EMMANUEL’S TERM E-LEARNING NOTES

SS1

SUBJECT: COMPUTER SCIENCE

SCHEME OF WORK

WEEK TOPIC

WEEK 1-2 Overview of computer system

WEEK 3-4 Data and information
WEEK 5 Computer devices
WEEK 6 Mid-term tests
WEEK 7 Input devices
WEEK 8 Output devices
WEEK 9-10 Revision/Examination

WEEK 1-2
WHAT IS COMPUTER
Computer can be defining as devices capable of processing, storing and retrieving data and top information.
Computer re process can store process data according to set of instruction given to computer allows users to easily
maculate data. However computer can also be used as devices that are capable of processing storing retrieving
interning transmitting data and information. It’s a programmable machine designed to sequentially and automatically
carry out series of operation. The computer is mostly used for legal volumes of data and information. Data can be
student recorder, customer, record employee recorded population, electoral data. Computer can also be refers to a
machine for performing calculation automatically, a programmable machine that receive input, stores, manipulate
data to provide output information in a useful format or arrangement. A computer that is operated by an individual
with no specific computer operator is called a personnel computer (PC) which can be laptop or desktop

LAPTOP Monitor

Desktop
phone

There are tools in computer to ensure effective e.g. the spelling and grammar checkers, the savers the virus and
dictionary installed in the computer which make it less time consuming to proof read a written document one can cut
and paste and make the necessary changes. In over all, a computer allows the users to create document edit, print, and
store them for feature retrieving and use again. a computer allows us to connect to the world through the internet to
enjoy vast possibilities. The term computer was used in the middle century to refer to people who computes (a person
performing mathematical calculation). The computer machine is now replacing humans.

FUNCTION OF A COMPUTER
a. Accept data (input) data is entering into a computer to enable processing
b. Processes data: the entered data is worked upon in certain ways or method specified in the instruction, or
effort are
c. Produce output: an output which is the resulted is usually generated
d. Store data: data or result are stored by the computer for as long as you want
Computer very desirable due to
1. Speed
2. Reliability
3. Storage

COMPUTER HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE

Computer comprises of two parts the hardware and the software. The hardware is the physical part of the computer
which can be seeing, feel, or touch. They are many different part of hardware, some to aid import of data and
instruction, processing of data is facilitate the display of result on the screen. The hardware is divided into three
a. Input unit hardware
 b. Processing unit (CPU), processor hardware
c. Output unit hardware

a. Input hardware: the main input device are:

I. Keyboard
II. Mouse
III. Scanner
IV. Digital camera

b. Processor hardware
The main processing device is the cpu which is located on the motherboard. It’s defined as the logical machine that is
used to execute computers programs. It’s the most important part of the computer hardware because it’s stores and
execute common and. It’s the backbone of the computer because it stores data controlling all operation such as input,
output, and speed.
It control and co-ordinate the operation of the system component through the following unit
1. Unit Control
2. Arithmetic/logic unit
3. Storage unit (register)
The control unit:
1. it has 3 main function it control and monitor the hardware attached to the system
2. it controls the input and output of data so that the signal can go to the right place
3. it controls the flows of data within the cpu, system components and peripherals

The arithmetic and logic unit: this is of two parts it’s were the computer carries out data process.
1. Arithmetic unit: carries out calculation
2. Logic unit: it data with logic and comparers it’s the reasons part of the computer makes decision
The storage unit: co register this is the processor storage unit. It has the following function
1. It holds the data and programs used during and after processing
2. The cpu reads data and programs kept in the hard ware and store them temporarily in the main memory (ram)

Control Arithmetical logic Storage

unit ALU
unit(CU) unit
BUS

Control bus data bus address bus

Beside the hard drive and ram working with the CPU, we equally have two others. They are the cache memory and
the virtual memory
(cache memory: cache memory used in-between the CPU and ram the most to hold the most frequently used data or
instruction during processing
 LEVEL OF GRADE OF CACHE
a. Level 1 (11) cache: this memory is included in the processor unit, so it is the closet, it’s used by the cpu to
store the most frequently used data and instruction
b. Level 2 (12) cache: this is the second closet to the CPU it’s located on the mother board. It’s use to support
cache when the most frequently data is the large to fit unto l1
c. Level 3 (13) cache: this is the most advance cache, it’s used to speed up memory and for the most frequently
used and instruction.
Virtual memory:
In a condition when application program that processor is currently using are too large for the ram to handle virtual
memory is deployed by the os (operating system) to create a temporally space in the hard disk drive (HDD) to store
the data and then take it back to the process or when such data is needed. This becomes HDD to processor
communication

Data flow: data is communicated to and fro in a system component and peripherals in a 2 direction ways the wires or
circuits by which data passes through computer devices are called buses it’s integrates parts of the computer
component and peripherals to form system by which computer process data and this is why a computer is called
system because has been able to communicate and function with the device attached to it as one unit. Computer uses
bus as access Wald to connect the processor to the memory (RAM) the input/output channels include the hard disk or
other storage devices, keyboard, mouse, network, and any other devices And the display which draw image and other
character to the monitor making programs to give output in the way you can read it. A bus is made of control bus data
bus and address bus. The address bus indicates the location of data. Data bus is the actual location of data just like
someone trying to locate you using your street address, he uses the street number and name (data) and the whole
process is done in neon second

There are two diagrams

a. This shows the movement of data from and to hard drive, memory, processor, and the display monitor
b. Shows the segment in which this can occur
There are two segments in which data flow is controlled
1. South bridge: this is in-charge of data flows from peripherals (i.e. input, output devices)
2. North Bridge: data from south bridge is forwarded to the north bridge to the south bridge peripheral. In the
north bridge are the processor, memory and the video graphic display away from the monitor the below are
the various buses through which CPU communicate to the other component
1. Memory bus
2. Front side bus (FSB)
3. Accelerate graphic port (AGP)
4. Advance technology attachment (ATA)
5. Peripheral component inter connect (PCI)

System performance: these depends on two important factor

1. How fast the data is brought from the desk device to the ram
2. How much data the system ram can store
Factor one is dependent on the connect effectively of the device in the system. Factor two is the key to higher
performance. More memories enable data to be access at a higher speed

EXAMPLE OF PROCESSOR RATING

Inter core 2 duo processor t8300 (24ghz/800mhz5sb, 3mb cache) this means the processor can manage 2.4billion
instruction per second, information travels at 800 million cycle per second (MHz or megahertz) between the take
processor to access data from memory is called access time and its measure in mini second (NS)

Output hardware: the output devices enable us to view what is be done in the computer or what the system is
processing, the primary output unit are
1. Display monitor
2. Printer
Software: software are set of instruction gives to the computer to perform task presented to it therefore a computer is
a software controlled machine

STRUCTURE OF A SOFTWARE PROGRAM

1. Data description, defines all data to be manipulated and transformed by the instruction
2. A sequence of instruction defines all the transformation to be carried on the data in other to produce the
desired result.
Software type
1. System software
2. Application software
System software: is a collection of program that controlled the activities and function of various hardware component
software cannot be touch or seen it’s stored on the disk as program files. Example of system software are operating
system like windows, unit, macos ox/2 etc this is required to handle or manage the way different program relate with
the hardware the ox also define or regulate the way a user can control the computer. Other system software include
read only memory, ram-based firmware and utilities which directly controls certain system hardware
Application software: this are program used to solve a specific problems by computer uses it allows us to use
computer to produce tangible things, it’s what you can used to perform a specific task on the computer this program
execute under the control of the system software examples of application software are ms word, access, Corel draw
etc.

COMPONENT AND PERIPHERALS

The computer has two parts: component and peripherals
Component: component is devices inside the system unit. Component is resident, installed and fixed inside the
system unit this component are not directly seen except opened e.g. memory chips, hard drive, mother board etc.
System unit : the system unit is the classis where system component are installed. It naturally comes as a case or
classes component that usually composes with the system unit are
1. Power supply unit
2. Light emitting diode
3. Cable and beeping speakers.

TYPES OF SYSTEM CASE

1. Desktop
2. Tower
Peripherals: peripherals are devices that are externally connected to the system. Peripherals are a piece of computer
hardware that can be added to a system. That is any hardware to expand its capabilities the term is used to describe
those devices that are optional e.g. speaker, keyboard, monitor etc.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE COMPUTER

The attributes uniqueness or distinctiveness by which a computer is identified is
1. Speed: the computer worked faster those humans. In an operation that word take human several hours can be
done within few second by the computer
2. Accuracy: the computer ordinarily don’t do mistake in its operation except there are mistake in the data and
or instruction given to it
3. Diligence: the computer can continue to work without tiredness, lack of consent ration, or fatigue
4. Versatility: this is the computer ability to perform different operation
5. Power to remember: the computer can store any amount of information and data and can remember when
call upon
6. No intelligent quotient: that means the computer is dumb and can do any task on it its own without
instructions
7. No feelings: it does not have feeling or emotion, taste knowledge and experience thus it does not get tired
after long hours of weeks
8. Storage: it has a storage devices called hard disk when it stores large sum of data on information.

WEEK 3-4

DATA AND INFORMATION

Data is raw or unorganized data items, (such as alphabet numbers, or symbol that refers to or present condition,
ideals in object it can also be seen as items that has not be processed for use. Data is a plural of datum which is a
single form of information. Data relate to facts, event and transaction in an unprocessed state. The word data refers to
a collection of observations or observed values gather experience result of experiment, set of result or happening
recorded over a given period of time. The collection has been set of numbers, pictures, images, word and or
measurement drivers form a certain set of variable.
Data can exist in a variety of forms as members of text to piece of paper as bits and bytes stored in electronic
memories or as facts stored in a person mind.
In the information technology industries, data is anything in a form suitable for use with a computer.

INFORMATION
Information is data processed in a such a way that its meaningful to the user. It can also be seen as a raw data that has
been verified to be accurate and timely, specific, organized for a purpose and is presented within. A con text that
drives it a meaning and advance, and which leads to increase in understanding and decrease in uncertainly
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DATA AND INFORMATION
Data and information are different, data consist of raw items like numbers, symbols, letters (alphabets) etc or even
graphics or image that computer needed to produce or generate information. It means data is input to a process and
information is the output or result converting data to information is the ability of computer to turn the meaningless
data to useful information. This information may be as report graphs, and spread sheet.

DATA

RAW FACT Data transformation Information /

people procedure usefully and only
hard ware papers vent knowledge
etc.

Once data has been stored, classified and analyzed, the result is presented in the form of information. The key
differences between data and information are the display and dissemination. Information must be relevant, must be
supportive and must be delivered in a meaningful ways. The information gathered must be interpreted to suit the
intended purpose or audience. The raw input such as character, posture, image etc are data and has no significant
when it exist in that form of data unless organized into something meaning called information

HOW COMPUTER REPRESENTS DATA

For computer, everything is numbered. Text, sound and colors. Pictures are numbers. Numbers are also regarded as
numbers even computer structures are represented as numbers internally as binary (os and 1)

EXAMPLE OF DATA AND INFORMATION

After student wrote exam in integrated science, computer studies, math, English, CRK and score are sent to class
teacher after marking by subject teacher the various score sent in by for compilation by subject teacher is called data.
After collating data from a class and hard them analyzed to determined individual position in class, the outcome
report becomes information.

IMPORTANT OF INFORMATION

Information is on high value or significant if its

1. Reliable(accurate)
2. Clear plain English jargon free readability
3. Complete: it could have all the information needed for accurate decision making
4. Timely: it should be avoidable at the appropriate time its needed
5. It should show the relevant to the purpose it was needed.

WEEK 5

PRE- COMPUTER AGE

Pre-computer age is the age before the introduction of computer. Ever science man started to perform math
operations, it began to think of easy and fast ways to make his work quick. He started to count with his finger and
then pebbles and later on he invested devices called the abacus which is a frame with wires whose counter are deeds
that can move up and down in the process of counting

INVENTORS AND INVENTIONS IN PRE COMPUTER AGE

ABACUS: abacus is a machine counting devices which was developed about 500 years ago by the chins. Is made of
hard wood of different sizes, its frame has series of vertical rods on which a number of counting beads freely move. A
horizontal deem separate the frame into two section, regarded as the upper and lower desk

Upper desk 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 beads

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Rod
Bean
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 rods
Lower desk
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
JOHN MAPIER BONES
John Napier’s bones is a device for calculating logarithms. It was invented in the mid oleo’s by scot man, john Napier
remarkably simple device, can calculate up to millions: in it he put the logarithms one a set of ivory rods called
Napier’s bones by sliding the numbers up and down he invented a primitive slide rule

BLASÉ PASCAL
The event occurred in 1642, when blasé Pascal a French mathematical develop the first real calculator. Addition and
subtraction were carried out by using a series of light rotating wheels and it’s should been used in tracking car
millage today
He was most famous with the triangle of numbers name after him as Pascal triangle

GOTTFRIED VAM LEIBNYIZ

In 1690 a German mathematician caned Gottfried van Leibnitz developed the machine which could add, subtract,
multiply, divide and calculate spare roots and this machine is called step reckoned it was an improvement on
Pascal’s work and it can be program through gears

JOSEPH JACQUARD
In 1801 the loom was developed by jacquard which uses punch card made of cardboard programmed with instruction
each card is a loop and are read as they passes over a rod

CHARLES BARBBAGE
Babbage built what is called the difference energy designed to perform calculation without human intervention which
could calculate log table and stores result. 1837 he design the analytical engine whose part is present in modem
computer it has arithmetic unit and storage unit to store result and instruction.

HERMAN HOLLERITH
In 1880 a statistician Hollerith developed the Hollerith code, a machine which could store census data on cards which
was able to calculate the census data in 2and half years previously it was 7 years because of the large data

WEEK 6
Mid-term tests

WEEK 7

Input devices
These are usually used to give instruction to the computer for processing. Examples of input devices: keyboard,
mouse, track ball, joystick, light pen, digital camera, microphone, touch pad, scanner.

Features of input devices

1. Mouse: it is a complementary input device to the keyboard. It is a pointing devices used to issue, command to
the computer.
Uses
 Used for selection(highlight of text and object)
 For scrolling
 To click and files

Features of mouse
It has 3 buttons:
 One at the left for clicking and selecting files
 One at the right side which is used to activate command and menu or pop up
 The middle button (for scrolling)
 2. Keyboard: it is the computer main input device that allows users to enter data and communicate instructions
to the computer
Features of the keyboard
Keys arranged as follows;
 Function keys; F1-F12
 Typing keys (A-Z) numeric key (0-9)
 Special characters: Tab, shift, cap lock, space bar, back space, and enter key
 Computer keys e.g control, escape, etc.

3. Scanner: these is an input devices that allows you to digitize physical documents, images, or even objects, and
convert them into a digital format that can be viewed, edited, and stored on a computer. It's like a digital
photocopier that captures the content of a document or image and saves it as a file.

4. Joystick: it is a pointing device like the mouse. It has stick and ball at the two direction used to move pointer
to different direction

Other forms of input devices are:

 Digital camera
 Code read (ban code reader)
 Blue tooth adapter
 Microphone/card reader

WEEK 8
Output devices
Output devices are any peripherals that convert mature readable information format e.g monitor, plotter, printer, etc.

1. monitor
These displays information been processed. Computer present information in four formats:
 Graphics- chart and photos
 Text- words and numbers
 Videos- moving photos
 Audio- music and voice etc.

Types of monitor based on technology

1. Cot moder ray tube
2. Flat panel display e.g, laptop screen screen
Also, we have under this category
 LCD
 Back lit LCD’s
 Active matrix LCD’s
 Gas plasma display
 Organ light emitted display (OLED)

2. Printer

It is an output device that produces text and graphics on paper

Printers have 3 components:

 The printing mechanism

 Paper feeds mechanism
 Control and interface electronics

Printers are divided into two:

1. Impact printer
2. Non-impact printer

Impact printer: under this we have:

 Dot matrix printer

 Kone printer
 Daisy printer
Non-impact printer: under this we have:

 Ink jet
 Laser printer
 Thermal printer

3. Plotter

These are large scale pioneer for printing banners

Types of plotter

 Drum plotter
 Flat-bed plotter
 Ink jet plotter

Speaker

These are attached to the computer for sound-output (used to hear sound)

Uses of output devices

Monitor- this is used to see or display result of processed data

Monitors: a computer display is also called VDT (Visual Display Terminal). A monitor is a screen used to display
output.

Types of monitor

Machine monitor: it has two (2) colours which can be white, amber, or green on a dark background

Colour monitor: it display peripheral with more than two colours

Features of a colour monitor

 Colour graphic adapter

 Enhanced graphic adapter
 Video graphic adapter

WEEK 9-10

Revision/Examination