Chapter 3 Image - Intensity Transformations (Point Processing)
Chapter 3 Image - Intensity Transformations (Point Processing)
Original Negative
s = 1.0 - r
Image Image
Point Processing Example:
Negative Images (cont…)
Original Image Enhanced Image x
x
s = intensitymax - r
Point Processing Example:
Thresholding
Thresholding transformations are particularly
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)
Contrast stretching
Intensity Transformations
Thresholding
Basic Grey Level Transformations
There are many different kinds of grey level
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)
transformations
Three of the most
common are shown
here
– Linear
• Negative/Identity
– Logarithmic
• Log/Inverse log
– Power law
• nth power/nth root
Logarithmic Transformations
The general form of the log transformation is
s = c * log(1 + r)
The log transformation maps a narrow range
of low input grey level values into a wider
range of output values
The inverse log transformation performs the
opposite transformation
Logarithmic Transformations (cont…)
s = log(1 + r)
Logarithmic Transformations (cont…)
s = log(1 + r)
We usually set c to 1.
Grey levels must be in the range [0.0, 1.0]
Power Law Transformations
Power law transformations have the following form
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)
s=c*rγ
Map a narrow range
of dark input values
into a wider range of
output values or vice
versa
Varying γ gives a whole
family of curves
Power Law Transformations (cont…)
Original Image Enhanced Image x
x
s=rγ
We usually set c to 1.
Grey levels must be in the range [0.0, 1.0]
Power Law Example
Power Law Example (cont…)
γ = 0.6
1
Transformed Intensities
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Old Intensities
Power Law Example (cont…)
γ = 0.4
1
0.9
Transformed Intensities
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Original Intensities
Power Law Example (cont…)
γ = 0.3
1
0.9
Transformed Intensities
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Original Intensities
Power Law Example (cont…)
The images to the
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)
s = r 0.4
spine
Different curves
highlight different
detail
Power Law Example
Power Law Example (cont…)
γ = 5.0
1
0.9
Transformed Intensities
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Original Intensities
Power Law Transformations (cont…)
An aerial photo
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)
of a runway is
shown s = r 3.0
This time
power law
s = r 4.0
transforms are
used to darken
the image
Different curves
highlight
different detail
Piecewise Linear Transformation
Functions
Rather than using a well defined mathematical
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)