.

',' L-3/T-l/ME ' Date: 29/10/2019

BANGLADESH UNIVERSITY 0F-ENGINEERINGAND TECHNOLOGY, DHAKA
L-3/T-I B. Sc. Engineering Examinations 2018-2019
Sub: ME 305 (Heat Transfer)
Full Marks: 210 Time : 3 Hours
The figures in the margin indicate full marks.
USE SEPARATE SCRIPTS FOR EACH SECTION
SECTION -A

There are FOUR questions in this section. Answer any THREE.

Symbols used to have their usual meaning.

1. (a) What are the Prandtl's boundary layer approximations? Using these
approximations, obtain Prandtl boundary layer equations for forced convection heat

transfer. (10)
(b) How are the hydrodynamic and the thermal entry lengths defined for flow in a
heated tube? What will be those energy lengths for both laminar and turbulent flow

through a tube? (10)

(c) Air at 10°C and 1 atm pressure is flowing over a flat plate at a velocity of 3 m/s. If
the plate is 30 cm wide and 50 cm long, and at a temperature of 10°C, calculate the
ratio of hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness at a distance of 30 cm from the

leading edge of the plate to the critical length of the plate. (15)

2. (a) Consider a rectangular fin,that is used to cool a motorcycle engine. The fin is 0.15
m long and at a temperature of 250°C, while the motorcycle is moving at 80 km/h in
air at 27°C. The air is in parallel flow over both surfaces of the fin, and turbulent flow
conditions may be assumed to exist throughout. What is the rate of heat removal per

unit width of the fin? (15)

(b) Air at 300 K and 1 atm enters a smooth tube having a diameter of2 cm and length
of 10 cm. The air velocity is 40 m/s. What constant heat flux must be applied at the
tube surface to result in an air temperature rise of 5°C? Determine convection heat

transfer coefficient for this case. (20)

3. (a) Explain the cases of stable and unstable fluid circulation during the presence of
(positive/negative) temperature gradient across a fluid layer between hot and cold
surfaces. (13)
(b) Show the effect of Prandtl number on hydrodynamic and thermal boundary layer
thickness during natural convection over a vertical isothermal flat plate. (7)
(c) Consider a l5-cm x 20-cm printed circuit/ board (PCB) that has electronic
components on one side. The board is placed in a moon at 20°C. The heat loss from
the back surface of the board is negligible. If the circuit board is dissipating 8 W of
power in steady operations, determine the average temperature of the hot surface of
the board, assuming the board .is horizontal with hot surface facing up. Take the
emissivity of the surface of the board to be 0.8 and assume the surrounding surfaces
to be at the same temperature as the air in the room. (15)
Contd P/2
.
=2=

ME305

4. (a) Ethyl-alcohol (Sc = 103) spilled out from a flask on a smooth surface of a
laboratory table. A fan is used to evaporate that chemical from the table surface. If the
fan creates a uniform air flow at a speed of u'" over the surface, and the concentration
of ethyl-alcohol at the table is Cs and in the air is C'" draw and table the boundary
layers developed over the table surface for CsC'" and show the corresponding
boundary layer thickness for each boundary layer. (10)
(b) Define Nusselt and Sherwood numbers. Derive the relationship between
convection heat and mass transfer coefficient during simultaneous heat and mass
transfer using Chilton-Colburn analogy. (10)
(c) During a certain experiment involving the flow of dry air at 27°C and I atm over a
body covered with a layer of naphthalene, it is observed that 12g of naphthalene has
sublimated in 15 min. The surface area of the body is 0.3 m2• Both the body and the
air were kept at 27°C during the study. The vapor pressure of naphthalene at 27°C is
I I Pa. Determine the mass transfer coefficient under the same flow conditions over
the same geometry. Given that molecular weights of dry air and naphthalene are
28.96 and 128.2 glmol, respectively. (15)

SECTION -B

There are FOUR questions in this section. Answer any THREE.

5. (a) Considering a medium of constant thenno-physical properties, derive the general

heat conduction equation for cylindrical co-operate system applying the principle of
energy balance in a differential control volume. Hence obtain "Laplace Equ1!,tion"

with necessary assumptions. (18)

(b) Consider a homogeneous sphere of radioactive materia! of radius ro = 0.04 m,

generating heat at a constant rate egen =5x107 W/m3 as shown in Fig. for Q.5(b). The

heat generated is dissipated to the environment steadily. The outer surface of the
sphere is maintained at a uniform temperature of 110°C and thermal conductivity of

the sphere is k = 15 WIm.K. (17)

Assuming steady one-dimensional heat transfer, obtain a relation for the variation of
temperature in the sphere and determine the temperature at the center of the sphere.

6. (a) A thin silicon chip and an 8-mm-thick aluminum substrate by a 0.02 mm thick
epoxy joint. The chip and substrate are each 10 mm on a side, and their exposed
surfaces are cooled by air, which is at a temperature of 25°C and provides a
convection coefficient of 100 W/m2K. If the chip dissipates 104 W/m2 under normal
conditions, will it operate below a maximum allowable temperature of 85°C?
Consider the schematic of the system as delineated in the Fig. for Q. 6(a) and the
attached table for the appropriate thermal resistance solid/solid interfaces. (17)
Contd P/3
 =3=

ME 305
Contd ..... Q. NO.6

(b) A thermocouple junction, which may be approximated as a sphere, is to be used

for temperature measurement in a gas stream. The convection coefficient between the
junction surface and the gas is h = 400 W/m2K, and the junction thermo-physical
properties are k = 20 WIm.K, cp = 400 Jlkg.K and p = 8500 kg/m3 Determine the
junction diameter needed for the thermocouple to have a tie constant of I s. If the
junction is at 25°C and is placed in a gas stream that is at 400°C, how long will it take

for the junction to reach 390°C? (18)

7. (a) How can you differentiate among Black Body, Real Surface and Gray Surface?
Show their characteristics in terms of variation of spectral emissivity and spectral
emissive power with wavelength. (15)
(b) Define View factor used in radiation study. Determine the view factor F1z and FZ3
between rectangular surfaces a shown in Fig. for 7(b). (10)
(c) A thin aluminum sheet with an emissivity of 0.1 on both sides a placed between
two very large parallel plates that are maintained at uniform temperature T 1 = 800 K
and Tz = 500 K and have emissivities £1 = 0.2 and £z = 0.7, respectively, as shown in
Fig. for Q. 7 (c). Determine the net rate of radiation heat transfer between the two
plates per unit surface area of the plates and compare the result to that without the
shield. (10)

8. (a) Differentiate pool boiling and flow boiling. (5)

(b)With neat sketch briefly describe the characteristic of flow boiling regimes in case
of internal flow boiling inside a vertical tube. Also show the variation of heat transfer
coefficient and quality along the tube length. (10)
(c) In case of condensation over a vertical plate, which mode of condensation (i.e.
dropwise/filmwise) is more preferable and why? (5)
(d) The condenser of a steam power plant operates at a pressure of 7.38 kPa
(Saturation Temp. 40°C). Steam at this pressure condenses on the outer surfaces of
horizontal tubes through which cooling water circulates. The outer diameter of the
pipes is 3 cm, and the outer surfaces of the tubes are maintained at 30°C. Assuming
laminar film condensation case, determine:
(a) Rate of heat transfer to the cooling watcr circulating in the tubes and
(b) Rate of condensation of steam per unit length of a horizontal tube.
For laminar film condensation over horizontal tube; heat transfer coefficient "h" can
be calculated as: (15)

Symbols have their usual meaning. Use the enclosed tables for properties of water.
and water vapor.
[----- -- - ... ,._- --- ~ ---~-~ .
f\/}£ 305
------

.Table A-51 Properties of air at atmospheric pressure.t

:._-.-_._ ... _---
~:.::. :.'1. :'~"-'-"Tlfe vallfesofJL-;-k~.tp',~,nHrPr ai'enotstr()jrgly:'preS:~ure-diWejftlenC
: __ and may beused:over3 fail'ly wiM range of pressures . ..,
..
••• ':" I

..
' . . i
" "
.. .... .. _. -- ,-

p :cp . P. x)05 v.x ]06 k Ci x 104

.1, 2 .
'. TK
L ,_.:._, __ ~___ ~ ~Ji~1}13. k]/kg'.-"--C_ .__ J,g/lli .s_ ~__ITI_:L~ ~.. ":Whn'oC ... _' -,nA. __.:.
)r

1.0266 0.6924 1.923 0.009246 0.02501 0.770

100 3.6010
1.0099 1.0283 4.343 0.013735 0.05745 0.753
150 2.3675
1.7684 1.0061 1.3289 7.490 0.01809 0.10165 0.739
200
1.4128 1.0053 1.5990 11.31 0.02227 0.15675 0.722
250
J.] 774 1.0057 1.8462 15.69 0.02624 0.22160 0.708
300
0.9980 1.0090 i.075 20.76 0.03003 . 0.2983 0.697
350
0.8826 1.0140 2.286 25.90 0.03365 0.3760 0.689
400
0.7833 1.0207 2.484 31.71 0.03707 0.4222 0.683
450
500 0.7048 1.0295 2.671 37.90 0.04038 0.5564 0.680
0.6423 1.0392 2.848 44.34 0.04360 0.6532 0.680
550
0.5879 1.0551 3.018 51.34 0.04659 0.7512 0.680
600
0.5430 1.0635 3.177 58.51 0.04953 0.8578 0.682
650
0.5030 1.0752 3.332 66.25 0.05230 0.9672 0.684
700
1.0856 3.48 I 73.91 0.05509 1.0774 0.686.
750 0.4709
800 0.4405 1.0978 3.625 82.29 0.05779 1.1951 0.689
0.4149 1.1095 3.765 90.75 0.06028 1.3097 0.692
850
900 0.3925 1.1212 3.899 99.3 0.06279 1.4271 0.696
950 0.3716 1.1321 4.023 108.2 0.06525 1.5510 0.699
0.3524 1.1417 4.152 117.8 0.06752 1.6779 0.702
1000
0.3204 1.160 4.44 138.6 0.0732 1.969 0.704
1100
0.2947 1.179 4.69 159.1 0.0782 . 2.251 0.707
1200
1300 0.2707 1.197 4.93 182.1 0.0837 2.583 0.705
1400 0.2515 1.214 5.17 205.5 0.0891 2.920 0.705
1500 0.2355 1.230 . 5.40 229.1 0.0946 3.262 0.705
1600 0.2211 1.248 5.63 254.5 0.100 . 3.609 0.705
1700 0.2082 1.267 5.85 280.5 0.105 3.977 0.705
1800 0.1970 1.287 6.07 308.1 0.111 4.379 0.704
1900 0.1858 1.309 6.29 338.5 0.117 4.811 0.704
2000 0.1762 1.338 6.50 369.0 0.124 5.260 0.702
2100. 0.1682 1.372 6.72 399.6 0.131 5.715 0.700
2200 0.1602. 1.419 6.93 432.6 0.139 6.120 0.707
2300 0.1538 1.482 7.14 464.0 0.]49 6.540 0.710
2400 0.1458 1.574 7.35 504.0 0.161 7.020 0.718
2500 0.1394 ] .688 7.57 543.5 0.175 7.441 0.730

=f= .
-y-
 Summary of Correlation fO'r Forced Convection Flow over Flat Plates
Properties evaluated at Film temperature
,
Heat Transfer
Type Restrictions Fluid Flow Isothermal (Tw ==constant)
,
Isoflux (aw ==constant)
2
Nu x ==0,332Re1x'/2Pr1/3 Nu x ==0.453Re1/ Pr1/3
Laminar: Rex < 5 x 105; 0.6 < Pr < 50 C f,x == O.6 64Re~l/2 x .i
Local
Cf ==1.328Re~l/2 Nu L ==O.664Re~2Prl/3 Nu L ==0,680Re~2PrJ/3
Average Laminar: ReL < 5 x 105 ; 0.6 < Pr < 50
Turbulent: 5 x 105 :0; Rex :0; 107; C ==0 059Re-l/5 Nux == 0.0296Re~/5Prl/3 Nux ==0.0308Re~/5Prl/3
. f,x' x
Local 0.6 < Pr < 60
7 ,

==0.037Re~/5Prl/3
Turbulent: 5 x 105 :0; ReL :0; 10 ; C f ==0.074Re~l/5 NUL ==0.037Re~5Prl/3 NUL
Average
0.6 < Pr < 60
Partly Laminar, Partly Turbulent: 13
0.037Re~5Prl/3
Cf ==O.074Re~1/5-1742ReL ==(0.037Re~5_871)Pr
5 x 105:0; ReL :0; 107 ;0.6 :0; Pr :0; 60
NUL / NUL
Average 1+ 12.33x 106Re~6/5
Recr ==5 x 105
Ii
~,
Correlations for Fully Developed Turbulent Forced Convection Flow inside Circular Pipe
1 Properties evaluated at Mean Bulk Fluid temperature, Tb ==(Tj + Te)/2 otherwise mentioned
'.I) Restrictions
Colburn Equation
Nu ==0.023Re~8 PrJ/3 0.7 < Pr < 160; ReD> 10000; LID > 60; small to moderate temperature differences

Dittus-Boelter Equation Restrictions ,

7
n ==0.4 (Tw >Tb); n ==0.3 (Tw < Tb); 0.6 < Pr < 160; 6000 < ReD < 10 ; LID> 60; For duct flow,
n
Nu ==0.023Re~8 Pr Dis replaced by Dh
,

'>.1
~

r
Sieder and Tate Equation Restrictions III
' CJ.,:l i
14
0.7 < Pr < 10000; 6000 < ReD < 107 ; LID > 60; flw is, evaluated at wall (surface) temperature; ()
Nu ==0.027 Re~8 PrJ/3 (f.1b For duct flow, Dis replaced by Dh
<J"I

\
\\
f.1w
 ,----------,--------------------------~ ----~----------
! ME 30~
'l
"

.' r
'~i. . . .
'Figure 6-6; I Turbulent therll1al entry Nusselt numbers for circular tubes
with l1w = constant. '
,
• , ,i

2.0

,~I !
"':::I :::l.
Z:z

:, 10 20 30 40

,f x'
•, D'

i .;'
I .1,
!
!
I,

I'
I "

r
1
'j
-"

'oi:
 "

.. I
!

Table 1: Summary of Correlations for External Natural Convection on Horizontal Plate

Evaluation of Fluid Thermal
Correlation(s) Restrictions
Properties condition
Upper surface hot or
McAdams: N uL, =0.54 RaL1/4L As
, , c =- lower surface cool
p
105 < RaLe < 107
Upper surface hot or Tf= (Ts + Toc,)/2,
.
McAdams: N 0
uL, =. lSR 1/3 L
aL,' As lower surface cool
C =- except for gases p at Isothermal
. P.
107 < RaLe S:. 1010 Too
Lower surface hot or
s
McAdams: NUL, =O.27Ra~4,Lc = A _ Upper surface cool
P 105 S:. RaLe < 1010
Upper surface hot
NUL = O.13Ra~3
~ RaL <2 x 1010 .

) " NUL =O.16Ra~3

Upper surface hot T", ~ f, - O.2S( 1; - Too),
Isoflux
...{j 2x108<RaL<10ll pat Tf=(f,+Too)12
NUL = O.S8Ra~5
Lower surface hot
106 < RaL < lOll

.~:t~~\\
,
.\
\

,
\

\
\
_._---"- "_.--
 (VIE- 305
------ •...... ~-

----- 7' = 25.C

Air
- h: 100 W/m"K
-----
Silicon chip

Epoxy joint
'.'T
(0.02 mm) :.: I
:.' L= 8 mm
',': ..
Aluminum
substrate
"'1
;:

~...;Air .--
----- T. = 25.C
II: 100 Wim>.K

Figure for Q. 6 (a)

Figure for Q. 5 (b)
TABLE: Thermal resistance of representative solid/solid interfaces

Interface K;, X 10' (m' . K/W)

Silicon chip/lapped aluminum.in air 0.3-0.6

(27-500 kN/Ill')

I
Aluminum/aluminum wilh indium foil . -0.Q7
filler (-100 kN/Ill')
Stailllcss!slainicss with indium foil -0.04
filler (-3500 kN/Ill')
Alumlnum/nlumlllllll1 \\'1111 fIlCllllliC (Pb) 0.01-0.! I
t.Oilling I,
Aluminum/aluminum wilh Dow Corning -0.07
340 grease (-100 kN/Ill')
SI<linh.'ss/slilinlcss with Do~\'Corning -0.04
340 grease (-3500 kN/Ill')
Silicon chiplnlumillUl1l with O.02.1lI111 0.2-0.9
epoxy
Brass/hmss with] 5.1-l1ll Un solder 0.025-0.14

CD 1
"
f

61'" 0.2 "2'" 0.7

T) '" 800 K 72 = sOO K

Figure for Q. 7 (b) Figure for Q. 7 (c)

~ Preperties ef Sat~rated Water
 I
l-
!VI£305 -
II

.. ..
"

".
-

of 5 "-1M y",hd
1"J 1/3-.«
.. To. ble. ; propePh'u
Enthalpy Specific Thermal
Saturation Density of Heat Conductivity Dynamic Viscosity
p. kgtm3 Vaporization e,. J/kg.K k. W/m.K p. kg/m.,
Pressure
Temp.
VapOr Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor
T, ~C Pal' kPa Liquid his' kJlkg

2501 4217 1854 0.561 0.0171 1.792 x 10-3 0.922 x 10-'

am 0.6113 999.8 0.0048
1.519 x 10-3 0.934 X lO-~
5 0.8721 999.9 0.0068 2490 4205 1857 0.571 0.0173
l.2276 999.7 0.0094 2478 4194 1862 0.580 0.0176 1.307 x 10-3 0.946 " 10-'
10
1.7051 999.1 0.0128 2466 4185 1863 0.589 0.0179 U38 x 10-3 0.959 x 10-'
15
2.339 998.0 0.0173 2454 4182 1867 0.598 0.0182 1.002 x 10-3 0.973 x 10-'
20
2442 4180 1870 0.607 0.0186 0:891 x 10-3 0.987 X lO-lJ
25 3.169 997.0 0.0231
4.246 996.0 0.0304 2431 4178 1875 0.6l5 0.0189 0.798 x 10-3 1.001 x 10-'
30
5.628 994.0 0.0397 2419 4178 1880 0.623 0.0192 0.720 x 10-3 1.016 x 10-'
35
40 7.384 992.1 0.0512 2407 4179 1885 0.631 0.0196 0.653 x 10-3 1.031 x \0-'
9.593 990.1 0.0655 2395 4180 1892 0.637 0.0200 0.596 x 10-' 1.046 x 10-'
45
988.1 0.0831 2383 4181 1900 0.644 0.0204 0.547 x 10-' 1.062 x 10-'
50 12.35
15.76 985.2 0.1045 2371 4183 1908 0.649 0.0208 0.504 x 10-' 1.077 x 10-'
55
19.94 983.3 0.1304 2359 4185 1916 0.654 0.0212 0.467 " 10-3 1.093 x 10-'
60
25.03 980.4 0.1614 2346 4187 1926 0.659 0.0216 0.433 x 10-3 1.110 x 1O-~
65
70 3U9 977.5 0.1983 2334 4190 1936 0.663 0,0221 0.404 x 10-3 U26 x 10-'
974.7 0.2421 2321 4193 1948 0.667 0.0225 0.378 x 10-" 1.142 x 10-" .
75 38.58
47.39 971.8 0.2935 2309 4197 1962 0.670 0.0230 0.355 x 10-' 1.159 x 10-5
80
57.83 968.1 0.3536 2296 4201 1977 0.673 0.0235 0.333 x 10-3 U76x10-5
85
70.14 965.3 0.4235 2283 4206 1993 0.675 0.0240 0.315 x 10-' U 93 x 10-'
90
84.55 961.5 0.5045 2270 4212 2010 '0.677 0.0246 0.297 x 10-3 l.210 x 10-'
95
100 10.1.33 957.9 0,5978 2257 4217 2029 0.679 0,0251 0.282 x 10-' l.227 x 10-'
143.27 950,6 0,8263 2230 4229 2071 0,682 0,0262 0.255 x 10-' 1.261 x 10-:'
110
120 198.53 943.4 1.121 2203 4244 2120 0,683 0.0275 0.232 x 10-3 1.296 " 10-"
270,1 934.6 1.496 2174 4263 2177 '0,684 0.0288 0,213 x 10-3 1.330 X 10-5
130
140 361.3 921.7 1.965 2145 4286 2244 0.683 0.0301 0,197 x 10-3 l.365 X 10-5
150 475.8 916,6 2,546 2114 4311 23111 0.682 0.0316 0.183 x 10-' l.399 x 10-'
907.4 3.256 2083 4340 2420 0.680 0.0331 0.170 x 10-3 1.434 X 1O-!>
160 617,8
170 791.7 897.7 4.119 2050 4370 2490 0.677 0,0347 0,160 x 10-3 1.468 X 10-5
.180 1.002.1 887.3 5.153 2015 4410 2590 0,673 0,0364 0.150 x 10-3 1.502 X 10-5
190 1.254.4 876,4 6.388 1979 4460 2710 0.669 0.0382 0.142 x 10-3 i.537 x 10-5
200 1.553.8 864,3 7,852 1941 4500 2840 0.663 0.0401 0.134 x 10-3 l.571 X 10-5
220 2.318 840,3 11.60 1859 4610 3110 0,650 0.0442 0.122 x 10-3 1.641 x 10-'
240 3.344 813.7 16,73 1767 4760 3520 0.632 0.0487 0,1 IIx 10-3 1.712 x 10-'
783,7 23.69 1663 4970 4070 0.609 0.0540 0.102 x 10-3 1.788 X 10-5
260 4.688
6.412 750,8 33,15 1544 5280 4835 0,581 0.0605 0,094 x 10-3 l.870 X 10-'
280
300 8.581 713,8 46.15 1405 5750 5980 0.548 0.0695 0.086 x 10-' 1.965 X 10-'
320 11.274 667,1 64,57 1239 6540 7900 0.509 0.0836 0.078 x 10-3 2.084 x 10- 5
340 14.586 610.5 92.62 1028 8240 11.870 0.469 O.llO' 0.070 x 10-3 2.255 X 10-5
360 18,651 528.3 144.0 720 14.690 25,800 0.427 0.178 0.060 x 10-;1 2.571 X 10-5
374.14 22.090 317.0 317.0 a 0.043 x 10-3 4.313 X lo-a