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Protocols

The document outlines foundational Swift protocols used in SwiftUI for reactive UI, layout, and concurrency, including Sendable, ViewBuilder, Actor, MainActor, AsyncIteratorProtocol, AsyncSequence, ResultBuilder, Sequence, Collection, and custom Error types. Each protocol is explained with use cases and code examples, illustrating their roles in managing concurrency, building UI components, and handling errors. Additionally, it introduces the Layout protocol for creating custom layouts in SwiftUI, available from iOS 16 and SwiftUI 4.0.

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2 views13 pages

Protocols

The document outlines foundational Swift protocols used in SwiftUI for reactive UI, layout, and concurrency, including Sendable, ViewBuilder, Actor, MainActor, AsyncIteratorProtocol, AsyncSequence, ResultBuilder, Sequence, Collection, and custom Error types. Each protocol is explained with use cases and code examples, illustrating their roles in managing concurrency, building UI components, and handling errors. Additionally, it introduces the Layout protocol for creating custom layouts in SwiftUI, available from iOS 16 and SwiftUI 4.0.

Uploaded by

kg.ios2023
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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FOUNDATIONAL

PROTOCOLS - 02
Swift Protocols for Reactive UI, Layout, and Concurrency

With Use Cases, Explanations, and Code Examples


Protocols powering SwiftUI internals

✓ Sendable ✓ Sequence and Collection


✓ ViewBuilder ✓ Error (Custom Error Types)
✓ Actor ✓ Layout (SwiftUI 2023+)
✓ MainActor
✓ AsyncIteratorProtocol
✓ AsyncSequence
✓ ResultBuilder
Sendable

Explanation:

Ensures a value can be safely passed across concurrency domains (e.g., to


another task or thread).
Example:

struct User: Sendable {


let id: Int
}

Use Case:

Required for data passed between structured concurrency units like tasks and
actors.
ViewBuilder

Explanation:

Special result builder used by SwiftUI to compose views declaratively.

Example:

@ViewBuilder
func buildSection(show: Bool) -> some View {
if show {
Text("Visible")
} else {
EmptyView()
}
}

Use Case:

Create custom view factories or reusable UI components with branching logic.


Actor

Explanation:

A reference type that protects its mutable state using isolation from concurrency issues.
Protects from data races by allowing only one task at a time to access its internal properties.

Example:

actor Counter {
private var count = 0

func increment() {
count += 1
}
}

Use Case:

Used to isolate and protect shared mutable state in concurrent environments,


like caching, session management, or file access.
MainActor

Explanation:

Used to isolate a class or function to run on the main thread.

Example:

@MainActor
class ViewModel {
var title: String = ""
func updateUI() {
// always runs on main thread
}
}

Use Case:

Protect UI state changes or any main-thread-only logic. @MainActor can be


applied to functions, classes, or properties.
AsyncIteratorProtocol

Explanation:

Provides the logic to fetch each async value inside an AsyncSequence.

Example:
Use Case:

struct Countdown: AsyncIteratorProtocol { Emit values one by one — like


countdowns or delayed
var current = 3
actions
mutating func next() async -> Int? {
guard current > 0 else { return nil }
defer { current -= 1 }
return current

Used by:
AsyncSequence.makeAsyncIterator()
→ returns this type to power the loop
AsyncSequence

Explanation:

A protocol for types that emit values over time, used with for await.

Example:
struct Counter: AsyncSequence { Use Case:
typealias Element = Int
Consume values from
streams like timers,
func makeAsyncIterator() -> Iterator {
APIs, or custom async
Iterator()
collections. Think of it
}
as : for-in, but with
struct Iterator: AsyncIteratorProtocol {
pauses — works over
var current = 0
time
mutating func next() async -> Int? {
current < 3 ? current : nil
}
}
} // Usage:
for await value in Counter() {
print(value) // 0, 1, 2
}
ResultBuilder

Explanation:

Power behind SwiftUI DSL — lets you build structured data using code blocks.

Example:
@resultBuilder Use Case:
struct StringBuilder {
Create custom
static func buildBlock(_ components: String...) -> String {
builders like SwiftUI’s
components.joined(separator: " ")
ViewBuilder.
}
}

func greet(@StringBuilder builder: () -> String) {


print(builder())
}
greet {
"Hello"
"Swift"
"6"
}
Sequence and Collection

Explanation:

Foundation protocols that power iteration (for-in) and index-based access.

Example:

struct CustomList: Collection {


let data = ["A", "B", "C"]
var startIndex: Int { data.startIndex }
var endIndex: Int { data.endIndex }

subscript(index: Int) -> String { data[index] }


func index(after i: Int) -> Int { i + 1 }
}

Use Case:

Create custom iterable or subscriptable types.


Note: Collection refines Sequence and adds index-based access.
Error (Custom Error Types)

Explanation:

Defines a custom error that can be thrown or caught in Swift’s error-handling


system.
Example:

enum LoginError: Error {

case invalidCredentials, networkError


}

func login() throws {


throw LoginError.invalidCredentials

}
do {

try login()
} catch {

print("Login failed:", error)


}

Use Case:

Represent domain-specific or business logic errors.


Layout (SwiftUI 2023+)

Explanation:

Used for building custom layout containers in SwiftUI.

Example:
Use Case:

struct MyLayout: Layout { Create advanced


func sizeThatFits(proposal: ProposedViewSize, subviews: Subviews, cache: inout ()) -> layouts beyond
CGSize {
HStack/VStack/ZStack.
// Compute layout size here (Available from iOS 16+
return CGSize(width: 100, height: 50) / SwiftUI 4.0)
}

func placeSubviews(in bounds: CGRect, proposal: ProposedViewSize, subviews:


Subviews, cache: inout ()) {
// Place subviews

}
Thanks for Reading !

Lets Connect:

Sri Hari YS
iOS Lead Developer | Swift & SwiftUI Specialist
[email protected]
github
github

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