H.M Parveez Ahmed IVth Semester, B.E
Dept. of Chemistry Biology for Engineers (BBOC407) - CSE Stream GITW, Bangalore
Bio-molecules are essential organic molecules. They are the building blocks of living
organisms and play an important role in many biological processes.

Types of Bio-molecules: 1. Carbohydrates. 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids.

Carbohydrates: These are the Organic molecules of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen.
Carbohydrates are the main source of energy for the body. They are found in grains, fruits,
and vegetables.

Lipids: These are Organic molecules that are insoluble in water. They Include fats, oils,
waxes, and steroids. Lipids reserve energy, provide insulation, and are important
components in cell membranes.
Proteins: These are Organic molecules made up of Amino acids. Proteins perform a
variety of functions in the body and they building block of all living organismand are found
in every cells.
For Ex: Proteins are found in meat, Dairy products, and beans.

Nucleic acids: These are the organic molecules that store genetic information. They include
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acids) and RNA (ribonucleic acid). DNA is the genetic material that
is passed from one generation to the next, while RNA is involved in the synthesis of
proteins.

6.Discuss the properties and functions of carbohydrate

Properties of carbohydrates:
Carbohydrates: These are the Organic molecules made up of Carbon, Hydrogen, and
Oxygen. Carbohydrates are the main source of energy for the body. They are found in
grains, fruits, and vegetables.
Properties: 1. carbohydrates are composed of carbon,hydrogen and oxygen atoms in the
ratio of 1:2:1, the general formula of carbohydrates (CH2O)n where n is no of carbon atoms
2.Structural diversity: Carbohydrates exhibits structural diversity, ranging from simple
monosaccharides to complex polymers ,polysaccharides
3.They exhibits structural isomerism that means same chemical formula but different
structural formula
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Dr. H.M Parveez Ahmed IVth Semester, B.E
Dept. of Chemistry Biology for Engineers (BBOC407) - CSE Stream GITW, Bangalore
4.Many carbohydrates are water soluble due to hydrophilic nature Mono and disaccharides
5.Carbohydrates vary in their degree of sweetness. monosaccahrides like glucose and
fructose are sweet in tasting, while disaccharides, such as sucrose and lactose also sweet but
degree of sweetness is different

Functions of Carbohydrate: 1.Carbohydrates are a primary source of energy for living

organism when broken down through cellular respiration carbohydrates are converted into
ATP

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 +6H2O +ATP(energy)

2.Structural support: Carbohydrate contributes to structure and function of cells and tissues.

3.Carbohydrates serves as energy storage molecules in the form of glycogene in animals and
starch in plants.

4.Quick energy release: Rapid breakdown of glucose through glycolysis allow cells to
quickly generate ATP and provide energy for essential cellular process

5.Blood sugar regulation: carbohydrate play is central role in blood sugar regulation,
ensuring studies supply of energy to cells and tissues while maintaining blood glucose level
within the narrow range.

7.Discuss the properties and functions of nucleic acid

They are the bio-polymers made up manometer materials known as nucleotide
Nucleotide made up of three important groups such as phosphate, sugar and nitrogenous
base.The sugar present in nucleotide is called pentoses
Pentoses are two types
1. Ribose
2. Deoxy Ribose
Properties of Nucleic acid
1. Nucleic acid is a biomolecules made up of nucleotides

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Dr. H.M Parveez Ahmed IVth Semester, B.E
Dept. of Chemistry Biology for Engineers (BBOC407) - CSE Stream GITW, Bangalore
2. Nucleotides pocess three impotent groups such as Sugar, Phophorous group and nitrogen
base
3 Depends upon the types of sugar nucleic acids are of two types
i) RNA
ii) DNA
4. DNA is the genetic material that is passed from one generation to the next, 5. RNA is
involved in the synthesis of proteins.
6. All the information of a cell is stored in DNA.
7. Nitrogenous Cyclic base contain, Nitrogen.Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen
8. The cyclic bases that have nitrogen in them are adenine (A), guanine (G),
cytosine(C) and thymine (T). These bases and their arrangement in the molecules of DNA
play an important role in the storage of information from one generation to the next one.
9.ALL of these biomolecules are essential for life and are found in all living organisms.
They interact with each other in complex ways to carry out the functions that are necessary
for life.
Functions of Nucleic Acids
1.Nucleic Acid is responsible for the synthesis of protein in our body
·RNA is a vital component of protein synthesis.
2.Loss of DNA content is linked to many diseases.
3.DNA is an essential component required for transferring genes from parents to
offspring.
4.All the information of a cell is stored in DNA.
5.DNA fingerprinting is a method used by forensic experts to determine
paternity. It is also used for the identification of criminals. It has also played a
major role in studies regarding biological evolution and genetics.

8.Discuss the properties and functions of Proteins

Physical Properties of Proteins

1. Colour and Taste:Proteins are colourless and usually tasteless. Except

Chromoprotiens because they may contain metallic groups,Ex- hemoglobin
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Dr. H.M Parveez Ahmed IVth Semester, B.E
Dept. of Chemistry Biology for Engineers (BBOC407) - CSE Stream GITW, Bangalore
2. Most of the Proteins are Hydrophilic colloid's, ex-Insulin
3. Shape and Solubility:Based on shape and solubility proteins are classified as
i) Globular proteins: Spherical in shape found in plants, seeds and in leaf which are
soluble in water
ii) Fibrous: These are thread-like or ellipsoidal in shape and occur generally in animal
muscle
4. Molecular Weight
The proteins generally have large molecular weights ranging between 5 × 103 and 1 ×
106..
5. Denaturation
Denaturation refers to the changes in the properties of a protein when the protein
treated with heat, x-rays, UV rays, etc.
6. Amphoteric Nature:Like amino acids, the proteins are amphoteric, i.e., they act as
acids and alkalies both.
7. Ion Binding Capacity
The proteins can form salts with both cations and anions based on their net charge.
8. Optical Activity
All protein solutions rotate the plane of polarized light to the left, i.e., these are Leo
rotatory.

Function of proteins:
The body uses proteins for a variety of purposes, and their structure determines how
they work. Several notable functions include:
1. Digestion – The digestive enzymes, which are primarily proteinaceous in origin,
carry out digestion.
2. Movement – Muscles include a protein called myosin, which helps muscles
contract, allowing for movement.
3. Structure and Support – The structural protein known as keratin is what gives
humans and other animals hair, nails, and horns.
4. Cellular communication – Through receptors on their surface, cells can
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Dr. H.M Parveez Ahmed IVth Semester, B.E
Dept. of Chemistry Biology for Engineers (BBOC407) - CSE Stream GITW, Bangalore
communicate with other cells and the outside world. These receptors are made
of proteins.
5. Act as a messenger – These proteins serve as chemical messengers that
facilitate communication among cells, tissues, and organs.

9, What are plant based proteins? Mention their benefits

Proteins derived from plant sources such as legumes, grains, nuts and seeds. They are
becoming increasingly popular as a alternate to animal base protein. especially for those
following vegetarian diet.
Benefits
Nutrient-rich
Sustainable
Versatile
Hypoallergnic
cost effective
10.Discuss the properties and functions of Lipids
Lipids are organic substances that are insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvents,
are related to fatty acids and are utilized by the living cell.
Examples: fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins, mono-, di- or triglycerides, phospholipids,
etc.
Properties:
1. Lipids are oily or greasy non-polar molecules, stored in the adipose tissue of the
body.
2. Lipids are a heterogeneous group of compounds, mainly composed of
hydrocarbon chains.
3. Lipids are energy-rich organic molecules, which provide energy for different life
processes.

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Dr. H.M Parveez Ahmed IVth Semester, B.E
Dept. of Chemistry Biology for Engineers (BBOC407) - CSE Stream GITW, Bangalore
4. Lipids are a class of compounds characterized by their solubility in non-polar
solvents and insolubility in water.
5. Lipids are significant in biological systems as they form a mechanical barrier
dividing a cell from the external environment known as the cell membrane
Functions of lipids:
 Cosmetics : lipids are commonly used in cosmetics, such as moisturizer to improve skin
hydration and texture.
 Food Industry: lipids are use as ingredients in food products, such as margarine and
frying oils, to improve texture, flavour and shelf life.
 Medical devices: lipids are used in medical devices, such as lipid based Drug Delivery
Systems, to improve the delivery and efficacy of drugs.
 Biofuels: lipid such as vegetable oils, animal fats can we convert into bio-fuels such as
bio-diesel, and bio-ethanol to provide renewable source of energy.
 Surface modification: lipids can be used to modify the surface properties of materials
such as metals and polymers and bio compatibility
 Surfactant: lipids are use as surfactant, which are the compounds that reduces surface
tension and improve the mixing of oil and water base substances.

11. What are enzymes mention the functions and properties of enzymes.
Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions in living organisms which convert
substrate to product. Enzymes play an important role in metabolism.
Functions of Enzymes: (a) Enzymes are proteins that help to speed up chemical reactions
in our body.
(b) Enzymes are essential for digestion, liver function, and much more.
(c) Too much or too little of certain enzymes can cause health problems
(d) Enzymes in our blood can also help healthcare providers check for injuries and diseases.
Properties of Enzymes:
(a) Enzymes are complex macromolecules with high molecular weight.
(b) Enzymes actively decrease with an increase in temperature.

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Dr. H.M Parveez Ahmed IVth Semester, B.E
Dept. of Chemistry Biology for Engineers (BBOC407) - CSE Stream GITW, Bangalore
(c) They are highly specific in their action.
(d) They are inhibited by inhibitors.
(e) Enzymes are affected by Ph
(f) An enzyme contains a highly precise area(active site) with which the substrate
interacts to produce the desired products.
Applications of Enzymes: (1) Enzymes are used to produce food products and beverages.
(2) Used to produce biofuels.
(3) Used to produce biopharmaceuticals and other products.
(4) Used in diagnostic tests and as therapeutic agents for treating disease.
(5) Enzymes are used in industries such as baking, brewing, detergents, and
fermented products.
(6) Used in industries to produce textiles and leather products.
12. What are Vitamins mention the functions , properties and applications of
Vitamins.
Vitamins are a group of substances/nutrients that are needed for normal cell function,
growth, and development of the cell.
Functions of Vitamins: (a)Vitamins help to maintain healthy teeth and bones. soft tissues,
mucous membranes, and skin
(b) Vitamins play a key role in metabolism
(c) Vitamins are helpful in wound healing.
(d) Vitamins boost the immune system
(e) Vitamins Catalyze important chemical reactions in our cells.
Properties of Vitamins:
(1) Vitamins are the Organic low molecular weight substances that have key role in
metabolism.
(2)Vitamins have diverse biochemical functions.
(3)Vitamins are soluble in fats and fat solvents.
(4)Vitamins are insoluble in water
(4)Vitamins destroy when expose to sunlight.

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Dr. H.M Parveez Ahmed IVth Semester, B.E
Dept. of Chemistry Biology for Engineers (BBOC407) - CSE Stream GITW, Bangalore
(5)Loss of Vitamins in cooking, canning and freezing of food stuffs is small.
Applications of vitamins: (1) Vitamin A supports normal vision and skin health, a plays a
role in normal immune system.
(2) Vitamins are important for energy production, metabolism of proteins ,Carbohydrates.
And Red blood cell formation
(3) Promotes healthy aging
(4) Vitamins reduces Anxiety and stress
(5) Vitamins boosts cardiovascular system.
(6) Vitamins covers nutritional bases in the body.
(7) Vitamins keeps the body in good working condition
(8) Vitamins improve the eye sight.
(9) Vitamins are very important to maintain normal nervous system function.
13.What are hormones mention the functions, properties and applications of hormones.
Hormones : These are the chemical substances that act like a messenger molecules in the
body.
Functions of Hormones:
(a)These play a vital role in metabolic activities in the body.
(b) It helps in growth and development of the body.
(c) Hormones are the key factors In cognitive function and mood of living system
(d) In maintaining body temperature
(e) it maintains sleep-wake cycle
(f) Play a main role in Reproduction and sexual functions
Properties of Hormones: (1) They have a low molecular weight ,thus they can easily pass
through capillaries.
(2) Hormones always act in low concentration.
(3) They are soluble in water so that they can be transported via blood.
(4) Hormones are non-antigenic.
(5) Hormones regulate the behaviour of target cells.

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Dr. H.M Parveez Ahmed IVth Semester, B.E
Dept. of Chemistry Biology for Engineers (BBOC407) - CSE Stream GITW, Bangalore
Uses of Hormones: (1) Hormones carry messages through blood to organs, skin, muscles,
and other tissues.
(2) Used to treat certain symptoms of menopause.
(3) Hormone Insulin is necessary for the cells in the body to properly use the glucose in
blood stream.
(4) Hormones play a very important role in plant’s body and facilitate processes like
vernalisation, phototropism, seed germination.
(5) Surges in hormones like Oxytocin and Dopamine can drive feelings of happiness and
contentment.

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Dr. H.M Parveez Ahmed IVth Semester, B.E
Dept. of Chemistry Biology for Engineers (BBOC407) - CSE Stream GITW, Bangalore

MODULE-02
Application of biomolecules: Carbohydrates in cellulose-based water filters production,
PHA and PLA in bioplastics production, Nucleic acids in vaccines and diagnosis, Proteins
in food production, lipids in bio-diesel and detergents production,

Enzymes in biosensors fabrication, food processing, detergent formulation, and textile

processing.

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Applications of Bio-molecules
1. Explain what is Cellulose and mention the role of Cellulose in water filtration.
Cellulose is carbohydrate polymer found in plant cell walls. It is the most abundant
organic compound found in nature. The chemical structure of the Cellulose molecule is
shown in the figure below.

Cellulose is Insoluble in water and forms long fibrous strands that are highly resistant to
chemical and biological degradation. The high mechanical strength and hydrophilic
properties of cellulose make it an ideal material for water filtration,. in the production of
paper, textiles, and other products.

Cellulose is effective in removing particles such as sand, silt, and sediment, as well as
organic and inorganic contaminants. Hence it is used in household water filtration systems,
industrial-scale water treatment plants.etc.

Role of Cellulose in Water Filtration: Cellulose Plays an important role in water filters.
Some of the key functions of cellulose in water filtration is
Filtration: It is a fibrous material with a complex, porous structure. This structure allows
water to pass through while trapping particles and impurities in the filter material.
Dr. H.M Parveez Ahmed IVth Semester, B.E
Dept. of Chemistry Biology for Engineers (BBOC407) - CSE Stream GITW, Bangalore

Structural support: Cellulose provides structural support to water filters. Cellulose fibers
can be combined with other materials like Perlite, which create a porous filter material.
This porous filter maintains its shape and does not collapse under pressure.
Binding Agent: Cellulose can be used as a binder to hold other filter materials in place.
For example, Cellulose can be combined with activated carbon to create filter material that
holds activated Carbon in place and prevents it from leaching into filtered Water.
Biodegradability: Cellulose is a biodegradable material that breaks down naturally in
the environment, and can be disposed of without causing harm to the environment
2. Highlights the properties of cellulose, Justify cellulose as an effective water filter
1. Cellulose exhibits high porosity, allowing for excellent absorption and filtration
capabilities.
2. Cellulose is biocompatible, making it suitable for use in biomedical applications.
3. Cellulose is biodegradable, enabling it to break down naturally in the environment.
4. Cellulose demonstrates excellent chemical resistance, withstanding exposure to various
chemicals and solvents.
5. Cellulose possesses good mechanical strength, providing durability and stability in
various applications.
6. Cellulose is cost-effective, offering an affordable and sustainable solution for various
industrial and commercial uses.
Role of Cellulose in Water Filtration
1. Filtration: Cellulose's is a porus &complex structure allows water to pass through while
trapping particles and impurities.
2. Structural Support: Cellulose provides structural support to water filters, maintaining
their shape and preventing collapse under pressure.
3. Binding Agent: Cellulose can be used as a binder to hold other filter materials in place,
such as activated carbon.
4.Biodegradability: Cellulose is a biodegradable
3. Describe the design and development of Cellulose-based Water filters
The design and development of a Cellulose base water filter involves the following steps.
1. Material Selection: Cellulose is a cost-effective material and is available from a
variety of natural sources like wood pulp, cotton, and other plant fibers. It has the desired
properties of the filter.
Dr. H.M Parveez Ahmed IVth Semester, B.E
Dept. of Chemistry Biology for Engineers (BBOC407) - CSE Stream GITW, Bangalore

2. Processing: Cellulose can be processed into a suitable form for use in water filters. It
involves purification, drying, and milling to produce fine powder.
3. Filter design: Cellulose filters can be designed to trap different types of impurities.
Such as sand, silt, and sediment, as well as organic and Inorganic contaminants.
4. Chemical Treatment: The cellulose filters may be treated with chemicals to enhance
their filtration properties or to add anti-microbial properties.
5. Testing: The Cellulose filter should be tested to ensure that it meets the required
filtration standards and is effective at removing impurities from water.
6. Production: once the filter has been designed and tested, it can be produced at a scale
of Commercial use.
7. Maintenance: These filters need to be replaced periodically to ensure effectiveness.
The frequency of replacement depends on factors such as the level of impurities and the
amount of use.
Limitations of cellulose based water filters

Cellulose Base Water filters have some limitation that need to be considered when
choosing a water filtration solution

 Low resistance to high temperature

 low filtration efficiency for certain contaminants.(heavy metals)
 Limited lifespan
 Difficulty to sterilize
 May club easily
 May effect water test
3. What is a PHA molecule and mention the applications of PHA Bioplastics.

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are a class of biodegradable and bio-compatible

polyesters produced by microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi. They are a type of

Bio-plastic. They are made from renewable resources, such as sugar and cornstarch,plant
based oil, waste cocking oil etc. and are considered to be an environmentally friendly
alternative to traditional petroleum-based plastics.

The chemical structure of the PHA molecule is shown below.

Dr. H.M Parveez Ahmed IVth Semester, B.E
Dept. of Chemistry Biology for Engineers (BBOC407) - CSE Stream GITW, Bangalore

Engineering applications of PHA bioplastic

1.Packaging: PHA is used in various forms of packaging such as food containers,

beverage cups, and clamshell containers.

Medical Devices: PHA is biocompatible and can be used in the manufacture of medical

devices such as sutures, implants, and drug delivery systems.

Textiles: PHA is used in the production of biodegradable textiles, as well as for the

production of biodegradable composites for use in construction and furniture.

Agricultural Mulch Films: PHA is used in the production of biodegradable mulch films
for agriculture to reduce soil erosion and conserve moisture.

Consumer Goods: PHA is used in the production of various consumer goods, such as
toys, phone cases, and water bottles.

Properties:

• Biodegradability: PHAs are biodegradable and can break down into water and carbon

dioxide, reducing their impact on the environment.

• Biocompatibility: PHAs are biocompatible and can be used in medical devices, such as

sutures and implants, without causing adverse reactions in the body.

• Mechanical properties: PHAs have similar mechanical properties to traditional

petroleumbased plastics, making them suitable for various applications.

• Processing: PHAs can be processed using conventional plastic processing techniques,

such as injection molding, blow molding, and extrusion.

4. Mention the advantages of PHAs as Plastic materials.

1. Biodegradability: PHAs are biodegradable and can be broken down naturally by
microorganisms in the environment. This makes them an environmentally friendly
alternative to traditional plastic materials.
Dr. H.M Parveez Ahmed IVth Semester, B.E
Dept. of Chemistry Biology for Engineers (BBOC407) - CSE Stream GITW, Bangalore

2. Versatility: PHAs can be produced in a variety of different forms, from flexible films to
rigid structures. This makes them versatile materials that can be used for a range of
different applications.
3. Renewable: PHAs are produced using renewable resources such as Plant oils, or waste
streams from the food Industry. This makes them a sustainable alternative to traditional
plastic materials
4. Non-Toxic: PHAs are nontoxic and Biocompatible, making them suitable for use in
medical applications, such as sutures, drug delivery, and tissue Engineering.
5.What is PLA molecules? and mention the applications of PLA Bioplastics.
Polylactic Acid (PLA) is a biodegradable plastic made from corn starch,

sugarcane, or other natural resources.

Figure: Molecular formula of PLA

Properties of PLA as bioplastic

• Biodegradable: PLA can be broken down by microorganisms in industrial composting

facilities, reducing waste in landfills.

• Renewable: PLA is derived from renewable resources such as corn starch or

sugarcane,reducing dependence on finite petroleum resources.

• Clear/Transparent: PLA has a clear and transparent appearance, making it suitable

forpackaging applications.

• Heat-resistant: PLA has a relatively low melting temperature and is not recommended
forhigh heat applications, but it can maintain its shape and stability up to 60°C.

• Biocompatible: PLA is non-toxic and biocompatible, making it suitable for food

packagingand medical devices.

• Stiffness and Strength: PLA has good stiffness and strength, but not as strong as
traditionalpetroleumbased plastics.
Dr. H.M Parveez Ahmed IVth Semester, B.E
Dept. of Chemistry Biology for Engineers (BBOC407) - CSE Stream GITW, Bangalore

• Printability: PLA is commonly used in 3D printing due to its good printability and ease
of use.

Engineering applications of PLA bio-plastic

• Automotive parts: PLA is used for the production of biodegradable automotive parts
such as air ducts and headlamp covers.

• Electronic Devices: PLA is used for the production of biodegradable components in

electronic devices such as smartphones and laptops.

• Aerospace: PLA is used for the production of biodegradable parts in aerospace

applications,such as insulation and cable management.

• Sporting Goods: PLA is used for the production of biodegradable sporting goods such
as golf tees and fishing lures.

• Construction: PLA is used for the production of biodegradable insulation and sound
proofing materials.

• Agricultural Equipment: PLA is used for the production of biodegradable parts

agriculturist equipment such as seed trays and greenhouse film.

• Medical Equipment: PLA is used for the production of biodegradable components

medical equipment such as diagnostic equipment and hospital beds.

6. Explain in brief nucleic acid. Discuss DNA Vaccine for rabies and RNA Vaccine for
Covid-19.
Nucleic acids are bio-molecules that are essential for life. They carry genetic information
in all living organisms. There are two types of nucleic acids.
1. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) 2.Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
DNA Vaccine: It is a type of vaccine that uses a piece of viral or bacterial DNA to
stimulate an immune response to the pathogens
Working: The vaccine works by introducing the pathogen's DNA into the body,
where it is taken up by cells and used to produce viral or bacterial proteins. These proteins
are then displayed
Dr. H.M Parveez Ahmed IVth Semester, B.E
Dept. of Chemistry Biology for Engineers (BBOC407) - CSE Stream GITW, Bangalore

on the surface of the cells, which triggers an immune response and the production of
antibodies against the pathogen.
DNA vaccines are being actively researched and developed for a range of diseases,
including cancer, rabies, influenza, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). While the
technology is still in its early stages, it has the potential to revolutionize the field of
vaccine development and provide new treatment options for a range of diseases.

DNA Vaccine for Rabies:

 DNA vaccine for rabies is a type of vaccine that uses a piece of rabies virus DNA to
stimulate an immune response against the virus.
 The vaccine works by introducing the rabies virus DNA into the body, where it is
taken up by cells and used to produce viral proteins
 Proteins are then displayed on the surface of the cell, which triggers an immune
response and the production of antibodies against the rabies virus
RNA Vaccine for COVID-19:
 The m-RNA vaccines for Covid-19 ( Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna) contain a small
piece of the virus’s RNA when injected into the body it instructs cells in the body to
produce a harmless piece of the virus called the Spike Protein.

 Once the spike protein is produced, the immune system recognizes it as a foreign body
and stands as an immune response, producing antibodies that can recognize and
neutralize the actual virus if the person is later exposed to it.

7. Discuss the use of DNA in diagnosis of disease

DNA can be used for diagnosis in several ways:

1. Genetic testing: Identifies genetic disorders or mutations.

2. DNA sequencing: Analyzes DNA to diagnose diseases.

3. PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction): Detects specific DNA sequences.

4. DNA microarrays: Analyzes multiple genes simultaneously.

Used for diagnosing:

Dr. H.M Parveez Ahmed IVth Semester, B.E
Dept. of Chemistry Biology for Engineers (BBOC407) - CSE Stream GITW, Bangalore

 Genetic disorders

 Infectious diseases

 Cancer

 Paternity testing

 Forensic analysis

8.What is protein? Explain the role of protein in food production.

Proteins are the biomolecules that are essential for the structure, function and regulations
of cell, tissues and organs in living systems.

Protein is found in wide range of foods, including meat, poultry, fish, eggs, dairy products
nuts and seeds. Proteins are very important for maintaining muscle, mass and strength.
Proteins are helpful in reducing appetite. Whey protein, Meat protein, and plant proteins
are the three types of dietary proteins.

1.Whey proteins : This type of protein is derived from milk. This protein contains all the
amino acids that the body needs. Whey protein is digested quickly hence It is commonly
used as a dietary supplement and is often consumed by athletes and body builders to
support and maintain muscle growth and repair.

2.Meat Protein : This protein is derived from animal sources such as beef, poultry , pork,
and fish This is good source of nutrients such as Iron, Zinc, and Vitamin B12. Meat protein
digest slowly and provide sustained release of amino acids to support muscle growth and
repair. Thus, whey and meat proteins provide balanced diet.

3.Plant based Proteins: Plant-based proteins are derived from plants, such as grains,
legumes. nuts, seeds and vegetables. These proteins are alternative to meat proteins. The
people who follow a vegetarian or vegan diet or people who simply want to incorporate
plant-based foods in to their diet.

9. Discuss the Importance of lipids in bio-diesel and detergents production.

Lipids are the group of biomolecules which are insoluble in water and soluble in organic
solvents.
Dr. H.M Parveez Ahmed IVth Semester, B.E
Dept. of Chemistry Biology for Engineers (BBOC407) - CSE Stream GITW, Bangalore

Biodiesel:
Biodiesel is a non toxic , biodegradable, renewable oxygenated fuel made from verities of
veritable oils and animal fats.

The oils or fats are the triglyceride esters of fatty acid, It is possible to convert these
triglycerides into substances of diesel quality by means of trans-esterification. It is a
alcoholysis of triglyceride in presence of base (catalyst). The resulting mixture is mono-
alkyl esters of fattyacids is refereed as bio-diesel.

 A

Advantages of Biodiesel:

 Bio diesel is a non tioxic

 It is renewable fuel
 Readily undergoes biodegradation
 It has higher flash point than diesel
 It has higher cetane number
 It reduces greenhouse gases
10. Explain lipids as detergents.

Lipids can act as a detergent due to their amphipathic nature ( Both pola and non polar
end). Phospholipids are the major component of cell membranes. Phospholipids have
hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails, which allow them to form a bi-layer in water
with the hydrophilic heads facing outwards and hydrophobic tails facing inwards .Which
means they have both hydrophobic (water repelling) and hydrophilic (water attracting)
regions. This allows them to interact with both water and oil making them effective at
Dr. H.M Parveez Ahmed IVth Semester, B.E
Dept. of Chemistry Biology for Engineers (BBOC407) - CSE Stream GITW, Bangalore

removing dirt, grease and other substances from the surface. Thus lipids can be used as
cleaning products such as dish soaps laundry detergents.

11.Explain how enzymes are useful in biosensor fabrication.

In the medical field the enzyme like glucose oxidase is used to measure glucose levels in
blood.This enzyme oxidizes, glucose to gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide.

The biosensor consists of a test strip that contains a small amount of glucose oxidase and
other chemicals including a mediator and stabilizer. The test strip is inserted into a glucose
meter ,and the drop of blood is applied to the strip.The reaction occurs between glucose of
blood and an enzyme,producing gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide. Due these reaction
electronic transition occur which produces electric current proportional to amount of
glucose in the blood. The electrodes of electrometer measure this current and convert in
the digital signal and displayed on the screen of Glucometer.

12.Explain how enzyme useful in food processing and in detergent formulation

Enzymes play a vital role in various industries, including food processing, detergent
formulation, and textile processing.

In food processing, enzymes such as amylases, proteases, and lipases are used to break
down starches, proteins, and fats into simpler compounds. This helps in baking, brewing,
cheese production, and fruit juice clarification.

In detergent formulation: Enzymes like proteases, amylases, and lipases are used to
break down protein-based, starch-based, and fat-based stains, respectively. In textile
processing, enzymes like amylases, proteases, and cellulases are used to break down
starch-based sizing agents, protein-based fibers, and cellulose-based fibers, respectively,
which helps in fabric softening, fabric bleaching, and denim finishing.

------------------------------------------------------end--------------------------------------------------
Dr. H.M Parveez Ahmed IVth Semester, B.E
Dept. of Chemistry Biology for Engineers (BBOC407) - CSE Stream GITW, Bangalore

MODULE-03
Syllabus: Adaptation of anatomical principles for bioengineering design: Brain as a CPU
system, Eye as a Camera system, Heart as a pump system. Lungs as purification system,
Kidney as a filtration system.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Adaptation of Anatomical Principles for Bioengineering Design

The human body is a biological machine made of body systems; groups of organs that
work-together to produce and sustain life. Organ systems are:Skeletal system, Muscular
system, Cardiovascular system, Respiratory system, Nervous system, Digestive system,
Urinary system, Endocrine system, Lymphatic system, Reproductive system,
Integumentary system.( skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands, )

1. Explain the brain as a Central Processing Unit (CPU)

The brain can be considered a complex computational network like a CPU in a computer.
The brain receives and processes input from various sources like sensory organs and other
body parts. It then uses this information to generate outputs such as thoughts, movements,
and behaviors. The similarity between the CPU and the Brain is that, the CPU operates
through networks of interconnected components where the data is transferred between
memory and input and output devices.

In the case of the brain, the networks are formed by the connections between neurons.
Which can form complex circuits and pathways that enable the brain to perform a wide
range of functions from sensing the environment to generating complex thoughts and
emotions.

Like a CPU the brain is capable of processing vast amounts of information, using
distributed processing to perform complex tasks quickly and efficiently
Dr. H.M Parveez Ahmed IVth Semester, B.E
Dept. of Chemistry Biology for Engineers (BBOC407) - CSE Stream GITW, Bangalore

2. Describe the Architecture of the Brain

The Architecture of the brain is divided into the following components.

Cerebrum: The Cerebrum is the largest part of the brain. It is divided into two
hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum. It is responsible for complex brain
functions such as Consciousness, Perception, thinking, and memory.

Cerebellum: It is located underneath of cerebrum and is responsible for coordinating

movement and balance.

Brainstem: It is located at the base of the brain and connects the brain to the spinal cord.
It is responsible for regulating many basic bodily functions such as breathing, heart rate,
and blood pressure.

Limbic system: It is a network structure located in the center of the brain. It is involved
in regulating emotions, motivations, and memory.

Basal ganglia: These are the group of structures located deep within the brain. They are
involved in coordinating movement and muscle control.

Thalamus: A small, egg-shaped structure in the brain

acts as a "relay station" for sensory information.It helps regulate consciousness and sleep

Acts as a switchboard for sensory signal

Hypothalamus: it is the small area located below the thalamus.It regulates body
temperature, hunger, and thirst,
Dr. H.M Parveez Ahmed IVth Semester, B.E
Dept. of Chemistry Biology for Engineers (BBOC407) - CSE Stream GITW, Bangalore

Controls emotions, mood, and sleep,- Maintains overall bodily balance (homeostasis)

Corpus Callosum; A bundle of nervous fibers that allow your brain’s left and right
hemispheres to communicate

2. What is EEG? Discuss the type of brain activity detected with EEG. Write any three
applications
An electroencephalogram (EEG) is a painless test that measures the electrical activity of
human brain by recording brain waves
Small metal discs with thin wires, called electrodes, are attached to a scalp to record
electrical signals from the brain.The signals are amplified and appear as a graph on a
computer screen or are printed out on paper.

Working principle
1. Electrodes: Small metal discs (electrodes)
are placed on the scalp.
2. Signal detection: Electrodes detect tiny
electrical signals from brain activity.
3. Signal transmission: Signals are sent to an amplifier.
4. Amplification: Signals are amplified to increase strength.
5. Recording: Amplified signals are recorded as brain waves.
6. Display: Brain waves are displayed as graphs on a screen or printed on paper
Dr. H.M Parveez Ahmed IVth Semester, B.E
Dept. of Chemistry Biology for Engineers (BBOC407) - CSE Stream GITW, Bangalore

 A- Alpha (8-12 Hz): Promotes relaxation, calmness, and creativity. Associated with
closed eyes, meditation, and decreased cortical activity.
 Beta (12-30 Hz): Dominant during wakefulness, attention, and mental activity.
Subdivided into beta1 (focused attention), beta2 (active thinking), and beta3 (problem-
solving).
 Gamma (30-100 Hz): Fastest brain wave frequency, involved in higher-level cognitive
processing, attention, working memory, and sensory processing.

 Delta (0.5-4 Hz): Slowest brain wave frequency, predominantly observed during deep
sleep, unconsciousness, and in infants/young children.
 Theta (4-8 Hz): Present during drowsiness, sleep, and meditation. Associated with
relaxation, reduced cortical activity, and increased susceptibility to hypnosis.little short
Applications:
EEGs are used to diagnose and monitor a number of brain activities , including:
 Epilepsy: Rapid spiking waves on the EEG indicate seizure activity.

 Sleep disorders: EEGs can help diagnose sleep disorders like narcolepsy.
 Brain tumors: EEGs can help identify the location of a suspected brain tumor.

 Other conditions: EEGs can help diagnose other conditions like inflammation,
infection, bleeding, or head injury.
3. List out the differences between brain and CPU
Brain CPU
1.The brain is a complex organ with billions 1.A CPU is an engineered system with a
of neurons and trillions of synapses, fixed number of components and well-
enabling learning, adaptation, and dynamic defined capabilities.
processing.
2.The brain exhibits plasticity, allowing it to 2.Traditional CPU systems lack plasticity,
rewire connections and adapt based on having fixed circuitry and instructions
experience and learning.
Dr. H.M Parveez Ahmed IVth Semester, B.E
Dept. of Chemistry Biology for Engineers (BBOC407) - CSE Stream GITW, Bangalore

3. The brain is remarkably energy-efficient, 3.CPu generate heat consume large amount
performing complex computations with of energy(60 watts or more)
significantly lower energy consumption
compared to traditional CPUs( 20 watts) .
4.brain has ability to learn and adapt 4. Computer CPu does not
5. Brain performing tasks such as 5. CPU execute task with no emotions,
Perception,thought and emotion thoughts, or consciousness

4. List-out the similarity between Brain and CPU

Brain CPU
The brain processes information from 1.The CPU (Central Processing Unit) is
many sourc, including our senses and responsible for executing instructions and
thoughts. processing data.
2.The brain contains a vast network of 2.A modern CPU typically has multiple
interconnected neurons that work in parallel cores, enabling it to perform multiple
to process information, carry out various computations simultaneously.
tasks.
3.The brain has different areas that handle 3.In a CPU, tasks are assigned to different
specific tasks, such as language, movement, cores based on their nature and
and memory. computational requirements.
4.The brain processes information rapidly 4.cpu has designed to perform calculation
and adapts to task demands, optimizing its quickly and efficiently
neural connections for efficient
The brain learns through experience and while computers learn through algorithms
strengthening connections, and data
Dr. H.M Parveez Ahmed IVth Semester, B.E
Dept. of Chemistry Biology for Engineers (BBOC407) - CSE Stream GITW, Bangalore

4.Explain the Eye as a camera.

The eye like a camera, has several parts that work together to create an image. The cornea
and the lens of the eye act like the camera’s lens. Focusing light on to the retina. The
retina is located at the back of the eye and contains photoreceptor cells called rods and
cones, which convert light in to electrical signals that are sent to brain via optic nerve. The
rods are sensitive to low levels of light and are responsible for vision in dim light
conditions. The cones are responsible for colour vision and are most sensitive to light.

Like the camera’s image sensor, the retina can distinguish fine details. However, the
eye’s ability to focus and adjust to different lighting conditions allows us to see a wide
range of detail and color.

The brain then processes these electrical signals from the eye to create the image we see.
The brain can interpret the signals from the eye to create a sense of depth and spatial
orientation. Thus eye functions like a camera.

5. Explain architecture of rod and cone cells with neat diagram and explain optical
correction of the human eye.

Rod cells: are photoreceptor cells in the retina eye that are responsible for detecting light
and determining signals to the brain perception of vision, especially in low light condition
Dr. H.M Parveez Ahmed IVth Semester, B.E
Dept. of Chemistry Biology for Engineers (BBOC407) - CSE Stream GITW, Bangalore

Cone cells: Photoreceptor cells in the retina that are responsible for color vision visual
activity.

The retinas of our eyes have a large number of light-sensitive cells. These cells are of two
types. One type of cell is cone shaped, while the other type is rod shaped. They are called
cones and rods respectively. The rods respond to intensity or brightness of light, while the
cones respond to colors. The cones make it possible to distinguish between different colors.
Colour blindness is a defect where a person is unable to distinguish between different
colours. This is because he/she has defective cone cells.

Optical correction: Optical correctness are the methods employed to address refractive
errors in the eye.Refractive error occurs when the light entering the eye is not properly
focused on the retina leading to blurred vision. Refractive error can be corrected by
various techniques that includes eye glasses, contact lenses, surgical procedures designed
recorrect catract refractive error etc.
Eye glasses: Glasses with corrective lenses can be used to refocus light onto the retina,
improving visions
Contact lenses:Contact lenses are corrective lenses that work similarly to eyeglasses, but
sit directly on the cornea instead of in front of the eye.
Dr. H.M Parveez Ahmed IVth Semester, B.E
Dept. of Chemistry Biology for Engineers (BBOC407) - CSE Stream GITW, Bangalore

Cataract surgery: Cataract surgery is a surgical procedure that replaces a cloudy lens in
the eye with an artificial lens
Refractive surgery:Surgical procedures, such as LASIK and PRK, can reshape the cornea
to correct refractive errors

6. Explain the Heart as a pumping system

The heart's pumping system is made up of four chambers, two valves for each chamber,
and a system of electrical signals:

Chambers:The heart has four chambers: the right atrium and right ventricle, and the left
atrium and left ventricle. The right and left ventricles pump blood out of the heart, while
the right and left atria receive blood entering the heart.

Valves:Each chamber has two valves, the tricuspid valve between the right atrium and
right ventricle, and the mitral valve between the left atrium and left ventricle.

Electrical signals:The sinus node, a small area of tissue in the right atrium wall, sends
out an electrical signal to start the heart's pumping. The normal heart has capable of
pumping the blood about 30 feet distance at normal resting heart rate is 60 to 100 beats
per minute.

Pumpning Mechanism
 Dr. H.M Parveez Ahmed IVth Semester, B.E
Dept. of Chemistry Biology for Engineers (BBOC407) - CSE Stream GITW, Bangalore

The heart is a pump, usually beating about 60 to 100 times per minute. With each
heartbeat, the heart sends blood throughout our bodies, carrying oxygen to every cell.
After delivering the oxygen, the blood returns to the heart. The heart then sends the blood
to the lungs to pick up more oxygen.

7. Explain reasons for heart blockage and explain the design of stent, pacemakers and
defibrillators

6.What are pacemakers? Explain basic design and construction of pacemakers

Coronary artery disease occurs when the coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart,
become damaged and struggle to provide enough oxygen and nutrients. This is often caused
by the buildup of cholesterol deposits (plaques) and inflammation, which can lead to
narrowed or blocked arteries. As a result, the heart may not receive enough oxygen-rich
blood, causing symptoms such as chest pain (angina) and shortness of breath. If left untreated,
a complete blockage can lead to a heart attack. Factors that contribute to coronary artery
disease include high cholesterol, diabetes, high blood pressure, a sedentary lifestyle, and
smoking or tobacco use.
Design of stent: Stents are small, metal mesh devices that are used to treat blockages in
blood vessels. They are typically used in procedures such as angioplasty, where a balloon
catheter is used to open up a blocked blood vessel and a stent is placed to keep it open.
The design of stents can vary depending on the type of stent and the specific medical
condition it is used to treat. Some common design features of stents include:
1.Shape: Stents can be designed in a variety of shapes, including cylindrical, helical, and
spiraled, to match the shape of the blood vessel and provide adequate support.
 Dr. H.M Parveez Ahmed IVth Semester, B.E
Dept. of Chemistry Biology for Engineers (BBOC407) - CSE Stream GITW, Bangalore

Figure: Representing the working of balloon stent and self-expanding stent

Materials:Stents can be made of different materials, including stainless steel, cobalt
chromium,nickel-Titanium alloy ( Nitinol -a type of metal that is flexible and can return to
its original shape after being expanded).
Overall, the design of stents plays an important role in their effectiveness and safety.
Stents must be designed to provide adequate support to the blood vessel, prevent
restenosis, and minimize the risk of complications such as blood clots.
Pace Makers: A pacemaker is a small device that's placed (implanted) in the chest to
regulate the heartbeat.It is used to treat heart rhythm disorders,such as slow heart beat
disorder or abnormal heart beat disorder. Implanting a pacemaker in the chest requires a
surgical procedure. A pacemaker is also called a cardiac pacing device.

The basic design of a pacemaker consists of: 

Generator: The generator is the main component of the pacemaker and contains a battery
and electronic circuitry to generate and control the electrical impulses.
Leads: Leads are thin wires made up of stainless steel and titanium that connect the
generator to the heart and carry the electrical impulses from the generator to the heart.
Electrodes: The electrodes are also the stainless steel or titanium located at the end of the
leads and are used to deliver the electrical impulses to the heart.
Dr. H.M Parveez Ahmed IVth Semester, B.E
Dept. of Chemistry Biology for Engineers (BBOC407) - CSE Stream GITW, Bangalore

Working: Pacemakers are generally three types

1.Single chamber pacemaker. This type usually carries electrical impulses to the right
ventricle of your heart.

 Dual chamber pacemaker. This type carries electrical impulses to the right ventricle and the
right atrium of your heart to help control the timing of contractions between the two chambers.

"A biventricular pacemaker, also known as Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy (CRT), is

designed for individuals with heart failure and irregular heartbeats. This type of pacemaker
stimulates both lower heart chambers (the right and left ventricles) to synchronize their
contractions, enabling the heart to beat more efficiently."

Defibrillators: The medical device that delivers an electrical shocks to restore normal
heartbeat in individuals experiencing cardiac arrest or irregular heart rhythms

Types:1. Automated External Defibrillator 9(AED)

2. Implantable cardioverter-Defibrillator (ICD)

3. Wearable cardioverter- Defibrillator (WCD)

4. Mannual -defibrillator ( used by trained professionals)

How it works: 1. detect abnormal heart rhythm

2. Analyse heart rate and rhythm

3. Deliver electric shocks to restore normal heart beat

4. Restors heart rhythm after shock

Dr. H.M Parveez Ahmed IVth Semester, B.E
Dept. of Chemistry Biology for Engineers (BBOC407) - CSE Stream GITW, Bangalore

5.Explain the Lungs as a purification system.

Lungs are the organs that play an important role in the respiratory system. Which involves
the intake of Oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide from the body. They filter out
particulate matter and contaminants from the air we breathe.

The lungs contain small air sacs called Alveoli, which are surrounded by tiny blood
vessels called capillaries. When we inhale air enters the lungs and oxygen passes through
the alveoli into the capillaries, from where it is carried throughout the body.

At the same time, carbon dioxide from the body is exchanged into the alveoli and
exhaled out of the body. The respiratory tract also contains tiny hairs called cilia. Which
helps to trap foreign particles and prevent them from entering the lungs.

5.Explain the gas exchange mechanism in the lungs.

Lungs play an important role in the exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the
bloodstream by a process called diffusion. The gas exchange mechanism involves the
following steps.

(a) Inhalation: When we inhale, the diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract, causing
the volume of the chest cavity to increase and creating a negative pressure gradient, this
causes air to flow into the lungs, and into the alveoli.
Dr. H.M Parveez Ahmed IVth Semester, B.E
Dept. of Chemistry Biology for Engineers (BBOC407) - CSE Stream GITW, Bangalore

(b) Oxygen diffusion: The alveoli are surrounded by capillaries, the capillaries transport
blood from the heart to lungs. Oxygen from the air circulates across the membrane of
alveoli and into the capillaries where it binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells.

(c) Carbon dioxide diffusion: Carbon dioxide from the bloodstream circulates across
the membrane of the capillaries and into the alveoli

(d) Exhalation: Once the blood has been oxygenated and carbon dioxide has been
removed, it flows back to the heart to be pumped to the rest of the body. When we exhale
the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax causing the chest cavity to decrease and
creating a positive pressure gradient. These forces air out of the lungs and back into the
atmosphere

6. With a neat diagram explain the Heart-lungs machine.

It is a medical device that temporarily takes over the functions of the heart and lungs
during open-heart surgery. This machine typically includes several components, such as a
pump, an Oxygenator, a heat exchanger, a variety of sensors and monitors.

Blood Circulation: This machine circulates the patient’s blood through a series of tubing
and oxygenator which serves as a temporary replacement for the lungs. The oxygenator
removes carbon dioxide from the blood and adds oxygen. Which is pumped back into the
patient’s body through tubing and cannula‘s.
Dr. H.M Parveez Ahmed IVth Semester, B.E
Dept. of Chemistry Biology for Engineers (BBOC407) - CSE Stream GITW, Bangalore

Temperature control: The heat exchanger controls the temperature of the patient’s blood
as it circulates through the machine. This helps to maintain the patient’s body temperature
and prevent hypothermia.

Blood Pressure Control: The heart-lung machine can be programmed to control the flow
rate and pressure of the blood. Which can be adjusted to meet the needs of the patient
during the surgery.

Gas exchange: The oxygenator in the heart-lung machine serves as a temporary

replacement for the patient’s lungs.

Monitoring: The heart-lung machine includes a variety of sensors and monitors to

measure the patient’s vital signs such as blood pressure, Oxygen levels, and heart rate.

7. Describe the kidney as a filtration system.

The kidneys are an important part of the body’s filtration system. They play a crucial role
in removing waste products, excess fluids, and other harmful substances from the body.
The overview of the kidney filtration system is mentioned herewith.

Nephrons: The functional units of the kidney are called Nephrons. Each kidney contains
millions of nephrons which are responsible for filtering the blood.
Dr. H.M Parveez Ahmed IVth Semester, B.E
Dept. of Chemistry Biology for Engineers (BBOC407) - CSE Stream GITW, Bangalore

Glomerulus: it is a tiny blood vessel cluster that acts as a filter. As blood flows through
the glomerulus waste products, excess fluids, and other harmful substances are filtered out
of the blood

Tubules: The filtered blood from the glomerulus flows into a series of tubules, where
additional filtering and re-absorption occur. Nutrients and other essential substances are
reabsorbed back into the bloodstream, while waste products and excess fluids are excreted
as urine.

Hormones: The kidney also produces hormones that help to regulate blood pressure
control the production of blood cells and maintain a proper balance of fluids and
electrolytes in the body. Kidneys can be susceptible to various diseases and disorders such
as kidney stones, urinary tract infections, and chronic kidney disease which can damage
their function and lead to serious health problems.

It is very important to maintain good kidney health through a healthy diet, regular exercise,
and avoiding habits like smoking, and excessive alcohol consumption which harm kidneys.
Dr. H.M Parveez Ahmed IVth Semester, B.E
Dept. of Chemistry Biology for Engineers (BBOC407) - CSE Stream GITW, Bangalore

MODULE-04
Nature-inspired materials and Mechanisms: Echolocation, Photosynthesis, Bird flying,
Lotus leaf effect, Plant burrs, Shark skin, Kingfisher beak.

Human Blood substitutes - haemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) and

perfluorocarbons (PFCs).

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Nature Inspired Materials and Mechanism.

1 What is Echolocation? Explain Ultrasonography and Sonars
2. what is Ultrasonography? Explain in brief about Ultrasonography
Echolocation is a technique used by animals like bats and dolphins to locate objects. They
emit sound waves that bounce off objects, returning echoes that reveal the object's
distance and size."

Ultrasonography: It is a non-invasive and safe imaging technique used in gynecology,

cardiology, and other medical field to diagnose a variety of conditions.

Ultrasound refers to sound above the human audible limit of 20 kHz. Ultrasound of
frequencies up to 10 MHz and beyond is used in medical diagnosis, therapy, and surgery.
In investigative applications, an ultrasound source (transmitter) directs pulses into the
body. "The working method of ultrasonography to capture images involves the following
steps."

During a sonography procedure:

Fig.1,Ultra Sound Scan

(Optional)
Dr. H.M Parveez Ahmed IVth Semester, B.E
Dept. of Chemistry Biology for Engineers (BBOC407) - CSE Stream GITW, Bangalore

1. Gel is applied to the skin over the area being imaged, gel transmits the sound waves. A
handled device called a transducer is placed on the skin and moves over the area being
imaged.

2. The transducer emits high-frequency sound waves that penetrate through the body and
bounce back from the internal organs of the body.

3. The reflected waves are again detected by the signal processor through a transducer and
sent to a computer which analyses the data to create an image.

Applications Ultrasonography is a Safe and Painless Imaging Technique that produces

images of various body structures, including:
 Abdominal, pelvic, and chest organs
 Uterus and fetus
 Soft tissues
This technique is widely used in prenatal care to:- Monitor fetal growth and development
What is Sonar?
Sonar (Sound Navigation and Ranging) uses sound waves to detect objects, measure
distances, and communicate underwater.
How Sonar Works
1. Transmission: A sonar system sends high-frequency sound pulses (called "pings") into
the water.
2. Echoes: The pulses bounce off objects and return as echoes.
3. Receiving: The sonar system receives the echoes.
4. Calculation: The time between sending and receiving echoes determines the object's
distance.
5. Analysis: Echo patterns reveal object properties like size, shape, and composition.
6. Display: Results are displayed on a screen for visualization.
Dr. H.M Parveez Ahmed IVth Semester, B.E
Dept. of Chemistry Biology for Engineers (BBOC407) - CSE Stream GITW, Bangalore

Fig.2, SONAR ( Optional)

Applications
Sonar is used in navigation, robotics, obstacle detection, medical imaging, and more. It's a
human-made solution inspired by nature.

2. What is a Bionic leaf and explain.

Bionic Leaf: Artificial Photosynthesis System
The Bionic Leaf is an artificial system that uses sunlight, water, and bacteria to produce
fuel, similar to how plants make food through photosynthesis.
Key Components:
1. Solar Panel: Captures sunlight and converts it into electricity.
2. Bioreactor: Contains bacteria that convert hydrogen and carbon dioxide into fuels like
isopropanol or isobutanol.
Working Process:
1. Solar Energy Harvesting: Solar panel generates electricity from sunlight.
2. Water Splitting: Electricity splits water into hydrogen and oxygen.
3. Fuel Production: Bacteria absorb hydrogen and convert carbon dioxide of air into
liquid fuels.
Benefits and Applications:
1. Sustainable Fuel: Produces fuel without fossil fuels, reducing carbon emissions.
Dr. H.M Parveez Ahmed IVth Semester, B.E
Dept. of Chemistry Biology for Engineers (BBOC407) - CSE Stream GITW, Bangalore
Fig. 3,Bionic leaf
2. Scalability: Can power:
1). Vehicles (cars, trucks)
2). Homes and businesses
3). Industrial processes
3. Potential Impact: Offers a promising alternative
to fossil fuels, contributing to a more sustainable energy
future.
The Bionic Leaf represents a significant advancement in artificial photosynthesis, with
potential applications in transportation, energy generation, and beyond.
3. Discuss the application of Shark skin inspired swim suits.
OR
Discuss Shark skin technology applications in friction reducing swim suits.
Shark Skin Technology in Swimwear
Sharks have tiny, V-shaped scales on their skin that help them swim fast and efficiently.
Scientists copied this idea to create special swimsuits.
Key Features:

1. V-Shaped Scales: Mimicking shark skin's V-shaped scales, these suits reduce drag and
enhance swimming efficiency.
2. Reduced Water Resistance: The textured surface allows water to flow more smoothly,
decreasing resistance and enabling faster swim times.
Benefits:
1. Improved Performance: Swimmers wearing these suits can achieve faster times and
break records.
2. Competitive Edge: Shark skin technology provides a significant advantage in
competitive swimming.
History:
1. 2008 Beijing Olympics: These suits were first prominently featured, leading to
numerous world records being broken.
2. Widespread Adoption: Today, shark skin-inspired swimsuits are widely used in
competitive swimming, continuing to push the boundaries of human performance.
By harnessing nature's design, shark skin technology has transformed the sport of
swimming.
Dr. H.M Parveez Ahmed IVth Semester, B.E
Dept. of Chemistry Biology for Engineers (BBOC407) - CSE Stream GITW, Bangalore

Fig,4, Shark Dernal Denticles

4. In brief discuss SONAR and mention its applications.

What is SONAR?
SONAR (Sound Navigation and Ranging) is a technology that uses sound waves to locate
and identify underwater objects.
How SONAR Works
1. Sound waves are sent from a source (transducer) through the water.
2. The sound waves bounce off an object and return to the source.
3. The time it takes for the sound to travel to the object and back is used to calculate the
distance.
Applications of SONAR
1. Marine Navigation: Detects underwater objects like rocks, reefs, and wrecks.
2. Military: Used for submarine detection, tracking, and mine detection.
3. Search and Rescue: Locates submerged objects like airplanes and ships.
4. Industrial: Used in underwater welding and drilling.
5. Robotics: Enables autonomous navigation and obstacle avoidance in robotic systems.
Dr. H.M Parveez Ahmed IVth Semester, B.E
Dept. of Chemistry Biology for Engineers (BBOC407) - CSE Stream GITW, Bangalore

5. Write a note on Photo voltaic cells.

Construction and working of photovoltaic cell:

A typical silicon PV cell mainly consists of a p-n junction diode made from Si
semiconductor. It has two electric contacts; one is metallic grid over n-type and second is
a layer of silver metal at the back of p-type semiconductor. An antireflective layer is
coated in between the metal grids to prevent reflection of solar light.

When light radiation falls on the p-n junction diode, electron-hole pairs are generated by
the absorption of the radiation. The electrons are drifted to n-type end and the holes are
drifted to p-type side. When these two ends are electrically connected through a conductor,
there is flow of current between the two ends through the external circuit. Thus
photoelectric current is produced.

Applications
PV can meet the need for electricity for parking meters, temporary traffic signs,
emergency phones, radio transmitters, water irrigation pumps, lighting for

Roadways and many more applications

How GPS works: GPS works through a network of satellites, ground stations, and
receivers. Satellites orbit the Earth, and their positions are tracked by ground stations.
Receivers detect signals from these satellites and calculate their distance. By receiving
Dr. H.M Parveez Ahmed IVth Semester, B.E
Dept. of Chemistry Biology for Engineers (BBOC407) - CSE Stream GITW, Bangalore

signals from four or more satellites, a receiver can determine its exact location with
remarkable precision, often within a few yards or even inches.

6. Explain the principles of Bird flight? Analyse how birds flight principle used in air
craft design?

Bird Flight Mechanics

Birds achieve flight through the complex movement of their wings which generate lift,
drag, and thrust via flapping motions, and their tails which provide steering.. Bird wings
are designed like airfoils, with a rounded top and a flatter bottom. When a bird flaps its
wings, air moves over the curved surface faster than under the flatter surface, creating a
pressure difference. This pressure difference generates lift, pushing the bird upwards. This
clever combination of shape and motion allows birds to defy gravity and fly.

Key Forces in Bird Flight

The key forces at play are:

 Lift (upward force)

 Drag (opposing motion)

 Thrust (forward force)

Internal Navigation System

Birds possess an internal navigation system that allows them to detect the Earth's magnetic
field, granting them precise direction and position determination.

Applications and Innovations

Studying bird flight and navigation can lead to advancements in:

 Aircraft design

 Robotics

 Aerodynamics
Dr. H.M Parveez Ahmed IVth Semester, B.E
Dept. of Chemistry Biology for Engineers (BBOC407) - CSE Stream GITW, Bangalore

Studying birds the mechanism of bird flight, air craft was developed that exactingly
mimic aerodynamic principle of bird flight characteristics, like flexible wings, adaptive
flight surfaces, and improved aerodynamic efficiency. Birds use wing flapping for thrust,
while aircraft use propellers or jet engines.

Fig. 6 Bird Flight

7.What is lotus leaf effects?Explain the mechanism and applications of super-
hydrophobic effect

The Lotus Leaf Effect refers to the self-cleaning properties of the lotus leaf's surface. This
effect has inspired the development of super-hydrophobic surfaces, which repel water and
contaminants.

Mechanism of Super-hydrophobic Effect

1. Microscopic Surface Roughness: Super-hydrophobic surfaces have tiny bumps, ridges,

or pores that create a rough surface.

2. Low Surface Energy: The surface material has low energy, making it difficult for water
to wet the surface.

3. Air Trapping: When water comes into contact with the surface, air gets trapped in the
microscopic roughness, creating a cushion of air.
Dr. H.M Parveez Ahmed IVth Semester, B.E
Dept. of Chemistry Biology for Engineers (BBOC407) - CSE Stream GITW, Bangalore

4. High Contact Angle: The combination of surface roughness, low surface energy, and air
trapping results in a high contact angle (typically >150°) between the water and the
surface

Applications of Super-Hydrophobic Effect

1. Self-cleaning surfaces
2. Water-repellent materials
3. Anti-icing surfaces
4. Biomedical devices
5. Textiles
6. Electronics (waterproofing)
7. Marine coatings (antifouling) Fig.7,Lotus
Leaf
8. Solar panels (efficiency enhancement)
8.The structure and design of Kingfisher beak lead to the design of bullet train. Explain
The Kingfisher bird's beak has a unique structure that inspired the design of the bullet
train:

1. Aerodynamic Shape: The Kingfisher's beak is shaped like a tapered cone, which
reduces air resistance and allows the bird to dive into water with minimal splash.
2. Smooth Surface: The beak's smooth surface helps to reduce drag and turbulence.
Design of Bullet Train

The Japanese bullet train, also known as the Shinkansen, was designed with a similar
aerodynamic shape:
1. Nose Shape: The train's nose is shaped like a tapered cone, similar to the Kingfisher's
beak, to reduce air resistance and minimize noise.
2. Smooth Surface: The train's surface is smooth and streamlined to reduce drag and
turbulence.
Benefits
The Kingfisher-inspired design of the bullet train provides several benefits:
1. Reduced Air Resistance: The aerodynamic shape reduces air resistance, allowing the
train to travel at high speeds with greater efficiency.
Dr. H.M Parveez Ahmed IVth Semester, B.E
Dept. of Chemistry Biology for Engineers (BBOC407) - CSE Stream GITW, Bangalore

2. Minimized Noise: The smooth surface and tapered nose shape minimize noise and
vibration.
3. Improved Stability: The streamlined design improves the train's stability and reduces
the risk of derailment.
The Kingfisher's beak structure and design have inspired innovative solutions in
engineering and technology!
10. Write a note on plant Burrs and Velcro technology

Velcro, a popular hook-and-loop fastening system, was inspired by plant burrs.

How it Works
1. Burrs have small hooks that latch onto loops in fabric.
2. Velcro consists of two strips: one with tiny hooks and the other with small loops.
Material used in Velcro technology
Hook Strip Materials
1. Nylon: Most commonly used material for hook strips due to its strength, flexibility, and
resistance to abrasion.
2. Polyester: Another popular material for hook strips, offering good strength and
durability.
3. Polypropylene: A lightweight and flexible material used for hook strips in some
applications.
Loop Strip Materials
1. Nylon: Also commonly used for loop strips due to its softness, flexibility, and resistance
to abrasion.
2. Polyester: Used for loop strips in some applications, offering good strength and
durability.
3. Cotton: Sometimes used for loop strips in clothing and textile applications.
Backing Materials
1. Fabric: A woven or non-woven fabric used as a backing material to provide stability and
support.
2. Foam: A foam backing material used in some applications, such as medical devices or
sports equipment.
3. Plastic: A plastic backing material used in some applications, such as packaging or
automotive industry.
Applications
Dr. H.M Parveez Ahmed IVth Semester, B.E
Dept. of Chemistry Biology for Engineers (BBOC407) - CSE Stream GITW, Bangalore

1. Clothing and shoes

2. Medical devices (braces,
splints)
3. Aerospace equipment
4. Automotive industry
5. Packaging industry
6. Sports equipment
Benefits
1. Easy to use
2. Versatile
3. Adjustable and secure
fastening
Human Blood Substitute
9.What are the blood substitute ?What are the key requirements for an effective
blood substitute?
9.Write a note on Hemoglobin- based oxygen carriers (HBOCs).and per
flourocarbons (PFCs)
Note; depends on question and total marks you have to frame your Answer
Human Blood Substitutes:Blood substitutes are substances designed to mimic blood's
functions, particularly its ability to transport oxygen, and are considered alternatives to
blood transfusions. They are also called artificial blood or artificial oxygen
carriers. These substitutes aim to provide a safe and readily available source of oxygen-
carrying capacity, reducing reliance on donated blood.
Basic requirement of blood Substitute
1. Effective oxygen transport 2. safetty and compatibility 3. Storage and transport
4.cost effective and scalbility
Potential Impact
Human blood substitutes can improve emergency care, surgical outcomes, and treatment
options, especially in situations where traditional blood transfusions are limited.
10.Explain Hemoglobin based blood substitute. Mension benefits, applications and
limitations of HBOCs
Dr. H.M Parveez Ahmed IVth Semester, B.E
Dept. of Chemistry Biology for Engineers (BBOC407) - CSE Stream GITW, Bangalore

Types of Human Blood Substitutes

1. Hemoglobin-Based Oxygen Carriers (HBOCs):Hemoglobin-Based Oxygen Carriers
(HBOCs) are derived from hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen.
They can be made from human, bovine, or recombination hemoglobin. HBOCs are created
by modifying hemoglobin to produce a synthetic version that helps increase oxygen
delivery to tissues when the body can't produce or transport enough red blood cells.
HBOCs are created through hemoglobin isolation and formulation into an infusible
solution or suspension for patient use.
Benefits
1. Efficient oxygen delivery 2. Universal compatibility
3. Long shelf life 4. Reduced risk of disease transmission
5. Versatile applications
Applications
1. Trauma care 2. Surgery
3. Military use 4. Cancer treatment
5. Organ transplants 6. Chronic anemia
7. Developing countries 8. Medical research
Limitations
1. Potential toxicity and side effects
2. Short half-life and rapid clearance
3. Limited ability to mimic natural red blood cell function
4. Potential impact on blood pressure and cardiovascular system
5. Risk of kidney damage or other organ toxicity
10.Explain perflurocarbon based blood substitute. Mention benefits, applications and
limitations of CFCs
2. Perfluorocarbon Emulsions:Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) are synthetic molecules that can
dissolve and transport oxygen to various parts of the body, similar to red blood cells
(RBCs), without requiring modification like Hemoglobin-Based Oxygen Carriers
(HBOCs).
Advantages
Dr. H.M Parveez Ahmed IVth Semester, B.E
Dept. of Chemistry Biology for Engineers (BBOC407) - CSE Stream GITW, Bangalore

1. High oxygen-carrying capacity

2.improve oxygen solubility
3.No typing or cross matching is required
4. Ability to deliver oxygen to tissues
5. Long shef life
7. high compatibility and reduces the risk of infections
6. Can be used in situations where blood transfusions are not feasible
Limitations
1. Need for high concentrations to achieve adequate oxygen delivery
2. Potential side effects, such as immune responses or inflammation
3. Short half life
Note: Other than above question it may also asked the following questions
1. What are the primary functions that blood substitutes aim to replicate?
2. What are the key requirements for an effective blood substitute?
3. How do blood substitutes differ from traditional blood transfusions?
4. What are the potential benefits and challenges of developing blood substitutes?
5. What are the four basic requirements of a blood substitute?
6. What is the primary goal of developing blood substitutes?
Dr. H.M Parveez Ahmed IVth Semester, B.E
Dept. of Chemistry Biology for Engineers (BBOC407) - CSE Stream GITW, Bangalor

MODULE-05

Trends in Bio-Engineering
Syllabus: Muscular and Skeletal Systems as scaffolds, and tissue engineering, Bioprinting
techniques and materials.

Electrical tongue and electrical nose in food science, DNA origami and Biocomputing,
Bio-imaging and Artificial Intelligence for disease diagnosis, Bio-concrete, Bio-
remediation, Bio-mining.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1.Discuss Muscular and skeletal systems as scaffolds.

In the context of bioengineering, a scaffold refers to a framework that supports the growth
and development of cells and tissues. Interestingly, the muscular and skeletal systems in
the human body can be thought of as natural scaffolds.
Skeletal System as a Scaffold
The skeletal system provides a rigid framework that supports the body's structure and
facilitates movement. Bones, cartilage, and ligaments work together to create a scaffold
that:
 Provides attachment points for muscles
 Allows for movement and flexibility
 Protects internal organs
Muscular System as a Scaffold
The muscular system, comprising muscles and tendons, can also be viewed as a scaffold.
Muscles:
 Provide movement and support for the body
 Maintain posture and balance
 Enable voluntary movements
Interaction between Muscular and Skeletal Systems
The muscular and skeletal systems work together to create a dynamic scaffold that enables
movement, support, and protection. When muscles contract, they pull on bones, causing
Dr. H.M Parveez Ahmed IVth Semester, B.E
Dept. of Chemistry Biology for Engineers (BBOC407) - CSE Stream GITW, Bangalor

movement. Conversely, the skeletal system provides a framework for muscles to attach
and generate force.
Implications for Bioengineering
Knowing how muscles and bones work together helps bio-engineers design better
solutions.
 Designing artificiel scaffolds for tissue engineering
 Developing prosthetic devices that mimic natural movement
 Creating implantable devices that integrate with the body's natural scaffold
In conclusion, the muscular and skeletal systems serve as intricate scaffolds that support
the human body's structure, movement, and function. Bio-engineers can make better
artificial parts by copying nature's design.

2.Explain Bioengineering solution for muscular dystrophy and osteoporosis

Muscular Dystrophy:
Muscular dystrophy is a genetic disorder characterized by progressive muscle weakness
and degeneration due to the lack of specific proteins. Bio-engineering solutions focus on
restoring muscle function and promoting regeneration.

Bio-engineering Solutions for Muscular Dystrophy

1. Gene Therapy: Delivering a functional copy of the mutated gene to affected muscle
cells to restore protein production and improve muscle function.

2. Stem Cell Therapy: Using stem cells to replace damaged muscle cells, promote repair,
and regenerate muscle tissue. Stem cells can be sourced from the patient or a donor.

3. Exoskeleton Technology: Utilizing robotic devices to support and enhance movement

for individuals with muscular dystrophy. These devices use motors and sensors to mimic
natural movements.

4. Tissue Engineering: Combining materials like scaffolds and growth factors to promote
muscle tissue growth and repair of muscle tissues
Dr. H.M Parveez Ahmed IVth Semester, B.E
Dept. of Chemistry Biology for Engineers (BBOC407) - CSE Stream GITW, Bangalor

These treatments show promise, but early stage, need more research and clinical trials are
needed to ensure they're safe and effective.

Osteoporosis: it is the condition which makes bones weak and more likely to break,
especially in the hips, spine, and wrists.

This has been caused when the body losers bone mass and density, leading to fragile bone
that are prone to fracture

Bio- Engineering solution for Osteoporosis

1. Tissue engineering:This method uses scaffolds and growth factors to help grow new
bone tissue and repair damaged bones. The goal is to create strong, healthy bone tissue to
replace weak bones in people with osteoporosis.

2. Stem cell therapy:This involves using stem cells to replace the damaged bone cells
and promote the repair and regeneration of bone tissues. Stem cells can be taken from the
patient own body are from a Donor

3. Bio-materials:This method uses synthetic or natural materials to replace or repair

damaged bone tissue. These materials are designed to work like natural bone and help
grow new bone tissue.

4. Gene therapy:This method delivers a working copy of a bone growth gene to damaged
bone cells, aiming to restore the missing protein production and improve bone health.

5. 3D Printing and Bio-printing: Creating customized bone implants and scaffolds using
3D printing and bio-printing techniques

In addition, traditional treatments for osteoporosis, such as medication, exercise and

lifestyle changes will likely continue to play an important role in preventing fractures and
maintaining healthy bones in individuals with osteoporosis
Dr. H.M Parveez Ahmed IVth Semester, B.E
Dept. of Chemistry Biology for Engineers (BBOC407) - CSE Stream GITW, Bangalor

3. Discuss about various Bio-printing materials.

Bio-printing materials, also known as bio-inks, are specially designed to be compatible

with living cells and provide a supportive environment for their growth and organization.
There are several types of bio-inks, including:

Hydrogels: Hydrogels are water-based polymer networks that closely mimic the
extracellular matrix found in living tissue. They offer excellent bio-compatible mechanical
support and can be formulated to have similar physical properties to native tissue.

Examples gelatin. alginate, fibrin, collagen, etc.

Extracellular Matrix Bioinks: These are the materials that are made from decellularized
tissues or organs. ECM Bioinks can be used to create scaffolds that closely mimic the
native tissue

Cell-laden Bio-inks: Cells are aggregated with bio-materials to create micro-tissues,

providing a supportive environment for cell viability and functionality.These materials
help create a natural environment for cells to grow and function properly.

Decellularized Extracellular Matrix (dECM): A natural bioink derived from tissues,

providing structural support, biochemical signals, and promoting cell growth, attachment,
and differentiation.

Examples include decellularized porcine small intestine submucosa, dermis, and amniotic
membrane.

Synthetic Polymer-based Bioinks: These offer well-defined mechanical properties and

degradation rates, suitable for specific tissue engineering applications.

Examples include Polyethylene glycol (PEG), Polycaprolactone (PCL), and Poly(lactic-

co-glycolic acid) (PLGA).

4. Explain most commonly used Bioprinting Techniques

Bio printing techniques involves the precise deposition of bio-ink to create three
dimensional structure with living cells
Dr. H.M Parveez Ahmed IVth Semester, B.E
Dept. of Chemistry Biology for Engineers (BBOC407) - CSE Stream GITW, Bangalor

Several technique have been developed

to accomplish this, each with his own
advantages and limitations
1. Ink-jet bioprinting:Inkjet bioprinting
is a technique that works similarly to standard ink-jet printing, where bio-ink droplets are
ejected through fine nozzles to build structures
layer-by-layer.

Advantages:

1. High-resolution printing

2. Precise control over droplet size

Limitations:

1. Limited by bioink viscosity

2. Maintaining cell viability during ejection

2. Extrusion based Bio-printing: Extrusion-based bio-

printing is a versatile technique that uses a syringe to
extrude bio ink through a nozzle, depositing it layer-by-
layer.

Advantages:

1. Handles wide range of bioink viscosities

2. High cell viability

3. Controlled porosity

Limitations:

1. Challenging to achieve high resolution

2. Difficult to create complex geometries

3. LASER-Assisted Bio-printing:Laser-assisted bio-printing uses laser energy to

precisely deposit bio-inks onto a substrate, offering high resolution and precision.

Advantages:
Dr. H.M Parveez Ahmed IVth Semester, B.E
Dept. of Chemistry Biology for Engineers (BBOC407) - CSE Stream GITW, Bangalor

1. High resolution
2. High precision
3. Suitable for delicate bioinks
4. Maintains cell viability
5. Suitable for complex structures
Limitations:
1. Relatively slow process
2. Limited by bioink viscosity

4. Microvalve-based bioprinting: Microvalve-based bioprinting precisely controls bio-

ink deposition, allowing for accurate droplet size, speed, and placement.

Advantages:
1. Precise control over bioink deposition
2. Accurate droplet size, speed, and
placement
3. Suitable for various bioink viscosities
4. High cell viability
Limitations:
5. 1. System complexity
6. 2. Calibration requirements
Q5. Explain the various steps involve in Bio-printing

Basic steps involve inBioprinting Process

1. Bioink Preparation: Mixture of cells, growth factors, and biological materials.

2. Design Tissue Structure: Using computer-aided design (CAD) software.

3. Printing: Bioprinter dispenses bioink layer-by-layer.

4. Incubation: Tissue is incubated in a controlled environment.

5. Assessment: Evaluation of cell viability, tissue structure, and function.

Dr. H.M Parveez Ahmed IVth Semester, B.E
Dept. of Chemistry Biology for Engineers (BBOC407) - CSE Stream GITW, Bangalor

Q6. Write a short note on Bio-printing materials and bio-printing techniques

Bio-printing materials: Bioinks are materials compatible with living cells, supporting their
growth and organization.

Types of bio-printing materials

1. Hydrogels: Mimic extracellular matrix, providing a natural environment for cells (e.g.,
gelatin, alginate).

2. Decellularized Extracellular Matrix (dECM): Derived from tissues, offering structural

support and biochemical signals.

3. Cell-laden Bioinks: Combine cells with biomaterials to create microtissues, promoting

cell viability.

4. Synthetic Polymers: Provide well-defined mechanical properties and degradation rates

(e.g., PEG, PCL, PLGA).

These bioinks facilitate cell growth, attachment, and differentiation, enabling the creation
of functional tissue structures.

Bio-printing Techniques:Bio-printing techniques involve precise deposition of bioink to

create 3D structures with living cells. Several techniques are used, including:

1) Inkjet bioprinting, which offers high-resolution printing but may be limited by bioink
viscosity and cell viability.

2) Extrusion-based bioprinting, which handles a wide range of bioink viscosities and

promotes high cell viability, but can struggle with complex geometries.

3) Laser-assisted bioprinting, which provides high precision and is suitable for delicate
bioinks, but can be slow and limited by bioink viscosity.

4) Microvalve-based bioprinting, which precisely controls bioink deposition and

achieves high cell viability, but requires complex system calibration.

Each technique has its advantages and limitations, allowing researchers to choose the most
suitable method for specific applications.
Dr. H.M Parveez Ahmed IVth Semester, B.E
Dept. of Chemistry Biology for Engineers (BBOC407) - CSE Stream GITW, Bangalor

Q7.Explain 3D Printing of Human Ears

3D printing technology is used to create custom-made ears for individuals with ear defects
or injuries. This process involves printing an ear-shaped structure using special materials
like hydrogels or biocompatible polymers. The printed ear is then seeded with human
cartilage cells, which grow into functional ear tissue.

Materials Used
The materials used for 3D printing ears include:
 Hydrogels (alginate, gelatin, collagen)
 Biocompatible polymers (PLA)
Scaffolds
 Cell-embedded materials
 Ceramics (hydroxyapatite)
Benefits

The benefits of 3D printing ears include:

 Customized ear prostheses: Matching the unique anatomy of each patient
 Faster production: Reducing production time and cost
 Biocompatibility: Reducing the risk of adverse reactions and improving patient
outcomes
 Medical education: Educating medical students and healthcare professionals on ear
anatomy and treatment.
This technology offers a promising solution for individuals with ear defects or injuries,
providing a more natural and functional ear replacement.
8.Explain the 3D printing Techniques of Bones
3D printing technology creates custom-made bones for patients. This process involves
printing a bone-shaped structure using special materials like bio-compatible polymers or
ceramics.
Working technology
Materials Used:
 Biocompatible polymers (e.g., polyethylene, polycaprolactone)
 Ceramics (e.g., hydroxyapatite, calcium phosphate)
 Scaffolds (e.g., polyglycolic acid, poly-L-lactic acid)
Dr. H.M Parveez Ahmed IVth Semester, B.E
Dept. of Chemistry Biology for Engineers (BBOC407) - CSE Stream GITW, Bangalor

Benefits:
 Custom-made bones for each patient
 Supports bone regeneration and growth
 Can be used for various medical applications
9.Explain the 3D printing techniques of Skin
3D printing skin creates living tissue for various uses like wound healing, cosmetic testing,
and drug development.
The Process:
1. Preparing bioink with skin cells and growth factors.
2. Designing the tissue structure using CAD software.
3. Printing the bioink layer by layer.
4. Incubating the tissue for cell growth.
Materials Used:
 Hydrogels (alginate, collagen)
 Biocompatible polymers (polyethylene glycol, polycaprolactone)
 Cell-laden hydrogels
 Scaffolds
Benefits:
 Better wound healing with customized skin grafts
 Reduced scarring
 Replication of natural skin structure
 Reduced need for skin grafts from other body parts
 Alternative to animal testing in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals
Q10.Explain 3D printing technique in the manufacture of food
3D printing technology creates food items with intricate shapes and designs. It uses edible
materials. The process involves printing food layer by layer.
Materials Used:
 Edible pastes (pureed fruit, chocolate)
 Edible gels (agar, gelatin)
 Edible powders (flour, sugar)
Examples:
 Customized snacks (crackers, cookies)
Pastries (cakes, cupcakes)
 Decorative garnishes (cheese, fruit designs)
Dr. H.M Parveez Ahmed IVth Semester, B.E
Dept. of Chemistry Biology for Engineers (BBOC407) - CSE Stream GITW, Bangalor

Importance:
1. Customizes food to individual tastes and needs
2. Reduces food waste and promotes sustainability
3. Creates food for people with specific dietary requirements
4. Enables innovative food designs and presentation
5. Streamlines food production and reduces labour cost
Q11.Explain the role of Bio-imaging in disease diagnosis

Bio-imaging is a cutting-edge technology used to visualize biological processes and

structures in living organisms. It plays a vital role in disease diagnosis, providing doctors
with detailed images of the body's internal structures and functions. By leveraging various
bio-imaging techniques, healthcare professionals can accurately diagnose diseases,
develop effective treatment plans, and improve patient outcomes.
Bio-imaging techniques for disease diagnosis include:
1. X-rays
2. CT scans
3. MRI
4. PET scans
5. Ultrasound
6. Optical imaging
Technological Importance of Bio-imaging:Bio-imaging provides detailed images of the
body's internal structures and functions, enabling:

1. Improved accuracy in diagnosis

2. Early detection of diseases
3. Multi-modal views for comprehensive understanding
4. Cost-effectiveness
5. Minimally invasive procedures
6. Improved patient outcomes
7. Advancements in medical research
Advantages

Bio-imaging enables:
1. Improved accuracy in diagnosis
2. Early detection of diseases
Dr. H.M Parveez Ahmed IVth Semester, B.E
Dept. of Chemistry Biology for Engineers (BBOC407) - CSE Stream GITW, Bangalor

3. Multi-modal views
4. Cost-effectiveness
5. Minimally invasive procedures
6. Improved patient outcomes
7. Advancements in medical research
Q 12. Explain the Artificial Intelligence(AI) for the diagnosis of disease. Mention its
applications

Q13.Explain the advantage and limitations of Artificial Intelligence(AI) in diagnosis of

disease

Artificial intelligence algorithms are trained on large datasets of medical images, utilizing
machine learning to recognize patterns and make predictions. This enables doctors to
diagnose diseases with greater accuracy, leveraging AI's ability to analyze complex data
and identify subtle patterns, ultimately enhancing diagnostic precision and patient care.

Applications:

1. Image Analysis (X-rays, CT scans, MRIs)

2. Data Analysis (predicting diseases)

3. Faster and Accurate Diagnosis

4. Personalized Treatment Plans

Advantages:

1. Detects diseases through image analysis

2. Predicts diseases through data analysis

3. Helps doctors diagnose faster and accurately

4. Creates personalized treatment plans

5. Guides doctors in patient care decisions

Limitations:

1. Complex algorithms
Dr. H.M Parveez Ahmed IVth Semester, B.E
Dept. of Chemistry Biology for Engineers (BBOC407) - CSE Stream GITW, Bangalor

2. Potential bias in AI decisions

3. Strict regulations

4. High development and implementation costs

Q14.Write a short notes on Bio imaging and Artificial Intelligence(AI) for the diagnosis of
disease.

Bio-imaging and Artificial intelligence are used together in disease diagnosis. Artificial
intelligence algorithms are trained on large datasets of medical images and use machine
learning patterns and make predictions. This approach can help doctors to diagnose
diseases with greater accuracy.

Example: In the field of radiology artificial intelligence algorithms have been developed
to detect and diagnose variety of diseases including lung cancer, breast cancer and heart
disease. These algorithms can quickly analyze large volumes of medical images, flagging
areas of concern and highlighting potential abnormalities.

Another application of Bio-imaging and Artificial intelligence is in the analysis of genetic

data. By combining genetic data with medical images researchers can identify patterns and
correlations that may help to predict disease risk or improve diagnosis.

15.Write a brief note on the electronic tongue.

OR
Q16. Explain the use of electrical tongue in food Science
Electronic tongue is also known as e-tongue. It is an analytical instrument that mimics the
human tongue’s sense of taste. It is used to analyze the taste and flavor of different food
products. The components of e-tongue are mentioned herewith.

Sensor Array: The e-tongue sensor array is the heart of the instrument, consisting of
several sensors that are sensitive to specific taste-related chemicals such as salt, and
sourness. sweetness, bitterness, etc…

Sample Holder: it holds the food sample during testing. It is made of such a material that it
does not interact with food samples.
Dr. H.M Parveez Ahmed IVth Semester, B.E
Dept. of Chemistry Biology for Engineers (BBOC407) - CSE Stream GITW, Bangalor

Signal Processor: it is responsible for analyzing the electrical signals generated by the
sensor array in response to the food sample. It converts these signals into to profile of the
taste and flavor of the sample.

Data Analysis software: used to interpret the data generated by the signal processor and
create a profile of the taste and flavor of the sample.

Calibration solutions: To ensure accurate and reliable results e-tongue requires regular
calibration using standardized solutions with known taste and flavor characteristics.

Q17, Comparison between Human Tongue and Electric tongue

Aspect Human Tongue Electical Tongue

Sensing Mechanism Taste buds on the detect taste of Electronic sensors detect chemical
the food properties or pattren
Taste Perception Perceives basic tastes (sweet, Detects various chemical properties
salty, sour, bitter, umami
Sensitivity Human taste buds are sensitive to Electronic sensors can have high
low concentrations of taste sensitivity to detect minute
compounds differences in chemical properties
Subjectivity Perception of taste is subjective Electronic tongue provides objective
and can vary among individuals and standardized measurements

Limitations Human taste perception can be Electronic tongue may not fully
influenced by factors like smell, capture the complexity and nuances
temperature, texture, and personal of human taste perception
preferences
Throughput Human tasting is a relatively slow Electronic tongue can analyze
multiple samples simultaneously,
providing fast and high-throughput
analysis
Maintenance No maintenance or calibration Electronic tongue requires
required for the human tongue calibration to ensure accuracy and
consistency of sensor responses
Application Human taste testing is commonly Electronic tongue is used in various
used in foodand beverage industries applications, including
for sensory evaluation and quality food and beverage analysis, quality
control control, and flavor profiling
Dr. H.M Parveez Ahmed IVth Semester, B.E
Dept. of Chemistry Biology for Engineers (BBOC407) - CSE Stream GITW, Bangalor

Q18. Write a note on electronic Nose.

An electronic nose is also known as e-nose. It is an analytical instrument that imitates the
human sense of smell.

The e- nose consists of a sensor array that is capable of detecting and quantifying
different volatile organic compounds based on their chemical composition.

e- nose works by measuring the electrical properties of sensor array when exposed to a
sample. Each sensor in the array is sensitive to specific volatile Organic compound and
together they can provide a comprehensive profile of the odor of the sample.

e- nose has several applications in various fields, including food science, environmental
monitoring,medical diagnosis and in food science.

e-nose can be used to analyze the flavour of food products

To detect food spoiling of contamination

e-nose can be used to detect pollutants and to monitor air quality.

In medical field e- nose is used to early detection of diseases such as lung cancer.

Q19. Explain the comparison between Human nose with electrical nose

Aspect Human Tongue Electical Tongue

Odor Humans can perceive a wide range Electronic nose can identify and
Perception
of distinct odors differentiate various odors, but may
not perceive them in the same way as
humans
Sensitivity Human sense of smell is highly Electronic sensors can have high
sensitive to trace amounts of odor sensitivity to detect and quantify odor
molecules compounds

Subjectivity Perception of odors can vary Electronic nose provides objective

among
measurements, eliminating subjective
individuals due to personal
variations
preferences and experiences
Dr. H.M Parveez Ahmed IVth Semester, B.E
Dept. of Chemistry Biology for Engineers (BBOC407) - CSE Stream GITW, Bangalor

Limitations Human perception of odors can be Electronic nose may not fully capture
influenced by factors like the complexity and nuances of human
adaptation, context, and individual olfaction
differences
Throughput Human olfaction is relatively slow Electronic nose can analyze multiple
and limited in throughput samples simultaneously, providing fast
and high-throughput analysis

Maintenance No maintenance or calibration Electronic nose requires periodic

and calibration
required for the human nose maintenance and calibration to ensure
accurate and consistent results
Application Human olfaction is used in various Electronic nose is used in diverse
industries, including fragrance, applications, such as quality control,
food and beverage, and
environmental monitoring
environmental
monitoring

20. Write a brief note on Bio concrete.

It is a type of concrete that incorporates microorganisms to improve its performance and

sustainability. The organisms are typically added to the concrete mixture as bacteria.
Which can help to increase its strength, durability, and resistance to cracking.

The common type of bacteria used in bio concrete is Sporosarcina which produces calcite
crystals when exposed to calcium ions. These crystals can help to fill any crack in
concrete. Bio concretes are more environmentally friendly. Bacteria used in bio concrete
produce calcites. Which reduces the amount of cement required in the concrete. Bio-
concrete finds applications in the construction of buildings, bridges and other
infrastructure projects.

Benefits:

1. Extends structure lifespan (up to 80 years).

Dr. H.M Parveez Ahmed IVth Semester, B.E
Dept. of Chemistry Biology for Engineers (BBOC407) - CSE Stream GITW, Bangalor

2. Reduces need for manual repairs.

3. Improves durability.

Applications

1. Infrastructure: Bridges, roads, and buildings

2. Marine Structures: Seawalls, jetties, and offshore platforms

3. Highway Construction: Repair and maintenance of roads

4. Buildings: New constructions and retrofitting existing structures

5. Hard-to-reach Areas: Structures in remote or inaccessible locations

21 Write a note i) Self healing bio concrete ii) Bioremediation

Bio-remediation is a process that uses living organisms, such as microorganisms, plants,
or fungi, to clean up pollutants in the environment. These organisms break down or
transform contaminants into less toxic substances, restoring ecosystems and promoting
sustainability.

Bio-remediation can be applied to various environments, including:

1. Soil
2. Water
3. Air
It's a promising approach for addressing pollution and environmental degradation, offering
a natural and potentially cost-effective solution.

Bio Concrete: It is a type of concrete that incorporates microorganisms to improve its

performance and sustainability. The organisms are typically added to the concrete mixture
as bacteria. Which can help to increase its strength, durability, and resistance to cracking.

The common type of bacteria used in bio concrete is Sporosarcina which produces calcite
crystals when exposed to calcium ions. These crystals can help to fill any crack in
concrete. Bio concretes are more environmentally friendly. Bacteria used in bio concrete
produce calcites. Which reduces the amount of cement required in the concrete. Bio-
Dr. H.M Parveez Ahmed IVth Semester, B.E
Dept. of Chemistry Biology for Engineers (BBOC407) - CSE Stream GITW, Bangalor

concrete finds applications in the construction of buildings, bridges and other

infrastructure projects.

22. Write a short note on Bio mining

Bio-mining uses microorganisms to extract valuable metals from ores or waste materials.
This process offers a sustainable and environmentally friendly alternative to traditional
mining methods.

Key Benefits:

1. Reduced environmental impact

2. Lower energy consumption

3. Potential for extracting metals from low-grade ores or waste

Applications:

1. Metal extraction (e.g., copper, gold, uranium)

2. Recycling of electronic waste

3. Recovery of valuable resources from mining waste