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Chapter 8: Arrays and Strings

TRUE/FALSE

1. All components of an array are of the same data type.

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: 507

2. The array index can be any integer less than the array size.

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: 509

3. The statement int list[25]; declares list to be an array of 26 components, since the array
index starts at 0.

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: 509

4. Given the declaration int list[20]; the statement list[12] = list[5] + list[7];
updates the content of the twelfth component of the array list.

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: 509

5. Suppose list is a one dimensional array of size 25, wherein each component is of type int. Further,
suppose that sum is an int variable. The following for loop correctly finds the sum of the elements
of list.

sum = 0;

for (int i = 0; i < 25; i++)

sum = sum + list;

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: 512

6. If an array index goes out of bounds, the program always terminates in an error.

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: 515

7. Arrays can be passed as parameters to a function by value, but it is faster to pass them by reference.

ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: 518

8. When you pass an array as a parameter, the base address of the actual array is passed to the formal
parameter.

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: 523

9. The one place where C++ allows aggregate operations on arrays is the input and output of C-strings.

ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: 539

10. In a two-dimensional array, the elements are arranged in a table form.

 ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: 557

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Which of the following statements declares alpha to be an array of 25 components of the type int?
a. int alpha[25]; c. int alpha[2][5];
b. int array alpha[25]; d. int array alpha[25][25];
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 507-508

2. Assume you have the following declaration char nameList[100];. Which of the following
ranges is valid for the index of the array nameList?
a. 0 through 99 c. 1 through 100
b. 0 through 100 d. 1 through 101
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 509

3. Assume you have the following declaration int beta[50];. Which of the following is a valid
element of beta?
a. beta['2'] c. beta[0]
b. beta['50'] d. beta[50]
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 509

4. Assume you have the following declaration double salesData[1000];. Which of the following
ranges is valid for the index of the array salesData?
a. 0 through 999 c. 1 through 1001
b. 0 through 1000 d. 1 through 1000
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 509

5. Suppose that sales is an array of 50 components of type double. Which of the following correctly
initializes the array sales?
a. for (int 1 = 1; j <= 49; j++)
sales[j] = 0;
b. for (int j = 1; j <= 50; j++)
sales[j] = 0;
c. for (int j = 0; j <= 49; j++)
sales[j] = 0.0;
d. for (int j = 0; j <= 50; j++)
sales[j] = 0.0;
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 512

6. Suppose that list is an array of 10 components of type int. Which of the following codes correctly
outputs all the elements of list?

a. for (int j = 1; j < 10; j++)

cout << list[j] << " ";
cout << endl;

b. for (int j = 0; j <= 9; j++)

cout << list[j] << " ";
cout << endl;
 c. for (int j = 1; j < 11; j++)
cout << list[j] << " ";
cout << endl;

d. for (int j = 1; j <= 10; j++)

cout << list[j] << " ";
cout << endl;

ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 512

7. What is the output of the following C++ code?

int list[5] = {0, 5, 10, 15, 20};

int j;

for (j = 0; j < 5; j++)

cout << list[j] << " ";
cout << endl;

a. 0 1 2 3 4 c. 0 5 10 15 20
b. 0 5 10 15 d. 5 10 15 20
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 512

8. What is the value of alpha[2] after the following code executes?

int alpha[5];
int j;

for (j = 0; j < 5; j++)

alpha[j] = 2 * j + 1;

a. 1 c. 5
b. 4 d. 6
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 512

9. What is the output of the following C++ code?

int alpha[5] = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10};

int j;

for (j = 4; j >= 0; j--)

cout << alpha[j] << " ";
cout << endl;

a. 2 4 6 8 10 c. 8 6 4 2 0
b. 4 3 2 1 0 d. 10 8 6 4 2
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 512

10. What is the output of the following C++ code?

 int list[5] = {0, 5, 10, 15, 20};
int j;

for (j = 1; j <= 5; j++)

cout << list[j] << " ";
cout << endl;

a. 0 5 10 15 20 c. 5 10 15 20 20
b. 5 10 15 20 0 d. Code results in index out-of-bounds
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 515-516

11. Suppose that gamma is an array of 50 components of type int and j is an int variable. Which of the
following for loops sets the index of gamma out of bounds?
a. for (j = 0; j <= 49; j++)
cout << gamma[j] << " ";
b. for (j = 1; j < 50; j++)
cout << gamma[j] << " ";
c. for (j = 0; j <= 50; j++)
cout << gamma[j] << " ";
d. for (j = 0; j <= 48; j++)
cout << gamma[j] << " ";
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 515-516

12. Consider the following declaration: int alpha[5] = {3, 5, 7, 9, 11};. Which of the
following is equivalent to this statement?
a. int alpha[] = {3, 5, 7, 9, 11};
b. int alpha[] = {3 5 7 9 11};
c. int alpha[5] = [3, 5, 7, 9, 11];
d. int alpha[] = (3, 5, 7, 9, 11);
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 516

13. In C++, the null character is represented as ____.

a. '\0' c. '0'
b. "\0" d. "0"
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 535

14. Which of the following correctly declares name to be a character array and stores "William" in it?
a. char name[6] = "William";
b. char name[7] = "William";
c. char name[8] = "William";
d. char name[8] = 'William';
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 536

15. Consider the following declaration: char str[15];. Which of the following statements stores
"Blue Sky" into str?
a. str = "Blue Sky";
b. str[15] = "Blue Sky";
c. strcpy(str, "Blue Sky");
d. strcpy("Blue Sky");
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 537
16. Consider the following declaration:
char charArray[51];
char discard;

Assume that the input is:

Hello There!
How are you?

What is the value of discard after the following statements execute?

cin.get(charArray, 51);
cin.get(discard);

a. discard = ' ' (Space) c. discard = '\n'

b. discard = '!' d. discard = '\0'
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 540

17. Consider the following statement: double alpha[10][5];. The number of components of
alpha is ____.
a. 15 c. 100
b. 50 d. 150
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 544

18. Consider the statement int list[10][8];. Which of the following about list is true?
a. list has 10 rows and 8 columns.
b. list has 8 rows and 10 columns.
c. list has a total of 18 components.
d. list has a total of 108 components.
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 544

19. Consider the following statement: int alpha[25][10];. Which of the following statements about
alpha is true?
a. Rows of alpha are numbered 0...24 and columns are numbered 0...9.
b. Rows of alpha are numbered 0...24 and columns are numbered 1...10.
c. Rows of alpha are numbered 1...24 and columns are numbered 0...9.
d. Rows of alpha are numbered 1...25 and columns are numbered 1...10.
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 544

20. Which of the following correctly declares and initializes alpha to be an array of four rows and three
columns with the component type int?
a. int alpha[4][3] = {{0,1,2} {1,2,3} {2,3,4} {3,4,5}};
b. int alpha[4][3] = {0,1,2; 1,2,3; 2,3,4; 3,4,5};
c. int alpha[4][3] = {0,1,2: 1,2,3: 2,3,4: 3,4,5};
d. int alpha[4][3] = {{0,1,2}, {1,2,3}, {2,3,4}, {3,4,5}};
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 546

21. After the following statements execute, what are the contents of matrix?
 int matrix[3][2];
int j, k;

for (j = 0; j < 3; j++)

for (k = 0; k < 2; k++)
matrix[j][k] = j + k;

a. 0 0 c. 0 1
1 1 1 2
2 2 2 3
b. 0 1 d. 1 1
2 3 2 2
4 5 3 3
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 548-550

22. Given the following declaration:

int j;
int sum;
double sale[10][7];

which of the following correctly finds the sum of the elements of the fifth row of sale?
a. sum = 0;
for(j = 0; j < 7; j++)
sum = sum + sale[5][j];
b. sum = 0;
for(j = 0; j < 7; j++)
sum = sum + sale[4][j];
c. sum = 0;
for(j = 0; j < 10; j++)
sum = sum + sale[5][j];
d. sum = 0;
for(j = 0; j < 10; j++)
sum = sum + sale[4][j];
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 550

23. Given the following declaration:

int j;
int sum;
double sale[10][7];

which of the following correctly finds the sum of the elements of the fourth column of sale?
a. sum = 0;
for(j = 0; j < 7; j++)
sum = sum + sale[j][3];
b. sum = 0;
for(j = 0; j < 7; j++)
sum = sum + sale[j][4];
c. sum = 0;
for(j = 0; j < 10; j++)
sum = sum + sale[j][4];
d. sum = 0;
 for(j = 0; j < 10; j++)
sum = sum + sale[j][3];
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 551

24. In row order form, the ____.

a. first row is stored first c. first column is stored first
b. first row is stored last d. first column is stored last
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 552

25. A collection of a fixed number of elements (called components) arranged in n dimensions (n>=1) is
called a(n) ____.
a. matrix c. n-dimensional array
b. vector d. parallel array
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 557

COMPLETION

1. A data type is called ____________________ if variables of that type can store only one value at a
time.

ANS: simple

PTS: 1 REF: 506

2. In a(n) ____________________ data type, each data item is a collection of other data items.

ANS: structured

PTS: 1 REF: 506

3. Complete the following statement so that it outputs the array sales.

double sales[10];
int index;

for (index = 0; index < 10; index++)

cout << ____________________ << " ";

ANS: sales[index]

PTS: 1 REF: 512

4. The word ____________________ is used before the array declaration in a function heading to
prevent the function from modifying the array.

ANS: const

PTS: 1 REF: 519

5. The ____________________ of an array is the address (that is, the memory location) of the first array
component.
 ANS: base address

PTS: 1 REF: 521

6. The ____________________ sort algorithm finds the location of the smallest element in the unsorted
portion of the list and moves it to the top of the unsorted portion of the list.

ANS: selection

PTS: 1 REF: 530-531

7. For a list of length n, the ____________________ sort makes exactly (n(n - 1))/2 key
comparisons and 3(n-1) item assignments.

ANS: selection

PTS: 1 REF: 535

8. The declaration char str[] = "Hello there"; declares str to be a string of

____________________ characters.

ANS:
12
twelve

PTS: 1 REF: 535-536

9. The function ____________________ returns the length of the string s, excluding the null character.

ANS: strlen(s)

PTS: 1 REF: 537

10. The statement strlen("Marylin Stewart"); returns ____________________.

ANS: 15

PTS: 1 REF: 537-538

11. The following statements store the value ____________________ into len.

int len;
len = strlen("Sunny California");

ANS: 16

PTS: 1 REF: 537-538

12. The header file string contains the function ____________________,which converts a value of type
string to a null-terminated character array.

ANS: c_str
 PTS: 1 REF: 541

13. Two (or more) arrays are called ____________________ if their corresponding components hold
related information.

ANS: parallel

PTS: 1 REF: 542

14. The following statement creates alpha to be a two-dimensional array with

____________________ rows.

int alpha[10][25];

ANS:
10
ten

PTS: 1 REF: 544

15. In the following declaration, the array gamma has ____________________ components.

int gamma[5][6][10];

ANS:
300
three hundred

PTS: 1 REF: 558

Other documents randomly have
different content
The Project Gutenberg eBook of A Thousand-
Mile Walk to the Gulf
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States
and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the
United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where
you are located before using this eBook.

Title: A Thousand-Mile Walk to the Gulf

Author: John Muir

Editor: William Frederic Badè

Release date: November 20, 2019 [eBook #60749]

Most recently updated: October 17, 2024

Language: English

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A THOUSAND-

MILE WALK TO THE GULF ***
A T h o u s a n d - M i l e Wa l k t o
the Gulf
by John Muir

John Muir about 1870

 Contents

Introduction
Chapter I. Kentucky Forests and Caves
Chapter II. Crossing the Cumberland Mountains
Chapter III. Through the River Country of Georgia
Chapter IV. Camping among the Tombs
Chapter V. Through Florida Swamps and Forests
Chapter VI. Cedar Keys
Chapter VII. A Sojourn in Cuba
Chapter VIII. By a Crooked Route to California
Chapter IX. Twenty Hill Hollow
 Illustrations

John Muir about 1870

From a photograph by Bradley & Rulofson, San Francisco, Cal.

Map showing Route of Walk to the Gulf

Lime Key, Florida

From Mr. Muir’s sketch in the original journal

Twenty Hill Hollow, Merced County, California

From a sketch by Mr. Muir
 Introduction

“John Muir, Earth-planet, Universe.”—These words are written on

the inside cover of the notebook from which the contents of this
volume have been taken. They reflect the mood in which the late
author and explorer undertook his thousand-mile walk to the Gulf of
Mexico a half-century ago. No less does this refreshingly
cosmopolitan address, which might have startled any finder of the
book, reveal the temper and the comprehensiveness of Mr. Muir’s
mind. He never was and never could be a parochial student of
nature. Even at the early age of twenty-nine his eager interest in
every aspect of the natural world had made him a citizen of the
universe.
While this was by far the longest botanical excursion which Mr.
Muir made in his earlier years, it was by no means the only one. He
had botanized around the Great Lakes, in Ontario, and through parts
of Wisconsin, Indiana, and Illinois. On these expeditions he had
disciplined himself to endure hardship, for his notebooks disclose the
fact that he often went hungry and slept in the woods, or on the
open prairies, with no cover except the clothes he wore.
“Oftentimes,” he writes in some unpublished biographical notes, “I
had to sleep out without blankets, and also without supper or
breakfast. But usually I had no great difficulty in finding a loaf of
bread in the widely scattered clearings of the farmers. With one of
these big backwoods loaves I was able to wander many a long, wild
mile, free as the winds in the glorious forests and bogs, gathering
plants and feeding on God’s abounding, inexhaustible spiritual
beauty bread. Only once in my long Canada wanderings was the
deep peace of the wilderness savagely broken. It happened in the
maple woods about midnight, when I was cold and my fire was low.
I was awakened by the awfully dismal howling of the wolves, and
got up in haste to replenish the fire.”
It was not, therefore, a new species of adventure upon which Mr.
Muir embarked when he started on his Southern foot-tour. It was
only a new response to the lure of those favorite studies which he
had already pursued over uncounted miles of virgin Western forests
and prairies. Indeed, had it not been for the accidental injury to his
right eye in the month of March, 1867, he probably would have
started somewhat earlier than he did. In a letter written to
Indianapolis friends on the day after the accident, he refers
mournfully to the interruption of a long-cherished plan. “For weeks,”
he writes, “I have daily consulted maps in locating a route through
the Southern States, the West Indies, South America, and Europe—a
botanical journey studied for years. And so my mind has long been
in a glow with visions of the glories of a tropical flora; but, alas, I am
half blind. My right eye, trained to minute analysis, is lost and I have
scarce heart to open the other. Had this journey been accomplished,
the stock of varied beauty acquired would have made me willing to
shrink into any corner of the world, however obscure and however
remote.”
The injury to his eye proved to be less serious than he had at first
supposed. In June he was writing to a friend: “I have been reading
and botanizing for some weeks, and find that for such work I am not
very much disabled. I leave this city [Indianapolis] for home to-
morrow, accompanied by Merrill Moores, a little friend of mine. We
will go to Decatur, Illinois, thence northward through the wide
prairies, botanizing a few weeks by the way. . . . I hope to go South
towards the end of the summer, and as this will be a journey that I
know very little about, I hope to profit by your counsel before setting
out.”
In an account written after the excursion he says: “I was eager to
see Illinois prairies on my way home, so we went to Decatur, near
the center of the State, thence north [to Portage] by Rockford and
Janesville. I botanized one week on the prairie about seven miles
southwest of Pecatonica. . . . To me all plants are more precious
than before. My poor eye is not better, nor worse. A cloud is over it,
but in gazing over the widest landscapes, I am not always sensible
of its presence.”
By the end of August Mr. Muir was back again in Indianapolis. He
had found it convenient to spend a “botanical week” among his
University friends in Madison. So keen was his interest in plants at
this time that an interval of five hours spent in Chicago was promptly
turned to account in a search for them. “I did not find many plants
in her tumultuous streets,” he complains; “only a few grassy plants
of wheat, and two or three species of weeds,—amaranth, purslane,
carpet-weed, etc.,—the weeds, I suppose, for man to walk upon, the
wheat to feed him I saw some green algæ, but no mosses. Some of
the latter I expected to see on wet walls, and in seams on the
pavements. But I suppose that the manufacturers’ smoke and the
terrible noise are too great for the hardiest of them. I wish I knew
where I was going. Doomed to be ‘carried of the spirit into the
wilderness,’ I suppose. I wish I could be more moderate in my
desires, but I cannot, and so there is no rest.”
The letter noted above was written only two days before he
started on his long walk to Florida. If the concluding sentences still
reflect indecision, they also convey a hint of the overmastering
impulse under which he was acting. The opening sentences of his
journal, afterwards crossed out, witness to this sense of inward
compulsion which he felt. “Few bodies,” he wrote, “are inhabited by
so satisfied a soul that they are allowed exemption from
extraordinary exertion through a whole life.” After reciting
illustrations of nature’s periodicity, of the ebbs and flows of tides,
and the pulsation of other forces, visible and invisible, he observes
that “so also there are tides not only in the affairs of men, but in the
primal thing of life itself. In some persons the impulse, being slight,
is easily obeyed or overcome. But in others it is constant and
cumulative in action until its power is sufficient to overmaster all
impediments, and to accomplish the full measure of its demands. For
many a year I have been impelled toward the Lord’s tropic gardens
of the South. Many influences have tended to blunt or bury this
constant longing, but it has out-lived and overpowered them all.”
Muir’s love of nature was so largely a part of his religion that he
naturally chose Biblical phraseology when he sought a vehicle for his
feelings. No prophet of old could have taken his call more seriously,
or have entered upon his mission more fervently. During the long
days of his confinement in a dark room he had opportunity for much
reflection. He concluded that life was too brief and uncertain, and
time too precious, to waste upon belts and saws; that while he was
pottering in a wagon factory, God was making a world; and he
determined that, if his eyesight was spared, he would devote the
remainder of his life to a study of the process. Thus the previous
bent of his habits and studies, and the sobering thoughts induced by
one of the bitterest experiences of his life, combined to send him on
the long journey recorded in these pages.
Some autobiographical notes found among his papers furnish
interesting additional details about the period between his release
from the dark room and his departure for the South. “As soon as I
got out into heaven’s light,” he says, “I started on another long
excursion, making haste with all my heart to store my mind with the
Lord’s beauty, and thus be ready for any fate, light or dark. And it
was from this time that my long, continuous wanderings may be said
to have fairly commenced. I bade adieu to mechanical inventions,
determined to devote the rest of my life to the study of the
inventions of God. I first went home to Wisconsin, botanizing by the
way, to take leave of my father and mother, brothers and sisters, all
of whom were still living near Portage. I also visited the neighbors I
had known as a boy, renewed my acquaintance with them after an
absence of several years, and bade each a formal good-bye. When
they asked where I was going I said, ‘Oh! I don’t know—just
anywhere in the wilderness, southward. I have already had glorious
glimpses of the Wisconsin, Iowa, Michigan, Indiana, and Canada
wildernesses; now I propose to go South and see something of the
vegetation of the warm end of the country, and if possible to wander
far enough into South America to see tropical vegetation in all its
palmy glory.’
“The neighbors wished me well, advised me to be careful of my
health, and reminded me that the swamps in the South were full of
malaria. I stopped overnight at the home of an old Scotch lady who
had long been my friend and was now particularly motherly in good
wishes and advice. I told her that as I was sauntering along the
road, just as the sun was going down, I heard a darling speckled-
breast sparrow singing, ‘The day’s done, the day’s done.’ ‘Wheel,
John, my dear laddie,’ she replied, ‘your day will never be done.
There is no end to the kind of studies you like so well, but there’s an
end to mortals’ strength of body and mind, to all that mortals can
accomplish. You are sure to go on and on, but I want you to
remember the fate of Hugh Miller.’ She was one of the finest
examples I ever knew of a kind, generous, great-hearted
Scotchwoman.”
The formal leave-taking from family and neighbors indicates his
belief that he was parting from home and friends for a long time. On
Sunday, the 1st of September, 1867, Mr. Muir said good-bye also to
his Indianapolis friends, and went by rail to Jeffersonville, where he
spent the night. The next morning he crossed the river, walked
through Louisville, and struck southward through the State of
Kentucky. A letter written a week later “among the hills of Bear
Creek, seven miles southeast of Burkesville, Kentucky,” shows that
he had covered about twenty-five miles a day. “I walked from
Louisville,” he says, “a distance of one hundred and seventy miles,
and my feet are sore. But, oh! I am paid for all my toil a thousand
times over. I am in the woods on a hilltop with my back against a
moss-clad log. I wish you could see my last evenings bed-room. The
sun has been among the tree-tops for more than an hour; the dew
is nearly all taken back, and the shade in these hill basins is creeping
away into the unbroken strongholds of the grand old forests.
“I have enjoyed the trees and scenery of Kentucky exceedingly.
How shall I ever tell of the miles and miles of beauty that have been
flowing into me in such measure? These lofty curving ranks of
lobing, swelling hills, these concealed valleys of fathomless verdure,
and these lordly trees with the nursing sunlight glancing in their
leaves upon the outlines of the magnificent masses of shade
embosomed among their wide branches—these are cut into my
memory to go with me forever.
“I was a few miles south of Louisville when I planned my journey.
I spread out my map under a tree and made up my mind to go
through Kentucky, Tennessee, and Georgia to Florida, thence to
Cuba, thence to some part of South America; but it will be only a
hasty walk. I am thankful, however, for so much. My route will be
through Kingston and Madisonville, Tennessee, and through
Blairsville and Gainesville, Georgia. Please write me at Gainesville. I
am terribly letter-hungry. I hardly dare to think of home and friends.”
In editing the journal I have endeavored, by use of all the
available evidence, to trail Mr. Muir as closely as possible on maps of
the sixties as well as on the most recent state and topographical
maps. The one used by him has not been found, and probably is no
longer in existence. Only about twenty-two towns and cities are
mentioned in his journal. This constitutes a very small number when
one considers the distance he covered. Evidently he was so
absorbed in the plant life of the region traversed that he paid no
heed to towns, and perhaps avoided them wherever possible.
The sickness which overtook him in Florida was probably of a
malarial kind, although he describes it under different names. It was,
no doubt, a misfortune in itself, and a severe test for his vigorous
constitution. But it was also a blessing in disguise, inasmuch as it
prevented him from carrying out his foolhardy plan of penetrating
the tropical jungles of South America along the Andes to a tributary
of the Amazon, and then floating down the river on a raft to the
Atlantic. As readers of the journal will perceive, he clung to this
intention even during his convalescence at Cedar Keys and in Cuba.
In a letter dated the 8th of November he describes himself as “just
creeping about getting plants and strength after my fever.” Then he
asks his correspondent to direct letters to New Orleans, Louisiana. “I
shall have to go there,” he writes, “for a boat to South America. I do
not yet know to which point in South America I had better go.” His
hope to find there a boat for South America explains an otherwise
mystifying letter in which he requested his brother David to send
him a certain sum of money by American Express order to New
Orleans. As a matter of fact he did not go into Louisiana at all, either
because he learned that no south-bound ship was available at the
mouth of the Mississippi, or because the unexpected appearance of
the Island Belle in the harbor of Cedar Keys caused him to change
his plans.
In later years Mr. Muir himself strongly disparaged the wisdom of
his plans with respect to South America, as may be seen in the
chapter that deals with his Cuban sojourn. The judgment there
expressed was lead-penciled into his journal during a reading of it
long afterwards. Nevertheless the Andes and the South American
forests continued to fascinate his imagination, as his letters show,
for many years after he came to California. When the long deferred
journey to South America was finally made in 1911, forty-four years
after the first attempt, he whimsically spoke of it as the fulfillment of
those youthful dreams that moved him to undertake his thousand-
mile walk to the Gulf.
Mr. Muir always recalled with gratitude the Florida friends who
nursed him through his long and serious illness. In 1898, while
traveling through the South on a forest-inspection tour with his
friend Charles Sprague Sargent, he took occasion to revisit the
scenes of his early adventures. It may be of interest to quote some
sentences from letters written at that time to his wife and to his
sister Sarah. “I have been down the east side of the Florida
peninsula along the Indian River,” he writes, “through the palm and
pine forests to Miami, and thence to Key West and the southmost
keys stretching out towards Cuba. Returning, I crossed over to the
west coast by Palatka to Cedar Keys, on my old track made thirty-
one years ago, in search of the Hodgsons who nursed me through
my long attack of fever. Mr. Hodgson died long ago, also the eldest
son, with whom I used to go boating among the keys while slowly
convalescing.”
 He then tells how he found Mrs. Hodgson and the rest of the
family at Archer. They had long thought him dead and were naturally
very much surprised to see him. Mrs. Hodgson was in her garden
and he recognized her, though the years had altered her
appearance. Let us give his own account of the meeting: “I asked
her if she knew me. ‘No, I don’t,’ she said; ‘tell me your name.’ ‘Muir,’
I replied. ‘John Muir? My California John Muir?’ she almost screamed.
I said, ‘Yes, John Muir; and you know I promised to return and visit
you in about twenty-five years, and though I am a little late—six or
seven years—I’ve done the best I could.’ The eldest boy and girl
remembered the stories I told them, and when they read about the
Muir Glacier they felt sure it must have been named for me. I
stopped at Archer about four hours, and the way we talked over old
times you may imagine.” From Savannah, on the same trip, he
wrote: “Here is where I spent a hungry, weary, yet happy week
camping in Bonaventure graveyard thirty-one years ago. Many
changes, I am told, have been made in its graves and avenues of
late, and how many in my life!”
In perusing this journal the reader will miss the literary finish
which Mr. Muir was accustomed to give to his later writings. This fact
calls for no excuse. Not only are we dealing here with the earliest
product of his pen, but with impressions and observations written
down hastily during pauses in his long march. He apparently
intended to use this raw material at some time for another book. If
the record, as it stands, lacks finish and adornment, it also
possesses the immediacy and the freshness of first impressions.
The sources which I have used in preparing this volume are
threefold: (1) the original journal, of which the first half contained
many interlinear revisions and expansions, and a considerable
number of rough pencil sketches of plants, trees, scenery, and
notable adventures; (2) a wide-spaced, typewritten, rough copy of
the journal, apparently in large part dictated to a stenographer; it is
only slightly revised, and comparison with the original journal shows
many significant omissions and additions: (3) two separate
elaborations of his experiences in Savannah when he camped there
for a week in the Bonaventure graveyard. Throughout my work upon
the primary and secondary materials I was impressed with the
scrupulous fidelity with which he adhered to the facts and
impressions set down in the original journal.
Readers of Muir’s writings need scarcely be told that this book,
autobiographically, bridges the period between The Story of my
Boyhood and Youth and My First Summer in the Sierra. However,
one span of the bridge was lacking, for the journal ends with Mr.
Muir’s arrival in San Francisco about the first of April, 1868, while his
first summer in the Sierra was that of 1869. By excerpting from a
letter a summary account of his first visit to Yosemite, and including
a description of Twenty Hill Hollow, where he spent a large part of
his first year in California, the connection is made complete. The last
chapter was first published as an article in the Overland Monthly of
July, 1872. A revised copy of the printed article, found among Muir’s
literary effects, has been made the basis of the chapter on Twenty
Hill Hollow as it appears in this volume.

WILLIAM FREDERIC BADÈ

 Chapter I.
Kentucky Forests and Caves
I had long been looking from the wildwoods and gardens of the
Northern States to those of the warm South, and at last, all draw-
backs overcome, I set forth [from Indianapolis] on the first day of
September, 1867, joyful and free, on a thousand-mile walk to the
Gulf of Mexico. [The trip to Jeffersonville, on the banks of the Ohio,
was made by rail.] Crossing the Ohio at Louisville [September 2], I
steered through the big city by compass without speaking a word to
any one. Beyond the city I found a road running southward, and
after passing a scatterment of suburban cabins and cottages I
reached the green woods and spread out my pocket map to rough-
hew a plan for my journey.
My plan was simply to push on in a general southward direction by
the wildest, leafiest, and least trodden way I could find, promising
the greatest extent of virgin forest. Folding my map, I shouldered
my little bag and plant press and strode away among the old
Kentucky oaks, rejoicing in splendid visions of pines and palms and
tropic flowers in glorious array, not, however, without a few cold
shadows of loneliness, although the great oaks seemed to spread
their arms in welcome.
I have seen oaks of many species in many kinds of exposure and
soil, but those of Kentucky excel in grandeur all I had ever before
beheld. They are broad and dense and bright green. In the leafy
bowers and caves of their long branches dwell magnificent avenues
of shade, and every tree seems to be blessed with a double portion
of strong exulting life. Walked twenty miles, mostly on river bottom,
and found shelter in a rickety tavern.
September 3. Escaped from the dust and squalor of my garret
bedroom to the glorious forest. All the streams that I tasted
hereabouts are salty and so are the wells. Salt River was nearly dry.
Much of my way this forenoon was over naked limestone. After
passing the level ground that extended twenty-five or thirty miles
from the river I came to a region of rolling hills called Kentucky
Knobs—hills of denudation covered with trees to the top. Some of
them have a few pines. For a few hours I followed the farmers’
paths, but soon wandered away from roads and encountered many a
tribe of twisted vines difficult to pass.
Emerging about noon from a grove of giant sunflowers, I found
myself on the brink of a tumbling rocky stream [Rolling Fork]. I did
not expect to find bridges on my wild ways, and at once started to
ford, when a negro woman on the opposite bank earnestly called on
me to wait until she could tell the “men folks” to bring me a horse—
that the river was too deep and rapid to wade and that I would
“sartain be drowned” if I attempted to cross. I replied that my bag
and plants would ballast me; that the water did not appear to be
deep, and that if I were carried away, I was a good swimmer and
would soon dry in the sunshine. But the cautious old soul replied
that no one ever waded that river and set off for a horse, saying that
it was no trouble at all.
In a few minutes the ferry horse came gingerly down the bank
through vines and weeds. His long stilt legs proved him a natural
wader. He was white and the little sable negro boy that rode him
looked like a bug on his back. After many a tottering halt the
outward voyage was safely made, and I mounted behind little Nig.
He was a queer specimen, puffy and jet as an India rubber doll and
his hair was matted in sections like the wool of a merino sheep. The
old horse, overladen with his black and white burden, rocked and
stumbled on his stilt legs with fair promises of a fall. But all ducking
signs failed and we arrived in safety among the weeds and vines of
the rugged bank. A salt bath would have done us no harm. I could
swim and little Afric looked as if he might float like a bladder.
I called at the homestead where my ferryman informed me I
would find “tollable” water. But, like all the water of this section that
I have tasted, it was intolerable with salt. Everything about this old
Kentucky home bespoke plenty, unpolished and unmeasured. The
house was built in true Southern style, airy, large, and with a
transverse central hall that looks like a railway tunnel, and heavy
rough outside chimneys. The negro quarters and other buildings are
enough in number for a village, altogether an interesting
representative of a genuine old Kentucky home, embosomed in
orchards, corn fields and green wooded hills.
Passed gangs of woodmen engaged and hewing the grand oaks
for market. Fruit very abundant. Magnificent flowing hill scenery all
afternoon. Walked southeast from Elizabethtown till wearied and lay
down in the bushes by guess.
September 4. The sun was gilding the hill-tops when I was
awakened by the alarm notes of birds whose dwelling in a hazel
thicket I had disturbed. They flitted excitedly close to my head, as if
scolding or asking angry questions, while several beautiful plants,
strangers to me, were looking me full in the face. The first botanical
discovery in bed! This was one of the most delightful camp grounds,
though groped for in the dark, and I lingered about it enjoying its
trees and soft lights and music.
Walked ten miles of forest. Met a strange oak with willow-looking
leaves. Entered a sandy stretch of black oak called “Barrens,” many
of which were sixty or seventy feet in height, and are said to have
grown since the fires were kept off, forty years ago. The farmers
hereabouts are tall, stout, happy fellows, fond of guns and horses.
Enjoyed friendly chats with them. Arrived at dark in a village that
seemed to be drawing its last breath. Was guided to the “tavern” by
a negro who was extremely accommodating. “No trouble at all,” he
said.
 September 5. No bird or flower or friendly tree above me this
morning; only squalid garret rubbish and dust. Escaped to the
woods. Came to the region of caves. At the mouth of the first I
discovered, I was surprised to find ferns which belonged to the
coolest nooks of Wisconsin and northward, but soon observed that
each cave rim has a zone of climate peculiar to itself, and it is always
cool. This cave had an opening about ten feet in diameter, and
twenty-five feet perpendicular depth. A strong cold wind issued from
it and I could hear the sounds of running water. A long pole was set
against its walls as if intended for a ladder, but in some places it was
slippery and smooth as a mast and would test the climbing powers
of a monkey. The walls and rim of this natural reservoir were finely
carved and flowered. Bushes leaned over it with shading leaves, and
beautiful ferns and mosses were in rows and sheets on its slopes
and shelves. Lingered here a long happy while, pressing specimens
and printing this beauty into memory.
Arrived about noon at Munfordville; was soon discovered and
examined by Mr. Munford himself, a pioneer and father of the village.
He is a surveyor—has held all country offices, and every seeker of
roads and lands applies to him for information. He regards all the
villagers as his children, and all strangers who enter Munfordville as
his own visitors. Of course he inquired my business, destination, et
cetera, and invited me to his house.
After refreshing me with “parrs” he complacently covered the table
with bits of rocks, plants, et cetera, things new and old which he had
gathered in his surveying walks and supposed to be full of scientific
interest. He informed me that all scientific men applied to him for
information, and as I was a botanist, he either possessed, or ought
to possess, the knowledge I was seeking, and so I received long
lessons concerning roots and herbs for every mortal ill. Thanking my
benefactor for his kindness, I escaped to the fields and followed a
railroad along the base of a grand hill ridge. As evening came on all
the dwellings I found seemed to repel me, and I could not muster
courage enough to ask entertainment at any of them. Took refuge in
a log schoolhouse that stood on a hillside beneath stately oaks and
slept on the softest looking of the benches.
September 6. Started at the earliest bird song in hopes of seeing
the great Mammoth Cave before evening. Overtook an old negro
driving an ox team. Rode with him a few miles and had some
interesting chat concerning war, wild fruits of the woods, et cetera.
“Right heah,” said he, “is where the Rebs was a-tearin’ up the track,
and they all a sudden thought they seed the Yankees a-comin’, obah
dem big hills dar, and Lo’d, how dey run.” I asked him if he would
like a renewal of these sad war times, when his flexible face
suddenly calmed, and he said with intense earnestness, “Oh, Lo’d,
want no mo wa, Lo’d no.” Many of these Kentucky negroes are
shrewd and intelligent, and when warmed upon a subject that
interests them, are eloquent in no mean degree.
Arrived at Horse Cave, about ten miles from the great cave. The
entrance is by a long easy slope of several hundred yards. It seems
like a noble gateway to the birthplace of springs and fountains and
the dark treasuries of the mineral kingdom. This cave is in a village
[of the same name] which it supplies with an abundance of cold
water, and cold air that issues from its fern-clad lips. In hot weather
crowds of people sit about it in the shade of the trees that guard it.
This magnificent fan is capable of cooling everybody in the town at
once.
Those who live near lofty mountains may climb to cool weather in
a day or two, but the overheated Kentuckians can find a patch of
cool climate in almost every glen in the State. The villager who
accompanied me said that Horse Cave had never been fully
explored, but that it was several miles in length at least. He told me
that he had never been at Mammoth Cave—that it was not worth
going ten miles to see, as it was nothing but a hole in the ground,
and I found that his was no rare case. He was one of the useful,
practical men—too wise to waste precious time with weeds, caves,
fossils, or anything else that he could not eat.
Arrived at the great Mammoth Cave. I was surprised to find it in
so complete naturalness. A large hotel with fine walks and gardens is
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