EARTHQUAKE HAZARD
Lesson 4:
MS. XYRELYN SANTOS
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At the end of this lesson, We can,
Identify various potential earthquake hazards.
Determine the effects of different earthquake hazards.
Recognize and identify the natural signs of an impending earthquake.
Apply precautionary and safety measures before, during and after an
earthquake.
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An earthquake is a feeble shaking to violent trembling of the ground
produced by the sudden displacement of rocks or rock materials below the
earth’s surface. There are two types of earthquakes;
TECTONIC EARTHQUAKE- generated by the sudden displacement along
faults in the solid and rigid layer of the earth.
VOLCANIC EARTHQUAKE- induced by rising lava or magma beneath
active volcanoes.
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How it happens:
The Earth's outer layer, called the crust, is made up of large pieces called tectonic
plates. These plates are always slowly moving.
Sometimes, the edges of these plates get stuck because of friction. When they finally
break free, the stored energy is released as seismic waves, causing the ground to
shake.
Why it feels shaky:
The energy travels through the Earth in waves, similar to how ripples move through
water when you throw a stone into a pond. These waves make the ground move.
Where it happens:
Earthquakes usually occur near the boundaries where tectonic plates meet, but they
can also happen in the middle of plates.
Effects:
The shaking can cause buildings to collapse, roads to crack, and landslides. It can
also trigger tsunamis if the earthquake happens under the ocean.
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How it happens:
Inside a volcano, magma (molten rock) is moving and building up pressure.
This movement and pressure can crack rocks and cause the ground to shake, creating an
earthquake.
Why it happens near volcanoes:
Magma pushes its way through the Earth's crust, causing stress on the rocks.
When the rocks break or move, it releases energy as seismic waves, which we feel as an
earthquake.
Types of volcanic earthquakes:
Volcano-tectonic earthquakes: Caused by breaking rocks as magma forces its way up.
Long-period earthquakes: Caused by the movement of magma and gas.
What it means:
Volcanic earthquakes can be a warning sign that a volcano is getting ready to erupt, but not
always.
Effects:
These earthquakes are usually smaller than tectonic earthquakes but can still cause damage,
especially near an active volcano.
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Refers to a fracture, fissure or a zone of weakness on the earth’s crust
where movement or displacement has occurred or may occur again.
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Normal Fault: Rocks pull apart → one block moves down.
Reverse Fault: Rocks push together →
one block moves up.
Strike-Slip Fault: Rocks slide sideways past each other.
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Do you know the fault line in Pampanga?
The Lubao Fault, it is located in the province of Pampanga Philippines, is part
of the Bataan Volcanic Arc Complex (BVAC)
Do you know what the biggest fault system is in the Philippines?
The Marikina Valley Fault System, also known as the Valley Fault Systems
(VFS), is a dominantly dextral strike-slip fault system in Luzon, Philippines.
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1. GROUND SHAKING- shaking of the ground is
caused by the passage of seismic waves, forms of
energy that travel through the different layers of
the earth caused by vibration or movement. The
intensity of ground shaking depends on the
geological make up of the ground, the duration
and intensity of the earthquake, and the
proximity the area to epicenter.
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2. LIQUEFACTION- this occurs when seismic shaking
causes loose materials in the soil to mix with
groundwater or soil saturated with water. Eventually, the
soil behaves like quicksand that has lost its strength to
hold and support objects on top of it. In effect, the
structures on the ground will sink. This hazard is difficult
to defect early on because the surface of the soil or even
the layer several meters below it may appear to be solid
bedrock.
Liquefaction happens when the ground shakes during an earthquake, and soil that is usually solid starts to act like a
liquid.
How it happens:
Some soils, like sand or silt, have tiny spaces filled with water.
When the ground shakes, the water between the soil particles gets squeezed, and the particles lose contact
with each other.
This makes the soil lose its strength and behave like a liquid.
Where it happens:
Liquefaction usually occurs in areas with loose, water-saturated soil, like near rivers, lakes, or coasts.
What it causes:
Buildings, roads, and other structures on top of liquefied soil can sink, tilt, or collapse because the ground can
no longer support them.
Example:
During the 1964 Niigata Earthquake in Japan, many buildings tipped over because of liquefaction.
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3. GROUND RUPTURE- this occurs when ground
movement happens on a fault line and break through to
the surface. This may happen in an instant during an
earthquake. Slowly , the ground cracks and eventually
break apart.
Most of the time, fault rupture follows pre-existing fault
known as zones of weakness. Structure that are built
exactly on the fault or along the span of the fault are
likely to experience severe damage and thus have higher
disaster risks.
What it is:
It's the visible breaking or displacement of the ground caused by movement along a
fault during an earthquake.
How it happens:
When energy is released along a fault, the ground on either side moves. If the
movement reaches the surface, it can create cracks, ridges, or shifts in the land.
Where it happens:
Ground rupture occurs directly above a fault where the earthquake's movement is
strongest.
What it can do:
It can tear apart roads, buildings, pipelines, and other structures crossing the fault
line.
Example:
During the 1999 İzmit Earthquake in Turkey, the ground shifted by several meters
along the fault line.
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4. EARTHQUAKE-INDUCED GROUND SUBSIDENCE- subsidence is
the lowering of land due to various causes, one of which is the
earthquake on a fault line. The movement of ground during an
earthquake could be horizontal, vertical, or both. Depending on the
slope, one of the areas broken up by the movement may be lowered
compared to the elevation of the other pieces of land. This lowering
becomes permanent, making the general elevation of the land uneven.
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5. EARTHQUAKE-INDUCED LANDSLIDES-
landslides may happen during or after an earthquake
when a weakened section of land falls off primarily
due to gravity. The weak land may be due to its
composition of frail rocks or its soft soil foundation
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6. TSUNAMI- the word “tsunami” is a Japanese
word that means “Harbors wave”. The term is
now used to mean series of waves that are
generated by a sudden displacement on the
ocean floor caused by large-scale earthquake.
The abrupt impact on the ocean floor can cause
giant waves on the surface of water to pick up
speed that may exceed 500 miles per hour.
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At present, THERE IS NO INSTRUMENT that can
accurately tell the time and place of an impending
earthquake.
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SEISMOMETER- is an instrument used to measure movement in
Earth’s surface. It can detect vibrations from seismic waves
generated by earthquake and volcanic eruptions.
A seismic wave is a form of energy that travels through the interior
of Earth.
There are two types of seismic waves are the p-waves and s-waves.
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1. Prepare a survival kit
It should contain at least the following items:
Bottled water
Canned goods and can opener
First aid kit
Battery-powered radio
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2. Avoid placing breakables on high shelves or cabinets.
3. Check regularly the stability of hanging objects such as ceiling fans and
chandeliers, even tools and other items.
4. Fasten heavy furniture to the walls or floor. Tall cabinets can be
secured by hooking them up against the wall.
5. Know the emergency numbers of the police rescue, and fire
departments.
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If you are indoors:
Stay calm. Duck under a sturdy table and protect your head. Remember the DCH
(DROP, COVER, and HOLD ON)method.
DROP- whatever you are doing or whatever position you are in, immediately
drop down to the floor.
COVER- find a sturdy piece of furniture, such as a table or a chair, and take
cover under it.
HOLD- hold on to the sturdy piece of furniture and prepare to move with it
until the earthquake stops or when all other objects have stopped moving.
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If you are indoors:
Stay away from glass window and doors, and heavy furniture.
Watch out for falling debris or objects.
Never use an elevator to get out of the building. If you are inside
the elevator, press the button for the nearest floor and get off
immediately.
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If you are outdoors:
Stay clear of buildings, trees, light posts, power lines, and other
structures that could fall or collapse on you.
If you are in a mountainous area, be alert for falling rocks and other
debris. If you are in a coastal area, move to a higher ground in case
a tsunami follows after the earthquake.
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If you are driving or inside a car:
Slow down and turn on the hazard light to alert other drivers. Stay
inside the car until the shaking stops.
Avoid pulling up near or under bridges, overpasses, and power lines
that may fall or collapse.
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If you are on a bus or train:
Hold tightly to the strap or handrail.
Stay inside and listen to the instructions of the train staff. Wait until
it is safe to go out of the vehicle.
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Expect aftershocks, so remain calm.
Check yourself and others for injuries. Call for medical assistance.
Stay away from downed or damaged power lines. Do not touch wires
lying on the ground or objects that may be touching them can cause
electrocution.
Check for damaged electrical wiring. Shut off the main electrical switch if
you suspect any damage. If power is off, check first the switches and
sockets. If they are damaged, have them immediately repaired by a
licensed electrician.
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Inspect gas tanks.
Tune in to local radio stations and listen for any news and danger
reports.
Stay out of damaged buildings and areas with broken glass and debris.
Follow the emergency plan or the instructions of building personnel if
you are inside a building.
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