0% found this document useful (0 votes)

1 views386 pages

Python Unit-I Merged

The document outlines the course objectives and outcomes for a Python Programming class at Siddhartha Institute of Science and Technology. It covers Python's history, features, data types, and applications, as well as programming concepts such as variables, control structures, and object-oriented programming. Additionally, it discusses the importance of indentation and provides examples of using the Python input function and running scripts.

Uploaded by

kalimullafake32

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

0% found this document useful (0 votes)

1 views386 pages

Python Unit-I Merged

Uploaded by

kalimullafake32

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

You are on page 1/ 386

SIDDARTHA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND

TECHNOLOGY: PUTTUR
(AUTONOMOUS)
II B.Tech. – I Sem.

(20CS0511) PYTHON PROGRAMMING

• A keyboard shotcut can be used to exit the shell

too: Ctrl-D.
Running Python Scripts
Python interpreter is responsible for executing the
Python scripts.
Various ways to run Python scripts.
The operating system command-line or terminal.
The Python interactive mode.
The IDE or Text editor
The file manager of system.
• Using the Python command line
• Open the command line to run a Python script.
We need to type the python, followed by the file
name to execute the file. Now, hit the enter key,
and if there is no the error in file, we will see the
output as follows.
• The IDE or Text Editor
• The IDE stands for Integrated Development
Environment. There are various IDEs but Pycharm
is Python's most popular and useful text editor
among them. It is recommended for developing
large and more complex applications. Here are
using the Pycharm to run python script.
• Create a new project and then create a new
Python file using the .py extension.
Variables
Variable is a name that is used to refer to memory
location. Python variable is also known as an
identifier and used to hold value.
In Python, we don't need to specify the type of
variable
Variable names can be a group of both the letters
and digits, but they have to begin with a letter or
an underscore.
Variables are the example of identifiers. An
Identifier is used to identify the literals used in
the program. The rules to name an identifier are
given below.
The first character of the variable must be an
alphabet or underscore ( _ ).
All the characters except the first character may be
an alphabet of lower-case(a-z), upper-case (A-Z),
underscore, or digit (0-9).
Identifier name must not contain any white-space,
or special character (!, @, #, %, ^, &, *).

Identifier name must not be similar to any

keyword defined in the language.

Identifier names are case sensitive; for example,

my name, and MyName is not the same.

Examples of valid identifiers: a123, _n, n_9, etc.

Examples of invalid identifiers: 1a, n%4, n 9, etc.
• Declaring Variable and Assigning Values
• Python allows us to create a variable at the
required time.
• When we assign any value to the variable, that
variable is declared automatically.
• The equal (=) operator is used to assign value to a
variable.
• Ex: a = 50

• In the above image, the variable a refers to an

integer object.
• Suppose we assign values as follows
• a = 50
• b=a

• a = 50
• b =100
Object Identity
In Python, every created object identifies uniquely in Python.
The built-in id() function, is used to identify the object identifier.
Ex:
a = 50
b=a
print(id(a))
print(id(b))
# Reassigned variable a
a = 500
print(id(a))
Output:
140734982691168
140734982691168
2822056960944
Multiple Assignments
1. Assigning multiple values to multiple variables
We can assign the more than one variable
simultaneously on the same line. For example -
a, b = 5, 4
print(a,b)
Output:
54
Values are printed in the given order.
2. Assign a single value to the multiple variables
We can assign the single value to the multiple
variables on the same line. Consider the
following example.
Example
a=b=c="JavaTpoint"
print(a)
print(b)
print(c)
Output:
JavaTpoint JavaTpoint JavaTpoint
Python Keywords
• Python Keywords are special reserved words that
convey a special meaning to the
compiler/interpreter.
• Each keyword has a special meaning and a
specific operation. These keywords can't be used
as a variable. Following is the List of Python
Keywords.
• True False None and as asset
def class continue break else finally
elif del except global for if
from import raise try or return
pass nonlocal in not is lambda
• True - It represents the Boolean true, if the
given condition is true, then it returns "True".
Non-zero values are treated as true.
• False - It represents the Boolean false; if the
given condition is false, then it returns "False".
Zero value is treated as false
• None - It denotes the null value or void. An
empty list or Zero can't be treated as None.
• and - It is a logical operator. It is used to check
the multiple conditions. It returns true if both
conditions are true. Consider the following
truth table.
assert - This keyword is used as the debugging tool in Python.
It checks the correctness of the code. It raises an
AssertionError if found any error in the code and also prints
the message with an error.
Example:
a = 10
b=0
print('a is dividing by Zero')
assert b != 0
print(a / b)
Output:
a is dividing by Zero Runtime Exception: Traceback (most
recent call last): File
"/home/40545678b342ce3b70beb1224bed345f.py", line 4,
in assert b != 0, "Divide by 0 error" AssertionError: Divide
by 0 error
Python input() Function
Python input() function is used to get input from the
user. It prompts for the user input and reads a line.
After reading data, it converts it into a string and
returns that. It throws an error EOFError if EOF is
read.
Signature
input ([prompt])
Parameters
prompt: It is a string message which prompts for the
user input.
Return
It returns user input after converting into a string.
Python input() Function Example 1
Here, we are using this function get user input and
display to the user as well.
# Python input() function example
# Calling function
val = input("Enter a value: ")
# Displaying result
print("You entered:",val)
Output:
Enter a value: 45 You entered: 45
Python input() Function Example 2
The input() method returns string value. So, if we
want to perform arithmetic operations, we need to
cast the value first. See the example below.
# Python input() function example
# Calling function
val = input("Enter an integer: ")
# Displaying result
val = int(val) # casting into string
sqr = (val*val) # getting square
print("Square of the value:",sqr)
Output:
Enter an integer: 12 Square of the value: 144
Indentation in Python Programming Language
• Indentation refers to implementing proper spaces
and tabs at starting any statement, method and
block of code in the python programming
language.
• Due to these indentations, we can easily identify
the beginning point and at the endpoint of any
conditional loop, functions, if-else statements and
so on.
• The role of all whitespaces matters; if a block of
code is starting by applying a white space, it must
end on the same indent.
• All statements must have the same number of
whitespaces or tabs so that the distance to the
left of the screen belongs to the same block of
code. If a block has to be more deeply nested, it
is indented further to the right.
• Advantages of Indentation in Python
• Indentation is used in python to represent a
certain block of code, but in other programming
languages, they refer to various brackets. Due to
indentation, the code looks more efficient and
beautifully structured.
• Indentation rules used in a python programming
language are very simple; even a programmer
wants their code to be readable.
• Also, indentation increases the efficiency and
readability of the code by structuring it
beautifully.
• Disadvantages of Indentation in Python
• Due to the uses of whitespaces in indentation,
sometimes it is a very tough task to fix the
indentation error when there are many lines of
code.
• The various popular programming languages like
C, C++, Java use braces for indentation, so
anybody coming from the other side of the
developed world finds it hard to adjust to the
idea of using whitespaces for the indentation
# Python program to find the maximum out of two numbers:
def max(x,y): # max function will return the maximum am
ong the two numbers
if(x>y):
return x
else:
return y
a = int(input("Enter a number: "))
b = int(input("Enter another number: "))
print("Finding the Maximum out of a:", a ,"and b:", b)
c=max(a,b) # calling the max function
print(c,"is maximum") # printing the result
The output of the above program:
IndentationError: expected an indented block
• Data Types:
1.Single-Value data types - int, float, Complex and
Boolean
2. Multi-Valued Data - Lists, Tuples, Sets,
Dictionaries
Standard data types
• A variable can hold different types of values. For
example, a person's name must be stored as a
string whereas its id must be stored as an integer.
Numbers , Sequence Type, Boolean, Set,Dictionary
Python has the following data types built-in by
default, in these categories:
Text Type : str
Numeric Types : int, float, complex
Sequence Types : list, tuple, range
Mapping Type : dict
Set Types : set, frozenset
Boolean Type : bool
Binary Types : bytes, bytearray,
memoryview
None Type : NoneType
• Integer data type:
• a=5
• The variable a holds integer value five. Python
interpreter will automatically interpret variables a as
an integer type.
a=10
b="Hi Python"
c = 10.5
print(type(a))
print(type(b))
print(type(c))
Output:
<type 'int'> <type 'str'> <type 'float'>
• Numbers
• Number stores numeric values. The integer, float,
and complex values belong to a Python Numbers
data-type. Python provides the type() function to
know the data-type of the variable.
• Similarly, the isinstance() function is used to
check an object belongs to a particular class.
• Python creates Number objects when a number
is assigned to a variable.
• For example;
• a=5
• print("The type of a", type(a))
•
• b = 40.5
• print("The type of b", type(b))
•
• c = 1+3j
• print("The type of c", type(c))
• print(" c is a complex number", isinstance(1+3j,complex))
• Output:
• The type of a <class 'int'> The type of b <class 'float'> The
type of c <class 'complex'> c is complex number: True
• Int - Integer value can be any length such as
integers 10, 2, 29, -20, -150 etc. Python has no
restriction on the length of an integer. Its value
belongs to int
• Float - Float is used to store floating-point
numbers like 1.9, 9.902, 15.2, etc. It is accurate
upto 15 decimal points.
• complex - A complex number contains an
ordered pair, i.e., x + iy where x and y denote the
real and imaginary parts, respectively. The
complex numbers like 2.14j, 2.0 + 2.3j, etc.
In Python, the data type is set when you assign a
value to a variable:
Example Data Type
x = "Hello World" str
x = 20 int
x = 20.5 float
x = 1j complex
x = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"] list
x = ("apple", "banana", "cherry") tuple
x = range(6) range
x = {"name" : "John", "age" : 36} dict
x = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"} set
x = frozenset({"apple", "banana", "cherry"})
frozenset
x = True bool
x = b"Hello" bytes
x = bytearray(5) bytearray
x = memoryview(bytes(5)) memoryview
x = None NoneType
• Python Lists
• mylist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
• List
• Lists are used to store multiple items in a single
variable.
• Lists are one of 4 built-in data types in Python
used to store collections of data, the other 3 are
Tuple, Set, and Dictionary, all with different
qualities and usage.
• Lists are created using square brackets:
• Example
• Create a List:
• thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
print(thislist)
• List Items
• List items are ordered, changeable, and allow
duplicate values.
• List items are indexed, the first item has index [0],
the second item has index [1] etc.
• Ordered
• When we say that lists are ordered, it means that
the items have a defined order, and that order will
not change.
• If you add new items to a list, the new items will be
placed at the end of the list.
• Note: There are some list methods that will change
the order, but in general: the order of the items will
not change.
• Changeable
• The list is changeable, meaning that we can
change, add, and remove items in a list after it
has been created.
• Allow Duplicates
• Since lists are indexed, lists can have items with
the same value:
• Example
• Lists allow duplicate values:
• thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry", "apple",
"cherry"]
print(thislist)
List Length
To determine how many items a list has, use the
len() function:
Example
Print the number of items in the list:
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
print(len(thislist))
O/P 3
Python Tuples
mytuple = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")
Tuple
Tuples are used to store multiple items in a single
variable.
Tuple is one of 4 built-in data types in Python
used to store collections of data, the other 3
are List, Set, and Dictionary, all with different
qualities and usage.
A tuple is a collection which is ordered and
unchangeable.
Tuples are written with round brackets.
Example
thistuple = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")
print(thistuple)
o/p ('apple', 'banana', 'cherry')
• Tuple Items
• Tuple items are ordered, unchangeable, and
allow duplicate values.
• Tuple items are indexed, the first item has index
[0], the second item has index [1] etc.
• Ordered
• When we say that tuples are ordered, it means
that the items have a defined order, and that
order will not change.
• Unchangeable
• Tuples are unchangeable, meaning that we
cannot change, add or remove items after the
tuple has been created.
• Allow Duplicates
• Since tuples are indexed, they can have items
with the same value:
Example
Tuples allow duplicate values:
thistuple = ("apple", "banana", "cherry", "apple",
"cherry")
print(thistuple)
O/P
('apple', 'banana', 'cherry', 'apple', 'cherry')
Tuple Items - Data Types
Tuple items can be of any data type:
Example
String, int and boolean data types:
tuple1 = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")
tuple2 = (1, 5, 7, 9, 3)
tuple3 = (True, False, False)
print(tuple1)
print(tuple2)
print(tuple3)
o/p ('apple', 'banana', 'cherry')
(1, 5, 7, 9, 3)
(True, False, False)
Python Sets
myset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
Set
Sets are used to store multiple items in a single
variable.
Set is one of 4 built-in data types in Python used to
store collections of data, the other 3 are List, Tuple,
and Dictionary, all with different qualities and usage.
A set is a collection which is unordered,
unchangeable*, and unindexed.
* Note: Set items are unchangeable, but you can
remove items and add new items.
• Set Items
• Set items are unordered, unchangeable, and do
not allow duplicate values.
• Unordered
• Unordered means that the items in a set do not
have a defined order.
• Set items can appear in a different order every
time you use them, and cannot be referred to
by index or key.
Unchangeable
Set items are unchangeable, meaning that we
cannot change the items after the set has been
created.
Once a set is created, you cannot change its items,
but you can remove items and add new items.
Duplicates Not Allowed
Sets cannot have two items with the same value.
Example
Duplicate values will be ignored:
thisset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry", "apple"}
print(thisset)
A set can contain different data types:
Example
A set with strings, integers and boolean values:
set1 = {"abc", 34, True, 40, "male"}
print(set1)
o/p
{"abc", 34, True, 40, "male"}
Python Dictionaries
thisdict = {
"brand": "Ford",
"model": "Mustang",
"year": 1964
}
• Dictionary
• Dictionaries are used to store data values in
key:value pairs.
• A dictionary is a collection which is ordered*,
changeable and do not allow duplicates.
As of Python version 3.7, dictionaries are ordered. In
Python 3.6 and earlier, dictionaries are unordered.
Dictionaries are written with curly brackets, and have
keys and values:
Example
Create and print a dictionary:
thisdict = {
"brand": "Ford",
"model": "Mustang",
"year": 1964
}
print(thisdict)
o/p {'brand': 'Ford', 'model': 'Mustang', 'year': 1964}
• Ordered or Unordered?
• As of Python version 3.7, dictionaries are ordered. In
Python 3.6 and earlier, dictionaries are unordered.
• When we say that dictionaries are ordered, it means
that the items have a defined order, and that order
will not change.
• Unordered means that the items does not have a
defined order, you cannot refer to an item by using
an index.
• Changeable
• Dictionaries are changeable, meaning that we can
change, add or remove items after the dictionary
has been created.
Duplicates Not Allowed
Dictionaries cannot have two items with the same
key:
Example
Duplicate values will overwrite existing values:
thisdict = {
"brand": "Ford",
"model": "Mustang",
"year": 1964,
"year": 2020
}
print(thisdict)
o/p {'brand': 'Ford', 'model': 'Mustang', 'year': 2020}
Strings
Strings in python are surrounded by either single quotation
marks, or double quotation marks.
'hello' is the same as "hello".
You can display a string literal with the print() function:
Example
print("Hello")
print('Hello')
Assign String to a Variable
Assigning a string to a variable is done with the variable
name followed by an equal sign and the string:
Example
a = "Hello“
print(a)
Multiline Strings
You can assign a multiline string to a variable by
using three quotes:
Example
You can use three double quotes:
a = """Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet,
consectetur adipiscing elit,
sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt
ut labore et dolore magna aliqua."""
print(a)
Slicing
You can return a range of characters by using the
slice syntax.
Specify the start index and the end index,
separated by a colon, to return a part of the
string.
Example
Get the characters from position 2 to position 5
(not included):
b = "Hello, World!"
print(b[2:5])
Note: The first character has index 0.
• Slice From the Start
• By leaving out the start index, the range will start
at the first character:
• Example
• Get the characters from the start to position 5
(not included):
• b = "Hello, World!"
print(b[:5])
• o/p Hello
Slice To the End
By leaving out the end index, the range will go to
the end:
Example
Get the characters from position 2, and all the way
to the end:
b = "Hello, World!"
print(b[2:])
o/p llo, World!
Negative Indexing
Use negative indexes to start the slice from the
end of the string: Example
Get the characters:
From: "o" in "World!" (position -5)
To, but not included: "d" in "World!" (position -
2):
b = "Hello, World!"
print(b[-5:-2])
o/p orl
SIDDARTHA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY: PUTTUR
(AUTONOMOUS)
II B.Tech. – I Sem.

(20CS0511) PYTHON PROGRAMMING

Python divides the operators in the following groups:

Arithmetic operators
Assignment operators
Comparison operators
Logical operators
Identity operators
Membership operators
Bitwise operators
Python Arithmetic Operators
Arithmetic operators are used with numeric values
to perform common mathematical operations:
Operator Name Example
+ Addition x+y
- Subtraction x-y
* Multiplication x*y
/ Division x/y
% Modulus x%y
** Exponentiation x ** y
// Floor division x // y
x=5
y=3
print(x + y)
print(x - y)
print(x * y)
print(x / y)
print(x % y)
print(x ** y)
print(x // y)
Python Assignment Operators
Assignment operators are used to assign
values to variables:
Operator Example Same As
= x=5 x=5
+= x += 3 x=x+3
-= x -= 3 x=x-3
*= x *= 3 x=x*3
/= x /= 3 x=x/3
Operator Example Same As
%= x %= 3 x=x%3
//= x //= 3 x = x // 3
**= x **= 3 x = x ** 3
&= x &= 3 x=x&3
|= x |= 3 x=x|3
^= x ^= 3 x=x^3
>>= x >>= 3 x = x >> 3
<<= x <<= 3 x = x << 3
Ex:1 x = 5 output
print(x) 5
Ex:2 x = 5
x += 3
print(x) 8
Ex:3 x = 5
x -= 3
print(x) 2
Ex:4 x = 5 output
x *= 3
print(x) 15
Ex:5 x = 5
x /= 3
print(x) 1.6666666666666667
Ex:6 x = 5
x %= 3
print(x) 2
Ex:7 x = 5 output
x **= 3
print(x) 125
Ex:8 x = 5
x //= 3
print(x) 1
Ex:9 x = 5
x &= 3
print(x) 1
Ex:10 x = 5
x |= 3
print(x) 7
Ex:11 x = 5 output
x ^= 3
print(x) 6
Ex:12 x = 5
x >>= 3
print(x) 0
Ex:13 x = 5
x <<= 3
print(x) 40
Python Comparison Operators
• Comparison operators are used to compare two
values
Operator Name Example
== Equal x == y
!= Not equal x != y
> Greater than x>y
< Less than x<y
>= Greater than or equal to x >= y
<= Less than or equal to x <= y
x=5 output
y=3
print(x == y) false
print(x != y) true
print(x> y) true
print(x < y) false
print(x >= y) true
print(x <= y) false
• Python Logical Operators
• Logical operators are used to combine
conditional statements:
Operator Description Example
and Returns True if both
statements are true x < 5 and x < 10
or Returns True if one
of the statements
is true x < 5 or x < 4
not Reverse the result,
returns False if the
result is true not(x < 5 and x < 10)
• Python Identity Operators
• Identity operators are used to compare the objects,
not if they are equal, but if they are actually the
same object, with the same memory location:
Operator Description Example
is Returns True if
both variables are
the same object x is y
is not Returns True if both
variables are not
the same object x is not y
x = ["apple", "banana"]
y = ["apple", "banana"]
z=x
print(x is z)
# returns True because z is the same object as x
print(x is y)
# returns False because x is not the same object
# as y, even if they have the same content
print(x == y)
# to demonstrate the difference betweeen "is"
# and "==": this comparison returns True because
# x is equal to y
Python Membership Operators
Membership operators are used to test if a
sequence is presented in an object:
Operator Description Example
in Returns True if a sequence
with the specified value is
present in the object x in y
not in Returns True if a sequence
with the specified value
is not present in the object x not in y
Ex: x = ["apple", "banana"]
print("banana" in x)
# returns True because a sequence with the value
"banana" is in the list

Ex: x = ["apple", "banana"]

print("pineapple" not in x)
# returns True because a sequence with the value
"pineapple" is not in the list
Python Bitwise Operators
Bitwise operators are used to compare (binary)
numbers:
Operator Name Description
& AND Sets each bit to 1 if both bits
are 1
| OR Sets each bit to 1 if one of
two bits is 1
^ XOR Sets each bit to 1 if only one
of two bits is 1
~ NOT Inverts all the bits
Operator Name Description
<< Zero fill left shift Shift left by
pushing zeros in
from the right and
let the leftmost
bits fall off
>> Signed right shift Shift right by
pushing copies of
the leftmost bit in
from the left, and
let the rightmost
bits fall off
Operator Precedence
The precedence of the operators is essential to
find out since it enables us to know which
operator should be evaluated first.
Operator Description
** The exponent operator is
given priority over all the
others used in the
expression.
~+- The negation, unary plus,
and minus.
* / % // The multiplication, divide,
modules, reminder, and floor
division.
Operator Description
+- Binary plus, and minus
>> << Left shift. and right shift
& Binary and.
^| Binary xor, and or
<, <= , >, >= Comparison operators (less
than, less than equal to,
greater than, greater then
equal to).
Operator Description

== != Equality operators.
= %= /= //= -= +=
*= **= Assignment operators
is is not Identity operators
in not in Membership operators
not or and Logical operators
Control Flow
Branching: Simple if
The if statement
The if statement is used to test a particular condition
and if the condition is true, it executes a block of
code known as if-block.
The condition of if statement can be any valid logical
expression which can be either evaluated to true or
false.

The syntax of the if-statement is given below.

if expression:
statement
Example 1
num = int(input("enter the number?"))
if num%2 == 0:
print("Number is even")
Output:
enter the number?10
Number is even
if-else statement
The if-else statement provides an else block
combined with the if statement which is
executed in the false case of the condition.

If the condition is true, then the if-block is

executed. Otherwise, the else-block is executed.
if condition:
#block of statements
else:
#another block of statements (else-block)
Example 1 : Program to check whether a person is eligible
to vote or not.
age = int (input("Enter your age? "))
if age>=18:
print("You are eligible to vote !!");
else:
print("Sorry! you have to wait !!");
Output:
Enter your age? 19
You are eligible to vote !!
The elif statement
The elif statement enables us to check multiple
conditions and execute the specific block of
statements depending upon the true
condition among them.
We can have any number of elif statements in
our program depending upon our need.
However, using elif is optional.
The elif statement works like an if-else-if ladder
statement in C.
The syntax of the elif statement is given below.
if expression 1:
# block of statements
elif expression 2:
# block of statements
elif expression 3:
# block of statements
else:
# block of statements
Example 1
number = int(input("Enter the number?"))
if number==10:
print("number is equals to 10")
elif number==50:
print("number is equal to 50");
elif number==100:
print("number is equal to 100");
else:
print("number is not equal to 10, 50 or 100");
Output:
Enter the number?15
number is not equal to 10, 50 or 100
Example 2
marks = int(input("Enter the marks? "))
if marks > 85 and marks <= 100:
print("Congrats ! you scored grade A ...")
elif marks > 60 and marks <= 85:
print("You scored grade B + ...")
elif marks > 40 and marks <= 60:
print("You scored grade B ...")
elif (marks > 30 and marks <= 40):
print("You scored grade C ...")
else:
print("Sorry you are fail ?")
Python Nested If
If Inside If
You can have if statements inside if statements, this
is called nested if statements.
Example
x = 41
if x > 10:
print("Above ten,")
if x > 20:
print("and also above 20")
else:
print("but not above 20.")
Looping
The flow of the programs written in any
programming language is sequential by default.
Sometimes we may need to alter the flow of the
program. The execution of a specific code may
need to be repeated several numbers of times.

The programming languages provide various types of

loops which are capable of repeating some specific
code several numbers of times.
• for loop The for loop is used in the case where
we need to execute some part of the code until
the given condition is satisfied.

• The for loop is also called as a pre-tested loop. It

is better to use for loop if the number of
iteration is known in advance.
do-while loop The do-while loop continues until a
given condition satisfies. It is also called post
tested loop.

It is used when it is necessary to execute the loop at

least once (mostly menu driven programs).
while loop The while loop is to be used in the
scenario where we don't know the number of
iterations in advance.

The block of statements is executed in the while

loop until the condition specified in the while
loop is satisfied. It is also called a pre-tested loop.
Python While loop
The Python while loop allows a part of the code
to be executed until the given condition returns
false. It is also known as a pre-tested loop.
When we don't know the number of iterations
then the while loop is most effective to use.
The syntax is given below:
while expression:
statements
Here, the statements can be a single statement or
a group of statements.
While loop Flowchart
Loop Control Statements
We can change the normal sequence of while
loop's execution using the loop control
statement. When the while loop's execution is
completed, all automatic objects defined in that
scope are demolished.
1. Continue Statement - When the continue
statement is encountered, the control transfer to
the beginning of the loop.
Example:
# prints all letters except 'a' and 't'
i=0
str1 = 'javatpoint'
while i < len(str1):
if str1[i] == 'a' or str1[i] == 't':
i += 1
continue
print('Current Letter :', a[i])
i += 1
Output:
Current Letter : j
Current Letter : v
Current Letter : p
Current Letter : o
Current Letter : i
Current Letter : n
Break Statement - When the break statement is
encountered, it brings control out of the loop.
Example:
i=0
str1 = 'javatpoint'
while i < len(str1):
if str1[i] == 't':
i += 1
break
print('Current Letter :', str1[i])
i += 1
Output:
Current Letter : j
Current Letter : a
Current Letter : v
Current Letter : a
Pass Statement - The pass statement is used to declare
the empty loop. It is also used to define empty class,
function, and control statement.
Example -
# An empty loop
str1 = 'javatpoint'
i=0
while i < len(str1):
i += 1
pass
print('Value of i :', i)
Output:
Value of i : 10
Program to print 1 to 10 using while loop
i=1
#The while loop will iterate until condition becom
es false.
While(i<=10):
print(i)
i=i+1
Output:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Program to print table of given numbers.
i=1
number=0
b=9
number = int(input("Enter the number:"))
while i<=10:
print("%d X %d = %d \n"%(number,i,number*i))

i = i+1
Output:
Enter the number:10
10 X 1 = 10
10 X 2 = 20
10 X 3 = 30
10 X 4 = 40
10 X 5 = 50
10 X 6 = 60
10 X 7 = 70
10 X 8 = 80
10 X 9 = 90
10 X 10 = 100
Python For Loops
A for loop is used for iterating over a sequence (that
is either a list, a tuple, a dictionary, a set, or a
string).
This is less like the for keyword in other
programming languages, and works more like an
iterator method as found in other object-
orientated programming languages.
With the for loop we can execute a set of
statements, once for each item in a list, tuple, set
etc.
Example
# Print each fruit in a fruit list:
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
for x in fruits:
print(x)
o/p
apple
banana
cherry
The for loop does not require an indexing variable
to set beforehand.
Looping Through a String
Even strings are iterable objects, they contain a
sequence of characters:
Example
#Loop through the letters in the word "banana":
for x in "banana":
print(x)
b
a
n
a
n
a
The range() Function
To loop through a set of code a specified number of
times, we can use the range() function,
The range() function returns a sequence of
numbers, starting from 0 by default, and
increments by 1 (by default), and ends at a
specified number.
Example
#Using the range() function:
for x in range(6):
print(x)
o/p
0
1
2
3
4
5
• Note that range(6) is not the values of 0 to 6,
but the values 0 to 5.
The range() function defaults to 0 as a starting value,
however it is possible to specify the starting value by
adding a parameter: range(2, 6), which means
values from 2 to 6 (but not including 6):
Example
Using the start parameter:
for x in range(2, 6):
print(x)
2
3
4
5
The range() function defaults to increment the sequence by
1, however it is possible to specify the increment value by
adding a third parameter: range(2, 30, 3):
Example
# Increment the sequence with 3 (default is 1):
for x in range(2, 30, 3):
print(x)
2
5
8
11
14
17
20
23
26
29
Else in For Loop
The else keyword in a for loop specifies a block of
code to be executed when the loop is finished:
Example
Print all numbers from 0 to 5, and print a message
when the loop has ended:
for x in range(6):
print(x)
else:
print("Finally finished!")
o/p
0
1
2
3
4
5
Finally finished!
Nested Loops
A nested loop is a loop inside a loop.
The "inner loop" will be executed one time for each
iteration of the "outer loop":
Example
Print each adjective for every fruit:
adj = ["red", "big", "tasty"]
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

for x in adj:
for y in fruits:
print(x, y)
o/p
red apple
red banana
red cherry
big apple
big banana
big cherry
tasty apple
tasty banana
tasty cherry
The pass Statement
for loops cannot be empty, but if we use for some
reason, have a for loop with no content, put in
the pass statement to avoid getting an error.
Example
for x in [0, 1, 2]:
pass
SIDDARTHA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY: PUTTUR
(AUTONOMOUS)
II B.Tech. – I Sem.

(20CS0511) PYTHON PROGRAMMING

COURSE OBJECTIVES
The objectives of this course:
 Introduce Scripting Language
 Exposure to various problem solving approaches
of computer science
 Introduce function-oriented programming
paradigm
 Exposure to solve the problems using object
oriented concepts, exceptional handling
 Exposure to solve the problems using Files,
Regular Expressions and, Standard Libraries
COURSE OUTCOMES
• On successful completion of this course, the student
will be able to
• Solve the problems using control structures, input
and output statements.
• Summarize the features of lists, tuples, dictionaries,
strings and files
• Experience the usage of standard libraries, objects,
and modules
• Solve the problems using Object Oriented
Programming Concepts
• Build the software for real time applications using
python
• Install various Python packages
UNIT – III
Functions: Defining Functions, Calling Functions,
Passing Arguments, Keyword Arguments, Default
Arguments, Variable-length arguments, Anonymous
Functions, Fruitful Functions- Nested functions,
Recursive functions- Scope of the Variables in a
Function.
Object Oriented Programming in Python: Classes and
Objects- self-variable- Methods –Constructor-
Inheritance-polymorphism- Method Overloading-
Method Overriding.
Functions
• Functions are the most important aspect of an
application. A function can be defined as the
organized block of reusable code, which can be
called whenever required.
• Python allows us to divide a large program into
the basic building blocks known as a function. A
function can be called multiple times to provide
reusability and modularity to the Python
program.
Defining Functions
A function is a block of code which only runs
when it is called.
You can pass data, known as parameters, into a
function.
A function can return data as a result.
Creating a Function
In Python a function is defined using the def keyword:
Python provides the def keyword to define the function.
The syntax of the define function is given below.
Syntax:
def my_function(parameters):
function_block
return expression
Example
def my_function():
print("Hello from a function")
Example
def my_function():
print("Hello from a function")
my_function()
Arguments
Information can be passed into functions as
arguments.
Arguments are specified after the function name,
inside the parentheses. You can add as many
arguments as you want, just separate them
with a comma.
There are mainly two types of functions.
User-define functions - The user-defined functions
are those define by the user to perform the
specific task.
Built-in functions - The built-in functions are those
functions that are pre-defined in Python.
Example
def my_function(fname):
print(fname + " Reference")
my_function("Emil")
my_function("Tobias")
my_function("Linus")
o/P
Emil Reference
Tobias Reference
Linus Reference
Calling Functions
• In Python, after the function is created, we
can call it from another function. A function
must be defined before the function call;
otherwise, the Python interpreter gives an
error.
• To call the function, use the function name
followed by the parentheses.
#function definition
def hello_world():
print("hello world")
# function calling
hello_world()
Output:
hello world
The return statement
The return statement is used at the end of the
function and returns the result of the function. It
terminates the function execution and transfers
the result where the function is called. The
return statement cannot be used outside of the
function.
Syntax
return [expression_list]
Example 1
# Defining function
def sum():
a = 10
b = 20
c = a+b
return c
# calling sum() function in print statement
print("The sum is:",sum())
Output:
The sum is: 30
Creating function without return statement
# Defining function
def sum():
a = 10
b = 20
c = a+b
# calling sum() function in print statement
print(sum())
Output:
None
Arguments in function
The arguments are types of information which can be
passed into the function. The arguments are
specified in the parentheses. We can pass any
number of arguments, but they must be separate
them with a comma.
Example 1
#defining the function
def func (name):
print("Hi ",name)
#calling the function
func("Devansh")
Output:
Hi Devansh
Example 2
#Python function to calculate the sum of two variables
#defining the function
def sum (a,b):
return a+b;
#taking values from the user
a = int(input("Enter a: "))
b = int(input("Enter b: "))
#printing the sum of a and b
print("Sum = ",sum(a,b))
Output:
Enter a: 10
Enter b: 20
Sum = 30
Passing a List as an Argument
You can send any data types of argument to a
function (string, number, list, dictionary etc.), and
it will be treated as the same data type inside the
function.
E.g. if you send a List as an argument, it will still be
a List when it reaches the function:
Example
def my_function(food):
for x in food:
print(x)
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
my_function(fruits)
o/p
apple
banana
cherry
Pass by Reference vs. Value
In the Python programming language, all arguments are
supplied by reference. It implies that if we modify the
value of an argument within a function, the change is also
reflected in the calling function. For instance,
Code
# defining the function
def square( my_list ):
'''''This function will find the square of items in list'''
squares = []
for l in my_list:
squares.append( l**2 )
return squares
# calling the defined function
list_ = [45, 52, 13];
result = square( list_ )
print( "Squares of the list is: ", result )
Output:
Squares of the list is: [2025, 2704, 169]
Keyword Arguments
You can also send arguments with the key = value
syntax.
This way the order of the arguments does not
matter.
Example
def my_function(child3, child2, child1):
print("The youngest child is " + child3)
my_function(child1 = "Emil", child2 = "Tobias",
child3 = "Linus")
o/p The youngest child is Linus
Default Arguments
A default argument is a kind of parameter that takes as
input a default value if no value is supplied for the
argument when the function is called. Default arguments
are demonstrated in the following instance.
Code
# Python code to demonstrate the use of default argument
s
# defining a function
def function( num1, num2 = 40 ):
print("num1 is: ", num1)
print("num2 is: ", num2)
# Calling the function and passing only one argum
ent
print( "Passing one argument" )
function(10)
# Now giving two arguments to the function
print( "Passing two arguments" )
function(10,30)
Output:
Passing one argument
num1 is: 10
num2 is: 40
Passing two arguments
num1 is: 10
num2 is: 30
Required Arguments
The arguments given to a function while calling in a
pre-defined positional sequence are required
arguments.
The count of required arguments in the method
call must be equal to the count of arguments
provided while defining the function.
We must send two arguments to the function
function() in the correct order, or it will return a
syntax error.
Code
# Python code to demonstrate the use of default argu
ments
# Defining a function
def function( num1, num2 ):
print("num1 is: ", num1)
print("num2 is: ", num2)

# Calling function and passing two arguments out of

order, we need num1 to be 20 and num2 to be 30
print( "Passing out of order arguments" )
function( 30, 20 )
# Calling function and passing only one argument
print( "Passing only one argument" )
try:
function( 30 )
except:
print( "Function needs two positional arguments
")
Output:
Passing out of order arguments
num1 is: 30
num2 is: 20
Passing only one argument
Function needs two positional arguments
Variable-Length Arguments
We can use special characters in Python functions
to pass as many arguments as we want in a
function. There are two types of characters that
we can use for this purpose:
*args -These are Non-Keyword Arguments
**kwargs - These are Keyword Arguments.
Code
# Python code to demonstrate the use of variable-
length arguments
# Defining a function
def function( *args_list ):
ans = []
for l in args_list:
ans.append( l.upper() )
return ans
# Passing args arguments
object = function('Python', 'Functions', 'tutorial')
print( object )
# defining a function
def function( **kargs_list ):
ans = []
for key, value in kargs_list.items():
ans.append([key, value])
return ans
# Paasing kwargs arguments
object = function(First = "Python", Second = "Func
tions", Third = "Tutorial")
print(object)
• Output:
• ['PYTHON', 'FUNCTIONS', 'TUTORIAL']
• [['First', 'Python'], ['Second', 'Functions'], ['Third',
'Tutorial']]
The Anonymous Functions
These types of Python functions are anonymous
since we do not declare them, as we declare
usual functions, using the def keyword.
We can use the lambda keyword to define the
short, single output, anonymous functions.
Lambda expressions can accept an unlimited
number of arguments; however, they only return
one value as the result of the function.
Syntax
Lambda functions have exactly one line in their
syntax:
lambda [argument1 [,argument2... .argumentn]] :
expression
Ex:
# Defining a function
lambda_ = lambda argument1, argument2: argum
ent1 + argument2
# Calling the function and passing values
print( "Value of the function is : ", lambda_( 20,30 ) )
print( "Value of the function is : ", lambda_( 40,50 ) )

Output:
Value of the function is : 50
Value of the function is : 90
Fruitful functions:
Python Function within Another Function
Inner or nested function refers to a function
defined within another defined function. Inner
functions can access the parameters of the outer
scope.
Inner functions are constructed to cover them from
the changes that happen outside the function.
Many developers regard this process as
encapsulation.
Ex:
# defining a nested function
def function1():
string = 'Python functions tutorial'
def function2():
print( string )
function2()
function1()
Output:
Python functions tutorial
Scope and Lifetime of Variables
The scope of a variable refers to the domain of a
program wherever it is declared. A function's
arguments and variables are not accessible
outside the defined function. As a result, they
only have a local domain.
The period of a variable's existence in RAM is
referred to as its lifetime. Variables within a
function have the same lifespan as the function
itself.
When we get out of the function, they are
removed. As a result, a function does not retain a
variable's value from earlier executions.
#defining a function to print a number.
def number( ):
num = 30
print( "Value of num inside the function: ", num)
num = 20
number()
print( "Value of num outside the function:", num)
Output:
Value of num inside the function: 30
Value of num outside the function: 20
Recursive functions:
Recursion is one of an important concept of
programming to solve problems.
It is a function that is called itself.
Example -
def factorial(n):
if n==0:
return 1
else:
return n*factorial(n-1)
num = int(input("Enter a number: "))
print("The factorial of a {0} is: ".format(num), facto
rial(num))

Output:
Enter a number: 6 The factorial of a 6 is: 720
Example -
def fib(n) :
if n==0:
return 0
elif n ==1 :
return 1
else :
return fib(n-1) +fib(n-2)
num = int(input("Enter a number: "))
print("The {num} element of fibonacci series is: ".fo
rmat(num), fib(7))
Output:
Enter a number: 7
The 7 element of fibonacci series is: 13
Object Oriented Programming in Python
Classes and Objects:
Python Classes/Objects
Python is an object oriented programming
language.
Almost everything in Python is an object, with its
properties and methods.
A Class is like an object constructor, or a "blueprint"
for creating objects.
To create a class, use the keyword class:
Example
Create a class named MyClass, with a property
named x:
class MyClass:
x=5
print(MyClass)
o/P
<class '__main__.MyClass'>
Create Object
we can use the class named MyClass to create
objects:
Example
Create an object named p1, and print the value of
x:
class MyClass:
x=5
p1 = MyClass()
print(p1.x)
o/P : 5
The __init__() Function
The examples above are classes and objects in their
simplest form, and are not really useful in real life
applications.
To understand the meaning of classes we have to
understand the built-in __init__() function.
All classes have a function called __init__(), which
is always executed when the class is being initiated.
Use the __init__() function to assign values to
object properties, or other operations that are
necessary to do when the object is being created
Create a class named Person, use the __init__()
function to assign values for name and age:
class Person:
def __init__(self, name, age):
self.name = name
self.age = age
p1 = Person("John", 36)
print(p1.name)
print(p1.age)
o/p
John
36
Note: The __init__() function is called
automatically every time the class is being used to
create a new object.
Object Methods
Objects can also contain methods. Methods in
objects are functions that belong to the object.
Let us create a method in the Person class:
Insert a function that prints a greeting, and execute
it on the p1 object:
class Person:
def __init__(self, name, age):
self.name = name
self.age = age
def myfunc(self):
print("Hello my name is " + self.name)
p1 = Person("John", 36)
p1.myfunc()
O/P
Hello my name is John
The self Parameter
The self parameter is a reference to the current
instance of the class, and is used to access
variables that belongs to the class.
It does not have to be named self , you can call it
whatever you like, but it has to be the first
parameter of any function in the class:
class Person:
def __init__(mysillyobject, name, age):
mysillyobject.name = name
mysillyobject.age = age
def myfunc(abc):
print("Hello my name is " + abc.name)
p1 = Person("John", 36)
p1.myfunc()
O/P
Hello my name is John
Modify Object Properties
You can modify properties on objects like this:
Example
Set the age of p1 to 40:
p1.age = 40
Delete Object Properties
You can delete properties on objects by using
the del keyword:
Example
Delete the age property from the p1 object:
del p1.age
class Person:
def __init__(self, name, age):
self.name = name
self.age = age
def myfunc(self):
print("Hello my name is " + self.name)
p1 = Person("John", 36)
p1.age = 40
print(p1.age)
O/P
40
Constructors
Python facilitates a special type of method, also
called as Python Constructors, to initialize the
instance members of the class and to verify enough
object resources for executing any startup task.
Types of Constructors:
Parameterized Constructor
Non- Parameterized Constructor
Features of Python Constructors:
In Python, a Constructor begins with double
underscore (_) and is always named as __init__().
In python Constructors, arguments can also be
passed.
In Python, every class must necessarily have a
Constructor.
If there is a Python class without a Constructor, a
default Constructor is automatically created
without any arguments and parameters.
class Employees():
def __init__(self, Name, Salary):
self.Name = Name
self.Salary = Salary
def details(self):
print ("Employee Name : ", self.Name)
Print( "Employee Salary: ", self.Salary)
print ("\n“)
first = Employees("Khush", 10000)
second = Employees("Raam", 20000)
third = Employees("Lav", 10000)
fourth = Employees("Sita", 30000)
fifth = Employees("Lucky", 50000)
first.details()
second.details()
third.details()
fourth.details()
fifth.details()
Inheritance
Inheritance allows us to define a class that inherits
all the methods and properties from another class.
Parent class is the class being inherited from, also
called base class.
Child class is the class that inherits from another
class, also called derived class.
Example
class Person:
def __init__(self, fname, lname):
self.firstname = fname
self.lastname = lname
def printname(self):
print(self.firstname, self.lastname)
x = Person("John", "Doe")
x.printname()
O/P
John Doe
Create a Child Class
To create a class that inherits the functionality from
another class, send the parent class as a parameter
when creating the child class:
Example
Create a class named Student, which will inherit the
properties and methods from the Person class:
class Student(Person):
pass
Note: Use the pass keyword when you do not want
to add any other properties or methods to the
class.
class Person:
def __init__(self, fname, lname):
self.firstname = fname
self.lastname = lname
def printname(self):
print(self.firstname, self.lastname)
class Student(Person):
pass
x = Student("Mike", "Olsen")
x.printname()
O/P Mike Olsen
• Add the __init__() Function
• So far we have created a child class that
inherits the properties and methods from its
parent.
• We want to add the __init__() function to the
child class (instead of the pass keyword).
• Note: The __init__() function is called
automatically every time the class is being used
to create a new object.
•
class Person:
def __init__(self, fname, lname):
self.firstname = fname
self.lastname = lname
def printname(self):
print(self.firstname, self.lastname)
class Student(Person):
def __init__(self, fname, lname):
Person.__init__(self, fname, lname)
x = Student("Mike", "Olsen")
x.printname()
Use the super() Function
Python also has a super() function that will make
the child class inherit all the methods and
properties from its parent:
By using the super() function, you do not have to
use the name of the parent element, it will
automatically inherit the methods and properties
from its parent.
Ex:
class Person:
def __init__(self, fname, lname):
self.firstname = fname
self.lastname = lname
def printname(self):
print(self.firstname, self.lastname)
class Student(Person):
def __init__(self, fname, lname):
super().__init__(fname, lname)
x = Student("Mike", "Olsen")
x.printname()
Ex:
class Person:
def __init__(self, fname, lname):
self.firstname = fname
self.lastname = lname
def printname(self):
print(self.firstname, self.lastname)
class Student(Person):
def __init__(self, fname, lname, year):
super().__init__(fname, lname)
self.graduationyear = year
def welcome(self):
print("Welcome", self.firstname, self.lastname,
"to the class of", self.graduationyear)
x = Student("Mike", "Olsen", 2019)
x.welcome()
class Animal:
def speak(self):
print("Animal Speaking")
#child class Dog inherits the base class Animal
class Dog(Animal):
def bark(self):
print("dog barking")
d = Dog()
d.bark()
d.speak()
O/P
dog barking
Animal Speaking
Python Multi-Level inheritance
Multi-level inheritance is archived when a derived
class inherits another derived class. There is no
limit on the number of levels up to which, the
multi-level inheritance is archived in python.
class Animal:
def speak(self):
print("Animal Speaking")
class Dog(Animal):
def bark(self):
print("dog barking")
class DogChild(Dog):
def eat(self):
print("Eating bread...")
d = DogChild()
d.bark()
d.speak()
d.eat()
Output:
dog barking
Animal Speaking
Eating bread...
Python Multiple inheritance
Python provides us the flexibility to inherit
multiple base classes in the child class.
class Base1:
<class-suite>
class Base2:
<class-suite>
. class BaseN:
<class-suite>
class Derived(Base1, Base2, ...... BaseN):
<class-suite>
class Calculation1:
def Summation(self,a,b):
return a+b;
class Calculation2:
def Multiplication(self,a,b):
return a*b;
class Derived(Calculation1,Calculation2):
def Divide(self,a,b):
return a/b;
d = Derived()
print(d.Summation(10,20))
print(d.Multiplication(10,20))
print(d.Divide(10,20))
Output:
30
200
0.5
• Method Overriding
• We can provide some specific implementation of
the parent class method in our child class. When
the parent class method is defined in the child
class with some specific implementation, then
the concept is called method overriding.
• We may need to perform method overriding in
the scenario where the different definition of a
parent class method is needed in the child class.
Example
class Animal:
def speak(self):
print("speaking")
class Dog(Animal):
def speak(self):
print("Barking")
d = Dog()
d.speak()
Output:
Barking
Polymorphism defines the ability to take different
forms. Polymorphism in Python allows us to define
methods in the child class with the same name as
defined in their parent class
• There are different methods to use
polymorphism in Python. You can use different
function, class methods or objects to define
polymorphism.
Polymorphism with Class Methods
class India():
def capital(self):
print("New Delhi")
def language(self):
print("Hindi and English")
class USA():
def capital(self):
print("Washington, “Newyork")
def language(self):
print("English")
obj_ind = India()
obj_usa = USA()
for country in (obj_ind, obj_usa):
country.capital()
country.language()
Output:
New Delhi
Hindi and English
Washington, Newyork
English
SIDDARTHA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY: PUTTUR
(AUTONOMOUS)
II B.Tech. – I Sem.

(20CS0511) PYTHON PROGRAMMING

COURSE OBJECTIVES
The objectives of this course:
 Introduce Scripting Language
 Exposure to various problem solving approaches
of computer science
 Introduce function-oriented programming
paradigm
 Exposure to solve the problems using object
oriented concepts, exceptional handling
 Exposure to solve the problems using Files,
Regular Expressions and, Standard Libraries
COURSE OUTCOMES
• On successful completion of this course, the student
will be able to
• Solve the problems using control structures, input
and output statements.
• Summarize the features of lists, tuples, dictionaries,
strings and files
• Experience the usage of standard libraries, objects,
and modules
• Solve the problems using Object Oriented
Programming Concepts
• Build the software for real time applications using
python
• Install various Python packages
UNIT – IV
• Modules: Creating modules, import statement,
from...import statement and name spacing.
• Python packages: Introduction to PIP, Installing
Packages via PIP (Numpy, Pandas,MatPlotlib etc.,)
Using Python Packages.
• Exception Handling: Introduction to Errors and
Exceptions, Handing Exceptions,
RaisingExceptions, User Defined Exceptions,
Regular Expressions-Searching and Matching.
Modules: Creating modules
• Consider a module to be the same as a code
library.
• A file containing a set of functions you want to
include in your application.
• Create a Module
• To create a module just save the code you want
in a file with the file extension .py:
example
Save this code in a file named mymodule.py
def greeting(name):
print("Hello, " + name)
Use a Module
Now we can use the module we just created, by using
the import statement:
Example
Import the module named mymodule, and call the
greeting function:
import mymodule
mymodule.greeting("Jack")
o/P
Hello, Jack
Variables in Module
The module can contain functions, as already
described, but also variables of all types (arrays,
dictionaries, objects etc):
Example
Save this code in the file mymodule.py
person1 = {
"name": "John",
"age": 36,
"country": "Norway"
}
Example
Import the module named mymodule, and access
the person1 dictionary:
import mymodule
a = mymodule.person1["age"]
print(a)
o/P
36
Naming a Module
You can name the module file whatever you like,
but it must have the file extension .py
Re-naming a Module
You can create an alias when you import a
module, by using the as keyword:
Create an alias for mymodule called mx:
import mymodule as mx
a = mx.person1["age"]
print(a)
O/P
36
Built-in Modules
There are several built-in modules in Python,
which you can import whenever you like.
Example
Import and use the platform module:
import platform
x = platform.system()
print(x)
o/p
Windows
Using the dir() Function
There is a built-in function to list all the function names (or
variable names) in a module. The dir() function:
Example
List all the defined names belonging to the platform module:
import platform
x = dir(platform)
print(x)
O/P
DEV_NULL', '_UNIXCONFDIR', 'WIN32_CLIENT_RELEASES',
'WIN32_SERVER_RELEASES', '__builtins__', '__cached__
'__spec__', '__version__', '_default_architecture',
'_dist_try_harder', '_follow_symlinks',
'_ironpython26_sys_version_parser',
'_ironpython_sys_version_parser', '_java_getprop', '_libc
Import From Module
You can choose to import only parts from a module, by
using the from keyword.
Example
The module named mymodule has one function and
one dictionary:
def greeting(name):
print("Hello, " + name)
person1 = {
"name": "John",
"age": 36,
"country": "Norway"
}
Example
Import only the person1 dictionary from the
module:
from mymodule import person1
print (person1["age"])
O/P
36
Note: When importing using the from keyword, do
not use the module name when referring to
elements in the module.
Example: person1["age"], not mymodule.person1["
age"]
Name space:
A namespace is a way of providing the unique
name for each object in Python. Everything in
Python is an object, i.e., a variable or a method.
In other words, it is a collection of the defined
symbolic names along with the information
about the object that each name references.
A namespace can be understood as a dictionary
where a name represents a key and objects are
values. Let's understand it with a real-life
example –
A namespace is like a surname. A "Peter" name
might be difficult to find in the class if there are
multiple "Peter," but when we particularly ask for
"Peter Warner" or "Peter Cummins,". It might be
rare to find the same name and surname in a
class for multiple students.
The namespace helps the Python interpreter to
understand what exact method or variable is trying
to point out in the code. So its name gives more
information - Name (which means name, a unique
identifier) + Space (related to scope).
In Python, there are four types of namespaces
which are given below.
Built-in
Global
Enclosing
Local
The Built-in Namespace
As its name suggests, it contains pre-defined names
of all of Python's built-in objects already available
in Python. Let's list these names with the following
command.
Open the Python terminal and type the following
command.
Command -
dir(__builtins__)
O/P
• ['ArithmeticError', 'AssertionError', 'AttributeError', 'BaseException', 'BlockingIOError',
'BrokenPipeError', 'BufferError', 'BytesWarning', 'ChildProcessError',
'ConnectionAbortedError', 'ConnectionError', 'ConnectionRefusedError',
'ConnectionResetError', 'DeprecationWarning', 'EOFError', 'Ellipsis', 'EnvironmentError',
'Exception', 'False', 'FileExistsError', 'FileNotFoundError', 'FloatingPointError',
'FutureWarning', 'GeneratorExit', 'IOError', 'ImportError', 'ImportWarning',
'IndentationError', 'IndexError', 'InterruptedError', 'IsADirectoryError', 'KeyError',
'KeyboardInterrupt', 'LookupError', 'MemoryError', 'ModuleNotFoundError', 'NameError',
'None', 'NotADirectoryError', 'NotImplemented', 'NotImplementedError', 'OSError',
'OverflowError', 'PendingDeprecationWarning', 'PermissionError', 'ProcessLookupError',
'RecursionError', 'ReferenceError', 'ResourceWarning', 'RuntimeError', 'RuntimeWarning',
'StopAsyncIteration', 'StopIteration', 'SyntaxError', 'SyntaxWarning', 'SystemError',
'SystemExit', 'TabError', 'TimeoutError', 'True', 'TypeError', 'UnboundLocalError',
'UnicodeDecodeError', 'UnicodeEncodeError', 'UnicodeError', 'UnicodeTranslateError',
'UnicodeWarning', 'UserWarning', 'ValueError', 'Warning', 'WindowsError',
'ZeroDivisionError', '__build_class__', '__debug__', '__doc__', '__import__', '__loader__',
'__name__', '__package__', '__spec__', 'abs', 'all', 'any', 'ascii', 'bin', 'bool', 'breakpoint',
'bytearray', 'bytes', 'callable', 'chr', 'classmethod', 'compile', 'complex', 'copyright',
'credits', 'delattr', 'dict', 'dir', 'divmod', 'enumerate', 'eval', 'exec', 'exit', 'filter', 'float',
'format', 'frozenset', 'getattr', 'globals', 'hasattr', 'hash', 'help', 'hex', 'id', 'input', 'int',
'isinstance', 'issubclass', 'iter', 'len', 'license', 'list', 'locals', 'map', 'max', 'memoryview',
'min', 'next', 'object', 'oct', 'open', 'ord', 'pow', 'print', 'property', 'quit', 'range', 'repr',
'reversed', 'round', 'set', 'setattr', 'slice', 'sorted', 'staticmethod', 'str', 'sum', 'super',
'tuple', 'type', 'vars', 'zip']
• T
The Global Namespace
The global namespace consists of any names in
Python at any level of the main program. It is
created when the main body executes and remains
in existence until the interpreter terminates.
The Python interpreter creates a global namespace
for any module that our Python loads with the
import statement.
The Local and Enclosing Namespaces
The function uses the local namespaces; the
Python interpreter creates a new namespace when
the function is executed.
The local namespaces remain in existence until the
function terminates. The function can also consist
of another function. We can define one function
inside another as below.
Example -
def f():
print('Initiate f()')
def g():
print('Initiate g()')
print('End g()')
return
g()
print('Initiate f()')
return
f()
• In the above example, the function g() is defined
within the body of f(). Inside the f() we called
the g() and called the main f() function. Let's
understand the working of the above function -
• When we calls f(), Python creates a new
namespace for f().
• Similarly, the f() calls g(), g() gets its own separate
namespace.
• Here the g() is a local namespace created for f()
is the enclosing namespace.
•
• Exception Handling:
• Introduction to Errors and Exceptions
• Exceptions are events that are used to modify
the flow of control through a program when the
error occurs. Exceptions get triggered
automatically on finding errors in Python.
Errors mostly occur at runtime that's they
belong to an unchecked type.
Exceptions are the problems which can occur
at runtime and compile time. It mainly occurs in
the code written by the developers.
Sr. Key Error Exception
No.
1 Type Classified as an Classified as checked and unchecked
unchecked type

3 Recoverable/ It is irrecoverable It is recoverable

Irrecoverabl
e

4 It can't be occur at It can occur at run time compile time

compile time both

5 Example OutOfMemoryError NullPointerException , SqlException

,IOError
• These exceptions are processed using five
statements. These are:
• try/except: catch the error and recover from
exceptions hoist by programmers or Python
itself.
• try/finally: Whether exception occurs or not, it
automatically performs the clean-up action.
• assert: triggers an exception conditionally in the
code.
• raise: manually triggers an exception in the code.
• Roles of exception Handler
• Error handling: The exceptions get raised
whenever Python detects an error in a program
at runtime. As a programmer, if you don't want
the default behavior, then code a 'try' statement
to catch and recover the program from an
exception. Python will jump to the 'try' handler
when the program detects an error; the
execution will be resumed.
• Event Notification: Exceptions are also used to
signal suitable conditions & then passing result
flags around a program and text them explicitly.
• Terminate Execution: There may arise some
problems or errors in programs that it needs a
termination. So try/finally is used that
guarantees that closing-time operation will be
performed.
• Exotic flow of Control: Programmers can also use
exceptions as a basis for implementing unusual
control flow. Since there is no 'go to' statement
in Python so that exceptions can help in this
respect.
(a,b) = (6,0)
try:# simple use of try-except block for handling
errors
g = a/b
except ZeroDivisionError:
print ("This is a DIVIDED BY ZERO error")
Output:
This is a DIVIDED BY ZERO error
Ex: Syntax error
string = "Python Exceptions"
for s in string:
if (s != o:
print( s )
Output:
if (s != o:
^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
Ex:
string = "Python Exceptions"
for s in string:
if (s != o):
print( s )
Output:
2 string = "Python Exceptions"
4 for s in string:
----> 5 if (s != o):
6 print( s )
NameError: name 'o' is not defined
• Try and Except Statement - Catching Exceptions
• In Python, we catch exceptions and handle them
using try and except code blocks.
• The try clause contains the code that can raise an
exception, while the except clause contains the
code lines that handle the exception.
•
Ex: try except block
a = ["Python", "Exceptions", "try and except"]
try:
#looping through the elements of the array a,
#choosing a range that goes beyond the length of the array
for i in range( 4 ):
print( "The index and element from the array is", i, a[i] )
#if an error occurs in the try block, then except block will be
# executed by the Python interpreter
except:
print ("Index out of range")
Output:
The index and element from the array is 0 Python
The index and element from the array is 1
Exceptions
The index and element from the array is 2
try and except
Index out of range
Raise an Exception
we can intentionally raise an exception in python
using the raise keyword. We can use a customized
exception in conjunction with the statement.
#Python code to show how to raise an exception i#n
Python
num = [3, 4, 5, 7]
if len(num) > 3:
raise Exception( f"Length of the given list must be
less than or equal to 3 but is {len(num)}" )
Output:
1 num = [3, 4, 5, 7]
2 if len(num) > 3:
3 raise Exception( f"Length of the given list must
be less than or equal to 3 but is {len(num)}" )

Exception: Length of the given list must be less

than or equal to 3 but is 4
Assertions in Python
When we're finished verifying the program, an
assertion is a consistency test that we can switch on or
off.
The simplest way to understand an assertion is to
compare it with an if-then condition. An exception is
thrown if the outcome is false when an expression is
evaluated.
Assertions are made via the assert statement, which
was added in Python 1.5 as the latest keyword.
Assertions are commonly used at the beginning of
a function to inspect for valid input and at the end
of calling the function to inspect for valid output.
The syntax for the assert clause is −
assert Expressions[, Argument]
Python uses ArgumentException, if the assertion
fails, as the argument for the AssertionError.
Code
#Python program to show how to use assert
#keyword
# defining a function
def square_root( Number ):
assert ( Number < 0), "Give a positive integer"
return Number**(1/2)
#Calling function and passing the values
print( square_root( 36 ) )
print( square_root( -36 ) )
Output:
7 #Calling function and passing the values
8 print( square_root( 36 ) )
9 print( square_root( -36 ) )
3 def square_root( Number ):
4 assert ( Number < 0), "Give a positive integer"
5 return Number**(1/2)
6
AssertionError: Give a positive integer
Try with Else Clause
Python also supports the else clause, which should
come after every except clause, in the try, and
except blocks.
Only when the try clause fails to throw an
exception the Python interpreter goes on to the
else block.
Ex Code:
def reciprocal( num1 ):
try:
reci = 1 / num1
except ZeroDivisionError:
print( "We cannot divide by zero" )
else:
print ( reci )
reciprocal( 4 )
reciprocal( 0 )
Output:
0.25
We cannot divide by zero
Finally Keyword in Python
The finally keyword is available in Python, and it is
always used after the try-except block.
The finally code block is always executed after the
try block has terminated normally or after the try
block has terminated for some other reason.
Ex Code:
try:
div = 4 // 0
print( div )
except ZeroDivisionError:
print( "Atempting to divide by zero" )
finally:
print( 'This is code of finally clause' )
Output:
Attempting to divide by zero
This is code of finally clause
User-Defined Exceptions
By inheriting classes from the typical built-in
exceptions, Python also lets us design our
customized exceptions.
We raise a user-defined exception in the try block
and then handle the exception in the except block.
Ex Code
class EmptyError( RuntimeError ):
def __init__(self, argument):
self.arguments = argument
var = " "
try:
raise EmptyError( "The variable is empty" )
except (EmptyError, var):
print( var.arguments )
Output:
2 try:
3 raise EmptyError( "The variable is empty" )
4 except (EmptyError, var):
EmptyError: The variable is empty
Example
Search the string to see if it starts with "The" and ends with
"Spain":
txt = "The rain in Spain"
x = re.search("^The.*Spain$", txt)
if x:
print("YES! We have a match!")
else:
print("No match")
o/P
YES! We have a match!
RegEx Functions
The re module offers a set of functions that
allows us to search a string for a match:
Function Description

findall Returns a list containing all matches

search Returns a Match object if there is a match anywhere in the string

split Returns a list where the string has been split at each match

sub Replaces one or many matches with a string

Metacharacters
Metacharacters are characters with a special
meaning:
Try it
Character Description Example
Try it »
[] A set of characters "[a-m]"
Try it »
\ Signals a special sequence (can also be used to "\d"
escape special characters)
Try it »
. Any character (except newline character) "he..o"
Try it »
^ Starts with "^hello"
Try it »
$ Ends with "planet$"
Try it »
* Zero or more occurrences "he.*o"
Try it »
+ One or more occurrences "he.+o"
Try it »
? Zero or one occurrences "he.?o"
Try it »
{} Exactly the specified number of occurrences "he.{2}o"
Try it »
| Either or "falls|stay
s"
import re
txt = "The rain in Spain"
#Find all lower case characters alphabetically
between "a" and "m":
x = re.findall("[a-m]", txt)
print(x)
O/P
['h', 'e', 'a', 'i', 'i', 'a', 'i']
import re
txt = "That will be 59 dollars"
#Find all digit characters:
x = re.findall("\d", txt)
print(x)
O/P
['5', '9']
import re
txt = "hello planet"
#Check if the string starts with 'hello':
x = re.findall("^hello", txt)
if x:
print("Yes, the string starts with 'hello'")
else:
print("No match")
O/P
Yes, the string starts with 'hello'
Python packages: Introduction to PIP
PIP
PIP is a package manager for Python packages, or
modules if you like.
Note: If you have Python version 3.4 or later, PIP is
included by default.
Package
A package contains all the files you need for a
module.
Modules are Python code libraries you can include
in your project.
Check if PIP is Installed
Navigate your command line to the location of
Python's script directory, and type the following:
Example
Check PIP version:
C:\Users\Your
Name\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python
\Scripts>pip --version
Install PIP
If you do not have PIP installed, you can download
and install it from this
page: https://pypi.org/project/pip/
Download a Package
Downloading a package is very easy.
Open the command line interface and tell PIP to
download the package you want.
Navigate your command line to the location of
Python's script directory, and type the following:
Example
Download a package named "camelcase":
C:\Users\Your
Name\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python\
Scripts>pip install camelcase
• Now you have downloaded and installed your
first package!
Numpy
• NumPy is a Python library used for working with
arrays.
• It also has functions for working in domain of
linear algebra, fourier transform, and matrices.
• NumPy was created in 2005 by Travis Oliphant. It
is an open source project and you can use it
freely.
• NumPy stands for Numerical Python.
Why Use NumPy?
• In Python we have lists that serve the purpose of
arrays, but they are slow to process.
• NumPy aims to provide an array object that is up
to 50x faster than traditional Python lists.
• The array object in NumPy is called ndarray, it
provides a lot of supporting functions that make
working with ndarray very easy.
• Arrays are very frequently used in data science,
where speed and resources are very important
Why is NumPy Faster Than Lists?
• NumPy arrays are stored at one continuous
place in memory unlike lists, so processes can
access and manipulate them very efficiently.
• This behavior is called locality of reference in
computer science.
Which Language is NumPy written in?
• NumPy is a Python library and is written
partially in Python, but most of the parts that
require fast computation are written in C or
C++.
Installation of NumPy

• pip install numpy

• It will take 2 minutes time to download the

numpy library in google colab
Example:1
• import numpy

arr = numpy.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])

print(arr)

• o/p: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Checking NumPy Version

• import numpy as np

print(np.__version__)

• Output:
• 1.16.3
NumPy Array Indexing

• Access Array Elements

• Array indexing is the same as accessing an
array element.
• You can access an array element by referring
to its index number.
• The indexes in NumPy arrays start with 0,
meaning that the first element has index 0,
and the second has index 1 etc.
• import numpy as np

arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4])

print(arr[0])

• Output:1
Access 2-D Arrays

• import numpy as np

arr = np.array([[1,2,3,4,5], [6,7,8,9,10]])

print('2nd element on 1st row: ', arr[0, 1])

• import numpy as np

• arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6])

• newarr = np.array_split(arr, 3)
• print(newarr)

• o/p:[array([1, 2]), array([3, 4]), array([5, 6])]

• import numpy as np
• arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 4, 4])
• x = np.where(arr == 4)
• print(x)

• o/p:(array([3, 5, 6]),)
NumPy Sorting Arrays

• Sorting Arrays
• Sorting means putting elements in an ordered
sequence.
• Ordered sequence is any sequence that has an
order corresponding to elements, like numeric
or alphabetical, ascending or descending.
• The NumPy ndarray object has a function
called sort(), that will sort a specified array.
Sorting Arrays

• Sorting means putting elements in an ordered

sequence
• import numpy as np

arr = np.array([3, 2, 0, 1])

print(np.sort(arr))

• Output:0,1,2,3
Pandas is a Python library.
Pandas is used to analyze data.
Pandas Series
A Pandas Series is like a column in a table.
It is a one-dimensional array holding data of any type.
import pandas as pd
a = [1, 7, 2]
myvar = pd.Series(a)
print(myvar)
o/p: 0 1
17
2 2 dtype:
int64
Pandas DataFrames

• A Pandas DataFrame is a 2 dimensional data

structure, like a 2 dimensional array, or a table
with rows and columns.
• import pandas as pd
data = {
"calories": [420, 380, 390],
"duration": [50, 40, 45]
}
#load data into a DataFrame object:
df = pd.DataFrame(data)
print(df)
Output
Pandas - Analyzing DataFrames
• Viewing the Data
• One of the most used method for getting a
quick overview of the DataFrame, is
the head() method.
• The head() method returns the headers and a
specified number of rows, starting from the
top.
Head()
• import pandas as pd

df = pd.read_csv('data.csv')

print(df.head(10))
• Note:Head means first ten rows will collect
from the dataset
Output
Tail()
• import pandas as pd

df = pd.read_csv('data.csv')

print(df.Tail(10))
Note:Tail means last ten rows will collect from
the dataset
Output
Matplotlib Pyplot
• Most of the Matplotlib utilities lies under
the pyplot submodule, and are usually
imported under the plt alias:

• import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

Example :1
• import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

xpoints = np.array([0, 6])

ypoints = np.array([0, 250])

plt.plot(xpoints, ypoints)
plt.show()
Output
Matplotlib Plotting

• Plotting x and y points

• The plot() function is used to draw points (markers) in a
diagram.
• By default, the plot() function draws a line from point
to point.
• The function takes parameters for specifying points in
the diagram.
• Parameter 1 is an array containing the points on the x-
axis.
• Parameter 2 is an array containing the points on the y-
axis.
• import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

xpoints = np.array([1, 8])

ypoints = np.array([3, 10])

plt.plot(xpoints, ypoints)
plt.show()
Output
SIDDARTHA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY: PUTTUR
(AUTONOMOUS)
II B.Tech. – I Sem.

(20CS0511) PYTHON PROGRAMMING

for x in mytuple:
print(x)

• Output:Apple,banana,cherry
Generators
• Python Generators are the functions that return
the traversal object and used to create iterators. It
traverses the entire items at once. The generator
can also be an expression.
• we need to
implement __iter__() and __next__() method to
keep track of internal states.
def simple():
for i in range(10):
if(i%2==0):
yield i
#Successive Function call using for loop
for i in simple():
print(i)
Note: yield is similar to return stmt in function
Output
MAP’s
The python map() function is used to return a list of results
after applying a given function to each item of an iterable(list,
tuple etc.)
Syntax:
map(function, iterables)
Parameters
function- It is a function in which a map passes each item of
the iterable.
iterables- It is a sequence, collection or an iterator object
which is to be mapped.
Return
It returns a list of results after applying a given function to
each item of an iterable(list, tuple etc.)
def calculateAddition(n):
return n+n
numbers = (1, 2, 3, 4)
result = map(calculateAddition, numbers)
print(result)
# converting map object to set
numbersAddition = set(result)
print(numbersAddition)
numbers = (1, 2, 3, 4)
result = map(lambda x: x-x, numbers)
print(result)
# converting map object to set
numbersSubtract = set(result)
print(numbersSubtract)
O/P
Python filter() Function
Python filter() function is used to get filtered
elements. This function takes two arguments, first
is a function and the second is iterable. The filter
function returns a sequence from iterable for
which function returns True.
The first argument can be None if the function is
not available and returns only elements that are
True.
Syntax
filter (function, iterable)
Example 1
# Python filter() function example
def filterdata(x):
if x>5:
return x
# Calling function
result = filter(filterdata,(1,2,6))
# Displaying result
print(list(result))
Output:6
Example 2
result1 = filter(None,(1,0,6))
# returns all non-zero values
result2 = filter(None,(1,0,False,True))
# returns all non-zero and True values
# Displaying result
result1 = list(result1)
result2 = list(result2)
print(result1)
print(result2)
O/P
[1, 6]
[1, True]
Files:Sometimes, it is not enough to only display
the data on the console.
The data to be displayed may be very large, and
only a limited amount of data can be displayed on
the console.
A file is a named location on disk to store related
information.
We can access the stored information (non-
volatile) after the program termination.
In Python, files are treated in two modes as text or
binary. The file may be in the text or binary format,
and each line of a file is ended with the special
character.
Hence, a file operation can be done in the following
order.
Open a file
Read or write - Performing operation
Close the file
• Syntax:
• file object = open(<file-name>, <access-
mode>, <buffering>)
fileptr = open(“D:\\file.txt","r")
if fileptr:
print("file is opened successfully")

O/P
<class '_io.TextIOWrapper'> file is opened
successfully
The close() method
Once all the operations are done on the file, we
must close it through our Python script using
the close() method.
Any unwritten information gets destroyed once
the close() method is called on a file object.
fileptr = open("file.txt","r")
if fileptr:
print("file is opened successfully")
#closes the opened file
fileptr.close()
Writing the file
• To write some text to a file, we need to open the
file using the open method with one of the
following access modes.
• w: It will overwrite the file if any file exists. The
file pointer is at the beginning of the file.
• a: It will append the existing file. The file pointer
is at the end of the file. It creates a new file if no
file exists.
Example 1
fileptr = open(“D:\file2.txt", "w")
# appending the content to the file
fileptr.write('''''Python is the modern day langua
ge. It makes things so simple.
It is the fastest-growing programing language''')
# closing the opened the file
fileptr.close()
O/P
File2.txt
Python is the modern-day language. It makes
things so simple. It is the fastest growing
programming language.
Reading Lines Using readlines() function

fileptr = open("file2.txt","r");
#stores all the data of the file into the
#variable content
content = fileptr.readlines()
#prints the content of the file
print(content)
#closes the opened file
fileptr.close()
Command Line Arguments
Python command line arguments provides a user-
friendly interface to your text-based command line
program.
Python exposes a mechanism to capture and
extract your Python command line arguments.
These values can be used to modify the behaviour
of a program.
For example, if your program processes data read
from a file, then you can pass the name of the file
to your program
Python allows for command line input.
That means we are able to ask the user for input.
The method is a bit different in Python 3.6 than
Python 2.7.
Python 3.6 uses the input() method.
Python 2.7 uses the raw_input() method.
• Python 3.6
• print("Enter your name:")
x = input()
print("Hello ", x)
Python 2.7
print("Enter your name:")
x = raw_input()
print("Hello ", x)
Save this file as demo_string_input.py, and load it
through the command line:
C:\Users\Your Name>python demo_string_input.py
Our program will prompt the user for a string:
Enter your name:
• The user now enters a name:
• Linus
Then, the program prints it to screen with a little
message:
Hello Linus
Python stops executing when it comes to the input()
function, and continues when the user has given
some input.
• The Python sys module provides access to any
command-line arguments via the sys.argv. This
serves two purposes −
• sys.argv is the list of command-line arguments.
• len(sys.argv) is the number of command-line
arguments.
• Here sys.argv[0] is the program ie. script name.
Example
Consider the following script test.py −
#!/usr/bin/python
import sys
print 'Number of arguments:', len(sys.argv),
'arguments.'
print 'Argument List:', str(sys.argv)
Now run above script as follows −
$ python test.py arg1 arg2 arg3
• This produce following result −
• Number of arguments: 4 arguments.
• Argument List: ['test.py', 'arg1', 'arg2', 'arg3']
• NOTE − As mentioned above, first argument is
always script name and it is also being counted in
number of arguments.
Date and Time
Python Dates
A date in Python is not a data type of its own, but
we can import a module named datetime to work
with dates as date objects.
Example 1
import datetime
x = datetime.datetime.now()
print(x)

Output:

2022-09-21 11:54:45.686028
Example 2
• Date Output
• When we execute the code from the example
above the result will be:
• 2022-09-21 11:54:06.435142
• The date contains year, month, day, hour,
minute, second, and microsecond.
• Creating Date Objects
• To create a date, we can use the datetime() class
(constructor) of the datetime module.
• The datetime() class requires three parameters to
create a date: year, month, day.
Example
Create a date object:
import datetime
x = datetime.datetime(2020, 5, 17)
print(x)
O/P
2020-05-17 00:00:00
The strftime() Method
The datetime object has a method for formatting
date objects into readable strings.
Example
Display the name of the month:
import datetime
x = datetime.datetime(2018, 6, 1)
print(x.strftime("%B"))
O/P
June
Example
Return the year and name of weekday:
import datetime
x = datetime.datetime.now()
print(x.year)
print(x.strftime("%A")
O/P
2022
Wednesday
Python – Data Compression:
• In this tutorial, we will learn about the data
compression in Python programming language. In
python, the data can be archived, compressed
using the modules like zlib, gzip, bz2,lzma,zipfile
and tarfile.
• To use the respective module, you need to import
the module first. Let us look at below example.
Example 1
• import zlib >>> s = b'you learn learnt learning
the data daily '

• Output:len(s) 41
Example 2
• t = zlib.compress(s)
• len(t)
• Output : 39
Python Run Time Service
• The modules described in this chapter provide a
wide range of services related to the Python
interpreter and its interaction with its
environment. Here’s an overview:
• sys — System-specific parameters and functions
• sysconfig — Provide access to Python’s
configuration information
– Configuration variables
– Installation paths
– Other functions
– Using sysconfig as a script
Cont,
Data Management and Object Persistence
• During the course of using any software
application, user provides some data to be
processed. The data may be input, using a
standard input device (keyboard) or other devices
such as disk file, scanner, camera, network cable,
WiFi connection, etc.
• Data so received, is stored in computer’s main
memory (RAM) in the form of various data
structures such as, variables and objects until the
application is running. Thereafter, memory
contents from RAM are erased.
Data Peristence
The word ‘persistence’ means "the continuance of an
effect after its cause is removed".
The term data persistence means it continues to exist
even after the application has ended.
Thus, data stored in a non-volatile storage medium
such as, a disk file is a persistent data storage.
Using Python’s built-in File object, it is possible to write
string data to a disk file and read from it. Python’s
standard library, provides modules to store and
retrieve serialized data in various data structures such
as JSON(JSON stands for JavaScript Object Notation )
and XML.
• Python Data Persistence - File API
• Python uses built-in input() and print() functions to perform
standard input/output operations. The input() function reads
bytes from a standard input stream device, i.e. keyboard.
• The print() function on the other hand, sends the data towards
standard output stream device i.e. the display monitor. Python
program interacts with these IO devices through standard
stream objects stdin and stdout defined in sys module.
• The input() function is actually a wrapper around readline()
method of sys.stdin object. All keystrokes from the input
stream are received till ‘Enter’ key is pressed.
• >>> import sys
• >>> x=sys.stdin.readline()
• Welcome to cse dept>>>
• X
• Output :'Welcome to cse dept'
• Python Data Persistence - dbm Package
• The dbm package presents a dictionary like interface
DBM style databases. DBM stands for DataBase
Manager. This is used by UNIX (and UNIX like)
operating system. The dbbm library is a simple
database engine written by Ken Thompson. These
databases use binary encoded string objects as key,
as well as value.
• The database stores data by use of a single key (a
primary key) in fixed-size buckets and uses hashing
techniques to enable fast retrieval of the data by
key.
• The dbm package contains following modules −
• dbm.gnu(generally used database
manager) module is an interface to the DBM
library version as implemented by the GNU
project.
• dbm.ndbm(new database manageer) module
provides an interface to UNIX nbdm
implementation.
• dbm.dumb(data base manager for unix) is used
as a fallback option in the event,when other
dbm implementations are not found. This
requires no external dependencies but is slower
than others.
GUI PROGRAMMING
• Python provides various options for developing
graphical user interfaces (GUIs). Most important
are listed below.
• Tkinter − Tkinter is the Python interface to the
Tk GUI toolkit shipped with Python. We would
look this option in this chapter.
• wxPython − This is an open-source Python
interface for wxWindows http://wxpython.org.
• JPython − JPython is a Python port for Java
which gives Python scripts access to Java class
libraries on the local
machine http://www.jython.org
Turtle is a special feathers of Python. Using Turtle,
we can easily draw in a drawing board.
First we import the turtle module.
Then create a window,
next we create turtle object
and using turtle method we can draw in the
drawing board.
METHOD PARAMETER DESCRIPTION
Turtle() None It creates and returns a new turtle object
forward() amount It moves the turtle forward by the specified amount
backward() amount It moves the turtle backward by the specified amount
right() angle It turns the turtle clockwise
left() angle It turns the turtle counter clockwise
penup() None It picks up the turtle’s Pen
pendown() None Puts down the turtle’s Pen
up() None Picks up the turtle’s Pen
down() None Puts down the turtle’s Pen
color() Color name Changes the color of the turtle’s pen
fillcolor() Color name Changes the color of the turtle will use to fill a polygon
heading() None It returns the current heading
position() None It returns the current position
goto() x, y It moves the turtle to position x,y
begin_fill() None Remember the starting point for a filled polygon
end_fill()
• Turtle is a Python library which used to create
graphics, pictures, and games. It was developed
by Wally Feurzeig, Seymour
Parpet and Cynthina Slolomon in 1967. It was a
part of the original Logo programming language.
• Turtle is a pre-installed library in Python that is
similar to the virtual canvas that we can draw
pictures and attractive shapes. It provides the
onscreen pen that we can use for drawing.
•
• Before working with the turtle library, we must
ensure the two most essential things to do
programming.
• Python Environment - We must be familiar with
the working Python environment. We can use
applications such as IDLE or Jupiter Notebook. We
can also use the Python interactive shell.
• Python Version - We must have Python 3 in our
system; if not, then download it from Python's
official website.
•
• import turtle
• Now, we can access all methods and functions.
First, we need to create a dedicated window
where we carry out each drawing command.
We can do it by initializing a variable for it.
• s = turtle.getscreen()
•
• import turtle
• # Creating turtle screen
• s = turtle.getscreen()
• # To stop the screen to display
• turtle.mainloop()
• Programming with turtle
• First, we need to learn to move the turtle all
direction as we want. We can customize the
pen like turtle and its environment. Let's learn
the couple of commands to perform a few
specific tasks.
• Turtle can be moved in four directions.
• Forward
• Backward
• Left
• Right
• Turtle motion
• The turtle can move forward and backward in
direction that it's facing. Let's see the following
functions.
• forward(distance) or turtle.fd(distance) - It
moves the turtle in the forward direction by a
certain distance. It takes one
parameter distance, which can be an integer or
float.
•
• import turtle
• # Creating turtle screen
• t = turtle.Turtle()
• # To stop the screen to display
• t.forward(100)
• turtle.mainloop()
•
Example - 2:
import turtle
# Creating turtle screen
t = turtle.Turtle()
# Move turtle in opposite direction
t.backward(100)
# To stop the screen to display
turtle.mainloop()
import turtle
# Creating turtle screen
t = turtle.Turtle()
t.heading()
# Move turtle in opposite direction
t.right(25)
t.heading()
# To stop the screen to display
turtle.mainloop()
import turtle
# Creating turtle screen
t = turtle.Turtle()
t.heading()
# Move turtle in left
t.left(100)
t.heading()
# To stop the screen to display
turtle.mainloop()
• Drawing a Shape
• We discussed the movement of the turtle. Now, we
learn to move on to making actual shape. First, we
draw the polygon since they all consist of straight lines
connected at the certain angles. Let's understand the
following example.
• Example -
• t.fd(100)
• t.rt(90)
• t.fd(100)
• t.rt(90)
• t.fd(100)
• t.rt(90)
• t.fd(100)
• import turtle
• # Creating turtle screen
• t = turtle.Turtle()
• t.circle(50)
• turtle.mainloop()

Python PDF
73% (15)
Python PDF
217 pages
Python Basics Notes
No ratings yet
Python Basics Notes
32 pages
Chapter Four: Flexural Behaviour of Beams Reinforced Concrete Beams Behaviour
No ratings yet
Chapter Four: Flexural Behaviour of Beams Reinforced Concrete Beams Behaviour
8 pages
Python Mod 1
No ratings yet
Python Mod 1
67 pages
PYTHON Unit6
No ratings yet
PYTHON Unit6
71 pages
APznzaaycw TsI Ksr UwvtYb807ayuqjlZ GCFtH1XSONvBngW6DrKGe3yLLsqDGd9o 8U9OMe COF C490y 44dtOBH 53h6NwHltR5OAZgVNns8UNp TmCr OewKKX0UsOCenzeYWn0SpjKC1P8Nz8asTUl8tCw1bcW2PeV2IKl9qsdeWTf59tasEvTORq2ziWW s4diMGGVVYPu r
No ratings yet
APznzaaycw TsI Ksr UwvtYb807ayuqjlZ GCFtH1XSONvBngW6DrKGe3yLLsqDGd9o 8U9OMe COF C490y 44dtOBH 53h6NwHltR5OAZgVNns8UNp TmCr OewKKX0UsOCenzeYWn0SpjKC1P8Nz8asTUl8tCw1bcW2PeV2IKl9qsdeWTf59tasEvTORq2ziWW s4diMGGVVYPu r
39 pages
Python Demo
No ratings yet
Python Demo
100 pages
Module1 Python Programming
No ratings yet
Module1 Python Programming
79 pages
Python_UNIT 1
No ratings yet
Python_UNIT 1
142 pages
Python and Hadoop Basics - Programmin...
No ratings yet
Python and Hadoop Basics - Programmin...
127 pages
Python KNC402-2023 (Notes)
No ratings yet
Python KNC402-2023 (Notes)
51 pages
Python UNIT.1
No ratings yet
Python UNIT.1
24 pages
Python BDPS
No ratings yet
Python BDPS
131 pages
Day 5 - Material - 26-09-2022
No ratings yet
Day 5 - Material - 26-09-2022
64 pages
Python For Beginners
No ratings yet
Python For Beginners
119 pages
PYT
No ratings yet
PYT
158 pages
python full notes
No ratings yet
python full notes
69 pages
Unit-1 2
No ratings yet
Unit-1 2
39 pages
1st Unit Python Programming
No ratings yet
1st Unit Python Programming
37 pages
Python UNIT - I
No ratings yet
Python UNIT - I
33 pages
Unit-1 Introduction To Python Programming
No ratings yet
Unit-1 Introduction To Python Programming
29 pages
1 and 2 Python
No ratings yet
1 and 2 Python
50 pages
Unit 2 Python
No ratings yet
Unit 2 Python
13 pages
Unit 1 Python Notes
No ratings yet
Unit 1 Python Notes
35 pages
Python Unit 1 2 230321 202202
No ratings yet
Python Unit 1 2 230321 202202
34 pages
Unit1 Basics
No ratings yet
Unit1 Basics
84 pages
Lecture 1 and 2
No ratings yet
Lecture 1 and 2
50 pages
Unit - I
No ratings yet
Unit - I
73 pages
Python Programming Unit-1
No ratings yet
Python Programming Unit-1
11 pages
Getting started with python
No ratings yet
Getting started with python
43 pages
Unit 1 Notes
No ratings yet
Unit 1 Notes
46 pages
Manoj Sir Python
No ratings yet
Manoj Sir Python
30 pages
2 Introduction To Python1
No ratings yet
2 Introduction To Python1
49 pages
Unit 2
No ratings yet
Unit 2
83 pages
Python Basics
No ratings yet
Python Basics
68 pages
Python Full Material With Exercise
100% (2)
Python Full Material With Exercise
84 pages
Getting Started Python Chapter 5 NEW 14-09-2024
No ratings yet
Getting Started Python Chapter 5 NEW 14-09-2024
6 pages
PythonProgramming Unit1 Complete
No ratings yet
PythonProgramming Unit1 Complete
26 pages
Python Coding Grade 6
No ratings yet
Python Coding Grade 6
30 pages
Module1-8 9 19
No ratings yet
Module1-8 9 19
47 pages
Python Introduction
No ratings yet
Python Introduction
28 pages
PROGRAMMING IN PYTHON I Unit
No ratings yet
PROGRAMMING IN PYTHON I Unit
52 pages
E-Notes_4095_Content_Document_20250118104108AM
No ratings yet
E-Notes_4095_Content_Document_20250118104108AM
166 pages
CA-205 (B) Python Programming
No ratings yet
CA-205 (B) Python Programming
36 pages
unit 1_Python basics, control structures and other features
No ratings yet
unit 1_Python basics, control structures and other features
73 pages
Python NOTES Unit-4
No ratings yet
Python NOTES Unit-4
163 pages
PythonTutorial Kosmik
No ratings yet
PythonTutorial Kosmik
208 pages
PDF Advanced Programming Module
No ratings yet
PDF Advanced Programming Module
50 pages
Unit-1 Program Notes
No ratings yet
Unit-1 Program Notes
21 pages
Python Tutorials
No ratings yet
Python Tutorials
205 pages
Python Programming 1
No ratings yet
Python Programming 1
40 pages
E Accts Easyweb Chettinad Chettinadadmin Homework 011018 9HCSC011018 PDF
No ratings yet
E Accts Easyweb Chettinad Chettinadadmin Homework 011018 9HCSC011018 PDF
12 pages
Python Unit2
No ratings yet
Python Unit2
48 pages
Python
No ratings yet
Python
13 pages
ASM_32614
No ratings yet
ASM_32614
7 pages
python Unit 1 Notes (1)
No ratings yet
python Unit 1 Notes (1)
16 pages
Python Imp
No ratings yet
Python Imp
16 pages
PDF&Rendition=1
No ratings yet
PDF&Rendition=1
83 pages
Python
No ratings yet
Python
63 pages
Mastering Python Programming: A Comprehensive Guide: The IT Collection
From Everand
Mastering Python Programming: A Comprehensive Guide: The IT Collection
Christopher Ford
5/5 (1)
Mastering Python: A Comprehensive Guide for Beginners and Experts
From Everand
Mastering Python: A Comprehensive Guide for Beginners and Experts
Rick Spair
No ratings yet
Nptel: Process Control and Instrumentation - Web Course
No ratings yet
Nptel: Process Control and Instrumentation - Web Course
4 pages
Gen Phy 1 Quarter 1 Week 5
No ratings yet
Gen Phy 1 Quarter 1 Week 5
5 pages
Full Stack Web Development - IT3501 - Notes Book - Unit 2 - Node JS
No ratings yet
Full Stack Web Development - IT3501 - Notes Book - Unit 2 - Node JS
51 pages
Factoring The Sum & Difference of Two Cubes
No ratings yet
Factoring The Sum & Difference of Two Cubes
12 pages
Solving World Problem Involving Addition
No ratings yet
Solving World Problem Involving Addition
9 pages
Mukhopadhyay Dissertation 2014
No ratings yet
Mukhopadhyay Dissertation 2014
97 pages
Etabs Tutorial
100% (4)
Etabs Tutorial
27 pages
Lecture 22 (Floyd and Warshal)
No ratings yet
Lecture 22 (Floyd and Warshal)
16 pages
Pre Calculus
No ratings yet
Pre Calculus
9 pages
Krab I
No ratings yet
Krab I
34 pages
MMW w3 Ppt2 (2ndsem2021)
No ratings yet
MMW w3 Ppt2 (2ndsem2021)
36 pages
Seminar PPT On FSM Based Vending Machine
No ratings yet
Seminar PPT On FSM Based Vending Machine
13 pages
I Don't Know
100% (2)
I Don't Know
2 pages
Pushover PP T
No ratings yet
Pushover PP T
58 pages
Business Math Week 1
No ratings yet
Business Math Week 1
9 pages
Etabs G+4
100% (7)
Etabs G+4
69 pages
1.heart of Algebra
0% (1)
1.heart of Algebra
29 pages
Test 2 /50: 75 Minutes For Full Marks, Full Solution Is Required For All Questions
No ratings yet
Test 2 /50: 75 Minutes For Full Marks, Full Solution Is Required For All Questions
4 pages
2015_QP (1)
No ratings yet
2015_QP (1)
37 pages
PHYSICS REVIEWER
No ratings yet
PHYSICS REVIEWER
25 pages
DE71 02A Gen1Factor P1
No ratings yet
DE71 02A Gen1Factor P1
16 pages
VeriFone Sample Aptitude Placement Paper Level1
No ratings yet
VeriFone Sample Aptitude Placement Paper Level1
7 pages
Arithmetic Sequence Exercises
No ratings yet
Arithmetic Sequence Exercises
7 pages
Advanced Abstract Algebra Research Paper
No ratings yet
Advanced Abstract Algebra Research Paper
19 pages
IMC 2023 Extended Solution
No ratings yet
IMC 2023 Extended Solution
22 pages
Solved Paper-1-Jan-29-1 Mains
No ratings yet
Solved Paper-1-Jan-29-1 Mains
33 pages
Probability and Statistics
No ratings yet
Probability and Statistics
27 pages
Imprtant Problems EE339
100% (1)
Imprtant Problems EE339
28 pages
GRAPHS pdf
No ratings yet
GRAPHS pdf
10 pages

Python Unit-I Merged

Uploaded by

Python Unit-I Merged

Uploaded by

SIDDARTHA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND

(20CS0511) PYTHON PROGRAMMING

• A keyboard shotcut can be used to exit the shell

Identifier name must not be similar to any

Identifier names are case sensitive; for example,

Examples of valid identifiers: a123, _n, n_9, etc.

• In the above image, the variable a refers to an

(20CS0511) PYTHON PROGRAMMING

Python divides the operators in the following groups:

Ex: x = ["apple", "banana"]

The syntax of the if-statement is given below.

If the condition is true, then the if-block is

The programming languages provide various types of

• The for loop is also called as a pre-tested loop. It

It is used when it is necessary to execute the loop at

The block of statements is executed in the while

(20CS0511) PYTHON PROGRAMMING

# Calling function and passing two arguments out of

(20CS0511) PYTHON PROGRAMMING

3 Recoverable/ It is irrecoverable It is recoverable

4 It can't be occur at It can occur at run time compile time

5 Example OutOfMemoryError NullPointerException , SqlException

Exception: Length of the given list must be less

findall Returns a list containing all matches

search Returns a Match object if there is a match anywhere in the string

sub Replaces one or many matches with a string

• pip install numpy

• It will take 2 minutes time to download the

arr = numpy.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])

• Access Array Elements

arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4])

arr = np.array([[1,2,3,4,5], [6,7,8,9,10]])

print('2nd element on 1st row: ', arr[0, 1])

• arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6])

• o/p:[array([1, 2]), array([3, 4]), array([5, 6])]

• Sorting means putting elements in an ordered

arr = np.array([3, 2, 0, 1])

• A Pandas DataFrame is a 2 dimensional data

• import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

xpoints = np.array([0, 6])

• Plotting x and y points

xpoints = np.array([1, 8])

(20CS0511) PYTHON PROGRAMMING

You might also like