MANIFESTO

A document publicly declaring the position or program of its issuer. It advances a set of ideas,
opinions, or views but it can also lay out a plan of action. While it can address any topic, it most
often concerns art, literature, or politics. Manifestoes are generally written in the name of a
group sharing a common perspective, ideology, or purpose rather than in the name of a single
individual.

Major Categories of Manifesto

1. Goal - a goal can be a manifesto when we share it with other people. It’s public, it's a
declaration and it's about what one intends to have happened.

2. List and Rules - manifesto containing set of rules for behaving within a specific context or a
list of items to be achieved or tasks to be fulfilled.

3. World - this type of manifesto aims to create a new world. It’s not about simple rules,
instead, it presents a vision for the future. A solemn declaration by the constituted authorities
of a nation which contains the reason for its public acts towards another. On the declaration of
war, a manifesto is usually issued in which the nation declaring war states the reasons for so
doing.

1. Logical Appeals - this is the use of facts in order to support and defend a position. This
means reasoning with your audience, providing them with facts and statistics, or making
historical and literal analogies. It persuades the audience by targeting their thinking.
2. Emotional Appeals - this is the use of the audience's feelings for the subject of the
paper such as anger, pity, and aversion in order to persuade. It may also refer to values
that the reader may identify with such as the importance of family ties, hospitality and
the bayanihan spirit.
3. Ethical Appeals - this is the use of convincing an audience through the credibility of the
persuader, be it a notable or experienced figure in the field or even a popular celebrity.

FALLACIES
Appeal to Authority – occurs when the argument quotes an expert who’s not qualified in the
particular subject matter.

False Analogy – occurs when a writer assumes that two concepts that are similar in some ways
are also similar in other ways.
Inconsistency – occurs when arguments contradict one another.

Slippery Slope – occurs when a series of increasingly superficial and unacceptable

consequences is drawn.

Appeal to Force – occurs when a threat, instead of reasoning is used to argue. Example: If you
do not admit that evolution is not real, we will isolate you from the group. (blackmailing)

Appeal to Pity – occurs when the element of pity is used instead of logical reasoning.

Appeal to Consequences – occurs when unpleasant consequences of believing something are

pointed out to show that the belief is false.

Bandwagon – occurs when an argument is considered to be valid because it Is what the

majority thinks.

Position Paper - is a typical kind of scholarly or academic paper. It is composed subsequent to

finding out about and examining a specific issue. It is written by an author in order to make an
argument which must be based from proofs or evidences.

TYPES OF REPORTS

1. Incident Report – a report describing something that has happened. Specifically, an

incident report is a tool that documents any event that may or may not have caused
injuries to a person or damage to a company asset.
2. Accident Report – a report describing how someone was hurt or something damaged.
The purpose of an accident report is to record the findings of the accident investigation,
the cause of the accident, and recommendation for corrective actions.
3. Sales Report – a report describing how many goods or services were sold and the
reasons for any differences from the plan.
4. Progress Report – a report describing how close you are to completing something you
planned.
5. Feasibility Study Report - a report on how practical a proposal is. A feasibility study is a
detailed analysis that considers all of the critical aspects of a proposed project in order
to determine the likelihood of it succeeding.
6. Recommendation Report - a report on what your organization should do. A
recommendation report is written to propose or recommend the options available to
solve a problem or fill a need. The goal of the report is to compare options, recommend
one option, and support that recommendation.
 7. Site Report - a report on what has happened in a place and how close your organization
construction.
8. Case Study - an academic report on how and why something has changed over time. A
case study is a research method to gain a better understanding of a subject or process.
Case studies involve in-depth research into a given subject, in order to understand its
functionality and successes.

DESIGNS, TESTS AND REVISES SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRES

Questionnaire - a questionnaire is a structured series of questions designed to collect primary

data from respondents. A well- designed questionnaire motivates respondents to provide
accurate and complete information which is very helpful in attaining the survey’s objective.

DESIGNING A QUESTIONNAIRE

Here are the suggested steps on how to develop a questionnaire:

1. Determine the research problem or target information.

2. Choose the type of questions and method of administration: (written, email or web
form, telephone interview, personal interview).
3. Determine the general question content needed to obtain the desired information.
4. Determine the form of responses.
5. Choose the exact question wording.
6. Make sure that the sequence of the questions is effective.
7. Test the questionnaires and revise if needed.

1. Write short and simple questions - respondents are often unwilling to study an item in
order to understand it. Assume that respondents will answer the questionnaire quickly.
Therefore, provide clear, short items that will not be misinterpreted.
2. Avoid leading questions - avoid leading questions, wording that influences respondents
to consider a subject in a weighted manner, or injects a preference or opinion.
3. Appropriately Use Open-Ended and Closed-Ended Questions

• Use open-ended questions when responses need to be elaborated by the respondents

for exhaustive and comprehensive data gathering
 • Closed-Ended questions are popular because they provide greater uniformity or
responses and are easily processed compared to open- ended questions. However, all
possible options should be provided.

4. Questions must be non-threatening and attempt to evoke the truth.

5. Question Clarity - avoid ambiguities and vague words (e.g. usual, regular, normal)
6. Don’t use double-barreled questions - ask one question at a time. Avoid asking 2
questions, imposing unwarranted assumptions, or hidden contingencies. Whenever you
use ‘and’ on a question or a statement, check if it is double-barreled.
7. Clearly define the response scale dimension or continuum. When using a response scale,
clearly define the dimension or continuum respondents are to use in their rating task.
8. Minimize presuppositions - minimize presuppositions an assumption about the world
whose truth is taken for granted.

• Bipolar scale measures both direction and intensity of an attitude.

• Unipolar scale measures one concept with varying degrees of intensity.

Type of Question and Its Usage

1. Open-Ended

Best Used for: Breaking the ice in an interview, when respondent’s own words are important
or when the researcher does not know all the possible answers.

2. Closed-Ended

Best Used for: Collecting rank ordered data When all response choices are known When
quantitative statistical tool results are desired

Other forms closed-ended questions:

a. Likert-Scale

Best Used for: Assessing a person’s opinion and feelings about something.

b. Multiple Choice

Best Used for: When there are finite number of options.

c. Rating Scales
 Best Used for: Rate things in relation to other things.

d. Ranking Questions

Best Used for: Ordering answer choices by way of preference. This allows you to not only
understand how respondents feel about each answer option, but it also helps you
understand each one’s relative popularity.

ORDERING THE QUESTIONS

1. Adapt a general organizational pattern that complements objectives. A survey’s research

Two general patterns:

• Funnel pattern – begins with broad questions followed by progressively narrower or more
specific ones

• Inverted pattern – narrowly focused questions are followed by more general ones.

2. Topically related questions should be grouped together.

• A researcher should group together questions pertinent to a single topic then move to
another topic. It is easier for the answer questions this way.

3. Easy-to-answer questions should be placed first.

• Easy questions serve as motivation.

4. Questions should be ordered to avoid establishing a response bias.

• Response Bias – a tendency of a respondent to answer all closed-questions the same way
regardless of content.

MEASUREMENTS FOR THE RESPONSE SCALE

1. Nominal Data : basic classification data; lack logical order – e.g. male or female
2. Ordinal Data : has logical order but lack constant differences between values - e.g. pizza
size (large, medium, small)
3. Interval Data : has logical order, is continuous, has standardized differences between
values but lacks natural zero – e.g. celsius degrees
4. Ratio Data : has logical order, is continuous, has standardized differences between
values, and has a natural zero - e.g. height, weight, age, length
• Loopholes - an error in the way a law, rule, or contract is written that it makes people to
legally avoid obeying it.

GRAPHICAL METHOD OF PRESENTING THE DATA

• A graph or chart - portrays the visual presentation of data using symbols, such as lines, dots,
bars or slices. It depicts a trend of a certain set of measurements or shows comparison between
two or more sets of data or quantities.

• A pie chart - is usually used to show how parts of a whole compare to each other and to the
whole.

• A bar graph - uses bars to compare categories of data. It may be drawn vertically or
horizontally.

• A vertical bar graph - is best to use when comparing mean s or percentages between distinct
categories. The categories are measured independently and compared with one another.

• A horizontal bar graph - may contain more than five categories. A bar graph is plotted on
either the x-axis or y-axis.

• Line Graph / Time Series - is a graphical presentation of data that shows a continuous change
or trend. It may show an ascending or descending trend.

• Tables - provide exact values and illustrate results efficiently as they enable the researcher to
present a large amount of space. The data, usually shown as specific numerical figures, are
arranged in an orderly display of row and columns to aid in comparison. Therefore, the
readability of both the results and analyses of variance is enhanced.