DIFFERENTIAL

MATHS EQUATIONS

1 INTRODUCTION

Generally, any equation, such as

f (x, y, a) = 0 .... (i)
represents for each individual value of a, a member of a family of curves. Sometimes it is
found necessary to represent the whole family of curves as a single unit and consider them as
one for the purpose of studying a common property or characteristic which may run through the
members of the family.
From the given equation, solve for a, and the equation  ( x, y ) = a may be obtained; and on
dy
differentiating, ‘a’ gets removed. The resulting equation involving is known as a differential
dx
equation i.e. the equation representing all the members of the family f (x, y, a ) = 0 or alternately
 ( x, y ) = a.

2 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
An equation involving an independent variable x, a dependent variable y and the
2
differential coefficients of the dependent variable i.e. dy , d y2 , ……etc is known as a differential
dx dx
equation. It can also be expressed as a function of variables x, y and derivatives of y w.r.t. x such
as
 dy 
f  x, y , =0
 dx 
Geometrically, differential equations represent a family of curves having a common
property.
3 FORMATION OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
To form a differential equation, we differentiate the given family of curves and eliminate
the unknown constants as follows:
(i) Consider the equation y = ax. This represents the Cartesian equation to a family of
straight lines through the origin.
dy
Differentiating y = ax, we get = a. Eliminating a, we get the differential equation
dx
dy
y= x .
dx
dy
Hence y = x is the differential equation of all straight lines passing through the origin.
dx
(ii) Consider another example, the equation x 2 + y 2 = a 2 . This, for various a, represents a
family of concentric circles with centre at origin.

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Differentiating the relation we get

dy
2 x + 2y =0 (a is eliminated)
dx
dy
i.e. x+y =0
dx
which may be said to be the differential equation to a family of concentric circles.
(iii) Now consider another equation representing a family of curves in the form
f (x, y, a, b) = 0 .... (i)
containing two arbitrary constants. In this case, since there are two constants, it becomes
dy 2
necessary to differentiate equation twice so that the result contains and d y2 and
dx dx
can be expressed in the form
 dy d 2 y 
F  x, y , , =0 .... (ii)
 dx dx 2 
This equation is said to represent a differential equation of the family of curves
represented by equation (i). Thus in the case of y = ax + b
dy
=a
dx
d 2y
= 0 which is the differential equation of the family of all straight lines.
dx 2
Illustration 1
Question: Form the differential equation of the following relation:
(i) x2 + y2 = 2ax (ii) x2 + y2 = 2ax + b (iii) y = aex + be2x
Solution: 2 2
(i) Consider the relation x + y = 2ax
dy
Differentiating, 2x + 2y = 2a
dx
Eliminating a, x 2 + y 2 = x  2x + 2y
dy 

 dx 
dy
 x 2 − y 2 + 2xy
=0
dx
In this case the relation contains only one constant and hence the differential equation
dy
contains only .
dx

(ii) Consider the relation x2 + y2 = 2ax + b

dy
Differentiating 2x + 2y = 2a
dx
2
 dy  d 2y
Differentiating once again, 1 +   +y 2 =0
 dx  dx
which is the differential equation to the given equation and since there are two constants
d 2y
a and b, the differential equation contains (the second order) derivative .
dx 2

(iii) Consider the relation y = aex + be2x

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dy
= ae x + 2be 2 x
dx
d 2y
= ae x + 4be 2 x
dx 2
d 2y dy
Consider −3 + 2y = ae x + 4be 2 x − 3 (ae x + 2be 2 x ) + 2 (ae x + be 2 x )
dx 2 dx
 For the relation y = aex + be2x, we get the (second order) differential equation
d 2y dy
2
−3 + 2y = 0 .
dx dx

4 ORDER AND DEGREE OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

As we know that an equation containing an independent variable, a dependent variable
and the derivatives of the dependent variable, is called a differential equation. It has an order and
degree defined as follows:
4.1 ORDER OF A DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
The highest derivative occurring in a differential equation defines its order.
4.2 DEGREE OF A DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
The power of the highest order derivative occurring in a differential equation is called the
degree of the differential equation, for this purpose the differential equation is made free from
radicals and fractions of derivatives.
4.3 EXAMPLES
Differential equation Order of D.E. Degree of D.E.
dy
• + 4 y = sin x 1 1
dx
4
 d 2y  5
 + 
dy 
• 
 dx 2   − y = ex 2 4
   dx 
d 2 y dy
• − + 3 y = cos x 2 1
dx 2 dx
dy x4 − y 4
• = 1 1
dx xy ( x 2 + y 2 )
2
• dy  dy 
y =x + a2   +b
2
dx  dx 
2
 dy  dy
 (x 2 − a2 )   − 2 xy + (y 2 − b 2 ) = 0 1 2
 dx  dx
3/2
d 2 y   dy  
2

• = 1+  
dx 2   dx  
3
 d 2 y    dy  2 
2

  2  − 1 +   =0 2 2
 dx    dx  

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5 SOLUTION OF A DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

5.1 EQUATIONS WITH SEPARABLE VARIABLE
Differential equations of the form
dy
= f (x , y )
dx
can be reduced to form
dy
= g (x ) h (y )
dx
where it is possible to take all terms involving x and dx on one side and all terms involving
y and dy to the other side, thus separating the variables and integrating.
Illustration 2
dy
Question: Solve the differential equation = e x − y + x 2e − y
dx
Solution: Separating the variables
dy
= e − y (e x + x 2 )
dx
e y dy = (e x + x 2 ) dx , integrating, the solution is

x3
ey = ex + +A
3
 3 (e y − e x ) = x 3 + C (C is an arbitrary constant)

Illustration 3
Question: Find the order and degree of differential equation of all the parabolas whose axes
are parallel to the x-axis and having a latus rectum a.
Solution: Equation of required parabola’s is
(y−)2 = a (x−)
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x
dy
 2 ( y − ) =a
dx
Again differentiating, w.r.t. x
2
d 2y  dy 
2 ( y − ) 2 + 2   = 0
dx  dx 
3 3
 dy  d 2 y  dy  d 2y  dy 
  2 ( y − )  2 + 2   = 0  a +2  =0
 dx  dx  dx  dx 2
 dx 
Thus order of differential equation is 2 and degree is 1.
5.2 EQUATIONS REDUCIBLE TO EQUATIONS WITH SEPARABLE VARIABLE
A differential equations of the form
dy
= f (ax + by + c )
dx
can not be solved by separating the variables directly. By substituting ax + by + c = t and
dy dt
a+b = , the differential equation can be separated in terms of variables x and t.
dx dx

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Illustration 4
dy
Question: Solve the differential equation = cos ( x + y )
dx
Solution: Put x+y=t
dy dt
 1+ =
dx dx
dt dt
Thus − 1 = cos t  = dx
dx 1 + cos t
Integrating both sides
t
 tan  = x + c
2
x+y
 tan  = x + c , where c is the parameter.
 2 
5.3 HOMOGENEOUS DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
A differential equations of the form
dy f ( x, y )
= 1
dx f 2 ( x, y )
where f1 (x, y) and f2 (x, y) are homogeneous functions of x and y of the same degree, is
called a homogeneous equation.
dy y
It can also be written in form = f   , by dividing both the functions by xn where n is
dx x
the degree of function.
To solve this equation, substitute
y
= t or y = tx
x
dy dt
 =t+x
dx dx
dt
Then the equation reduces to t + x = f (t ) which can be easily reduced to variable
dx
dt dx
separable as = .
f (t ) − t x

Illustration 5
dy x−y
Question: Solve the differential equation =
dx x+y
(Note: x−y, x + y are homogeneous in x and y of degree one)
Solution: Taking y = vx,
dy dv
= v 1+ x
dx dx
Substituting in the given equation
dv x − vx 1 − v
v +x = =
dx x + vx 1 + v
dv 1− v 1− v − v − v2
x = −v =
dx 1+ v 1+ v
Now, separating the variables
1+ v dx
 1 − 2v − v 2
dv =  x
+A

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1
− log (1 − 2v − v 2 ) = log x + A
2
log [(1 − 2v−v2) x2] = constant; (1 − 2v−v2)x2 = C.
x2− 2xy−y2 = C is therefore the solution where C is an arbitrary constant.
5.4 EQUATIONS REDUCIBLE TO HOMOGENEOUS EQUATION
A differential equation of the form dy = a1 x + b1y + c1
dx a 2 x + b2 y + c 2

where a1  b1 , can be reduced to homogeneous equation by putting x = X + h

a2 b2
and y = Y + k. where h, k are such that a1h + b1k + c1 = 0 and a2h + b2k + c2 = 0 also
dy dY
=
dx dX
hence equation reduces to dY = a1 X + b1Y (homogeneous form).
dX a 2 X + b2Y

dy a1 x + b1y + c1  (a1 x + b1y ) + c1

If a1 = b1 = , then = =
(a1x + b1y ) + c 2
can be solved by putting
a2 b2 dx a 2 x + b2 y + c 2
a1x + b1y = t, as then it reduces to equation with variable separable.

Illustration 6
dy x + 2y − 3
Question: Solve the differential equation =
dx 2 x + y − 3
dy dY
Solution: Take x = X + l ; y = Y + m (l and m are constants) =
dx dX
 the equation becomes (in X, Y)
dY X + 2Y +  + 2m − 3 X + 2Y
= = if  , m are chosen to satisfy
dX 2 X + Y + 2 + m − 3 2 X + Y
 + 2m − 3 = 0   = 1 
2 + m − 3 = 0 m = 1 
In X, Y the equation is homogeneous and of the first degree. Set Y = VX
dV X + 2VX 1 + 2V
V + X = =
dX 2 X + VX 2 +V
dV 1 + 2V − (2 + V ) V 1−V 2
X = =
dX 2 +V 2 +V
Separating the variables (X, V) and integrating,
2 +V dX
 1−V 2
dV =  X
+ A , where A is an arbitrary constant.

1 1 3 1  dX
  2  1 + V + 2  1 − V  dV =  X
+A

log (1 + V ) − log (1 − V ) − log X = A

1 3
2 2
Y y −m y −1
Now V = = =
X x− x −1
Reverting to x and y, the solution is
 y − 1 3  y − 1
 − log (x − 1) = A
1
log 1 +  − log 1 −
2  x − 1 2  x − 1 

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 x+y −2
which simplifies to  
(x − 1)3  = C = e 2A
( )

 (x − 1) (x − 1) (x − y ) 
2 3

(x + y− 2) = C (x−y)3 (C is an arbitrary constant)

Illustration 7
dy x+ y +1
Question: Solve the differential equation = .
dx 2 x + 2y + 1
Solution: (Note: x, y coefficients in x + y + 1 are proportional to the x, y coefficients in 2x + 2y + 1).
So in this case, take x + y = Z
dy dZ
1+ =
dx dx
dZ Z +1
− 1=
dx 2Z + 1
dZ Z + 1 + 2Z + 1 3Z + 2
= =
dx 2Z + 1 2Z + 1
Separating the variables and integrating,
2Z + 1
 3Z + 2 
dZ = dx + A , where ‘A’ is an arbitrary constant.

2
(3Z + 2) − 1
 3
(3Z + 2)
3 dZ = x + A

Z − log (3Z + 2) = x + A
2 1
3 9

Reverting to x and y, (x + y = Z)
2
(x + y ) − x − 1 log (3x + 3y + 2) = A
3 9
1
(− x + 2y ) − 1 log (3x + 3y + 2) = A
3 9
is the required solution, which may also be written as
− 3 x + 6 y = log (3 x + 3y + 2) + C
where C is an arbitrary constant.
5.5 LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
A differential equation of the form
dy
+ P( x ) y = Q ( x )
dx
where P(x) and Q(x) are functions of x only or constants, is known as linear differential
equation.
To solve this equation, we try to convert both sides as perfect differentials multiplying the
equation by another function of x say R(x).
dy
Then R( x ) + P ( x ) R( x )y = Q( x ) R( x )
dx
d
This can be reduced to ( y R( x )) = Q( x ) R( x )
dx
d
if (R( x )) = P ( x ) R( x )
dx
R ( x )
 P( x ) =
R( x )
On integrating both sides.

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  P( x ) dx = log R( x )
 R(x) = eP(x) dx
This function is known as integrating factor, I.F. = ePdx.
The solution of differential equation is given by

y (I.F.) = Q( x ) (I.F ) dx

Illustration 8
dy  1
Question: Solve the differential equation x = y − cos  .
dx x
dy  1
Solution: Here, x − y = − cos 
dx x
dy 1 1  1
 − . y = − cos   ; this is in the linear form.
dx x x x
1
Integrating factor e  x = e −logx = e logx
− dx −1
= x −1 .
Multiplying by the integrating factor,
1 dy 1 1  1 d 1  1  1
. − y = − 2 cos   or  . y  = − 2 cos  
x dx x 2 x x dx  x  x x
y 1  1
or d   = − 2 cos   dx
x x x
y 1  1
or
 d  x  =  − x 2
cos   dx
x
y  1  1

x
=  cos  x  d  x 
y  1
or = sin   + c , where c is an arbitrary constant.
x x
 1
 y − x sin   = cx .
x
5.6 EQUATIONS REDUCIBLE TO THE LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
(i) If equation is of the form.
dy dS
R (y ) + P ( x ) S( y ) = Q( x ) such that = R , then put S(y) = t
dx dy
dt dS dS dy Rdy
 = = . =
dx dx dy dx dx
dt
Thus differential equation reduces to + P( x ) t = Q ( x )
dx
which is linear differential equation.

Illustration 9
dy 1
Question: Solve the differential equation cos 2y + sin 2y = e x .
dx x
Solution: Put sin2y = t
dy dt dy 1 dt
 2 cos 2y =  cos 2y =
dx dx dx 2 dx
1 dt 1 dt 2
so given equation reduces to + t = ex  + t = 2e x
2 dx x dx x
2
I.F. = e  x
dx 2
= e 2 logx = e logx = x2

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 solution is tx 2 = 2 x 2 e x dx

 (siny)x2 = 2(x2ex− 2xex + 2ex) + c, where ‘c’ is an arbitrary constant.
(ii) Bernoulli’s equation
Differential equation of the form
dy
+ Py = Qy n ;
dx
P, Q are functions of x is called Bernoulli’s equation.
To solve this, divide the equation by y n, then
1 dy 1 1
+ P n −1 = Q Put =t
y n dx y y n −1
( n − 1) dy dt
 − n
=
y dx dx
Differential equation reduces to
dt  1  Q (x)
+  P( x ) t =
dx  n − 1 (1 − n )
Illustration 10
dy
Question: Solve the differential equation = x 3 y 3 − xy .
dx
dy
Solution: Here, + xy = x 3 y 3
dx
1 dy 1
 + x . 2 = x3 …(i)
3 dx
y y
1 −2 dy dz
Put = z ; then =
y2 y 3 dx dx
1 dz
 (i) becomes − + xz = x 3
2 dx
dz
or − 2xz = −2x 3 .
dx

It is in the linear form, So, integrating factor e 

−2 xdx 2
= e −x .
Multiplying by it,
2 dz 2 2
e −x − 2xe − x . z = −2x 3 . e − x
dx
d  −x2  3 −x2
or  ze  = −2x e
dx  
d  ze − x  = −2 x 3 e − x dx
2 2

 

 d  ze  = − 2 x 3 . e − x 2 dx

−x2
or 



2
or ze − x = − te −t dt (putting x2 = t)

 e −t e −t 
= − t .
 − 1
−
− 1  
dt  = te −1 − e −t dt 
1 2 2 2
or
2
e −x = x 2 . e −x + e −x + c
y
2
 ( x 2 + 1 + ce x ) y 2 = 1 , where ‘c’ is an arbitrary constant.
(iii) Sometimes the differential equation can be written as linear differential equation in
x as dependent variable and y as independent variable.

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Illustration 11
dy y
Question: Solve the differential equation = .
dx y sin y − x
dy y dx y sin y − x x
Solution: =  = = sin y − 
dx y sin y − x dy y y
dx 1
+ x = sin y
dy y
which is a linear differential equation in x and y.
1
 y dy
It’s integrating factor is I.F. = e = e logy = y
Thus solution is xy =
 y sin y dy
 xy = −ycosy + siny + c, where ‘c’ is an arbitrary constant.
5.7 EXACT DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
These are equations of the form  f ( ( x, y )) d = 0
Sometimes given differential equations may be expressed as different derivatives of
functions, and then integrating them gives the result.
Following results may be helpful in such problems:
 x  ydx − xdy
• d ( xy ) = xdy + ydx • d   =
y y2
 y  xdy − ydx  x2  2 xydx − x 2 dy
• d = • d  =
x x2  y2
 y 
y2  2 xydy − y 2 dx  x2  2 xy 2 dx − 2 x 2 ydy
• d  =
 • d  2 =

 x  x2 y  y4
y2  2 x 2 ydy − 2 xy 2 dx  x  ydx − xdy
• d  2 = • d  tan −1  = 2
 x + y2
x  x4  y
 y  xdy − ydx xdy + ydx
• d  tan −1  = 2 • d [ln ( xy )] =
 x x + y2 xy

  x   ydx − xdy 1  xdx + ydy

• d  ln    = • d  ln ( x 2 + y 2 ) = 2
  y  xy 2  x + y2
  y  xdy − ydx  1  xdy + ydx
• d ln   = • d  −  =
  x  xy  xy  x2y 2
 ex  ye x dx − e x dy  ey  xe y dy − e y dx
• d  =
 • d  =

 y  y2  x  x2

• d ( x m y n ) = x m−1y n−1(mydx + nxdy ) .

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Illustration 12
xdy − ydx
Question: Solve the differential equation xdx + ydy + =0.
x2 + y 2
Solution: We know, d(x2 + y2) = 2(xdx + ydy)
y 1 xdy − ydx xdy − ydx
d tan −1   = . =
 x  1 + (y / x )2 x2 x2 + y 2
 the equation becomes
1 y
d ( x 2 + y 2 ) + d tan −1   = 0 (exact equation)
2 x
1 2 y c
Integrating, ( x + y 2 ) + tan −1 =
2 x 2
y
or x 2 + y 2 + 2 tan −1 = c
x
c − x2 − y 2
 y = x tan , where c is an arbitrary constant.
2
5.8 TO SOLVE DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION OF THE FIRST ORDER BUT OF HIGHER
DEGREE.
In such differential equations we substitute the lower degree derivative by some other
variable.
Illustration 13
2
 dy  dy
Question: Solve the differential equation x   + (y − x ) −y =0.
 dx  dx
dy
Solution: Here xp2 + (y−x)p−y = 0 where p =
dx
or xp2−xp + yp−y = 0
 xp (p− 1) + y(p− 1) = 0 or (p− 1) (xp + y) = 0
 p− 1 = 0 or xp + y = 0
dy
Now, p− 1 = 0  =1  y=x+c
dx
dy
xp + y = 0  x +y =0  xdy + ydx = 0
dx
 d(xy) = 0
 xy = c
 the general solution is (y−x−c) (xy−c) = 0, where c is an arbitrary constant.
Illustration 14
2
 dy  dy
Question: Solve the differential equation 1 +   =x
 dx  dx
dy
Solution: Here, xp = 1 + p2 where p =
dx
1
 x= +p …(i)
p
which is of the form x = f (y, p) {solvable for x}
1  − 1  dp
Differentiating (i) w.r.t. y, = +1
p  p 2  dy


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 1 
or dy = p 1 − 2  dp
 p 

 1
 y +c =   p − p  dp , where c is an arbitrary constant.
p2
or y +c = − log p …(ii)
2
 the p-eliminant, obtained by eliminating p from (i) and (ii), is the general solution.

6 GEOMETRICAL APPLICATION

Some differential equations are formed due to some results on tangents and normals as
follows:

Y
y =f (x)

P (x, y)

B
X
C O A D

dy
• The equation of the tangents at P(x, y) to the curve y = f (x) is Y − y = ( X − x) .
dx
−1
• The equation of the normal at P(x, y) to the curve y = f(x) is Y − y = (x − y ) .
dy / dx
2
 dx 
• The length of the tangent = CP = | y | 1 +   .
 dy 
2
• The length of the normal = PD = | y | 1 +  dy  .
 dx 

dx
• The length of the Cartesian subtangent = CA = y .
dy
dy
• The length of the Cartesian subnormal = AD = y .
dx
dy
• The initial ordinate of the tangent = OB = y − x .
dx
Illustration 15
Question: A curve (or line) passes through (1, 1) such that the triangle formed by the
coordinate axes and the tangent at any point of the curve is in the first quadrant and
has its area equal to 2. Form the differential equation and find the equations of the
possible curves.
Solution: Let the curve be y = f (x)
The equation of the tangent at the point (x, y) of the curve is
dy
Y −y = ( X − x) …(i)
dx

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 Mathematics
Y

(x, y)

X
O A

Solving (i) with Y = 0 and X = 0 successively, we get

dy x (dy / dx ) − y
−y = ( X − x ) , i.e., X = , ( = OA)
dx dy / dx
dy dy
and Y −y = ( − x ) , i.e., Y = y − x , ( = OB )
dx dx
 the area of the triangle formed by the tangent and the axes in the first quadrant
1
=2= OA . OB
2
dy
x −y
1 dx  dy 
or 2= . . y − x 
2 dy  dx 
dx
dy  dy  dy 
or 4 = x − y  y − x 
dx  dx  dx 
dy
or 4p = (xp−y) (y−xp), taking =p
dx
= − ( y − xp ) ;  y − xp = 2 − p
2

or y = xp  2 − p …(ii)
Differentiating w.r.t. x,
dp 1 dp
p = p+x 2. ( −1)
dx 2 −p dx

dp 
 1 

or x  =0
dx 
 −p

dp
 =0 or x=
1
dx −p

dp
Now, = 0 p = c
dx
 putting in (ii), y = cx  2 − c .
This gives a family of lines. If it passes through (1, 1) then 1 = c  2 − c , i.e., (1 −c)2 = −4c
 (1 + c)2 = 0 c = −1
 the line is y = −x 2, i.e., x + y =  2.
But in the first quadrant x, y are positive. So x + y = 2.
Now, x =  1
−p
1
p = − . Putting this in (ii),
x2
 1  1
y = x . − 2   2
 x  x2

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 Mathematics

1 −3
 y= , , i.e., xy = 1, −3.
x x
But in the first quadrant x, y are positive. So xy = 1. This is the singular solution of the
equation (ii) which is a curve and it passes through (1, 1).
 the required curves (or lines) are x + y = 2 and xy = 1.
Illustration 16
2
Question: A curve through (1, 2) has its slope at any point (x, y) equal to . Find the area
y −2
of the region bounded by the curve and the line 2x−y− 4 = 0.
dy 2
Solution: Here, slope = =
dx y − 2
 (y− 2) dy = 2dx
y2

 
( y − 2) dy = 2 dx ; 
2
− 2y = 2 x + c

4
It passes through (1, 2). So − 4 = 2 + c , i.e., c = −4
2
y2
 the equation of the curve is − 2y = 2 x − 4
2
or y2− 4y = 4x− 8, i.e., y2 = 4(x + y) − 8.
To find the area, we have to draw a rough sketch of the curve.
When y = 0, 0 = 4(x + 0) − 8, i.e., x = 2
 the curve cuts the x-axis at A(2, 0) only.
When x = 0, y2 = 4(0 + y) − 8
or y2− 4y + 8 = 0 ; its roots are imaginary.
 the curve does not cut the y-axis.
Again, y2 = 4(x + y) − 8 y2− 4y + 4 = 4x− 4
or (y− 2)2 = 4(x− 1). So it is a parabola.
Its vertex C is (1, 2) and the axis is y− 2 = 0. Y
x y D B(5, 6)
Now, the line is 2x−y− 4 = 0, i.e., + =1
2 −4 C
Hence it passes through A (2, 0) and (0, −4). (1, 2)
A(2, 0)
Solving y2 = 4(x + y) − 8 and 2x−y− 4 = 0, we get O
X
y2 = 2(y + 4) + 4y− 8
 y2− 6y = 0, i.e., y = 0, 6
y +4 6+4
When y = 6, x = = = 5 . So B = (5, 6).
2 2
(0, −4)
Clearly, the required area = area (OABDO) − area (BCAODB) …(i)
6 6 2
y +4 1 y 2  1
Now, area (OABDO) =
 (x)
0
linedy = 
0
2
dy = 
2  2
+ 4 y  = [18 + 24] = 21
 0 2
6 6 6
y 2 − 4y + 8 y3 y2 
area (BCAODB) =
0
( x ) curve dy =  0
4
dy = 
 12
−
2
+ 2y  = 18 − 18 + 12 = 12
 0
 from (i), the required area = 21 − 12 = 9.

14
 Mathematics

7 ORTHOGONAL TRAJECTORIES

The orthogonal trajectories of a family of curves form another family of curves such that
each curve of one family cuts all the curves of the other family at right angles.
 dy 
The differential equation of the orthogonal trajectories of the curves f  x, y ,  = 0 is
 dx 
 − dx 
the family of curves whose differential equation is f  x, y ,  = 0.
 dy 
Method: To find the orthogonal trajectories of a family of curves whose differential
dx dy
equation is known, put − in place of in the equation. The resulting differential equation
dy dx
is the equation of the orthogonal trajectories.
Note:If the orthogonal trajectories form the same family of curves as the given family of
curves then the given system of curves is called self-orthogonal.
Illustration 17
Question: Find the orthogonal trajectories of the circles x2 + y2−ay = 0 where a is a parameter.
Solution: Here, x2 + y2−ay = 0 ; differentiating w.r.t. x,
dy dy
2 x + 2y −a =0
dx dx
dy x 2 + y 2 dy  x2 + y 2 
 2 x + 2y − =0  x 2 + y 2 − ay = 0  a= 
 y 
dx y dx  
y 2 − x 2 dy
or 2x + = 0.
y dx
This is the differential equation of the circles. The equation of orthogonal trajectories is
y 2 − x 2  dx   − dx dy 
2x + .  −  = 0 ,  putting in place of 
y  dy   dy dx 
or 2xy dy + (x2−y2) dx = 0.
It is a homogenous equation.
dy dy
Put y = vx ; then =v +x
dx dx
2x . vx .  v + x
dv 
  + x2 − v 2x2 = 0
 dx 

 dv  dv
or 2v  v + x  + 1− v 2 = 0  1 + v 2 + 2vx =0
 dx  dx
dx 2v
or + dv = 0 ; integrating, we get logx + log (1 + v2) = log c
x 1+ v 2
 x(1 + v2) = c
 y2 
or x 1 + 2  = c , i.e., x2 + y2 = cx.
 x 
 

15
 Mathematics

8 OTHER APPLICATIONS
Differential equations, their formation and solution is of practical importance. Following
are some examples of application of differential equations in problems involving rate of change of
temperature and rate of change of flow of fluids etc.
Illustration 18
Question: The rate of cooling of a substance in moving air is proportional to the difference of
temperatures of the substance and the air. A substance cools from 36°C to 34°C in
15 minutes. Find when the substance will have the temperature 32°C, it being known
that the constant temperature of air is 30°C.
Solution: Let the temperature of the substance at time t minutes be T. The rate of cooling of the
substance.
= k(T− 30°)°C/minute (from the question).
But the rate of cooling
dT
= rate of decrease of temperature = −
dt
dT dT
 from the question, − = k (T − 30) or − = kdt
dt T − 30
34 15
dT
  kdt or
34 15
 − = [ − log(T − 30)]36 = k [t ]
T − 30 0
36 0

6 1 3
 log = k.15 ; k = log
4 15 2
32 t
dT
Again,

36
−
T − 30
=  kdt ,
0
where t minutes is the required time.

32 1 3 t
 [− log (T − 30)]36 = log . [t ] 0
15 2
1 3 15 log 3
 log 3 = log . t  t = minutes.
15 2 log 3 / 2

Illustration 19
Question: A and B are two separate reservoirs of water. The capacity of A is double that of B.
Both the reservoirs are filled completely with water. Water is released
simultaneously from both the reservoirs. For each of the reservoirs, the rate of flow
out at any instant is proportional to the quantity of water left in the reservoir. After
one hour, the quantity of water in A is 1.5 times the quantity of water in B. After how
many hours from the time of release of water, do both A and B have the same
quantity of water?
Solution: Let at time t hours, the volume of water in A and B be u and v respectively. From the
question,
du
= −k 1u …(i)
dt
du
and = −k 2v …(ii)
dt
At t = 0, u = 2V and v = V (from the question).
du
Solving (i), = −k . dt ;  log u = −k1t + c1
u
 u = e −k1t +c1 …(iii)
c1
When t = 0, u = 2V 2V = e
 (iii) gives, u = 2Ve −k1t …(iv)

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 Mathematics

Similarly, from (ii) we get v = Ve −k2t …(v)

3
From the question, if v = v0 when t = 1 then u = v0
2
3 −k
 (iv)  v 0 = 2Ve − k1 and (v)  v 0 = Ve 2
2
3 2e − k1
Dividing these, = −k = 2e k 2 − k1
2 e 2
3
 e k 2 −k1 = …(vi)
4
Let, after T hours, the volume of water in A and B be equal.
 (iv) and (v)  2Ve −k1T = Ve −k 2T
 2e −k1T = e −k 2T , i.e., 2e( k 2 − k1 )T = 1
T T
3 4
Using (vi), 2 .   = 1 i.e.,   = 2
4 3
4 log 2
 T log = log 2, i.e., T = = log4 / 3 2
3 4
log
3
 after log4/32 hours the reservoirs will have the same quantity of water.

17
 Mathematics

PROFICIENCY TEST

The following questions deal with the basic concepts of this section. Answer the
following briefly. Do not consult the Study Material while attempting the questions.

2 3
 dy  1  dy  1  dy 
1. Find the order and degree of y = 1 +   +   +   + .....  .
 dx  2 !  dx  3 !  dx 
2. Find the differential equation whose solution represent the family y = ae3x + bex.
dy
3. Solve the differential equation = cos( x + y ) − sin( x + y ) .
dx
dy
4. Solve + by = e nx .
dx
5. Solve the differential equation ydx − xdy + y 2 cos x dx = 0 .
6. Prove that equation of curve passing through (0, 1) whose length of subtangent is 2 units
is y = ex/2.
7. Find the orthogonal trajectories of the family of straight lines having slope 1.
8. Solve the differential equation ydx2 − xdy = xdy + ydx .
x +y 2

18
 Mathematics

ANSWERS TO PROFICIENCY TEST

1. order 1, degree 1.

2. y− 4y + 3y = 0

x+y
3. x + ln 1 − tan  +c =0
 2 

1
4. y = e nx + ce −bx
(n + b )

5. x + y sinx = cy

7. y+x=c

x
8. tan −1 = xy + c
y

19
 Mathematics

SOLVED OBJECTIVE EXAMPLES

Example 1:
The differential equation of all non-vertical lines in a plane is

d 2y d2x dy dx
(a) =0 (b) 2
=0 (c) =0 (d) =0
2 dx
dx dy dy
Solution:
The general equation of all non-vertical lines in a plane is y = mx + c.
dy
 =m [Differentiating w.r.t. x]
dx
d 2y
 =0 [Differentiating w.r.t. x]
dx 2
Hence (a) is the correct answer.

Example 2:
The differential equation of all non-horizontal lines in a plane is

d 2y d2x dy dx
(a) (b) 2
=0 (c) =0 (d) =0
2 dx
dx dy dy
Solution:
The general equation of all non-horizontal lines in xy-plane is x = my + c.
dx
 =m [Differentiating w.r.t. y]
dy

d 2x
 =0 [Differentiating w.r.t. y]
dy 2
Hence (b) is the correct answer.

Example 3:
2
 dy  dy
A solution of the differential equation   −x + y = 0 is
 dx  dx
(a) y = 2 (b) y = 2x (c) y = 2x− 4 (d) y = 2x2− 4
Solution:
Clearly, y = 2x− 4 satisfies the given differential equation.
Hence (c) is the correct answer.

Example 4:
The differential equation representing the family of curves y2 = 2c ( x + c ) , where c is a
positive parameter, is of
(a) order 1 (b) order 2 (c) degree 2 (d) degree 1
Solution:
We have, y2 = 2c ( x + c) …(i)
 2y y1 = 2cyy1 = c …(ii)
Eliminating c from (i) and (ii), we get
3/2
y 2 = 2yy 1( x + yy 1 )  y − xy 1 = y y1  ( y − xy 1 ) 2 = yy 13
Clearly, it is a differential equation of order one and degree 3.
Hence (a) is the correct answer.

20
 Mathematics

Example 5:
3
d 2y  dy  d 2 x
For any differentiable function y = f(x), the value of +  is
dx 2  dx  dy 2
(a) always zero (b) always non-zero (c) equal to 2y2 (d) equal to x2
Solution:
−1
 dy   dx 
  =   for a differential coefficient
 dx   dy 
−2 −2
d 2y  dx  d  dx  dy  dx  d 2 x dy
or = −1    = −  
dx 2  dy  dy  dy  dx  dy  dy 2 dx
3 3
d 2 x  dy  d 2y  dy  d 2 x
= − 2   or +   =0
dy  dx  dx 2  dx  dy 2
Hence (a) is the correct answer.

Example 6:
dx
A particle moves in a straight line with a velocity given by = x + 1 (x is the distance
dt
travelled). The time taken by a particle to traverse a distance of 99 meters is
(a) log10e (b) 2loge10 (c) 2log10e (d) ½ log10e
Solution:
dx
= x + 1 ln (x + 1) = t + c
dt
Putting t = 0, x = 0, we get c = 0 t = ln (x + 1)
For x = 99, t = ln 100 = 2 ln 10
Hence (b) is the correct answer.

Example 7:
d 3y d 2y
The solution of −8 = 0 satisfying y(0) = 1/8 y1(0) = 0 and y2(0) = 1 is
dx 3 dx 2
1  e 8x 7 1  e 8 x 7
(a) y =  −x+  (b) y = +x+ 
8  8 8  8  8 8 

1  e 8x 7
(c) y =  +x−  (d) none of these
8  8 8 

Solution:
y3
We have = 8  ln y2 = 8x + C1
y2
Putting x = 0, we have C1 = log y2(0) = log 1 = 0
Therefore log y2 = 8x or y2 = e8x
e 8x
i.e. y1 = + C2
8
Again putting x = 0, we have C2 = −1/8
1 8x 1  e 8x 
So, y 1 = (e − 1)  y =  − x  + c3
8 8  8 


21
 Mathematics

1 1 7
Putting x = 0. We have C3 = − =
8 64 64
 e 8x
1 7
Thus y =  −x+ 
 8
8 8 

Hence (a) is the correct answer.

Example 8:
d y dy
If y = e4x + 2e −x satisfies the relation +A + By = 0 , then value of A and B
dx 3 dx
respectively are
(a) −13, 14 (b) −13, −12 (c) −13, 12 (d) 12, −13
Solution:
dy d 2y d 3y
= 4e 4 x − 2e − x  = 16e 4 x + 2e − x  = 64e4 x − 2e− x
dx dx 2 dx 3
d 3y
dy
Putting these values in 3
+A
+ By = 0 , we have
dx dx
(64 + 4A + B) e4x + (−2 − 2A + 2B)e−x = 0
Solving we get A = −13 and B = −12
Hence (b) is the correct answer.

Example 9:

d dx
The function f() =
d  1 − cos  cos x
0
satisfies the differential equation

df df
(a) + 2f () cot  = 0 (b) − 2f () cot  = 0
d d
df df
(c) + 2f () = 0 (d) − 2f () = 0
d d
Solution:

d dx 1
We have f() =
d  1− cos  cos x
0
=
1 − cos 2 
= cosec 2 

df ()
Therefore = −2cosec2 cot
d
Hence (a) is the correct answer.

Example 10:
If f(x), g(x) be twice differentiable function on [0, 2] satisfying f(x) = g(x), f(1) = 4 and
g(1) = 6, f(2) = 3, g(2) = 9, then f(x) −g(x) at x = 4 equals
(a) 0 (b) −10 (c) 8 (d) 2
Solution:
We have f(x) = g(x)
Integrating, we get f(x) = g(x)+ c
Putting x = 1, we get f(1) = g(1) + cc = −2
 f(x) = g(x) − 2  f(x) = g(x) − 2x + C1  f(2) = g(2) − 4 + C1C1 = −2
Thus we have f(x) = g(x) − 2x− 2
 f(4) −g(4) = −10
Hence (b) is the correct answer.

22
 Mathematics

SOLVED SUBJECTIVE EXAMPLES

Example 1:
Solve the differential equation:
dy y2 + y + 1 dy dy y2
(i) + 2 =0 (ii) 4x − x2 = 1 + cos 2y (iii) x + =y
dx x + x +1 dx dx x
Solution:
dy ( y 2 + y + 1)
(i) =− 2
dx ( x + x + 1)
dy dx
=−
y 2
+ y +1 x 2
+ x +1

 
dy dx
Integrating,
2
=− 2
+A
1 
2
 3  1 
2
 3 
 y +  +   x+  + 
 2   2   2   2 
   
 1    
1 
 y +  x+
2
tan − 1  2  = − 2 tan − 1  2 +A
3  3  3  3 
   
 2   2 
−1  2y + 1   2x + 1 
which may be also written as tan   + tan − 1  =c …(i)
  
 3   3 
2
(where C is now arbitrary constant in which is also absorbed)
3
The form (i) by combining the two terms on the LHS (using the formula
 a+b 
tan−1 a + tan−1 b = tan−1   ) may be reduced to
 1 − ab 
2xy + x + y + C (x + y + 1) = 1

dy dx
(ii)  =
1 + cos 2y 4x − x 2

 cos 
1 dy dx
2
= +C
2 y 4 − ( x − 2) 2
tan y 1  x − 2
The solution is = sin − 1  +C
2 2  2 
x − 2
or tan y = sin − 1   + A , where ‘A’ is an arbitrary constant.
 2 
dy y2 y
(iii)  + 2 =
dx x x
dv
On setting y = vx, the equation is v + x + v 2 = v . Separating the variables and integrating,
dx

 
dx dv
+ =A
x v2
1
log x − = A . This simplifies to the form x = Cex/y
v

23
 Mathematics

Example 2:
dy
Solve the differential equation (1 + cos 2 x ) − (1 + e y ) sin2x = 0 ; given that
dx

y = 0, when x = .
4
Solution:
(1 + cos 2x ) dy = (1 + ey ) sin 2x dx
Separating the variables
dy sin 2x
= dx
1+ e y 1 + cos 2 x

 (1 + e y ) − e y 
 
 1 + e
y
 dy =

 tan x dx
y − log (1 + e y ) + log cos x = A

 cos x 
y + log  =A
1 + ey 
 
  1  3
Taking y = 0, when x = we get 0 + log   = A  A = − log 2

4 2 2  2
 cos x  
The solution (called particular solution) is y + log   2 2 = 0
 1 + e y 
 

 2 2 cos x = (1 + e y ) e −y = e −y + 1

Example 3:
Find the equation of the curve through the origin which satisfies the differential equation
dy
= (x − y )2 .
dx
Solution:
Put x−y=z
dy dz dz
1− = . The equation in z is 1 − = z2
dx dx dx
dz
= 1 − z2
dx

 1 − z =  dx + A
dz
2

1 1+ z 
log   = x + A
2 1− z 
1 + x − y  1 + x − y 
log   = 2x + 2A is the solution which may also be written as   = Ce 2 x , where
 1 − x + y   1 − x + y 
C is an arbitrary constant.
1
The curve passes through the origin. Put x = 0, y = 0 ; =C C =1
1
 the particular solution is (1 + x − y ) = (1 − x + y ) e 2 x
dy f ( x, y )
Type II Homogeneous Equations: In this type, the equation is of the form = , where
dx F ( x, y )
f (x, y) and F(x, y) are functions in x and y homogeneous and of the same degree. The method of
solution consists in making a substitution y = vx. The following examples will be illustrative of the
type.

24
 Mathematics

Example 4:
dy
Solve the differential equation ( x 2 − y 2 ) = 2 xy given that y = 1, x = 1.
dx
Solution:
2 x  vx
Taking y = vx and rewriting, the equation is v + x dv =
dx x 2
− v 2 x2
dv 2v 2v − v + v 3
 x = − v =
dx 1 − v 2 1− v2
1− v2 dx
Separating the variables, dv =
v +v 3 x
1 2v 
  −  dv = log x + C
 v 1 + v 
2

( )
log v − log 1 + v 2 − log x = C
v
( )=
constant
x 1+ v2

y
Reverting to y, =A
x + y2
2

 (
y = A x2 + y 2 )
1
Put x = 1, y = 1; 1 = A  2  A = .
2
The particular solution is 2y = x2 + y2

Example 5:
dy 12 x + 5 y − 9
Solve the differential equation + = 0, setting x = X + l ; y = Y + m.
dx 5 x + 2y − 4
Solution:
dY 12 X + 5Y 12l + 5m − 9 = 0 l =2 
+ = 0 where   
dX 5 X + 2Y 5l + 2m − 4 = 0  m = −3
Setting Y = VX, we get
dV 12 + 5V
V +X + =0
dX 5 + 2V
dV  12 + 5V + 2V 2 + 5V 
X = − 
dX  5 + 2V 
 
2V + 5
 
dX
Separating the variables and integrating, dV = − +A
2V 2
+ 10V + 12 X
1
log (2V 2 + 10V + 12) + log X = A
2
(2V 2 + 10V + 12) X 2 = e 2 A = C
2Y 2 + 10 XY + 12 X 2 = C

Y 2 + 5 XY + 6 X 2 =
C
2
(2
) ( 2
)(
= C ' y + 3 + 5 x − 2 y + 3 + 6 x − 2 = C' ) ( )
which gives the solution in the form 6x2 + 5xy + y2− 9x− 4y = C
(The student may note the following alternative method).
The equation may be rewritten as
(12x + 5y − 9) dx + (5 x + 2y − 4) dy = 0
(12x − 9) dx + (2y − 4) dy + 5y dx + 5 x dy = 0
(12x − 9) dx + (2y − 4) dy + 5d (xy ) = 0
Integrating, 6x2− 9x + y2− 4y + 5xy = C, which agrees with the solution by the first method.
Example 6:

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 Mathematics

The tangent and a normal to a curve at any point P meet the x and y axis at A, B, C and D
respectively. Find the equation of the curve passing through (1, 0) if the centre of circle
through O, C, P and B lies on the line y = x (where O is origin).
Solution:
Let P(x, y) be a point on the curve.
 C   x + y 
dy
, 0
 dx  B
 dy 
B   0, y − x 
 dx 
Circle passing through O, C, P and B has its centre at
mid-point of BC.
Let the centre of the circle be (, )
dy dy
 2 = x + y and 2 = y − x A
dx dx O C
dy dy
and since  = , y − x = x+y
dx dx
dy y − x
 =
dx y + x
D
Let y = vx

 x
dv
=−
(
1+ v 2
 2
)
1+ v
dv = −
dx
dx 1+ v v +1 x
Integrating both sides we get,
1 2v dv dx
 
2 v2 +1
dv +
v +1
2  =−
x 
1
 log | v 2 + 1 | + tan−1 | v | = − log x + c
2
 
 log v 2 + 1  x  + tan−1 v = c
   
−1 y
 log x + y + tan =c
2 2
x
as x = 1 and y = 0,  log 1 + tan−1 0 = c
c = 0
 Required curve,  log x 2 + y 2  + tan−1  = 0
y
  x

Example 7:
dy
Solve + y f ( x ) = f ( x ) . f ( x ) where f (x) is a given function of x.
dx
Solution:
dy
Here = {f ( x ) − y } f ( x ) …(i)
dx
dy dz
Put f (x) −y = z ; then f ( x ) − =
dx dx
dz
 (i) becomes, f ( x ) − = zf ( x )
dx
dz dz
 = (1 − z) f ( x ) or = f ( x ) dx
dx 1− z

 
dz
 = f ( x ) dx or −log (1 −z) = f (x) −c
1− z
 f (x) + log(1 −z) = c
 f (x) + log {1 + y−f (x)} = c

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 Mathematics

Example 8:
Find the equation of the curve passing through (1, 2) whose differential equation is
y(x + y3) dx = x(y3−x)dy.
Solution:
Here, (xy + y4) dx = (xy3−x2) dy
xdy − ydx
or y3(ydx−xdy) + x(ydx + xdy) = 0 or − x 2 y 3 . + xd ( xy ) = 0
x2
y  y  d ( xy ) (dividing by x3y2)
or − d + =0
x  x  x2y 2
y
 x d  x  +  ( xy )
y d ( xy )
or − 2
=c

2
y
 
x ( xy ) −1 1 y2 1
 − + =c;  . + +c =0
2 −1 2 x2 xy
 y3 + 2x + 2cx2y = 0
It passes through (1, 2). So 23 + 2 + 2c . 2 = 0
−10 −5
 c= =
4 2
 The curve is y3 + 2x− 5x2y = 0.

Example 9:
dy
If y1, y2 are two solutions of the differential equation + P ( x ) . y = Q( x ) , then prove that
dx
y = y1 + c(y1−y2) is the general solution of the equation where c is any constant. For what
relation between the constants ,  will the linear combination y1 + y2 also be a solution?
Solution:
As y1, y2 are two solutions of the differential equation
dy
+ P (x) . y = Q (x) …(i)
dx
dy 1
 + P (x) . y1 = Q (x) …(ii)
dx
dy 2
and + P (x) . y 2 = Q (x) …(iii)
dx
From (i) to (ii),
 dy dy 1 
 −  + P (x ) . (y − y 1 ) = 0
 dx dx 
d
 ( y − y 1 ) + P ( x ) . ( y − y 1 ) = 0 …(iv)
dx
From (ii) to (iii),
d
( y 1 − y 2 ) + P ( x ) . ( y 1 − y 2 ) = 0 …(v)
dx

From (iv) and (v),

d
(y − y 1 )
dx y − y1
=
d y1 − y 2
(y 1 − y 2 )
dx
 Integrating, log(y−y1) = log(y1−y2) + logc
or log(y−y1) = log [c(y1−y2)]
 y = y1 + c (y1−y2)
Now, y = y1 + y2 will be a solution if
d
(y 1 + y 2 ) + P ( x ) . (y 1 + y 2 ) = Q ( x )
dx

27
 Mathematics

 dy   dy 
or   1 + P ( x )y 1  +   2 + P ( x )y 2  = Q ( x )
 dx   dx 
or  . Q (x) +  . Q (x) = Q (x) , using (ii) and (iii)
 ( + ) Q (x) = Q (x)
Hence  +  = 1.

Example 10:
Use the methods of solving first order differential equation to find the general solution of
2
dy d 3 y  d 2y 
. = 3   .
dx dx 3  dx 2 
 
Solution:
d 2p
2
dy d p  dp 2
dx 2 = 3 dp
Put = p . Then the equation is p 2 = 3   
dx dx  dx  dp p dx
dx
1 d  dp  3 dp d  dp  3 dp
or .  = ;  log =
dp dx  dx  p dx dx  dx  p dx
dx
 dp  3
or d log  = dp ; integrating, we get
 dx  p
dp 3
log
dx
=  p dp = 3 log p + log a , a being an arbitrary constant
dp 3
 = e 3 logp +loga = e log(ap ) = ap 3 or dp
= adx ;
dx p3

Integrating, − 1 = ax + b
2
2p
−1 1 dy −1
or = p2 ; p= − or =
2(ax + b ) 2(ax + b ) dx 2(ax + b )
− 2ax − b

1
 y= dx  y = + c , where a, b, c are arbitrary constant.
− 2ax − b −a

28
 Mathematics

MIND MAP

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION GEOMETRICAL APPLICATION

• An equation containing an independent variable, a
dy
dependent variable and the derivatives of the • Tangents at P(x, y) to y = f (x) is Y − y = ( X − x) .
dependent variable, is called a differential equation. dx
ORDER OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION −1
• Normal at P(x, y) to y = f(x) is Y − y = ( X − x)
• The highest derivative occurring in a differential dy / dx
equation defines its order.
.
DEGREE OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
• The power of the highest order derivative occurring The length of the
in a differential equation is called the degree of the
2
differential equation, for this purpose the differential  dx 
equation is made free from radicals and fractions of • Tangent = CP = | y | 1 +   .
derivatives.  dy 
ORTHOGONAL TRAJECTORIES 2
• The orthogonal trajectories of a family of curves • Normal = PD = | y | 1 +  dy 
 .
 dx 
form another family of curves such that each curve
of one family cuts all the curves of the other family dx
at right angles. • Subtangent = CA = y .
dy
• The differential equation of the orthogonal
 dy  dy
trajectories of the curves f  x, y,  = 0 is the • Subnormal = AD = y
dx 
.
 dx
family of curves whose differential equation is
dy
• The initial ordinate of the tangent = OB = y − x .
 −dx  dx
f  x, y , =0.
 dy 

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

EQUATIONS WITH SEPARABLE VARIABLE

dy dy
• Differential equations of the form = f ( x , y ) can be reduced to form = g ( x ) h ( y ) where it is possible to take all terms
dx dx
involving x and dx on one side and all terms involving y and dy to the other side, thus separating the variables and integrating.
EQUATIONS REDUCIBLE TO EQUATIONS WITH SEPARABLE VARIABLE
dy
• A differential equations of the form = f (ax + by + c ) can not be solved by separating the variables directly. By substituting
dx
dy dt
ax + by + c = t and a + b = , the differential equation can be separated in terms of variables x and t.
dx dx
HOMOGENEOUS DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
• A differential equations of the form dy = f1( x, y ) where f1 (x, y) and f2 (x, y) are homogeneous functions of x and y of the same
dx f 2 ( x, y )

dy y
degree, is called a homogeneous equation. It can also be written in form = f   , by dividing both the functions by xn where
dx x
n is the degree of function. To solve this equation, substitute y/x = t
EQUATIONS REDUCIBLE TO HOMOGENEOUS EQUATION
• A differential equations of the form dy = a1x + b1y + c1 where a1  b1 can be reduced to homogeneous equation by putting
dx a2 x + b2 y + c 2 a2 b2
x=X+h and y = Y + k. where h, k are such that a1h + b1k + c1 = 0 and a2h + b2k + c2 = 0
LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
dy
• A differential equations of the form + P( x ) y = Q ( x ) where P(x) and Q(x) are functions of x only or constants, is known as
dx
linear differential equation. I.F. = ePdx. The solution of differential equation is given by y (I.F.) =  Q( x ) (I.F ) dx

EQUATIONS REDUCIBLE TO THE LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

dy dS
• If equation is of the form. R ( y ) + P( x ) S( y ) = Q( x ) such that = R then put S(y) = t
dx dy

29
 Mathematics

EXERCISE – I

CBSE PROBLEMS

1. Form differential equation of the family of curves: xy = Ae x + Be− x + x 2 .

2. Find the differential equation of all parabolas having their axis of symmetry coincident with
the axis of x.

dy
3. Solve: = sin4 y + cos 4 y
dx

 dy  dy
4. Solve: a x + 2y  = xy
 dx  dx
dy
5. Solve: − x tan( y − x ) = 1
dx

6. Solve: ( x 3 + xy 2 )dy − ( y 3 + 2x 2 y )dx = 0

dy
7. Solve: (2 x − 10y 3 ) +y =0
dx

8. Solve: dy = 2 xy
dx x 2 − 2y − 1

2 dy
9. Solve: d y2 = 1 + 6 , given that y = 0, = 0 , when x = 1.
dx x dx

10. Solve: x 1 − y 2 dx + y 1 − x 2 dy = 0

 dy   2 dy 
11. Solve:  y − x  = a y + 
 dx   dx 
dy y
12. Solve: x = y − x tan 
dx x

dy
13. Solve the differential equation = (2 x + y + 1) 2 . Also find the particular solution given by
dx
y = 1 when x = 0.

14. Solve : (1+ e 2x )dy + (1+ y 2 )e x dx = 0 , given that when x = 0, y = 1.

15. Show that the equation of the curve passing through (1, 0) and satisfying the differential
equation (1+ y 2 )dx − xy dy = 0 will be x 2 − y 2 = 1.

30
 Mathematics

EXERCISE – II

IIT-SINGLE CHOICE CORRECT

1. y = ae −1 x + b is a solution of dy y
= 2 when
dx x
(a) a = 1, b = 0 (b) a = 3, b = 1
(c) a = 1, b = 1 (d) a = 2, b = 2

2. The degree of the differential equation y 23 2 − y11 2 − 4 = 0 is

(a) 6 (b) 3
(c) 2 (d) 4

3. The general solution of the differential equation x(1 + y 2 )dx + y (1 + x 2 )dy = 0 is

(a) (1+ x 2 )(1+ y 2 ) = 0 (b) (1+ x 2 )(1+ y 2 ) = c
(c) (1+ x 2 ) = c(1+ y 2 ) (d) (1+ y 2 ) = c(1+ x 2 )
dy x + 2y
4. The solution of = is
dx x
(a) x+y =c (b) x2 + y 2 = c
(c) x + y = cx 2 (d) x + y = cx
dy
5. Given that = ye x such that x = 0, y = e. The value of y ( y  0) when x = 1 will be
dx
1
(a) e (b)
e
(c) ee (d) e 2
2
6. General solution of d y2 = e −2 x is
dx

(a) y=
1 −2 x
e +c (b) y = e −2x + cx + d
4

(c)
1
y = e −2 x + cx + d (d) y = e −2x + cx 2 + d
4
y
7. The equation of the curve, whose slope at any point different from origin is y + , is
x
(a) xy = e x (b) y = cx e x (c  0)
(c) y = x 2e x (d) y + xe x = c
dy
8. The differential equation y + x = a (where a is a constant) represents
dx
(a) a set of circles having centre on y-axis
(b) a set of circles having centre on x-axis
(c) a set of ellipses
(d) none of these

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 Mathematics

dy 3 x 2 + 7 x + 1
9. The family of curves represented by = and the family represented by
dx y 2 + 2y + 5
dy y 2 + 2y + 5
+ =0
dx 3 x 2 + 7 x + 1
(a) are orthogonal (b) touch each other
(c) are same (d) none of these

10. The differential equation of the family of curves y = a sin px + b cos px , where a, b are
arbitrary constants, is given by
d 2y d 2y
(a) + py = 0 (b) + p2y = 0
dx 2 dx 2
d 2y d 2y
(c) − p2y = 0 (d) − py = 0
dx 2 dx 2

11. The second order differential equation is

(a) y 2 + x = y 2 (b) y y  + y = sin x
(c) y  + y  + y = 0 (d) y  = y

y +1
12. The number of solution(s) of y ' = , y (1) = 2 is
x −1
(a) zero (b) one
(c) two (d) infinite

13. The solution of the differential equation ydx − xdy = xy dx is given by

(a) y = Ax e− x (b) y = Ax e x
(c) y = Ax + e− x (d) none of these

14. The solution of the equation ( x 2 − yx 2 )dy + (y 2 + x 2 y 2 )dx = 0

1 1 1
(a) + y + log y = c (b) +y+ 2 =c
x x y
1 1
(c) + + log y − x = c (d) none of these
x y
2
 dy  dy x
15. Solution of the differential equation   − (e + e −x ) + 1 = 0 is given by
 
dx dx

(a) y + e−x = c (b) y − e−x = c

(c) y + ex = c (d) y − ex = c ex

16. The solution of the differential equation (1 + y

2
)dx = (tan−1 y − x )dy is given by
−1 −1
(a) x = tan −1 y + 1 + ce − tan y
(b) x = tan y − 1 + ce tan y

−1
(c) x = tan −1 y − 1 + ce − tan y
(d) none of these

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 Mathematics

17. The solution of the equation ( x 2 − xy )dy = ( xy + y 2 )dx , is

(a) xy = ce−y / x (b) xy = ce− x / y
(c) yx 2 = ce1/ x (d) none of these

x2 + y 2
18. Equation to the curve through (2, 1) whose slope at the point (x, y) is is
2xy
(a) 2( x 2 − y 2 ) = 3x (b) 2( y 2 − x 2 ) = 6y
(c) x( x 2 − y 2 ) = 6 (d) none of these

19. Equation of the curve through the origin satisfying dy = (sec x + y tan x )dx is
(a) y sin x = x (b) y cos x = x
(c) y tan x = x (d) none of these

20. Solution of the differential equation ( xy + y + x + 1)dy = dx , is

(a) y ( y + 1) − 2 ln | x + 1|= c (b) (y + 1)2 + 2 ln | x + 1|= c

(c) (y + 1)2 − 2 ln | x + 1|= c (d) y ( y + 1) + 2 ln | x + 1|= c

21. Equation of curve for which the normal at every point passes through a fixed point (h, k) is
(a) (h − x ) 2 + (k − y ) 2 = A 2 (b) (h − x ) 2 − (k − y ) 2 = A 2
(c) x 2 + y 2 − 2hx = A2 (d) none of these

dy
22. Solution of the differential equation x = y − 3 y 2 − x 2 ; x > 0 is
dx
(a) y 2(x + y 2 − x 2 ) = c (b) x 2 (y + y 2 − x 2 ) = c

(c) y 2(x − y 2 − x 2 ) = c (d) x 2 (y − y 2 − x 2 ) = c

23. Orthogonal trajectories of the family of hyperbolas xy = c 2, is

(a) x2 − y 2 = a (b) x ( y − x ) = a

(c) x2 + y 2 = a (d) y ( x − y ) = a
dy
24. General solution of x + y = y 2 x 3 cos x , is
dx
1 1
(a) + x sin x − cos x = C (b) − x sin x + cos x = C
xy xy
1 1
(c) + x cos x − sin x = C (d) + x sin x + cos x = C
xy xy

25. The general solution of the differential equation 2xy 2dx = e x (dy − ydx) , is

33
 Mathematics

(a) x 2 y + e x = cy (b) x 2 y − e x = cy
(c) y 2 x + e x = cx (d) y 2 x − e x = cx

34
 Mathematics

EXERCISE – III

IIT-JEE – SINGLE CHOICE CORRECT

1. The solution of differential equation ( x

2
+ y 2 )dy = xy dx is y = f (x ) . If y (1) = 1 and
y ( x 0 ) = e , then x0 is

(a) 2(e 2 − 1) (b) 2(e 2 + 1)

e2 + 1
(c) 3e (d)
2

2. The solution of the equation log  dy  = ax + by is

 dx 
e by e ax e − by e ax
(a) = +c (b) = +c
b a −b a
e − by e ax
(c) = +c (d) none of these
a b

3. Solution of the differential equation xdy − ydx = ( x 2 + y 2 ) dx , is

(a)  y + ( x 2 + y 2 )  = ky 2 (b)  y + ( x + y )  = kx
2 2 2
   

(c) y + ( x 2 + y 2 )  = k ( x 2 + y 2 ) (d) none of these

 

4. The order of the differential equation whose general solution is given by

y = (c1 + c2 ) sin(3x + c3 ) − c4e2x + c5 is
(a) 2 (b) 3
(c) 4 (d) 5

5. Solution of differential equation sin dy  = a when y (0) = 1 is

 dx 

(a) sin −1  y − 1  = a (b) sin y − 1  = a

 x   x 
1− y   y 
(c) sin =a (d) sin =a
1+ x   x + 1

6. The solution of the equation (x − y )dx + 2xydy = 0 is

2

(a) y = x (c − log x ) (b) x 2 = y (c − log x )

(c) y 3 = x (c − log x ) (d) none of these

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 Mathematics

7. If y + x dy = x ( xy ) , then (xy ) is equal to

dx ' ( xy )
x2 / 2 2
(a) ke (b) ke y /2

(c) ke xy / 2 (d) ke xy

8. The general solution of the differential equation (1 − e x ) sec 2 ydy + 3e x tan ydx = 0 , is
(a) tan y = c(e x − 1)3 (b) etan y = c(etan x − 1)3
(c) sec2 y = c(e x − 1)3 (d) etan x = c(etan y − 1)3

9. The solution of dy = ax + h represents a parabola when

dx by + k
(a) a = 0, b = 0 (b) a = 1, b = 2
(c) a = 0, b  0 (d) a = 2, b = 1

2
 d 2y   dy 
2
 d 2y 
10.  
The degree of the equation  2  +   = x cos 2  is
 dx   dx   dx 
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) none of these

dy y
11. The solution of x 2 − xy = 1 + cos is
dx x
y 1 y 1
(a) tan =c− (b) tan =c+
2x 2x 2 x x
y c y
(c) cos  = 1 + (d) x 2 = (c + x 2 ) tan
x x x

 2 + sin x  dy
12. If y = y (x ) and   = − cos x , y (0) = 1, then y    equals
 y + 1  dx 2
1 2
(a) (b)
3 3
1
(c) − (d) 1
3

13. The solution of (y (1+ x ) + siny )dx + (x + log x + x cos y )dy = 0 is

−1

(a) (1+ y −1
sin y ) + x log x = c
−1
(b) (y + sin y ) + xy log x = c
(c) xy + y log x + x sin y = c (d) none of these

14. The tangent at any arbitrary point P ( x, y ) on the curve y = f (x ) , meets the x and y-axis at
the points A and B respectively. If PA : PB = 2 : 1, then curve is

(a) xy 2 = c (b) xy = c 2
(c) x 2y = c (d) none of these

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 Mathematics

15. The equation of the curve y = f (x ) satisfying the differential equation

dy
x−y = x 2 − y 2 and passing through the point (1, 0) is
dx

(a) ( x − 1) = y 2 ( x 2 − y 2 ) (b) y 2 = x −1
(c) x( x − 1) = y 2 ( x 2 − y 2 ) (d) (2 x − 3) + 1
=0
(x − y 2 )
2

16. Solution of the differential equation xy ln xdx = xdy − ydx is

y y
(a) x ln x = x + ln  + c (b) x ln x = − x + ln  + c
x x
y y
(c) y ln x = x + ln  + c (d) y ln x = − x − ln  + c
x x

17. The curve satisfying ydx − xdy + log xdx = 0 (x  0) passing through (1, –1) is

(a) y + log x + 1 = 0 (b) − y 2 + log x + 1 = 0

y 3 + (log x ) + 1 = 0
2
(c) (d) none of these

18. Solution of the differential equation xdy(y 2e xy + e x / y ) = ydx(e x / y − y 2e xy ) is equal to

y
x/y+
(a) xy = ex / y + c (b) e x = xy
(c) xy = ln( ex / y + c ) (d) exy = ln( xy + c )

Solution of x y1 + xyy1 − 6y = 0 is
2 2 2
19.

(a) y = cx 3 (b) 3 log x − log y = c

1
(c) log y = c − log x (d) x3y = c
2

20. If f (x ) is differentiable, then the solution of dy + ( yf ( x ) − f ( x )f ( x ))dx = 0 is

(a) y = f ( x ) − 1+ ce −f ( x ) (b) y f ( x ) = (f ( x ))2 + c

(c) y ef ( x ) = f ( x ) ef ( x ) + c (d) ( y − f ( x )) = f ( x )  e −f ( x )

21. General solution of ( xy sin xy + cos xy )y dx + ( xy sin xy − cos xy )x dy = 0 , is

(a) y sin( xy ) = cx (b) x sec( xy ) = cy
(c) y tan( xy ) = cx (d) y cot( xy ) = cx

x3
The general solution of the differential equation ydx − xdy + 3 x y  e dx = 0 is
2 2
22.
x 3 x 3
(a) − ex = C (b) + ex = C
y y
y 3 y 3
(c) − ex = C (d) + ex = C
x x

37
 Mathematics

dy
23. General solution of = y − x , is
dx
(a) x = 2( y − x + ln | y − x − 1 |) + C

(b) x = 2( y − x − ln | y − x − 1 |) + C

(c) y = 2( y − x + ln | y − x − 1|) + C

(d) y = 2( y − x − ln | y − x − 1 |) + C

dy
24. Solution of = xy ( x 2 y 2 − 1) , is
dx
2
x2
(a) x 2 (y 2 − 1+ c  e x ) = 1 (b) y ( x − 1 + c  e ) = 1
2 2

2
x2
(c) x 2 (y 2 + 1+ c  e x ) = 1 (d) y ( x + 1 + c  e ) = 1
2 2

25. The equation of the curve satisfying the differential equation ( ) ( )

y x + y 3 dx = x y 3 − x dy
and passing through the point (4, 2) is
(a) 4x = 2y 3 + x 2 y (b) 4x = 2y 3 − x 2 y
(c) 4x + 2y 3 = x 2 y (d) 4x + 2y 3 + x 2 y = 0

38
 Mathematics

EXERCISE – IV

ONE OR MORE THAN ONE CHOICE CORRECT

2
 dy  dy
1. The solution of   + 2y cot x = y 2 is
 dx  dx
c c
(a) y − =0 (b) y =
1 + cos x 1− cos x
c
(c) x = 2 sin−1 (d) all above
2y

 dy d 2y 
2. The differential equation of all circles in a plane must be  y 1 = , y2 = 2
etc . 
 dx dx 
(a) y 3 (1 + y 1 ) − 3y 1y 2 = 0 (b)
2 2
of order 3 and degree 1

(d) y 3 (1 − y 1 ) − 3y 1y 1 = 0
2 2 2
(c) of order 3 and degree 2

3. The solution of the differential equation ( x + y )dy − ( x − y )dx = 0 is

(a) y 2 + 2xy + x 2 = k (b) y 2 + 2xy − x 2 = k

(c) y 2 − 2xy + x 2 = k (d) none of these

t 2 f (x ) − x 2 f (t )
4. Let f (x ) be differentiable on the interval (0,  ) such that f (1) = 1 , and lim = 1 for
t →x t−x
each x  0 , then

(a) f (3) =
55 1 2x 2
(b) f (x ) = +
9 3x 3

(c) f (3) =
55 4x 2
(d) f (x ) = −
1
+
3 3x 3

2
5. The differential equation d y2 + x dy + sin y + x 2 = 0 is of the following type
dx dx
(a) linear (b) homogeneous
(c) order two (d) degree one

xdy − ydx
6. The solution of the equation = xy (xdx + ydy ) is
x2 + y 2
y
(a) ln  =
1 2
(
x + y2 )
32
+c (b) y 2 = c 2 x 2 . e 2 3(x
2
+y 2 )
32

x 3

(
(c) ln(xy ) = 2 x 2 + y 2 ) (d) y = c 2 xe1 3(x )
3 32
2
+y 2
+c

39
 Mathematics

7. The solution of ( )
y 1 x 2 y 3 + xy = 1 is
1
= 2 − y 2 + Ce − y 2
2
(a)
x
(b) the solution of an equation which is reducible to linear equation
2
(c) = 1 − y 2 + e −y 2
x
1 − 2x
= − y 2 + Ce − y 2
2
(d)
x

dy x 2 + y 2 + 1
8. The solution of = satisfying y(1) = 1 is given by
dx 2xy
(a) a system of hyperbola (b) a system of circles
(c) y = x(1 + x ) − 1
2
(d) ( x − 2) 2 + ( y − 3) 2 = 5

9. The solution of the differential equation x 2dy = −2xy dx is

(a) xy 2 = c (b) x2y 2 = c
(c) yx 2 = c (d) yx 2 = c 2

xdx + ydy a − x 2 − y 2
10. The solution of = is
xdy − ydx x2 + y 2

(a) 
x 2 + y 2 = a sin tan −1 (y x ) + C  (b) ( ) 
x 2 + y 2 = a cos tan −1 y x + C
 
(c) ( ( ) )
x 2 + y 2 = a tan sin−1 y x + C (d) y = x tanC + sin
−1 1 2
x + y2 
 a 

40
 Mathematics

EXERCISE −V

MATCH THE FOLLOWING

Note: Each statement in column – I has one or more than one match in column - II
1. a and c are parameter
Column I Column II
Orthogonal trajectories of ay = x
2 2
I. A. Circle
II. Curve whose subnormal is constant B. Parabola
III. Orthogonal trajectories of xy = c
2
C. Rectangular hyperbola
IV. Curve whose sub tangent is a fixed constant
D. y = e x k , where k is a fixed
constant

Note: Each statement in column – I has one or more than one match in column - II
2.

Column I Column II
I. Parabola
A. 2xyy  = y − x 2
2

II. Line
B. y = xy1 + y 12
III. Hyperbola 1 2
C. y 1 − xy 1 + y = 0
4
IV. Circle x2 + y 2 +1
D. y = and y (1) = 1
2xy

Note: Each statement in column – I has one or more than one match in column - II

3. Match the following family of curves with their differential equation:

Column I Column II
I. y = cx + c ;c is parameter
2   dy  2
 dy
A. y 1 −    = 2x
  dx   dx

II. y = ae 2x + be3x ;a, b are parameter B. xy1 + 2be − x + x 2 = xy + 2x − y

III. y 2 = 4a(x + a) ;a is parameter C. d 2y
2
−5
dy
+ 6y = 0
dx dx

xy = ae x + be − x + x 2 ;
2
IV. dy  dy 
D. y=x + 
a is parameter, b is constant dx  dx 

41
 Mathematics

REASONING TYPE
Directions: Read the following questions and choose
(A) If both the statements are true and statement-2 is the correct explanation of
statement-1.
(B) If both the statements are true but statement-2 is not the correct explanation of
statement-1.
(C) If statement-1 is True and statement-2 is False.
(D) If statement-1 is False and statement-2 is True.

1. Statement-1: The largest value of c such that there exists a differentiable function h(x )

for − c  x  c that is a solution of y 1 = 1+ y with h(0) = 0 is
2
.
2
  
Statement-2: The range of tan −1 x is  − , .
 2 2
(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D

2
 dy   dy 
2. Statement-1: A solution of the differential equation   − x  + y = 0 is y = 2 x − 4 .
 dx   dx 
Statement-2: Differential equation is linear.
(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D

3. Statement-1: The order of the differential equation of all ellipse centred at the origin is 2.
Statement-2: Since there are 2 unknown constants a and b.
(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D

4. Statement-1: The differential equation of all circles in a plane must be of order 3.

Statement-2: There is only one circle passing through three non collinear points.
(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D

Statement-1: The differential equation y dy + ( x + y )dx = 0 becomes homogeneous if

3 2
5.
we put y2 = t.
Statement-2: All differential equation of first order and first degree becomes
homogeneous if we put y = tx.
(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D

42
 Mathematics

LINKED COMPREHENSION TYPE

The rate at which a body undergoes a change in temperature is proportional to the

difference between its temperature and temperature of the surrounding medium. If y = f (t )
is the temperature of the body at time t and if M(t) denotes the temperature of the
surrounding medium, Newton’s law leads to the differential equation
y  = −k [ y − M (t )] or y  + ky = kM(t )

where k is a positive constant. This first-order linear equation is the mathematical model we
use for cooling problems. The unique solution of the equation satisfying the initial condition
f (a) = b is given by the formula
t


f (t ) = be −kt + e −kt kM( z )e kz dz
a

1. A body cools from 200° to 100° in 40 minutes while immersed in a medium whose
temperature is kept constant. Let M(t) = 10°. If we measure t in minutes and f(t) in degree
then f (t ) must be equal to
(a) 10 + 180 e–kt (b) 10 + 140 e–kt
(c) 10 + 100 e–kt (d) 10 + 190 e–kt

2. The value of k must be

(a) (log 19 – log 9)/100 (b) (log 19 – log 9)/100
log19 − log 9
(c) (d) none of these
40

3. Suppose in the same system a body cools from 400° to 200° with M(t) = 10°, then time
taken for cooling must be equal to
(a) 40 log 19 (b) 40 log 9
 log19 − log 9   log 39 − log19 
(c) 40  (d) 40 
 log 39 − log19   log19 − log 9 

43
 Mathematics

EXERCISE – VI

SUBJECTIVE PROBLEMS

d 2y  dy 
1. (i) Find the order and degree of = sin   .
 dx 
2
dx
dy
(ii) Find the order and degree of = (3 x + 5)1/ 3 .
dx

dy
2. (i) Show that D.E. of parabolas y2 = 4ax is y = 2 x .
dx
2
(ii) Show that D.E of y = asin2x + bcos2x, is d y2 + 4 y = 0 .
dx
2 2
3. Solve: dy + 3 x 3 y = sin x3 .
dx 1+ x 1+ x

4. Reduce the differential equation, y3dy + (x + y2) dx = 0 to homogeneous form and solve it.

5. (i) Find the equation of the curve through (1, 0) for which the slope at any point (x, y) is
x2 + y 2
.
2xy
(ii) Find the equation of the curve through (0, a2) satisfying the differential equation
dy y
+ = 3x , a  0 .
dx x 2 + a2
dy
x+y
dx = x sin ( x + y ) .
2 2 2
6. Solve the differential equation
y−x
dy y3
dx
dy ( x + y )2
7. Solve the differential equation = .
dx ( x + 2) ( y − 2)

8. If the square of the intercept cut by any tangent on the y-axis is equal to the product of the
coordinates of the point of contact then find the equation of such curves.

9. A normal is drawn at a point P(x, y) of a curve. It meets the x-axis at Q. If PQ is of

constant length k, then show that the differential equation describing such curves is
dy
y =  k 2 − y 2 . Find the equation of such a curve passing through (0, k).
dx

10. Find the time required for a hemispherical tank of radius R = 2m to empty through a round
hole of area 12 cm2 at the bottom. The flow through the hole is according to the law
v (t ) = 0.6 2gh (t ) where v (t ) and h(t ) are respectively the velocity of flow through the
hole and the height of the water level above the hole at time t and g is the acceleration
due to gravity.

44
 Mathematics

ANSWERS

EXERCISE – I

CBSE PROBLEMS

d 2y dy
1. x 2
+2 = xy − x 2 + 2
dx dx

yy 2 + y 1 = 0
2
2.

1  tan 2 y − 1
3. x= tan −1  + c

2  2 tan y 

4. x 2 y = ce y / a

2
5. sin( y − x ) = ke x /2

y y2
6. log + =c
x 2 2x 2

7. xy 2 = 2y 5 + c

8. x 2 + 2y log | y |= cy + 1

9. y = x log | x | +3x 2 − 7x + 4

10. 1− x 2 + 1− y 2 = c

11. y = k ( x + a)(1 − ay )

y
12. x sin  = c
x

1  2x + y + 1 1  −1  2x + y + 1 
13. tan −1   = x + c ; x = tan   − tan −1 2 
2  2  2  2  


14. tan −1 y + tan −1(e x ) =
2

45
 Mathematics

EXERCISE – II

IIT-SINGLE CHOICE CORRECT

1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (c)

6. (c) 7. (b) 8. (b) 9. (a) 10. (b)

11. (b) 12. (a) 13. (a) 14. (c) 15. (a)

16. (c) 17. (b) 18. (a) 19. (b) 20. (c)

21. (a) 22. (b) 23. (a) 24. (d) 25. (a)

EXERCISE – III

IIT-JEE – SINGLE CHOICE CORRECT

1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (b)

6. (d) 7. (a) 8. (a) 9. (c) 10. (d)

11. (a) 12. (a) 13. (c) 14. (a) 15. (d)

16. (a) 17. (d) 18. (c) 19. (d) 20. (a)

21. (b) 22. (b) 23. (a) 24. (b) 25. (c)

EXERCISE – IV

ONE OR MORE THAN ONE CHOICE CORRECT

1. (a, b, c, d) 2. (a, b) 3. (b, c) 4. (a, b) 5. (c, d)

6. (a, b, d) 7. (a, b, d) 8. (a, c) 9. (c, d) 10.(a, d)

EXERCISE −V

MATCH THE FOLLOWING

1. I-(A), II-(B), III-(C), IV-(D)

2. I-(B), (C) II-(B), (C) III-(D), IV-(A)
3. I-(D), II-(C), III-(A), IV-(B)

46
 Mathematics

REASONING TYPE

1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (c)

LINKED COMPREHENSION TYPE

1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (d)

EXERCISE – VI

SUBJECTIVE PROBLEMS

1. (i) order 2, degree not defined

(ii) order 1, degree 1

3. 4y (1 + x3) = 2x− sin2x + c

1 y2 + x
4. log( y 4 + 2xy 2 + 2x 2 ) − tan −1 =C
2 x

5. (i) x2−y2 = x
(ii) y [ x + a + x ] = x + (a + x )
2 2 3 2 2 3/2

x2
6. − cot ( x 2 + y 2 ) = +c
y2

y −2
 2y − 4  2
7. ( x + 2) 4  1 +  = ke x + 2
 x+2 

8. x = ce 2 y/x

9. x2 + y2 = k2

14  10 4
10. units
27 g

47