A

Seminar Report
On

“Revolutionizing Electronics: Robotics & Automation”

Submitting In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree
of Bachelor of
Engineering in Electronics and Telecommunication,
Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University, lonere.
Submitted By
1. Pandhe Ganesh
2. Lukade Nawaz
Under the guidance
Of
Prof. A. U. Wagdarikar

Department of Electronics & Telecommunication

V.V.P. INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY,
SOLPAUR.
Academic Year: 2024-25
 VIDYA VIKAS PRATISHTAN
INSTITURE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, SOLAPUR
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Project Entitled
“Revolutionizing Electronics: Robotics & Automation”
Is Submitted by

1. Pandhe Ganesh
2. Lukade Nawaz

Prof. A. U.Wagdarikar Prof. A. U.Wagdarikar Prof. Dr. A. N.Gaikwad

Guide HOD Principle

Date: / / Place: Solapur

 Acknowledge

Gratitude is the hardest emotion to express and often one

doesn't find adequate words to convey what one feels entirely. It is our
foremost duty to express our sense of gratitude and respect to the
guide Prof. Wagdarikar A. U. for his uplifting tendency and
inspiring us for taking up this project work. Also, it is our foremost
duty to express our deep sense of gratitude and respect to the Head of
Electronics and Telecommunication Department, Prof. A.U.
Wagdarikar for inspiring us. Also, we are thankful to Prof. Bhavani
Godgupalli for her support and guidance. We are extremely thankful
to Our Principal Prof. Dr. A.N. Gaikwad for providing us
infrastructural facilities to work in, without which this work would not
have been possible. We Also extends our thanks to those we have
directly & indirectly help us for seminar.
 Table of Contents

CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

Executive Summary 5
1 Introduction 6
1.1 Introduction to Robotics 6-7
1.2 Introduction to Automation 8-9
2 Working of Robots 10
2.1 Software robots automate processes originally
11
performed by human work
2.2 Software robots follow choreography of
12
technological modules and control flow operators
2.3 Software robots operate within IT ecosystems
13
and use established applications
2.4 Projects conceive and implement software 14
robots
3 History of Robotics 15
3.1 The Influence of Mythology 15-16
3.2 The Influence of Motion Pictures 16
3.3 Inventions Leading to Robotics
3.4 First Use of the Word Robot 17
3.5 First Use of the Word Robotics 17-18
3.6 The Birth of the Industrial Robot 18
4 Types of Robots 19
4.1 Pre Programmed Robots 19-20
4.2 Humanoid Robots 20-21
4.3 Autonomous Robots 21-22
4.4 Tele-operated Robots 22-23
4.5 Augmenting Robots 23-24
5 How Robotics differ from Artificial Intelligence 25
6 Present Scenario of Field 26
6.1 Robots in Manufacturing
6.2 Robots in Healthcare 27
 6.3 Robots in Education
6.4 Robots in Defense and Security 28
6.5 Robots in Space Exploration
7 Future of Robotics 29
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Robotics Field and Analysis 30-31
8 Conclusion 32
 Executive Summary

The integration of robotics and automation is fundamentally revolutionizing

the electronics industry, ushering in a new era characterized by enhanced
efficiency, precision, and productivity. This transformation is facilitated
through the implementation of advanced technologies such as artificial
intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (IoT), and various automation
systems across manufacturing processes. Automation is significantly
improving production rates in electronics manufacturing. Advanced robotic
systems are capable of performing repetitive tasks—such as component
placement on printed circuit boards (PCBs) and soldering—with unmatched
speed and accuracy, leading to reduced cycle times and increased output. For
instance, surface mount technology (SMT) robots place thousands of
components per hour, enhancing production scalability while maintaining
high-quality standards Robotics plays a crucial role in maintaining product
quality. Automated inspection systems, utilizing AI and machine vision,
perform detailed inspections and testing, ensuring that only defect-free
products reach the market. This not only minimizes human error but also
contributes to
lower waste rates, thus supporting a more sustainable manufacturing process

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Introduction

1.1: Introduction to Robotics:-

The fascination with robots has captivated society across historical epochs.
Broadly defined, robots are machines or devices capable of autonomous or
remotecontrolled operation. The human desire to utilize such equipment dates
back to the development of simple devices. The term "robot" itself originates
from the Czech word "robota," meaning "servitude" or "forced labor," and was
coined in 1923. Over time, media portrayals have shaped the public perception
of robots, often depicting them as humanoid machines, exemplified by
characters like "Robby the Robot" or the robot from the "Lost in Space"
television series.

Figure 1.1 Image of a Robot

However, robots extend beyond their humanoid representations and

catchphrases like "Danger!" They play integral roles in diverse tasks, ranging
from the thrilling domain of space exploration with creations like the Mars
Rover to the mundane but essential function of vacuuming homes, a
deceptively intricate task. These complex and utilitarian systems have found
applications in various industries for decades. Technological advancements
have propelled the capability and utility of robots, resulting in machines that
assemble cars, perform welding, navigate hostile environments, and explore
locations as extreme as the ocean depths, the frigid Antarctic, active

7
volcanoes, and the vast expanses of outer space. Robots excel in tasks
deemed tedious, perilous, or where they surpass their human counterparts in
performance.
The field of robotics is a dynamic and interdisciplinary domain that continues
to evolve with advancements in technology. Robotics involves the integration
of mechanical, electrical, and computer engineering principles to create
machines that can perform tasks autonomously or with remote guidance. From
its early conceptualization to the present day, the development of robotics has
been driven by the human desire to enhance efficiency, automate laborious
processes, and explore environments that may be hazardous or inaccessible to
humans.

Rooted in the industrial revolution, early automated systems laid the foundation
for modern robotics. However, it was not until the 20th century that the term
"robotics" gained prominence, thanks to the influential work of writers like
Karel Čapek and the introduction of the word "robot" in science fiction. Today,
robotics encompasses a broad spectrum of applications, including industrial
automation, medical surgery, space exploration, agriculture, and even the
service sector. One of the key challenges in robotics is the development of
artificial intelligence (AI) to enable machines to perceive and adapt to their
surroundings intelligently. Machine learning algorithms, sensor technologies,
and sophisticated control systems contribute to the cognitive abilities of robots.
As the field progresses, there is a growing emphasis on the ethical
considerations surrounding robotics, including questions about job
displacement, privacy concerns, and the responsible use of AI. The versatility of
robots is showcased by their ability to undertake diverse tasks, from precision
manufacturing in factories to assisting with complex surgical procedures in
healthcare. With ongoing research and innovation, robotics is poised to
revolutionize various industries, improve safety and efficiency, and contribute to
scientific exploration in ways that were once deemed unimaginable. As society
embraces the era of automation, the study and development of robotics become
increasingly pivotal for shaping the future of technology and its impact on our
daily lives.

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1.2 Introduction to Automation:-

Automation, a transformative force in the realm of technology, refers to the use

of control systems, machinery, and computer systems to perform tasks with
minimal human intervention. Rooted in the desire to enhance efficiency and
productivity, automation has evolved from simple mechanization to complex,
intelligent systems that span across various industries. The core principle is to
streamline processes, reduce manual labor, and achieve precision and
consistency in the execution of tasks.
Historically, the early stages of automation emerged during the Industrial
Revolution, with the mechanization of manual labor in factories. Over time,
technological advancements have propelled automation beyond mere
mechanical systems to include computer-based control and artificial
intelligence. Today, automation is a pervasive force, touching industries such as
manufacturing, healthcare, transportation, and more.

Figure 1.2 Automation

In manufacturing, automation plays a pivotal role in optimizing production

lines, enabling continuous operations, and ensuring high-quality output. Robotic
arms and programmable controllers have become commonplace in factories,
handling tasks ranging from assembly and welding to packaging and quality
9
 control. In healthcare, automation contributes to diagnostic processes,
pharmaceutical production, and even robotic-assisted surgeries, enhancing
precision and
reducing the margin of error. The advent of the Internet of Things (IoT) has
further accelerated automation, allowing interconnected devices to
communicate and collaborate seamlessly. Smart homes, autonomous vehicles,
and intelligent manufacturing plants are examples of how automation is
reshaping our daily lives and industries.
While automation promises increased efficiency and reduced costs, it also raises
questions about job displacement and the need for upskilling the workforce.
Striking a balance between the benefits of automation and its societal impacts
remains a critical challenge.
As we continue to advance technologically, the integration of automation is
poised to play an increasingly integral role in shaping the future of work,
industry, and daily living. Understanding the principles and implications of
automation is essential for navigating the evolving landscape of technology and
ensuring its responsible and sustainable implementation.

2. Working of Robotics

The working of robots involves the seamless integration of sophisticated

hardware and intelligent software, enabling these machines to perform tasks
autonomously or under human guidance. At the core of a robot's functionality
lies its ability to sense and perceive the environment through various sensors
such as cameras, LiDAR, and tactile sensors. These sensors provide real-time
data to the robot's control system, allowing it to make informed decisions. The
control system, powered by advanced algorithms and artificial intelligence,
processes the incoming data and generates commands for the robot's actuators.
Actuators are responsible for the physical movement of the robot and can
include motors, hydraulics, or pneumatics, depending on the robot's design and
purpose. The combination of precise sensing and responsive actuation enables
robots to navigate their surroundings, manipulate objects with dexterity, and
carry out complex tasks in diverse environments. Additionally, advancements in
machine learning contribute to the development of robots capable of learning
10
from experience, adapting to new situations, and continuously improving their
performance. The working of robots exemplifies a synergy between cutting-edge
hardware and intelligent software, positioning them as versatile tools across
various industries, from manufacturing and healthcare to exploration and
research. Here we will consider the 4 steps of RPA to understand the working of
as robot.

Figure 2.1 The nature of RPA

2.1 Software robots automate processes originally performed by
human work:

Robotic Process Automation (RPA) represents a comprehensive approach to

automating a wide array of processes originally carried out by humans, offering a
transitional bridge between human work and extensive business process
automation. Using software robots, RPA achieves tasks similarly to humans or by
mimicking their actions. The automation spectrum of RPA covers individual
activities to entire tasks, with distinctions from Robotic Desktop Automation
(RDA), which aids humans in front-office.
functions. The selection of the appropriate automation approach involves
considerations of organizational capabilities, financial resources, and time
requirements.
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RPA is particularly well-suited for standardized, rule-based processes frequently
performed manually, and those involving multiple-system access, making
backoffice processes prime candidates. The implementation of software robots
promises enhanced process performance, efficiency, scalability, auditability,
security, and compliance, all achieved through rapid, flawless, and traceable
execution of processes. Despite these advantages, it's crucial to recognize that
while software robots execute predefined flows, they don't inherently contribute
to process improvement. Optimization before automation and sustaining RPA
improvements post-implementation are vital steps.
RPA's automation of repetitive and low-cognitive tasks enables human workers to
focus on activities demanding creativity, intellectual judgment, or social skills.
Although RPA promotes efficient interaction between humans and robots, human
exception management introduces a level of dependence on human decision-
making, limiting the autonomy of software robots. The required level of human-
robot interaction and evolving RPA capabilities significantly influences
deployment decisions. Automated processes, versatile in nature, extend beyond
individual departments, enabling process owners to reuse activities and execution
logic.

2.2 Software robots follow choreography of technological modules

and control flow operators:

Software robots in Robotic Process Automation (RPA) follow a

choreography composed of technological modules and control flow operators.
RPA development environments feature user- friendly interfaces, enabling users
to swiftly construct software robots by arranging configurable modules and
control flow operators, creating choreographies aligned with business rules. The
process often involves a recording function to trace user-executed tasks. Unlike
back-end systems or underlying programs that may require extensive changes,
users can easily create, modify, or reconfigure software robots without
introducing new information systems.
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Analyzing three RPA tools (UiPath, Work Fusion, and Chronosystems) reveals
three overarching functional areas: dealing with data, system integration, and
process enhancement. Functional classes summarize RPA capabilities into eight
categories, including data-related functions (data transfer, file format
modification, data analysis), integration-related functions (control or access
applications, link data silos), and process-related functions (event triggers,
control flow operators). Combining these elements in a modular way creates a
choreography, allowing software robots to perform automation tasks.
Software robots serve various use cases, such as automatically transferring
data between applications. They may consist of application operators, data
transfer functions, and additional application operators. Distinguishing
between structured and unstructured data usage, rule-based, knowledge- based,
and learning-based software robots, and attended versus unattended
automation further characterizes different software robot archetypes. Rule-
based software robots, focusing on predefined rules, have been a primary
focus, while different extents of automation, from tasks involving employee
intervention to those without human intervention, contribute to the diverse
landscape of software robot capabilities.

2.3 Software robots operate within IT ecosystems and use

established applications:

Software robots in Robotic Process Automation (RPA) seamlessly operate

within IT ecosystems, interacting with a diverse array of Information Systems
(ISs) and applications. Given the varying functionalities, compatibilities, and
ages of these systems, RPA proves to be an attractive solution for companies.
Software robots access ISs and applications mainly through the frontend,
mirroring human interaction (Bigoted and Iden 2017; Van der Aalst et al. 2018).
Their operation primarily occurs in the presentation layer, ensuring that their
execution does not impact the underlying infrastructure's business logic and data
access layers (Laicity et al. 2015; Laicity and Willcocks 2016a).

13
 While RPA typically focuses on the presentation layer, our analysis indicates
elements of accessing business logic and data access layers. This expanded
functionality is evident in elements like the application operator, data transfer,
and (cloud) service operator. For instance, software robots can execute database
queries, connect to applications, and interact with cloud services such as Twitter
through an application programming interface (API).
However, to facilitate effective (front-end) automation, the underlying
infrastructure and systems must be robust and compatible with RPA. The
implementation of RPA, being non-invasive to existing infrastructures, qualifies
it as lightweight IT (Bigoted 2015; Penttinen et al. 2018; Willcocks et al. 2015).
This distinction emphasizes the need for effective collaboration between
lightweight and heavyweight IT systems in their interactions (Bigoted 2015). The
success of RPA depends on this complementary relationship, highlighting the
significance of a well-supported and capable underlying infrastructure for
optimal RPA performance.

2.4 Projects conceive and implement software robots:

In the realm of Robotic Process Automation (RPA), projects entail the

conception and implementation of software robots. Unlike traditional
programming, the development of these robots does not require specialized
programming knowledge, but a fundamental understanding of Information
System (IS) functionalities, rule-based systems, data usage, and application
interfaces is essential. The inherent low IT complexity of RPA makes it
accessible to various individuals and functions within a business. However, in-
depth process knowledge is crucial for effective software robot construction
(Willcocks et al. 2015b). Process owners play a pivotal role in driving
innovation within a company and leading RPA projects.
They involve relevant stakeholders to develop software robots aligned with
specific process steps and business requirements, necessitating collaboration
between business and IT functions. IT's role is particularly crucial in facilitating
software robots' access to systems like enterprise resource planning (ERP). The
involvement of IT functions in RPA projects varies based on project

14
requirements, requiring well- defined configurations of accountability, scope,
governance, staffing, and integration. This flexible approach allows process
owners to customize process automation according to specific needs, leveraging
RPA's modularity and short development times. Agile adjustments and the
development of new functionalities become feasible with minimal additional
resources, promoting stable, secure, and quickly implementable processes. This
agile approach enhances business agility, enabling quick adaptation to changing
environments and market conditions.
Implementing RPA in a firm necessitates a strategic management approach,
involving cooperation between different actors and impacting multiple
departments. The collaboration between business and IT personnel in RPA
management differs from conventional IT projects and often includes agile
methods to rapidly address business demands. The introduction of RPA may
prompt a redesign of the IT organization to enhance overall agility (Jöhnk et al.
2017).

3. History of Robotics

The history of robotics is a fascinating journey marked by the transformation of

fantastical ideas into tangible reality. This narrative is characterized by a blend of
cinematic creativity, scientific innovation, and entrepreneurial foresight.
Surprisingly, the definition of a robot remains a subject of controversy, even
within the community of roboticists.
On one end of the spectrum lies the science fiction portrayal of robots, often
depicted in humanoid forms—androids with anthropomorphic features. On the
opposite end, there exists the practical, industrially oriented robot designed for
repetitive and efficient tasks in automation. According to ISO 8373, the
International Organization for Standardization, a robot is defined as "an
automatically controlled, reprogrammable, multipurpose manipulator with three
or more axes." The Robot Institute of America offers a similar definition,
describing a robot as "a reprogrammable, multifunctional manipulator designed
to move material, parts, tools, or specialized devices through various
programmed motions for the performance of a variety of tasks."

15
A more evocative definition comes from Merriam-Webster, which defines a robot
as "a machine that looks like a human being and performs various complex acts
(such as walking or talking) of a human being." This rich tapestry of definitions
reflects the diverse perspectives and applications that have shaped the field of
robotics throughout its history.

3.1 The Influence of Mythology:

Mythology across various cultures is replete with narratives

featuring artificial beings. In Greek legend, Cadmus, after founding Thebes, sows
dragon teeth in the ground, giving rise to a formidable army of armed men.
Another Greek myth tells the story of Pygmalion, a sculptor who, after carving a
woman named Galatea out of ivory, sees his creation come to life as his bride
through the intervention of Aphrodite. Hebrew mythology introduces the golem,
a clay or stone statue animated by a scroll with religious or magical powers,
performing simple, repetitive tasks and challenging to control. In Inuit legend,
the Tupilaq, created by practitioners of witchcraft, is sent to sea to destroy
enemies but can be turned against its creator by those versed in witchcraft. The
homunculus, introduced by alchemist Paracelsus, represents a small human form
associated with the golem, later symbolizing an inner being controlling human
thoughts. Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley's 1818 novel "Frankenstein" introduces
the creature created by scientist Victor Frankenstein, resulting in tragic
consequences as the creation is misunderstood and turns against its creator.
These myths often share a common theme of creators facing tragic consequences
when their supernatural beings turn against them.

3.2 The Influence of Motion Pictures:

The advent of motion pictures has given vibrant expression to

mythical creatures and introduced a plethora of new artificial beings. Fritz Lang's
1926 film
"Metropolis" featured the first robot in a feature film, while the 1951 movie "The
Day the Earth Stood Still" introduced the iconic robot Gort and humanoid alien
16
Klaatu. "Forbidden Planet" (1956) showcased Robby, a robot that became highly
influential in cinematic history. The 1966 TV show "Lost in Space" featured the
lovable B-9 robot, and "2001: A Space Odyssey" (1968) depicted Hal, an
artificial intelligence, taking control of a space mission. "Star Wars" (1977)
introduced the beloved R2-D2 and C3PO. These films and shows depict robots in
various roles, both malevolent and virtuous, reflecting humanity's enduring
fascination with intelligent mechanical creatures that often rival or surpass their
creators.

3.3 Inventions Leading to Robotics:

The history of robotics spans millennia, with the term "robot" not emerging
until the 20th century. In 270 B.C., the ancient Greek physicist Caesious created
a water clock called the clepsydra, powered by rising water and utilizing a float
and pulley system to track time. Joseph Jacquard, a French inventor born in 1752,
developed a punched card system for looms in 1801, later adapted by Charles
Babbage for creating an automatic calculator, laying the groundwork for
computers and programming. Christopher Miner Spencer, credited with inventing
the automatic rifle, also pioneered the screw machine industry in 1873 with a
patented lathe featuring a camshaft and self-advancing turret. In 1892, Seward
Babbitt introduced a motorized crane with a mechanical gripper for ingot
removal, a precursor to industrial robots. Nikola Tesla, known for AC electric
power and radio, invented the first remote- controlled vehicle in the 1890s—a
radio-controlled boat patented in 1898. These inventions collectively contributed
to the evolution of robotics and automation.

3.4 First Use of the Word Robot:

The term "robot" entered the lexicon in the 1920s, originating from Karel
Capek's play, "Rossum's Universal Robots" (R.U.R.), written in 1920 and
premiered in 1921. Born in 1890 in Malé Svatonovice, Bohemia, part of Austria-
Hungary (now the
Czech Republic), Capek addressed political themes in his writings post-World
War I. In R.U.R., Capek envisioned man-made workers called Robots, a term
17
suggested by his brother Josef, derived from the Czech words "Robotnik"
(peasant) and "robota" (drudgery). These Robots were created for labor
automation but eventually rebelled, discovering love and eliminating the need for
their creation formula.
Karel Capek's impact extends beyond R.U.R., with notable works including "War
With The Newts," a satire targeting various ideologies, a biography of
Czechoslovak Republic president Tomaš Masaryk, poems, plays, political essays,
and the suppressed text "Why I Am Not a Communist." Karel Capek passed
away in 1938, while Josef Capek was seized by the Nazis in 1939, later dying at
BergenBelsen concentration camp in 1945. The Capek brothers significantly
contributed to the world of robotics by introducing the term "robot" and
exploring its implications in R.U.R.

3.5 First Use of the Word Robotics:

Brooklyn and developing a love for science fiction. Asimov's diverse career
included science fiction, layperson science, and mysteries, covering every
Dewey Decimal System category except Philosophy. In his early science fiction
period (1940–1958), Asimov wrote stories shaping robotic concepts. His
collection "I, Robot" (1950) introduced the "Three Laws of Robotics," first
mentioned in the 1942 story "Runaround," where the term "robotics" was used.
Asimov added the "Zeroth Law" in 1985, resulting in the following laws:

1.Zeroth Law: A robot may not injure humanity or allow humanity to come to
harm.
2.First Law: A robot may not harm a human being or allow harm, unless it
violates a higher order law.
3.Second Law: A robot must obey human orders, except when conflicting with a
higher order law.
4.Third Law: A robot must protect its existence, unless conflicting with a higher
order law.
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"Runaround" illustrated a robot's equilibrium breakdown, revealing disobedience
to laws. Asimov credited editor John W. Campbell for the laws' explicit
formulation in 1940. His impactful contributions to science fiction and robotics
made Asimov a 20th-century figure. His autobiography revealed his death in
1992 resulted from HIV contracted during a tainted blood transfusion in 1983.
Asimov's extensive correspondence and intellectual legacy continue to define his
lasting impact on literature and science.

3.6 The Birth of the Industrial Robot:

Following World War II, the U.S. experienced an industrial resurgence driven by
technological advancements like servos, digital logic, and solid-state electronics.
The convergence of technology and science fiction inspired Joseph Engelberger
and George Devol. Engelberger, born in 1925, developed an early interest in
robotics through Isaac Asimov's works, leading him to pursue physics at
Columbia University. After serving in the U.S. Navy and working in aerospace,
Engelberger met Devol, an inventive mind, at a cocktail party in 1956.
Devol, having patented a playback device in 1946 and invented universal
automation (animation) in 1954, discussed his concepts with Engelberger.
Following this meeting, they formed a partnership, leading to the establishment
of Consolidated Controls Corporation in Engelberger's garage. The team focused
on developing the first industrial robot, named Animate, which debuted in 1961.
Animate, licensed under Devol's patent, automated tasks such as unloading high-
temperature parts from a die- casting machine at General Motors. In 1961, Devol
received the first U.S.
robot patent (2,998,237)
.Engelberger's company evolved into Animation, Inc., in 1962, gaining support
from Consolidated Diesel Electric Company (Condic) and Pullman Corporation.
Despite turning a profit in 1975, Animation became a global leader in robotics,
with
Engelberger recognized as the "Father of Robotics." The Robotic Industries
Association has honored individuals with the annual Engelberger Robotics
Awards since 1977, acknowledging outstanding contributions and leadership in

19
the robotics field. Animation achieved substantial success, with 1983 annual sales
reaching $70 million and a 25 percent global market share.

4. Types of Robots

In the ever-evolving landscape of technology, robots have emerged as

fascinating and versatile creations, revolutionizing various aspects of our lives.
These mechanical marvels, often inspired by human capabilities, are designed to
perform tasks with precision, efficiency, and sometimes, even with a touch of
artificial intelligence. As we delve into the realm of robotics, it becomes evident
that these machines come in various shapes and sizes, each serving a specific
purpose dictated by their design and programming. From industrial settings to
healthcare, from exploration to entertainment, the diverse array of robots reflects
the boundless possibilities that technology continues to unlock. Before we
explore the specific types of robots, it's crucial to appreciate the profound impact
these machines have on society, enhancing productivity, pushing the boundaries
of human achievement, and sparking our collective imagination.

4.1 Pre Programmed Robots:

Pre-programmed robots are a subset of robotic systems that operate based on a

predetermined set of instructions, also known as a program or script. Unlike
autonomous robots that rely on real-time decision-making and sensor feedback,
preprogrammed robots follow a predefined sequence of actions without the need
for constant human intervention. These robots are typically programmed to
perform specific tasks or functions in a controlled environment.

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 Figure 4.1 An Example of Pre Programmed Robots

The programming of pre-programmed robots involves coding instructions

into their control systems, specifying the sequence of movements, actions, and
responses required for the given task. This programming can be done through
various means, ranging from traditional programming languages to graphical
interfaces that allow users to define actions in a more intuitive manner.
One prominent example of pre-programmed robots is found in industrial
automation. In manufacturing settings, robotic arms and machines are often pre-
programmed to perform repetitive tasks such as welding, assembling, or
packaging. These robots can execute their tasks with high precision and speed,
enhancing efficiency and consistency in production processes.
Another domain where pre-programmed robots are prevalent is in educational
and research settings. Robot kits designed for educational purposes often come
with preprogrammed functionalities to help students learn the basics of
programming and robotics without delving into complex coding initially.
While pre-programmed robots lack the adaptability and autonomy of some
advanced robotic systems, their predictability and reliability make them well-
suited for specific applications where repetitive and well-defined tasks are
required.

4.2 Humanoid Robots:

Humanoid robots, with their anthropomorphic design and human-like features,

represent a fascinating intersection of robotics and artificial intelligence. These
21
robots are crafted to resemble the human form, possessing limbs, a torso, and a
head, often equipped with sensors and cameras to perceive their surroundings.
The aim behind creating humanoid robots is to facilitate interaction and
engagement with humans in a manner that feels natural. As technology advances,
the capabilities of humanoid robots have expanded beyond mere physical
resemblance, incorporating sophisticated AI algorithms that enable them to
recognize faces, understand speech, and respond to various cues

Figure 4.2 Humanoid Sophia

One notable application of humanoid robots is in the field of social robotics,

where they are designed to assist and interact with people in public spaces,
homes, or healthcare settings. Humanoids like Pepper and ASIMO have been
deployed in roles ranging from customer service to companionship for the
elderly. Their humanoid form facilitates seamless integration into human
environments, making them more approachable and relatable.
Research into humanoid robotics also plays a crucial role in advancing our
understanding of human locomotion, perception, and cognition. By mimicking
human movements and behaviors, scientists aim to uncover insights that can
enhance both robotics and our comprehension of human physiology.
Despite significant progress, challenges persist in achieving true human-like
capabilities in humanoid robots, such as the intricacies of natural language
processing and fine motor skills. Nonetheless, ongoing developments in robotics
and AI continue to push the boundaries of what humanoid robots can achieve,
holding promise for a future where they seamlessly coexist with humans in
diverse spheres of our daily lives.

4.3 Autonomous Robots:

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 Autonomous robots represent a cutting-edge category of robotic systems
that possess the capability to operate independently, making decisions on their
own based on real-time sensor input and environmental cues. Unlike pre-
programmed robots, autonomous robots have the ability to adapt to changing
conditions, navigate unpredictable environments, and make on-the-fly decisions
to achieve their objectives. These robots are equipped with a variety of sensors,
such as cameras, lidar, and radar, enabling them to perceive and interpret their
surroundings. The integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning
algorithms further empowers autonomous robots to learn and optimize their
behavior over time. In recent years, autonomous robots have gained prominence
in various fields, including self-driving cars, drones, and delivery robots. In the
automotive industry, autonomous vehicles utilize advanced sensors and
algorithms to navigate roads, interpret traffic conditions, and ensure safe
transportation. Drones, equipped with autonomous capabilities, are employed
for tasks like aerial surveillance, mapping, and even package delivery. Delivery
robots, designed for last-mile logistics, autonomously navigate sidewalks and
streets to deliver parcels to their destinations.

Figure 4.3 Self Driving Vacuum

The potential applications of autonomous robots extend beyond transportation

to sectors such as agriculture, healthcare, and exploration. In agriculture,
autonomous robots can perform tasks like crop monitoring, precision farming,
and even harvesting. In healthcare, they may assist in tasks like medication
delivery and patient care. Additionally, autonomous robots play a crucial role in
space exploration, conducting missions to distant planets and celestial bodies
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where human presence is challenging. While the development of autonomous
robots presents exciting possibilities, it also raises ethical and safety
considerations. Striking a balance between innovation and responsible
deployment remains a key challenge as these sophisticated machines become
increasingly integrated into our daily lives. Nonetheless, the advent of
autonomous robots represents a transformative leap in robotics, paving the way
for a future where machines can navigate and interact with the world in ways
previously deemed only possible in science fiction.

4.4 Tele-Operated Robots:

Tele-operated robots, also known as remote-controlled robots, are a category of

robotic systems that are manipulated and controlled by human operators from a
distance. These robots serve as an extension of the operator, enabling them to
interact with environments that may be hazardous, inaccessible, or impractical
for direct human intervention. One primary application of tele-operated robots is
in the field of disaster response and mitigation, where they can navigate through
unstable structures, assess damage, and perform search and rescue operations in
situations such as earthquakes or hazardous material incidents.

Figure 4.4 An example of Tele Operated Robot

Tele-operated robots are equipped with various sensors and cameras that
provide real-time feedback to the operator, allowing for precise control and
decisionmaking. This capability is especially crucial in scenarios like bomb
disposal, where human operators can manipulate the robot to handle explosive
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devices safely. Additionally, tele-operated robots find applications in industries
such as space exploration, where rovers are controlled remotely to explore distant
planets and gather scientific data. The success of tele-operated systems relies on
robust communication technologies to maintain a stable and responsive link
between the robot and the operator. Advances in telecommunications, including
low-latency networks and high-bandwidth connections, have significantly
improved the effectiveness of tele-operated robots. Despite their utility, tele-
operated robots have limitations, such as the dependency on a reliable
communication link and the potential for delays or disruptions in remote
environments. However, ongoing developments in technology continue to
enhance the capabilities of tele-operated robots, expanding their applications and
making them invaluable tools in situations that require human dexterity and
decision-making without direct physical presence.

4.5 Augmenting Robots:

Augmenting robots represent a category of robotic systems designed to

enhance and complement human capabilities rather than replace them. Unlike
fully autonomous robots, augmenting robots work in collaboration with humans,
leveraging their strengths to improve overall performance. These robots are
typically equipped with advanced sensors and tools that enable them to assist
humans in various tasks, from physical labor to information processing. In
industrial settings, augmenting robots can be seen working alongside human
workers, providing additional strength and precision for tasks that may be
physically demanding or require extreme precision. Exoskeletons, for instance,
are a type of augmenting robot designed to support and enhance human physical
abilities, aiding in activities like lifting heavy objects or maintaining endurance in
strenuous tasks. In healthcare, augmenting robots play a crucial role in assisting
surgeons with precision tools and providing real-time data analysis during
medical procedures. These robots help improve the accuracy and efficiency of
medical interventions, ultimately leading to better patient outcomes. Moreover, in
the field of information technology, augmenting robots can assist in data analysis,
decision-making processes, and even creative endeavors. These robots leverage
artificial intelligence algorithms to process vast amounts of information rapidly,

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helping humans make more informed decisions and enhancing their overall
productivity. The key distinction of augmenting robots lies in their collaborative
nature, emphasizing synergy between humans and machines. By combining the
strengths of both, augmenting robots contribute to increased efficiency, safety,
and the overall improvement of various aspects of human life and work. As
technology continues to advance, the integration of augmenting robots is likely to
expand, offering innovative solutions to complex challenges across different
industries.

5. How Robotics differ from Artificial Intelligence

Robotics and artificial intelligence (AI) are two distinct but interconnected
fields, each contributing unique elements to the realm of technology. Robotics
refers to the design, construction, and operation of robots – physical machines
capable of carrying out tasks autonomously or semi-autonomously. These tasks
may range from simple, repetitive actions to complex, intricate operations. In
essence, robotics focuses on the creation of tangible, mechanical entities that
interact with the physical world. On the other hand, artificial intelligence is a
broader concept that encompasses the development of algorithms and computer
programs that enable machines to perform tasks that typically require human
intelligence. AI aims to replicate human cognitive functions, such as learning,
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reasoning, problem- solving, and perception, in machines. Unlike robotics, AI is
not confined to physical embodiments; it can manifest in software and
algorithms that operate within digital spaces, making decisions and solving
problems based on data and patterns. While robotics often integrates AI
technologies to enhance the capabilities of robots, the distinction lies in their
primary objectives. Robotics emphasizes the physical embodiment and
interaction with the environment, while AI is concerned with endowing
machines, whether physical or digital, with intelligent behaviors. In essence,
robotics can be seen as the application of AI to create physically embodied
intelligent systems, bridging the gap between the digital and physical realms. In
summary, robotics and artificial intelligence are interconnected fields that
contribute to the advancement of technology. Robotics deals with the creation
and operation of physical machines, while AI focuses on the development of
algorithms and software that imbue machines with intelligent capabilities.
Together, they form a synergistic partnership, combining physical embodiment
with cognitive functionalities to create sophisticated and capable systems.

6. Present Scenario of field

Robotics has found diverse applications across various industries, revolutionizing

manufacturing, healthcare, logistics, and more. In manufacturing, robots
streamline production lines, enhancing efficiency and precision. In healthcare,
robotic surgical systems enable minimally invasive procedures, reducing patient
recovery times. Autonomous drones and robotic arms optimize logistics, from
warehouse management to package delivery. The automotive industry relies on
robotics for assembly and testing processes. Additionally, robots assist in
hazardous environments, such as search and rescue missions or defusing
explosives, ensuring human safety. The integration of artificial intelligence
further enhances robots' adaptability, making them integral to modern
technological advancements.

6.1 Robots in Manufacturing:

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 Robots have become integral to the manufacturing sector, transforming
production processes worldwide. According to the International Federation of
Robotics (IFR), the global stock of industrial robots was estimated to be around
2.7 million units in 2019. Asia, particularly China, has been a significant driver
of the robot adoption trend, accounting for the majority of installations. The
automotive industry has historically been a major user of robots in
manufacturing, with applications ranging from assembly and welding to painting.
The deployment of robots in manufacturing has led to increased efficiency,
precision, and cost- effectiveness. Collaborative robots, or cobots, are gaining
popularity, working alongside human workers to enhance productivity and
flexibility. The ongoing trend suggests that the manufacturing industry will
continue to invest in robotic automation to stay competitive, improve quality, and
address labor challenges. The integration of artificial intelligence and advanced
sensors further enhances the capabilities of manufacturing robots, allowing for
adaptive and intelligent decision-making on the production floor.

6.2 Robots in Healthcare:

Robots are playing an increasingly prominent role in healthcare, contributing to

patient care, surgeries, and various medical tasks. Surgical robots, such as the da
Vinci Surgical System, have been widely adopted for minimally invasive
procedures, allowing surgeons to operate with enhanced precision and reduced
invasiveness. Additionally, robots are employed in tasks like medication
dispensing, patient monitoring, and even assisting with rehabilitation exercises.
While I don't have the latest statistics, a report by Research and Markets
projected the global medical robots market to reach $12.7 billion by 2027, with a
compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 20.9% from 2020 to 2027. The
COVID-19 pandemic has also accelerated the adoption of robots in healthcare
settings for tasks like disinfection and patient care, highlighting the adaptability
and potential of robotic technologies in addressing emerging challenges. For the
most recent and specific statistics, it is recommended to refer to the latest reports
and studies in the field of healthcare robotics.

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6.3 Robots in Education:

The integration of robots in education has been steadily growing, enhancing

the learning experience and providing new avenues for students. Robotics in
education is not limited to physical robots; it also includes software-based robotic
tools and programming platforms designed to teach coding and computational
thinking. Statistics from various sources indicate a positive trend. According to a
report by Holonic, the global EdTech market, which encompasses educational
robotics, was estimated to be worth around $227 billion in 2020, with a projected
growth to $404 billion by 2025. The use of educational robots has become more
prevalent in classrooms, with robots engaging students in interactive lessons,
teaching programming concepts, and fostering problem-solving skills. The
COVID-19 pandemic further accelerated the adoption of educational technology,
and robotics played a role in facilitating remote learning by offering interactive
and engaging content.

6.4 Robots in Defense & Security:

The use of robots in defense and security has witnessed significant

advancements. Military forces around the world are increasingly integrating
robotic technologies to enhance capabilities, improve surveillance, and mitigate
risks to human personnel. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) play a crucial role
in modern defense operations, providing reconnaissance, surveillance, and
tactical support. Additionally, ground-based robots, such as bomb disposal units,
are employed to handle hazardous materials and explosive devices, minimizing
the threat to human life.

6.5 Robots in Space Exploration:

Robots play a crucial role in space exploration, aiding human endeavors

and conducting tasks in environments that are inhospitable or challenging for
humans. Notable examples include the use of robotic rovers on Mars, such as
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NASA's Perseverance and China's Zhu Rong, which are equipped with advanced
scientific instruments to analyze the Martian surface. Additionally, robotic
spacecraft like the Voyager probes and the Mars landers contribute to our
understanding of distant celestial bodies. Statistics related to space robotics
highlight their impact. For instance, the Perseverance rover, launched in 2020, is
equipped with 23 cameras and a suite of scientific instruments, including the
Mars Helicopter, Ingenuity. These robotic explorers have covered significant
distances, conducted experiments, and transmitted vast amounts of data back to
Earth. The utilization of robots in space exploration continues to grow, fostering
advancements in technology and expanding our knowledge of the cosmos.

7. Future of Robotics

7.1 Introduction:

In the foreseeable future, the field of robotics is poised for significant

transformation due to a confluence of factors, including the exorbitant costs
associated with production and maintenance, the ecological and energetic
burdens of robots comparable to or surpassing those of other machines, and the
potential saturation of an already delicate market. This impending evolution
necessitates a proactive approach to predict the trajectory of intelligent machines,
enabling researchers and practitioners to channel their efforts effectively.
The onset of the new millennium witnessed a surge in applying the Robot/AI
binomial to a multitude of domains, driven by the optimistic belief that emerging
technologies could handle diverse tasks. However, it is gradually becoming
evident that certain bottlenecks pose formidable challenges. These bottlenecks
manifest as mechanical, energetic, and computational limitations, restricting the
efficiency and functionality of robots to specific domains. Mechanically,
complexity increases unsustainably with the expansion of outputs, while the
parallel rise in energy consumption poses challenges to battery life. Additionally,
computational resources demonstrate efficiency in solving single tasks but
struggle as the range of possible outputs expands. Consequently, the dream of a

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versatile, multi-purpose robot appears unattainable, steering researchers and
businesses towards specialized robotics focused on singular tasks or subtasks.
This proliferation of robotic artifacts has reached a point where both scientific
and business markets face an overflow that exceeds their absorption capacity,
prompting the need for selection. As a result, the imminent phase requires a
strategic assessment of the most substantial and promising fields, distinguishing
between their domains of competences and applications. This critical evaluation
sets the stage for a selective evolution in the field of robotics, ensuring a more
targeted and impactful progression in the face of challenges and opportunities.

7.2 Robotics Fields and Analysis:

In the realm of robotics, the diversity of applications has grown exponentially,

making it challenging to quantify and categorize the numerous fields where robot
technology is applied. Despite this vast landscape, key domains include
Healthcare
Robotics, focusing on patient monitoring and medical assistance; Medical and
Surgery Robotics, enhancing precision in surgical procedures; Telepresence
Robotics, serving as stand-ins for remote locations; and Cyborgs, Exoskeletons,
and
Wearable Robotics, aiding physical augmentation. Other notable areas encompass
Industrial Robotics for automation, Housekeeping Robotics for cleaning tasks,
Military Robotics for various applications in defense, and Space Robots designed
for exploration in extraterrestrial environments. Analyzing these fields reveals a
dichotomy between those with strong market applications and those primarily
within the research domain. Industrial Robotics stands out as a market leader due
to its demand for efficient automation. Entertainment, Medical, Surgery, and
Housekeeping Robotics also exhibit market success, although potential saturation
looms. In contrast, research-oriented fields like Humanoids, Telepresence,
Swarm, Microbots, Robotic Networks, Modular Robotics, and Body- Machine
Interfaces contribute significantly to scientific knowledge but present limited
market opportunities. However, fields like Underwater, Self-Driving, and Flying

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Machines, as well as Space and Military Robotics, show promise for future
exploration and exploitation.

Figure 7.1 Report by IFR

Exceptions include Space and Military Robotics, which, despite their richness,
maintain a significant margin for exploration and economic self-sustainability.
Promising fields for the near future include Exoskeletons, Wearable Robotics,
Healthcare, and Collaborative Robotics, attracting investments and poised for
growth. On the decline are Humanoids, Geminid’s, and Cyborgs, losing appeal in
both public perception and research interest. Environmental and Alternately
Powered Robotics emerge as innovative, attracting interest for their potential
applications powered by renewable energy sources. Another frontier is
Neurorobotics, leveraging Neuromorphic computing to emulate human brain
processes, offering large-scale computation with lower energy consumption than
traditional devices. The evolving landscape of robotics thus presents a dynamic
interplay between market demands, research pursuits, and technological
innovations.

Conclusion

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In conclusion, the exploration into the multifaceted realm of robotics and
automation has provided a comprehensive understanding of their evolution and
functionality. The report delved into the fundamental concepts, unveiling the
intricacies of software robots and their role in automating processes within IT
ecosystems. The historical journey of robotics, shaped by influences from
mythology to industrial revolutions, was unveiled, elucidating the origins and
pivotal moments leading to the birth of industrial robots. Categorizing robots into
pre-programmed, humanoid, autonomous, tele-operated, and augmenting types
highlighted the diversity and adaptability of these mechanical entities. The
distinction between robotics and artificial intelligence was clarified, emphasizing
the synergy between physical embodiment and intelligent capabilities. Examining
the current scenario showcased the practical applications of robotics, particularly
in space exploration and various industries. Looking ahead, the glimpse into the
future revealed promising prospects, suggesting continued advancements in
robotics technology with potential transformative impacts on diverse fields. The
journey through these topics not only unveiled the intricacies of robotics but also
underscored its dynamic evolution and the profound impact it continues to make
on our technological landscape.

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