ELECTRIC CIRCUITS

01026204

Class V

Surin Khomfoi, Ph.D.

Associate Professor
Department of Electrical Engineering
Renewable Energy Application Laboratory (REAL)
King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang
 ELECTRIC CIRCUITS
01026204

Class V

Surin Khomfoi, Ph.D.

Associate Professor
Department of Electrical Engineering
Renewable Energy Application Laboratory (REAL)
King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang
 ELECTRIC CIRCUITS
01026204

Class V

Surin Khomfoi, Ph.D.

Associate Professor
Department of Electrical Engineering
Renewable Energy Application Laboratory (REAL)
King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang
 ELECTRIC CIRCUITS
01026204

Class V

Surin Khomfoi, Ph.D.

Associate Professor
Department of Electrical Engineering
Renewable Energy Application Laboratory (REAL)
King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang
5. Useful Circuit Analysis Techniques

Linearity and Superposition

# The principle of superposition states that

the “response” (a desired current or voltage) in
a linear circuit having more than one independent
source can be obtained by adding the response
caused by the separate independent source
“acting alone”
Today 4(

Passive

3
indutsu
limit time
supplied power but
-City
 S

Linear Circuit Multiplication of the

current through the element by a constant K
results in the multiplication of the voltage across
the element by the same constant K

v(t) = R.(i(t)) plot is linear (straight line)

sitig
Dependent source : ate e

vs  0.6 i1  14 v2 linear
But, 2
v s  0.6 i1
non-linear
vs  0.6 i1 . v 2
 Blinea
Superposition principle
v1 v2 response function

Ref. forcing function

KCL @ v1 v1 v1  v 2
 ia   0
2 5
0.7v1  0.2v 2  i a (1)
KCL @ v2 v2 v 2  v1
  ib  0
1 5
 0.2v1  1.2v 2  i b (2)
Now, let perform experiment x Perform experiment y
0.7v1x  0.2v 2x  i ax 0.7v1y  0.2v 2y  i ay
 0.2v1x  1.2v 2x  i bx  0.2v1y  1.2v 2y  i by

we can add or superpose both x and y

(0.7v1x  0.7v1y )  (0.2v 2x  0.2v 2y )  i ax  i ay
0.7 v1 - 0.2 v2 = ia
 (0.2v1x  0.2v1y )  (1.2v 2x  1.2v 2y )  i bx  i by
- 0.2 v1 + 1.2 v2 = ib

So, i a  i ax  i ay ; i b  i bx  i by forcing function

v1  v1x  v1y ; v 2  v 2x  v 2y response function
 Luna Poverture
per
Superposition theorem :
nike
In any linear resistive network, the voltage
across or the current through any resistor or source
may be calculate by adding algebraically all the
individual voltages or current caused by the
separate independent source acting alone, with all
other independent voltage source replaced by
short circuit and other independent current source
by open circuit
 Short circuit Open circuit

Set to zero “v” Set to zero “i”

Note Dependent sources are in general active in

every experiment
Example

'
ix

' 3 i
''
ix   0.2 A x
69
'' 6
i x  (2)  0.8 A
69
' ''
ix  ix  ix  1 A
Practice 5.1 For the circuit, use superposition to
compute the current ix .
ix
1
ix &

- ix +
2
+

-
it(it) <(E)=
to E
= = 28

ix'-1 .
14

= 35 ( =
21 .

E= =
-
0 . 14t

3 0 0, 14 SillA
ix -
=
= .
 '
1 Find i x ; using current divider.
' 10
i  (2 A)
x  0.8 A
10  15
''
2 Find i x ; using voltage divider and Ohm’s law
15
v15Ω  (3.5 V) . ( )  2.1 V
10  15
'' v15Ω 2.1 V
ix    0.14 A
15Ω 15Ω
' ''
ix  ix  ix
i x  0.8 A  0.14 A  0.66 A 660 mA
Example 5.2 Determine the maximum positive
current to which the source Ix can be set before
any resistor exceed its power rating
'
i 100Ω

i '64Ω

Maximum current
-
R ''
0 = R i 100Ω
0.25W
·

i 100,max   50 mA ''
100Ω i 64Ω
0.25W
i 64,max   62.5 mA
64Ω
P= R

== jomA

Is = = 2 5
.
MA

ide
inte los som

Fund
-

nin
L

= 36 .
59 m
/
786 39 ma
100
,
I

isi <25 41 ma .

ix22 = .

< 4422541 in ()
 Using superposition ; Find i '100 and i '64
' ' 6V
i100  i 64   36.59 mA
(100  64)Ω
i '64 and i '64' some direction ;
' ''
i 100 and i 100 opposite direction

''
i 64 should not over than i 64,max  i '64  (62.5  36.59) mA

''
i 64  25.91 mA
'
i ''
100
i100,max  i 100  50  (36.59 mA)  86.59 mA

''
i100  86.59 mA
From current divider
'' 100
i  I x .(
64 )
100  64
'' 64
i 100  I x .( )
100  64
Therefore ;
1) For 100Ω ;
100  64
I x  86.59 mA . ( )
64
I x  221.886 mA
2) For 64Ω ; 100  64
I x  25.91 mA . ( )
100
Ix should not more
I x  42.492 mA than 42.492 mA !
 Example 5.6 (a) Use superposition principal to
determine the value of ix

+
ix
v
-

I
' '' +
ix x ix ''
v
-
 ↑ -
-I
-

>I
- x
2n in
In in
&
-- -X
-

mmm
#kix
I ↑
Ev
& Enix
Wi
-
3 +
y + V = 0
-
lov + i (3) + c(ix) =
e

ix = 2 A
- 3
++
-

2 = 0

zVY =
3

=3
I
v
=
5 =1 . 2

= 19 6 -

ix in ix
"
: + = 2 8 0= 1 4
-

.
,
kvl

-
18 + 3ix + 21x2e
51x =
1x

in = 2

KC)
=
-

3A + Vlix = s

[3--lik
-
six 3
ix" = -O . A

ire ik + ix" c e, G = k)
-

=
=
Find i 'x ; KVL ' '
3i x  2i x  10
'
ix  2 A
''
Find i x ; KCL
v
''

 3A 
'' ''
v  2i x
0 ~ 2112 (1)
2 1

''
Go
v''  ( i 'x' ) . 2Ω   2i 'x'
'' ''
Substitute in (1)
 2i x  2i x  2i x
 3A  0
2 1
 5i x  3   0.6 A
Using superposition
i x  i 'x  i 'y'

 2 A  (- 0.6)

'
i x  1.4 A

-
Practice 5.2 Use superposition to obtain the
voltage+ across each current source.
~

' '
vv11
'
v2
&
i
open

v1 v2

i
'' ''
v1 v2
''
i

i1
i2
 v, 151
Vi

·
nodevi -2
# ii) Vi + ( 5)Vz =2
+ +

-Y
0
moder
, +

(E + *]V2
=0
-
EV +

vi 4 , 18
= v2 =
-
1 1475 ,

~
mesh

-
3+ 2i (ii ii)
++ - 3
=

zi siz = 3

-
Hi , + iz =
ic = 4 -
i His

in iii)
=
,
12 B, M27

ziz"-4i :
V +u Y
VzirIV Y
=
,

= 9 18 + 1 , 9175 = 11 1475 V
, .

=
--
1 1475 +
,
( -
0- 24D)
=
7(0 17i]
3-V
,

= -
1 3735
,

V = 1 ,
4675
Rode VI n112

zV
-

HitV
= i vi + (E i)v4V 0

(t E)vi
=
+

( iz)Vz 2
=
-

+ + -

Evit(Etivie
-1 , 1475
vi =
9, 18 v =

mesh -
·
-
3t72(E1] + 5 (FFE"] :
s (vin4/
S

27 I t =
I ifij
-13 =
&

I= 0 .
1495 In = e, 107
is -iii)
=

V-3 246 .

3 vi = 7 (0 1475] . v= 3 = -
(c)(x(410)
vi= (12]
vi" =
Find v 1' and v '2
' ' '
Node 1 v v v (1)
1 2
 2 1
15 7
' ' '
v 2 v 2  v1 '
Node 2   4i
5 15
'
' v
Ohm’s law ; i  2
5 ' ' ' '
v 2 v 2  v1 4v 2 (2)
  0
5 15 5
' '
22v1  7v 2  210 (3)
' '
v1  8v 2  0 (4)
Solving '
v1  9.180 V
'
v 2  1.148 V
Find v 1'' and v '2'
KVL, mesh i1
 3  (7  15  5)i1 . 5i 2  0
=>

An (5)
KVL, mesh i2
''
i 2  - 4i
''
i  i1  i 2
i 2  - 4i 1  4i 2 (6)

From (5) and (6)

27i1  5i 2  3 (7)
 4i1  3i 2  0 (8)
Solve :
i 1  147.5 mA
i 2  196.7 mA
So, ''
v  7.i1  3V  (7)(147.5mA)  3
-

''
v  1.967 V
1
''
v 2  5(i1  i 2 )  245.9mV

'' ''
v1  v1  v1 v1  11.147 V
'' ''
v2  v  v
2 2 v 2  1.3939 V
5.3 Source Transformations

Voltage source
voltage drop

ideal 12 V source internal resistant

From KVL 12V  0.01i L  v L
v L   0.01i L  12V

v L  v S  R S .i L
v LOC  v L
(open circuit)
vS
i LSC 
RS
(R L  0; v L  0)
Practical current source

Pen iL  iS 
vL
RP
linear

Open – circuit and Short circuit

v LOC  R P .i S
Midpoint : RP =RL
i LSC  i S
Equivalent Practical Source

RL RP
vL  .v S vL  [ .i S ] .R L
RS  RL RP  RL

if RS  R P ; vS  R P .i S  RS .i S
RL R P .R L .i S
.v 
RS  RL S R P  RL
R P .R L R  RL
vS  . iS . S  i S . R P or i S . R S
RP  RL RL
So that ; we can use this equivalent properties

A A

B
B

Note Only respect to load terminal not internal

rg = ighp
=
is. es
 + +
iL iL
2Ω 4Ω vL vL
4Ω

- -
iL  1 A iL  1 A
= Equal at terminal
vL  4 A vL  4 A
But
i R2Ω  2 A i R2Ω  1 A
PR2Ω  8 W PR2Ω  2 W = not equal at
internal !
P3A  -12 W P6V  -6 W
 Example Compute current through 4.7 kΩ

I
9 mA x 5 kΩ

So, KVL

 45  5000 i  4700 i  3000 i  3  0 ; i  3.307 mA

Practice 5.3 Compute ix

ix

ix
1 mA 5kΩ 47kΩ
KCL

1 1
v(  )  1 mA  1 mA  0
5 kΩ 47 kΩ

v (2.2127  10-4 )  2  10-3

v  9.03846 V
v
ix  -6
 192.307  10 A
47 kΩ
Example 5.5 Calculate the current through R = 2Ω
in the circuit
keep it dependence
source
+ vx - + vx -

I I

=E + vx -
+ vx -

I I

See page 137

 ~
-

Sabar Bar
↑

I
H -
him in 9th

IV -
D
dav
I
#D 21

J
28m

*Dav
-

7.
~
5
me MI
-
KVL  7.5  3.5 I  51 v X  28 I  9  0 ; v X  2I

 70.5 I  1.5
 1.5
I  0.02127A
70.5

I  21.28 mA
5.3 Thevenin and Norton equivalent circuit

Key : Replacement of a large part circuit with

a simpler circuit which enable us to make
calculations of the voltage, current an
power of the original circuit is able to
deliver to the load.
 ) dis

Yorot
-B
Example 5.6 6//3 + 7 = 9Ω
473
F

127
-

= -

TI

Fixe =

=
5
+Y
Etitrey
.
2.1 voc

I
= v =
voc = 12V x (6/9) = 8V
Christ )
L
 I =
5
,

&
Network A
Note if either network contains dependent source,
its control variable must be in the same network
B
Thevenin’s Theorem Var + n
1. Given any linear circuit rearrange it in the
form of two networks, A and B, connected
by two wires.
2. Disconnect network B. Define a voltage “Voc”
as the voltage now appearing across the
terminals of network A.
3. Turn off or “zero out” every independent
source in network A to form an inactive network
4. Connect an independent voltage source in
network A to form the inactive network
5. Connect network B to the terminals of the new
network A
 Practice 5.5 Determine norton equivalent of
highlighted network.

* go
2Ω 8Ω

1A 10Ω 1A 5Ω

Von/isc
 D
·
OR

isc
RN

2
RN  5 Ω ; I SC  5 A x 1A
10
Norton’s Theorem

Norton’s equivalent source transformation

on Thevenin equivalent Voc :Vth

iSIN

vOC  R TH . i SC then
=

v OC
R TH 
i SC
Practice 5.7 Determine the thevenin and norton
equivalent circuit

+
voc

isc
 + O

Lestx) v = -is + 2
2334

** Exs]V
w xe
=
-
5 .
54e]

Va = -
7 857)
.

-z
17
=

V = -

3 235
.

3
M

192 = - 13382
-

-
3 735341y
.

133)
e =
Vi
R = 2428 &A

242811

Tum-o
>25 O
-

Lo
-3
.T -
vo
Vio) +
- siste
LE) V =

v= 7 857
-

VSI
V) V* e
V= -

3 ,
235

life = 23 735.
NA

RtH =
] = 1 . 4757
-
3
.
235mA
1.) voc ; Node analysis
v  3v v
 7mA  0

S
2k 5k
1- 1
v( -

5 kΩ 47 kΩ
)  1 mA  1 mA  0
MA
) To 7  10-4 v  5.5 mA
(
~
-

CTXsY] 55mA
~ =
v   7.857 V
-

Using node analysis

v  3v 1 1
(  ) v  7mA  0
2k 5 kΩ 1 kΩ
S-Treat
1 1 1
(   ) v  5.5 mA
2 kΩ 5 kΩ 1 kΩ
. 235 ma
 6.5 mA 3 ->

v -3
 3.82353 V
X
1.7  10
 3.235V
7 42617
, i SC   3.235 mA ;
1 kΩ
M v OC  7.857 V

E
R TH  
i SC  3.235 mA
R TH  2.4287 kΩ
2.4287 kΩ

Mom 3.325 V 2.4287 kΩ

*
7.857 V
Practice Find thevenin equivalent for the
network

+
voc
j =- 20 kΩ

200V1
+
voc
E
- -

i = 0 : open circuit
KVL :  200v1  100  v1  20 kΩ . i  0
100
v1   502.5125 mV

⑤
(-200  1) Pinriais

-vOC  v1  502.5 mV
Val-bor , +-100 = 0

( -200 + 17V = 10

Vi =
-

0 5025
,

isn
20000 i -

100 : a
3
i = 5x1g

R
== -10
 -zenitzo -

Nov +
Vi =

Vec
= , test

shut
v= R

25 kei , -
1DV =

if A
R 3 5025
V
- ,
=
=
105
Fxz
-
iSC : v1  0 ; 0.01 v1 set to zero

KVL ; 20 kΩ . i1  100V  0

100V -3
i1   5  10 A
20 kΩ
v OC  502.5125 mV
R TH   -3
 -100.5024 Ω
i SC 5  10 A
-100.5024 Ω

100 V isc
502.5 mV
20 kΩ
Example 5.10 Find Thevenin equivalent circuit
“only dependent source”
i
Inspection : i  0 ; vOC  0

ga No independent source ;
i SC  vOC  0
v test  1.5(1) v test
i  1  0
3Ω 2Ω
+

D
vtest . (0.8333)  0.5
vtest
- vtest  0.6 V
Visit
Vest His
5 test- =

(t )Vkst
+ = 0 5
.

Vest = 0 6
,

RTH = : Did 1

ein
i-3
So, vOC = 0 V ;

v test 0.6 V
R TH    0.6 Ω
i test 1A

-
Practice 5.9 Find thevenin equivalent circuit

i1
I i1
itest
D 1V

vOC  i SC  0 ; No independent source.

Use, 1 V test source

v  20 i1 v v 1 v
  0 and i1 
10 Ω 30 5 30
= T
36

Ctotti) V
- 2(5) e
-

-
=

(totistE 15) -

v=
E
V = 0 .
45

= 0 15.

R
== = 1

unt
 1 1 1 2v 1
(   )v  0
10 30 5 30 5
1 1 1 1
(   )v
10 30 5 5
0.26667 V  0.2
itest
0.2
v  0.75 V
0.26667
0.75
20Ω i1   0.025 A
30 Ω
0.75  1
i test 
5
R=
i test  0.05A

e
1
R TH   20 Ω
0.05
5.4 Maximum Power Transfer

iL 2 v 2
PL  i .R L 
L
S
2
.R L
+
(R S  R L )
vL Find value of RL which
- absorbed, a maximum power
form the given practical source.
dPL

1
dR L (R S  R L ) 4
. (R
*

S  R L ) 2
. v 2
S  v 2
S . R L . (R S  R L ) . 2 
Set dPL  0 ↑
dR L

0
1
(R S  R L )
4
. 
(R
E
S  R L )
2
. v 2
S  v 2
S . R L . (R S  R L ) . 2 
 (RS  R L )2  2 . R L . (RS  R L )

2 . R L  RS  RL

RL  RS Maximum power
transfer to load

v S2 v S2 v S2
&
Pmax,delivered to load 
(R L  R L ) 2
.R L 
&O
4R 2
4R
L
.R L 
L

Set R L  RS  R TH ; vS  vTH

v TH
2
Pmax 
4.R TH
Example 5.11 BJT model in Fig. 5.41 find the RL
so that maximum power is transferred
to the load and calculate Pmax

+
-
-
isc
voc
+

-
 vOC   0.03v π x 1000   30 v π

⑧ i SC   0.03v π

v OC  30 v π
R TH    1000 Ω
i SC  0.03v π
17 kΩ // 5 kΩ
v π  2.5 sin 440t mV.
17 kΩ // 5 kΩ  300Ω
v π  2.3198  10-3 . sin(440t)

&
vTH  vOC  30 v π  69.596  10 . sin(440t) V
-3
 1 kΩ

j
-69.596 x 10-3 sin (440t) V
&

v TH
2
-6 2
Pmax   1.21  10 . sin (440t) W
4.R TH

-6 2
Pmax  1.21  10 . sin (440t) W
Practice 5.10 Consider the circuit of Fig.5.43

N
+ Bein
a) If Rout = 3 kΩ, Find the power delivered to it
b) What is maximum power that can be delivered
to any Rout ?
c) What two different values of Rout will have
exactly 20 mW delivered to RL
 KVL :

G
+

i2 voc 4000 i1  20  30  0

&
i1 -
- 50 -3
i1   12.5  10 A
t 1 kΩ 4000
-
-35 V (2//2) kΩ
vTH ; KVL Mesh i 2 ;

vOC  2000 (12.5  10 )  30  40  0

-3
 vOC  35  0 ; O
vOC = vTH = -35 V
-

2 kΩ 2 kΩ 1 kΩ

a) Rout = 3 kΩ

vout  35 V x (
3
)  26.25 V
-

35
rig
31
2
(26.25)
P  0.22968 W
3000
 v 2
b) Pmax  TH
; Rout = 1 kΩ
4.R TH
2
(35)
Pmax   0.30625 W
4000
c) P = 20 W
↓
Quite t

vout
2
R out
; v out  - 35 x
-3
20  10 
R out 1000  R out

D
2 2
-3 (- 35) x R out
1
20  10  2
.
(1000  R out ) R out
 20  10-3 .(1000  R out )2  352 . R out
20  10-3 .(10002  2000 R out  R out
2
 1225 R out
-3 2
20000  40 R out  20  10 .R out  1225 R out
-3 2
20  10 .R out  1185 R out  20000  0
2
R out  59,250 R out  1,000,000  0
2
 b  b  4ac
2a
2
59,250  (59,250)  4(1)(1,000,000) 59,250  59,216.2351
 
2(1) 2

Rout = 16.88 Ω and 59.23 kΩ

 5.5 Delta – Wye Connection

Delta or π – network

Wye or T - network
Relationship
R 1 .R 2  R 2 .R 3  R 3 .R 1 R1  R 2  R 3  R Y
RA 
R2 2
3R
R 1 .R 2  R 2 .R 3  R 3 .R 1 RA   3R
Y
RB  RY
R3
R 1 .R 2  R 2 .R 3  R 3 .R 1 R Δ  3R Y
RC 
R1

R A .R B
R1  R A  RB  RC  RΔ
R A  RB  RC
2
R B .R C R 1
R2  R1  Δ
 RΔ
R A  RB  RC 3R Δ 3
R C .R A 1
R3  RY  RΔ
R A  RB  RC 3
Fi
Example 5.12 Use Δ - Y Conversion Find RTH
-

- 2
3 =

L
 Homework # 4
Chapter 5 :
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