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 = 2(3) + 1( 2) = 4 Well-conditioned J
(d)

4 3 1
2 3 7 3 7 2
jAj = 7 2 3 =4 3 1
18 13 5 13 5 18
5 18 13

= 4(28) 3(76) 1( 116) = 0 Singular J

PROBLEM SET 2.1 1

Problem 2
(a)
2 32 3 2 3
1 0 0 1 2 4 1 2 4
A = LU = 4 1 1 0 5 4 0 3 21 5 = 4 1 5 25 5 J
1 5=3 1 0 0 0 1 7 39
jAj = jLj jUj = (1 1 1)(1 3 0) = 0 J
(b)
2 32 3 2 3
2 0 0 2 1 1 4 2 2
5=4 2 2 4 5 J
A = LU = 4 1 1 0 54 0 1 3 2 4 11
1 3 1 0 0 1

jAj = jLj jUj = (2 1 1)(2 1 1) = 4 J

Problem 3
First solve Ly = b:
2 32 3 2 3
1 0 0 y1 1
4 3=2 1 0 5 4 y2 5 = 4 1 5

1=2 11=13 1 y3 2
y1 = 1
3 5
(1) + y2 = 1 y2 =
2 2
1 11 5 47
(1) + + y3 = 2 y3 =
2 13 2 13
Then solve Ux = y:
2 32 3 2 3
2 3 1 x1 1

4 0 13=2 7=2 5 4 x2 5 = 4 5=2 5

0 0 32=13 x3 47=13

32 47 47
x3 = x3 = J
13 13 32
13 7 47 5 13
x2 = x2 = J
2 2 32 2 32
13 47 59
 2x1 3 = 1 x1 = J
32 32 32

2 PROBLEM SET 2.1

Problem 4

The augmented coe¢cient matrix is

2 3
2 3 1 3
[Ajb] = 4 3 2 5 9 5
2 4 1 5
Elimination phase:
3
row 2 row 2 row 1
2
row. 3 row 3 row 1

2 3
2 3 1 3
4 3 (3=2) (2) 2 (3=2)( 3) 5 (3=2)( 1) 9 (3=2)(3) 5
2 2 4 ( 3) 1 ( 1) 5 3
2 3
2 3 1 3
= 4 0 13=2 7=2 27=2 5
0 7 0 8

14
row 3 row 3 row 2
13
2 3
2 3 1 3
4 0 13=2 7=2 27=2 5
0 7 (14=13) (13=2) 0 (14=13) ( 7=2) 8 (14=13) ( 27=2)
2 3
2 3 1 3
= 4 0 13=2 7=2 27=2 5
0 0 49=13 85=13
Solution by back substitution:
49 85 85
x3 = x3 = = 1:7347 J
13 13 49
13 7 85 27 8
x2 = x2 = = 1: 1429 J
2 2 49 2 7
8 85 32
2x1 3 = 3 x1 = = 0:6531 J
49 49
7
PROBLEM 4 3
Problem 5

The augmented coe¢cient matrix is

2 3
2 0 1 0 1 0
6 0 1 2 0 0 077
[AjB] = 6
1 2 4 0 1 0 1 5
0 0 1 2 0 0
Before elimination, we exchange rows 2 and 3 in order to reduce the amount
of algebra: 2 3
2 0 1 0 1 0
6 1 2 0 1 0 1 7
6 7
4 0 1 2 0 0 0 5
0 0 1 2 0 0
Elimination phase:
1
row 2 row 2 +
row 1
2 2 3
2 0 1 0 1 0
6 0 2 1=2 1 1=2 1 7
6 7
4 0 1 2 0 0 0 5
0 0 1 2 0 0
1
row 3 row 3 row 2
2 2 3
2 0 1 0 1 0
6 0 2 1=2 1 1=2 1 7
6 7
4 0 0 9=4 1=2 1=4 1=2 5
0 0 1 2 0 0
4
row 4 row 4 row 3
2 9 3
2 0 1 0 1 0
6 0 2 1=2 1 1=2 1 7
6 7
4 0 0 9=4 1=2 1=4 1=2 5
0 0 0 16=9 1=9 2=9
First solution vector by back substitution:
16 1 1
x4 = x4 =
9 9 16

x3 = x3 =
4 2 16 4 8
1 1 1 1 1
2x2 + = x2 =
2 8 16 2 4

1 7
2x1 = 1 x1 =
8 16
4 PROBLEM SET 2.1
Second solution vector:
16 2 1
x4 = x4 =
9 9 8
9 1 1 1 1
x3 = x3 =
4 2 8 2 4
1 1 1 1
2x2 + = 1 x2 =
2 4 8 2
1 1

2x1 = 0 x1 =
4 8

Therefore, 2 3
7=16 1=8
6 1=4 1=2 7
X =6 7 J
4 1=8 1=4 5
1=16 1=8

Problem 6

After reordering rows, the augmented coe¢cient matrix is

2 3
1 2 0 2 0 4
6 0 1 1 1 1 17
6 7
6 0 1 0 2 1 17
6 7
4 0 0 2 1 2 15
0 0 0 1 1 2
Elimination phase:
row 3 row 3 row 2
2 3
1 2 0 2 0 4
6 0 1 1 1 1 1 7
6 7
6 0 0 1 1 0 2 7
6 7
4 0 0 2 1 2 1 5
0 0 0 1 1 2
row 4 row 4 2 row 3
2 3
1 2 0 2 0 4
6 0 1 1 1 1 1 7
6 7
6 0 0 1 1 0 27
6 7
4 0 0 0 1 2 3 5
0 0 0 1 1 2
row 5 row 5 row 4
PROBLEM 6 5
 2 3
1 2 0 2 0 4
6 0 1 1 1 1 1 7
6 7
6 0 0 1 1 0 2 7
6 7
4 0 0 0 1 2 3 5
0 0 0 0 1 1
Back substitution:

x5 = 1 x5 = 1 J
x4 + 2( 1) = 3 x4 = 1 J
x3 + 1 = 2 x3 = 1 J
x2 1 + 1 ( 1) = 1 x2 = 2 J
x1 + 2( 2) 2(1) = 4 x1 = 2 J

Problem 7

(a)
2 3
4 1 0
A =4 1 4 1 5
0 1 4
Use Gauss elimination storing each multiplier in the location occupied by the
element that was eliminated (the multipliers are enclosed in boxes thus:
1
row 2 row 2 row 2
4

2 3
4 1 0
4 1=4 15=4 1 5
0 1 4
4
row 3 row 3 row 2
15
2 3
4 1 0
6 1=4 15=4 1 7
4 5

0 4=15 56=15
Thus
2 3 2 3
4 1 0 1 0 0

U = 4 0 15=4 1 5 J L=4 1=4 1 0 5 J

0 0 56=15 0 4=15 1

6 PROBLEM SET 2.1

(b)
A = LLT
Substituting for LLT from Eq. (2.16), we get
2 3 2 2 3
4 1 0 L11 L11 L21 L11 L31
4 1 4 1 5 = 4 L11 L21 L221 + L222 L21 L+31L+ L22 L32 5

0 1 4 L11 L31 L21 L31 + L22 L32 L231 2

32 + L233

Equating matrices term-by term:

L211 = 4 L11 = 2
1
2L21 = 1 L21 =
2
2L31 = 0 L31 = 0
2 p
1 15
+ L222 = 4 L22 =
2 2
p
1 15 2
(0) + L32 = 1 L32 = p
2 2 15
2 2
r
14
02 + p 2
33 = 4 L32 = 2
15 +L 15
Therefore,
2 3
2 p 0 0
L=4 1=2 15=2
p p 0 5 J
0 2= 15 2 14=15

Problem 8
2 3 2 3
3 6 4 3

A =4 9 8 24 5 b =4 65 5
12 24 26 42

Decomposition of A (multipliers are enclosed in boxes):

row 2 row 2 ( 3) row 1

row 3 row 3 4 row 1
2 3
3 6 4
4 3 10 12 5
4 0 10
2 3 2 3
3 6 4 1 0 0
 U =4 0 10 12 5 L=4 3 1 0 5
0 0 10 4 0 1

PROBLEM 8 7
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different content
 Folks far and near then came to tell Mr. Lin-coln that they were
glad of the good news.
One good wom-an with but-ter and eggs to sell from her farm,
said she thought she “would like to shake hands with Mr. Lin-coln
once more.” Then she told him, as he did not seem to re-mem-ber
her, that he had stopped at her house to get some-thing to eat when
he was ‘rid-ing the cir-cuit,’ and that one day he came when she had
noth-ing but bread and milk to give him, and he said that it was
good e-nough for the Pres-i-dent of the U-ni-ted States, “and now,”
she said, “I’m glad that you are go-ing to be Pres-i-dent!”
An-oth-er guest came one day when Lin-coln was talk-ing with the
Gov-ern-or of his state and a few more. The door o-pened and an
old la-dy in a big sun bon-net and farm clothes walked in and told
Mr. Lin-coln that she had a pres-ent for him. She said she had been
want-ing to give him some-thing, and these were all she had. Then,
with much pride, she put in-to his hands a pair of blue wool-len
stock-ings, and said, “I spun the yarn and knit them socks my-self!”
The kind gift and thought pleased Mr. Lin-coln. He thanked her,
asked for her folks at home, and walked with her to the door. When
he came back he took up the socks and held them by their toes, one
in each hand, while a queer smile came to his face and he said to his
guest,—
“The old la-dy got my lat-i-tude and long-i-tude a-bout right, did-
n’t she?”
The “plain peo-ple,” the sort from whom Lin-coln sprung, were
ver-y proud of him, and day af-ter day some of them went to see
him, bring-ing small gifts and kind words and wish-es.
One day, when Mr. Lin-coln, clad in a lin-en dus-ter, sat at the desk
in his of-fice with a pile of let-ters and an ink-stand of wood be-fore
him, he saw two shy young men peep in at the door. He spoke to
them in a kind way and asked them to come in and make a call.
 A. LINCOLN

The farm hands thanked him and went in. Then they said that one
of them, whose name was Jim, was quite tall. They had told him
that he was as tall as the great A-bra-ham Lin-coln, and they had
made up their minds to come to town and see if they could find out
if that was the case.
So with a smile on his face Mr. Lin-coln left his desk, and the
morn-ing’s mail, and asked the young man to stand up by the side of
the wall. Then Mr. Lin-coln put a cane on the top of his head, and let
the end of the stick touch the plas-ter-ing. Thus he found his height.
Mr. Lin-coln told the man that it was now his turn to hold the cane
and do the same for him. So Mr. Lin-coln stepped un-der the cane,
and it was found that both were the same height. Jim’s friends had
made a good guess.
Small deeds of kind-ness like these won hosts of friends for A-bra-
ham.
As time went on the trains brought scores of folks to Spring-field.
Some said they had just come to shake hands with Mr. Lin-coln,
while more told a straight tale and said they came to ask for a post
of some sort, and thought they would “take time by the fore-lock.”
In fact the crowds of men who came to ask for pri-zes were so large
that Mr. Lin-coln had to leave his old desk and go to a room in the
State-house which the Gov-ern-or of Il-li-nois had placed at his use.
Here he met all in his kind way.
While Lin-coln wait-ed, af-ter his nom-i-na-tion, he kept track of all
the moves that were made. Still, he had so much trust that he said,
“The peo-ple of the South have too much sense to ru-in the gov-ern-
ment,” and he told his friends that they must not say or feel an-y ill
will to those who were not of the same mind, but “re-mem-ber that
all A-mer-i-cans are broth-ers and should live like broth-ers.”
But, ere long, it was plain that the storm which had been mak-ing
its way slow-ly but sure-ly, was a-bout to burst.
As soon as Lin-coln’s e-lec-tion was known the South be-gan to
throw off the ties which bound it to the Un-ion.
The Sen-a-tors from South Car-o-li-na gave up their posts four
days lat-er. Six weeks from that time that state went out from the
Un-ion and set up a new gov-ern-ment.
One af-ter an-oth-er, oth-er states in the South went out, al-so,
and joined South Car-o-li-na, un-til, by the first of Feb-ru-a-ry, 1861,
all the sev-en cot-ton states had with-drawn from the Un-ion. Their
claim was that the rights of a state were high-er than those of the
Un-ion when it thought it ought to do so.
 Mem-bers of Con-gress and oth-ers tried to set-tle the trou-ble but
to no a-vail, and there seemed no way a-head but a tri-al of the is-
sue on the bat-tle-field.
Lin-coln was in Spring-field and could do naught then, save with
his pen and words of ad-vice to Bu-chan-an who was then Pres-i-
dent. With great sad-ness he read what had been done at the South.
There was still much to do in Spring-
field in his plans to leave his law work,
and Mr. Lin-coln felt that a great load
of care was up-on him, and the task,
which in a few brief months would be
his, was sure to be more e-ven than
that which fell to the first great Chief,
George Wash-ing-ton. There were
times when he spent whole days in
THE LINCOLN HOME IN
SPRINGFIELD. deep thought, si-lent and sad.
Still, in the midst of all this work,
there came times when in a light-er vein he would show mirth at in-
ci-dents as they came up. A bus-i-ness trip had to be made. A group
of small girls was met at the house of a friend. They gazed at the
great man as if they would speak to him. He kind-ly asked them if
he could help them in an-y way. One of them said that she would
dear-ly like to have him write his name for her.
Lin-coln said he saw oth-er young girls there and thought that if
he wrote his name for but one, the rest would “feel bad-ly.”
The child then told him there were “eight all told.” Then, with one
of his bright smiles the kind man asked for eight slips of pa-per and
pen and ink. He wrote his name so that each child might have it to
take home with her.
There was a lit-tle girl, that same au-tumn, whose home was on
the shores of Lake E-rie. She had a por-trait of Lin-coln and a pic-
ture of the log-cab-in which he helped build for his fa-ther in 1830.
She had great pride in Mr. Lin-coln, and it was her wish that he
should look as well as he could. So she asked her moth-er if she
might write a note to Mr. Lin-coln and ask him if he would let his
beard grow, for she thought this would make his face more pleas-
ing.
The moth-er thought this plan of her child was strange, but know-
ing that she was a strong Re-pub-li-can, said there could be no harm
in writ-ing such a let-ter. So the let-ter was writ-ten and sent to
“Hon. A-bra-ham Lin-coln, Esq., Spring-field, Il-li-nois.”
This young girl, whose name was Grace Be-dell, told Mr. Lin-coln
how old she was, and that she thought he would look bet-ter, and so
that scores more folks would like him, if he “would let his whis-kers
grow.” She said, too, that she liked the “rail fence, in the pic-ture, a-
round that cab-in that he helped his fa-ther make.” Then she asked
that if he were too bus-y to an-swer her let-ter that he would let his
own lit-tle girl re-ply for him.
Mr. Lin-coln was in his State-house room when that let-ter, with
scores of oth-ers, came in. He could but smile at the child’s wish, but
he took the time to an-swer at once, in a brief note which be-gan,
“Miss Grace Be-dell: My dear lit-tle Miss.” He told her of the re-ceipt
of her “ver-y a-gree-a-ble let-ter.” He said he was “sor-ry to say that
he had no lit-tle daugh-ter,” but that he “had three sons, one sev-en-
teen, one nine, and one sev-en years of age.” He said he had nev-er
worn whis-kers, and asked if folks would not think it sil-ly to be-gin,
then, to wear them. The note closed with; “Your ver-y sin-cere well-
wish-er, A. Lin-coln.”
 CHAPTER VIII.
IN THE PRESIDENTIAL CHAIR; THE CIVIL WAR

BEGINS.

One of the last things that A-bra-ham Lin-coln did ere he said
good-bye to his Spring-field home was to go down to see the good
old step-moth-er who did so much for him when he was a poor, sad
boy. Proud in-deed, was she of the lad she had reared with so much
care, but she felt that there were hard days to come to him. She told
him that she feared she should not see him a-gain. She said “They
will kill you; I know they will.”
Lin-coln tried to cheer her, and told her they would not do that.
But she clung to him with tears, and a break-ing heart. “We must
trust in the Lord, and all will be well,” said the good man as he bade
his step-moth-er a ten-der fare-well and went a-way.
It was on Feb. 11, 1861, that Lin-coln left Spring-field for Wash-
ing-ton. Snow was fall-ing fast as Lin-coln stood at the rear of his
train to say his last words. A great crowd was at the rail-road sta-
tion. Men stood si-lent with bare heads while he spoke.
Six firm friends of Mr. Lin-coln went with him to Wash-ing-ton. Mr.
Lin-coln was ver-y much af-fect-ed when he went in-to the car af-ter
say-ing good-bye to his old home folks. Tears were in his eyes.
Crowds were at each sta-tion a-long the route and Mr. Lin-coln oft-
en spoke to those who had come there to see him. While talk-ing at
West-field Mr. Lin-coln said that he had a young friend there who
had sent a note to him, and that if Grace Be-dell were in the sta-tion
he should like to meet the child. It seems she was there, and the
word was passed on; “Grace, Grace, the Pres-i-dent is call-ing for
you!” A friend led her through the crowd, and Mr. Lin-coln took her
by the hand and kissed her. Then he said, with a smile, “You see,
Grace, that I have let my whis-kers grow!”
The train then rushed off, but a smile was on Mr. Lin-coln’s face,
and for a brief time the weight of of-fice had left him.
Threats of a sad sort were then a-broad in the land. Foes said Lin-
coln should nev-er be made Pres-i-dent. Their hearts were full of
hate. They felt that this man would be sure to en-force the laws, e-
ven a-gainst those who were joined to-geth-er to try to break them.
Lin-coln was brave. He did not fear. He felt that the Lord was on
his side and that He would give him strength to do all the work that
he had planned for him. Though he did not doubt this, yet, both he
and his friends felt that it would not be right to risk his life at that
time, so they did not take the route at first thought of, but went by a
way, and at a time, which would make all safe.
Thus the train from Phil-a-del-phi-a rolled in-to Wash-ing-ton ear-
ly one morn-ing and Lin-coln was safe, and must, in-deed, have felt
the truth of those Bi-ble words, “He shall give His an-gels charge o-
ver thee to keep thee in all thy ways.”
On the Fourth of March, 1861, A-bra-ham Lin-coln stood on a plat-
form, built for that day, on the east front of the cap-i-tol, and took
the oath of of-fice. He laid his right hand on the Bi-ble. A hush fell
up-on the vast throng as he said, af-ter Chief Jus-tice Ta-ney, these
words: “I, A-bra-ham Lin-coln, do sol-emn-ly swear that I will faith-
ful-ly ex-e-cute the of-fice of Pres-i-dent of the U-ni-ted States, and
will, to the best of my a-bil-i-ty, pre-serve, pro-tect, and de-fend the
Con-sti-tu-tion of the U-ni-ted States.”
Then came the can-non sa-lute while cheer on cheer rent the air.
Lin-coln read his in-au-gu-ral ad-dress as Pres-i-dent of the U-ni-
ted States. His old ri-val, Doug-las was near him, and to show his
friend-ly and loy-al heart, held Lin-coln’s hat.
 Lin-coln’s speech was a grand one. He did not boast nor tell what
great things he would do. He spoke as would a fa-ther to way-ward
chil-dren, and told those who were try-ing to break up the Un-ion
that their move would bring ru-in to the Na-tion. He asked them to
stop, and turn back while there was time.
In sad-ness he told them that it was not right for an-y to try to
des-troy the Un-ion; that it was his sworn du-ty to pre-serve it. This
speech did much good, but most-ly where there were folks who had
not known which side to take. These saw, then, that the Pres-i-dent
was bound by his oath to do his dut-y.
No Chief of the U-ni-ted States, when he took his chair, had so
hard a task be-fore him as Lin-coln had. Sev-en States had gone out
of the Un-ion, made a start at a new gov-ern-ment, and found a
pres-i-dent and a vice-pres-i-dent for them-selves. Some of the folks
in oth-er states were mak-ing plans to leave the Un-ion. The peo-ple
of the far South laid hold of Un-ion forts, ships, guns, and post-of-fi-
ces. Some men who had held high posts in the ar-my and na-vy left
the Un-ion and gave their help to the oth-er side. They had sent out
the news to the world that they would have the name of the “Con-
fed-er-ate States of A-mer-i-ca,” and that their pres-i-dent’s name
was Jef-fer-son Dav-is.
How to save the Un-ion, bring back
all the states, make the North and
South friends once more were themes
of the day. These thoughts hung like a
weight o-ver Lin-coln as he paced his
room at night, and as he talked with
the men he had with him. He did not
wish to de-clare war. He must, he
thought, work for peace. This he did
till he saw war must come, but he
made up his mind that the first act
that brought a-bout war should not
come from him but from those whose
 JEFFERSON DAVIS wish was to break up the Un-ion. At
last the foe struck the first blow.
It was on a spring day, the twelfth of A-pril, 1861, that the first
gun was fired in Charles-ton har-bor up-on the Un-ion flag on Fort
Sum-ter. The call was sound-ed. The great heart of the North grew
hot with shame and rage.
“What! De-grade our coun-try’s flag?” they cried. “’Tis the flag for
which our fa-thers fought and died!” “We will give the last drop of
our blood for it! We will leave our trades, our homes and dear ones,
and fly to put down the foe who has dared to strike a blow at it!”
But in Charles-ton, S. C. the folks were wild with joy. The Gov-ern-
or of the state, Pick-ens, made a speech from the bal-co-ny of a ho-
tel. He said, “Thank God, the day has come! The war is o-pen, and
we will con-quer or pe-rish. We have de-feat-ed twen-ty mil-lions,
and we have hum-bled their proud flag of stars and stripes.” There
was much more talk in the same vein.
In the North men wept who ne’er had wept be-fore. It seemed as
if the worst had come. “But Lin-coln, our brave Lin-coln, what will he
do now?” they asked. A-bra-ham Lin-coln knew just what to do. He
did not need to be told. He knew that the peo-ple would de-cide the
mat-ter and to them he turned. He talked with his men near him, his
“Cab-i-net,” and said that 75,000 of “the peo-ple” would come to his
aid and quell this thing. Four times that num-ber came.
The par-ties, “Re-pub-li-can” and “Dem-o-crat,” for the time were
both much of one mind, “For the Un-ion,” side by side to “fall in” and
march south and save it.
One state had troops all read-y to start. It was Mas-sa-chu-setts.
Her Gov-ern-or, in 1860, N. P. Banks, had long seen the trend of
things, the need of men that must come, so his sol-diers were a-ble
to leave at the first call for help. On A-pril 19, the Sixth Reg-i-ment
fought its way through the streets of Bal-ti-more, and reached
Wash-ing-ton in time to aid Lin-coln in hold-ing the cap-i-tol.
 In ev-er-y cit-y and town there were drum beats and the cry of
“To arms! To arms!” Men were in haste to give their help to the great
Chief, A-bra-ham Lin-coln, whose call they had heard.
Ste-phen A. Doug-las, now that the ver-y life of the Un-ion was at
stake, left no doubt as to where he stood. He made it plain-ly known
that he was “For the Un-ion,” and he led the loy-al Dem-o-crats of
the North to up-hold the Un-ion, and they went glad-ly with him to
the task.
Much as the men who led the South to try to go out of the Un-ion
were to blame, it was well known that man-y in the South were
loath to go and did so on-ly when their states said they must.
Some of the best gen-er-als on the side of the South, such as Lee,
were of those un-will-ing men. Each of them fought the North be-
cause his own state told him to. The bad “doc-trine of State Rights,”
brought this a-bout. Un-der it the state was held to have a claim up-
on those who lived in it high-er than the claim which the na-tion had
up-on them.
The men who stood for the cause of the South burned the bridg-
es on the rail-roads lead-ing north from Bal-ti-more so that no more
troops might reach Wash-ing-ton from that side.
Cit-i-zens, un-der the com-mand of Maj-or Da-vid Hun-ter, kept
guard o-ver the White House and Treas-u-ry.
 DEFENCES OF WASHINGTON.

All through the long, sad hours Pres-i-dent Lin-coln stood at the
helm and was the pi-lot who, un-der the Lord, took the Ship of State
through the most aw-ful storm in which she had ev-er sailed.
It was, in-deed, a glad hour when the 8th Mas-sa-chu-setts reg-i-
ment and the 7th New York reached Wash-ing-ton. This made the
Cap-i-tol safe.
In the West, at Il-li-nois, troops from Chi-ca-go took pos-ses-sion
of Cai-ro.
So, by the prompt com-ing of troops to Wash-ing-ton and of those
troops in the West keep-ing charge at Cai-ro, the plans of the South-
ern foe were checked.
 CHAPTER IX.
EARLY BATTLES OF THE WAR.

The foe moved their cap-i-tal from Mont-gom-er-y, Ala. to Rich-

mond, Va. and the first bat-tle of weight was to lie be-tween the two
cap-i-tals. The folks at the North thought the war would be a short
one. Most of the North-ern vol-un-teers had been called out for but
three months, so it was thought by some that a bat-tle must be
fought ere that time came to an end. The press at the North made a
loud call for a “for-ward move-ment.” From day to day there was the
cry of “On to Rich-mond!”
This hot speed was not the wish of Gen. Scott, then Com-man-
der-in-chief of all the U. S. troops. He said it would be “death to our
cause.” It has since been thought that if the men in the North had
been more slow to move, the first great loss would not have been
theirs.
It was on the 21st, of Ju-ly, 1861, that the bat-tle of Bull Run was
fought. Gen-er-al Mc-Do-well moved to-wards Rich-mond. The foe
was led by Gens. Jo-seph E. John-ston and Beau-re-gard. The bat-tle
was a sharp one and the loss large. At just the right mo-ment the
foe had fresh troops sent to help them and thus gained the day. Af-
ter a hard fight, the Un-ion for-ces had to give up. They fled back in
haste to Wash-ing-ton.
 MARCHING TO BULL RUN.

Sher-man was Colo-nel of a reg-i-ment at Bull Run. Though he did

his part well, he had a fear that the Pres-i-dent would find fault with
him for the great loss at that bat-tle. He felt that he had done all he
could with men who had been rushed in-to a fight ere they had had
time to learn the art of war. Lin-coln knew that Sher-man had done
his best with what he had. He knew that Sher-man was “val-u-a-ble
man,” so he at once made him a Brig-a-dier Gen-er-al, sent him to
Lou-is-ville, Ken-tuc-ky, and put him in charge of a large force of
troops.
The bat-tle of Bull Run, it has been said, was fought to please “the
pol-i-ti-cians.” It was the on-ly time the Pres-i-dent yield-ed to the
pub-lic clam-or, and he was al-ways sor-ry that he then did so.
In a few days af-ter the bat-tle of Bull Run the Pres-i-dent went
out to see the sol-diers. He made a kind speech, and told them to
“cheer up,” for he “knew that bet-ter days were com-ing.”
 Pres-i-dent Lin-coln felt that while Gen. Scott had a ver-y sound
head and had done great good in his long years of work in the ar-
my, he had come to the time when age had be-gun to “tell” up-on
him. But what man could he put in his place? Gen. Mc-Do-well had
met with de-feat. Gen. Pat-ter-son, too, had failed. Up to that date
the on-ly off-i-cer who had won was Gen. Mc-Clel-lan, in charge of
O-hi-o troops in West Vir-gin-ia. Gen. Scott spoke to Pres-i-dent Lin-
coln in fa-vor of this young man, Mc-Clel-lan, and, as it was not ea-
sy to find just the one need-ed at that hour, Mc-Clel-lan was kept at
Wash-ing-ton to or-gan-ize the troops com-ing in to that cit-y and
make all read-y for a strong cam-paign.
The fine fall days were go-ing by
and Mc-Clel-lan, though he seemed to
be get-ting read-y for work, did not
bring a-bout what folks thought he
would. They be-gan to ask why the ar-
my did not move. Word was sent
North each night that it was “All qui-et
a-long the Po-to-mac!”
Ere the end of Sep-tem-ber came it
was clear-ly made known to the Pres-i-
dent that the friends of the Un-ion
cause felt that some of the lead-ers
GENERAL WINFIELD SCOTT were at fault. The Pres-i-dent, as a
boy, had made him-self mas-ter of
gram-mar, law, sur-vey-ing, and oth-er
things, and now he made a close stud-y of war and how to fight
great bat-tles. While he was a help to Mc-Clel-lan, yet he saw, at
last, that his own plans were best, and so, in time, it was proved to
all that Mc-Clel-lan was wrong and Lin-coln was right.
Not a-lone in war schemes but in oth-ers the hand and head of
Lin-coln oft-en proved bet-ter than those of men who had been
brought up to such work. Lin-coln’s way with for-eign lands, some of
whose ru-lers were friend-ly to the South and want-ed it to win, was
thought to be just right. Then the way Lin-coln got vast sums to car-
ry on the war, and the part he thought it wise for the na-vy to take
in the great strife, won praise for him. These things were all un-der
Lin-coln’s eye and had his close care.
As time went on the whole North learned to look to Lin-coln, and
de-pend up-on him for help in dark days and wise work in bright
times. When the North felt they could not win, Lin-coln said, “We
shall win!”
While a large force of men was in arms not much had been done
by Un-ion Gen-er-als. Mc-Clel-lan’s great ar-my grew less and less.
Hordes of men were ill. Mc-Clel-lan had no plan for his troops to
move. Hal-leck was in charge in Mis-sou-ri and Gen. Bu-ell in Ken-
tuc-ky.
Pres-i-dent Lin-coln saw that a un-ion must be brought a-bout be-
tween the moves of these three lead-ers. He wrote to them, but
they did not care to do what he thought best.
U-lys-ses S. Grant, though a West Point man who had fought in
the war with Mex-i-co in 1843, had left the ar-my and gone to a
small farm near St. Lou-is. He was poor, but he built a small house
of hewn logs for his fam-i-ly, did his own work on the land, and lived
a life of peace.
A chance came to go to Ga-le-na, in the State of Il-li-nois. There
Grant was a clerk in a store where they sold hides. There he was
when the war broke out, and the South and the North, which had
been as one, were now two, and full of hate.
Four days af-ter Lin-coln’s call for troops went through the land, U.
S. Grant be-gan to drill some of the men in his place in the use of
the gun. In a few days he set off with them for Spring-field, Ill. From
there he wrote to a man who held a high post at Wash-ing-ton and
told him that he would like to be of use and help save the land from
its foe.
No word came back. But Grant kept on, staid in the same cit-y,
and gave his time to the drill of all the troops he could find.
 In five weeks’ time Cap-tain Grant was made Colo-nel and sent off
to the seat of war at the head of the 21st Il-li-nois. He went first to
Mis-sou-ri and then to Cai-ro. Soon, with-out ask-ing for the post, he
was made Brig-a-dier-Gen-er-al.
A force of the foe, led by Gen. Polk, went up the Mis-sis-sip-pi
from Mem-phis and took the high bluffs at Co-lum-bus, in Ken-tuc-
ky.
A man from Co-lum-bus said, “The Con-fed-er-ates are get-ting
read-y to seize Pa-du-cah!” Pa-du-cah was a place which would be of
great worth to the side which first got hold of it. If the guns of the
foe were put there they would stop steam-boats from pass-ing that
point.
Gen. Grant saw that he must act at once. There was no time in
which to wait for or-ders from the head of the troops in the West.
The ver-y next morn-ing the folks who lived in Pa-du-cah were
great-ly sur-prised to see a fleet of steam-boats full of Un-ion troops
made fast at the wharf. The na-tives had been told that the for-ces
of the South were to be there that day, and they had gone to the
quay to greet Gen. Thom-as who was to lead those troops.
Grant’s quick move gave Ken-tuc-ky to the Un-ion cause and much
cheer to Pres-i-dent Lin-coln.
The first fight of the war in which Grant took the lead was af-ter
he moved his troops from Pa-du-cah down to Hun-ter’s Point, near
Bel-mont.
 BATTLE OF BELMONT.

Pres-i-dent Lin-coln strove to have a un-i-ty of ac-tion be-tween

his gen-er-als. Mc-Clel-lan had a great force at hand. He did naught
with it but drill and wait. Hal-leck had charge in Mis-sou-ri and Bu-ell
in Ken-tuc-ky. They had noth-ing to do with each oth-er.
Pres-i-dent Lin-coln told Hal-leck to men-ace Co-lum-bus on the
Mis-sis-sip-pi and Bu-ell at the same time to move up-on the force
un-der John-ston, at Bowl-ing Green in cen-tral Ken-tuc-ky. These
men did not do as the Pres-i-dent had told them to, and they did not
e-ven an-swer his let-ter or or-der. Then it was that the Pres-i-dent
felt that the three com-mand-ers were not do-ing what they ought
to do, in fact, that they were “three do-noth-ings.”
There were bad times in eas-tern Ten-nes-see, where the folks
had giv-en out that they were for the Un-ion. The foe in Geor-gi-a
and Tex-as took man-y of them and put them in jail for so do-ing.
Those who got off told tales of great dis-tress. Lin-coln want-ed Bu-
ell to help them but he would-n’t.
In the East there was much talk of Mc-Clel-lan’s long wait. The
Pres-i-dent was ver-y pa-tient, too pa-tient folks said. A-gain and a-
gain Lin-coln went to Mc-Clel-lan to get him to start work with his
large for-ces.
In the West there were two men who felt that they could do a
good stroke for the Un-ion if they had leave to do it. One of these
men was Com-mo-dore Foote. The oth-er was Gen-er-al Grant.
 CHAPTER X.
GRANT WINS IN THE WEST, AND FARRAGUT

AT NEW ORLEANS.

It was on Feb. 2, 1862, that the first great move was made af-ter
Bull Run. This broke the line of the foe at the West and gave the
Mis-sis-sip-pi Riv-er, a-bove Vicks-burg, in-to the hands of the North.
Com. Foote, with four gun-boats, and Gen. Grant with his troops,
moved a-gainst Fort Hen-ry on the Ten-nes-see Riv-er, and on Feb.
2d, made it give up. A week went by and on the Cum-ber-land Riv-
er, which there runs near the Ten-nes-see Riv-er, an-oth-er fort of
the foe, Don-el-son, twelve miles from Fort Hen-ry, was tak-en by
the same men. There was a stiff fight at Fort Don-el-son and 2,300
of Un-ion sol-diers fell. At last that fort was tak-en and 15,000 pris-
on-ers with it. All the troops of the foe then had to leave the State of
Ken-tuc-ky. All the friends of the Un-ion cause were full of joy.
 THE ATTACK ON FORT DONELSON.

Just in the midst of the great good news from the West came a
thing most sad to the hearts of the Pres-i-dent’s fam-i-ly. One dear
boy fell ill. It was Wil-lie Lin-coln.
While full of the weight of cares for his land, there came nights
and days when it fell to Lin-coln’s lot to have to watch the slow steps
of death. “It is the hard-est tri-al of my life,” said the sad fa-ther. At
last the dear child was gone. One said to the Pres-i-dent, “A vast
num-ber pray for you to-day.”
Mr. Lin-coln said “I am glad of that. I want them to pray for me. I
need their pray-ers; and I will try to go to God with my sor-row. I
wish I had a child-like faith. I trust God will give it to me. My moth-
er had it. She died man-y years a-go. I re-mem-ber her pray-ers;
they have al-ways fol-lowed me. They have clung to me through
life.”
 A new style of boat, a small queer craft, was brought forth by the
war. She did a great work in Hamp-ton Roads when ships of wood of
the North, as they lay at an-chor there, had gone down, when shot
at and “rammed” by a new sort of foe.
The Se-cret-a-ry of the Na-vy at that time was Mr. Welles. He
heard that the foe were to raise the hull of the “Mer-ri-mac,” a fine
craft which the foe had hurt and sunk at Nor-folk. They would raise
the ship, cov-er it with i-ron, and thus make a ves-sel which would
be of far more use in war than an-y thing then built.
The As-sist-ant-Sec’y of the Na-vy, Mr. Gus-ta-vus V. Fox, went to
talk with the Pres-i-dent. Lin-coln spoke to him a-bout the new craft
and said:
“We must not let the foe get a-head of us in such an im-por-tant
thing as pla-ting ves-sels with i-ron.”
This thought sank deep in-to the mind of Mr. Fox, and plans were
soon set on foot to see what could be done to get some “i-ron-
clads.” Capt. Er-ics-son made a mod-el of a craft ne’er be-fore seen.
It had a hull un-der wa-ter, and an i-ron-clad tur-ret which could be
turned.
The Pres-i-dent was glad of Er-ics-son’s work, took the plans, and
eight months lat-er the worth of the boat made from them was seen
in the great fight be-tween the Mer-ri-mac and the Mon-i-tor at
Hamp-ton Roads. The “Mer-ri-mac” thought she would have full
swing and crush all the ships of the Un-ion. She did some sad work
both in the loss of ships and men, and she would have made an end
of all, had there not, at mid-night, come up-on the scene, straight
down from New York, John Er-ics-son’s lit-tle i-ron ves-sel, the “Mon-
i-tor.” From that time i-ron ships, in place of those made of wood,
were made for war use.
In the West, Grant, when he got through with Don-el-son, went
up the Ten-nes-see to take Cor-inth in North Mis-sis-sip-pi. At that
place man-y rail-roads met. Fresh troops had been sent from the
East, and as Grant moved on with them he left some at points where
boats could land. He, him-self, came to a halt on the west bank of
the stream, at Shi-loh, with 30,000 to 40,000 men. This was a good
place for him, for from here he could keep watch on the rail-road
that went through the South and thus vex the foe then in great force
at Cor-inth.
The foe had, at its head, Gen. A. S. John-ston and it was his wish
to crush Grant ere Bu-ell could send him more troops.
Shi-loh, a small log church, was on a ridge a few miles back from
Pitts-burg Land-ing. The troops that were to be put in front had their
lines drawn up to face the Cor-inth road, for by that route the foe
must come. Gen. Sher-man had charge of the men on that line.

THE CHURCH AT SHILOH.

It was on A-pril 6th, 1862, that Gen. A. S. John-ston made a fierce

at-tack on the lines at Shi-loh. There was great loss on both sides.
Sher-man was twice shot, while horse af-ter horse fell un-der him,
but he stuck to his work, and kept up the hearts of his men.
The next day the fight went on a-gain and ground was won and
lost on both sides. New troops, which had come in the night to the
boys in blue, gave them much hope and did fine work. At last it was
push, push, the foe back so that they could gain no more ground.
This went on, till, at three o’clock the cry of “Charge!” rang out up-
on the air. With loud cheers, and their guns held in front of them,
the Un-ion troops made a bold brave dash and drove the foe from
the field.

THE LAST CHARGE AT SHILOH.

The loss was great on both sides. When the foe lost their lead-er,
Gen. A. S. John-ston, they lost heart, and be-ing much worn by
hours of dire work, had to give up.
Af-ter Shi-loh, a move was made a-gainst Cor-inth, a-bout 22
miles off. Word had gone forth that Beau-re-gard had a large force
of South-ern troops with him at that place, but when the Un-ion ar-
my came close, the foe fled from it, and left most of it in flames.
When the Un-ion troops came, it was found that a brave show had
been made with a lot of old guns made of wood, in the place of the
i-ron sort which could do harm.
 SOUTHERN TROOPS LEAVING CORINTH.

The Un-ion cause, by this last step, held the Mis-sis-sip-pi Riv-er
as far down as Vicks-burg.
Pres-i-dent Lin-coln’s heart was glad at the strong work in the
West, the news of which came to him but a few weeks af-ter he had
heard from the South that Ad-mir-al Far-ra-gut and Gen. But-ler held
the cit-y of New Or-leans.
Far-ra-gut then went up the Mis-sis-sip-pi as far as Vicks-burg and
it was thought then that the whole riv-er would soon be held by Un-
ion for-ces.
The gains by the boys in blue at that time made a stir in the South
and then it was that each man who could bear arms had to take part
in the war.
 The men who led the troops of the South did strong work for their
cause. In 1861 there were fights big and small and most of these
were won by the South. In 1862 the war went on and the North won
some hard fights, though at times there were great loss-es and dark
days. The South bore up well, and though crops were poor, and they
could not get goods, still they fought as brave-ly as ev-er, and felt
that they should at last win. In Vir-gin-ia, the foe had some grand
men to lead them, and for a time it seemed as if they must win.
They were bound to-geth-er with strong ties, and heart, head, and
hand, each, did its best.
When Lin-coln came to be Pres-i-dent it was well known that he
had a great dis-like to sla-ver-y. But the war, as he said, time af-ter
time, was “not fought to put down sla-ver-y but to save the Un-ion.”
At the North man-y found fault with Lin-coln be-cause he did not
make haste to set the slaves free. The Pres-i-dent plain-ly said, “If I
could save the Un-ion, though I did not free a slave I would do it.
Still, in my own heart it is my wish, that all men, in all lands, should
be free.” Lin-coln tried hard to keep the bor-der states friend-ly to
the Un-ion cause. One way that would have made them foes would
have been to free the slaves at once.
One day, while sail-ing down the Po-to-mac Riv-er, en route to the
ar-my for a vis-it, the Pres-i-dent wrote out some thoughts on this
theme which had been in his mind for a long time. Then, when Con-
gress had made an end of its work, af-ter hav-ing passed an act
“tak-ing a-way the prop-er-ty” of the foe, there was a meet-ing of
the cab-i-net, made up of men who were a help to the Pres-i-dent.
Slaves were “prop-er-ty” and as prop-er-ty was to be seized,
slaves, of course, could be tak-en. They were at that time at work as
team-sters and on forts. Why, then, would it not be a good time to
give them their free-dom? With this ques-tion in his mind, the Pres-i-
dent went to his desk and took from it a pa-per which he then read
to his “cab-i-net.” It said; “On and af-ter the first day of Jan-u-a-ry,
1863, all slaves with-in a-ny state or states where the con-sti-tu-
tion-al au-thor-i-ty of the U-ni-ted States shall not be re-cog-nized,
sub-mit-ted to, and main-tained, shall thence-for-ward and for-ev-er
be free.”
The Pres-i-dent told those to whom he had read his “draft” that he
had not called them to ask their ad-vice but to place the mat-ter be-
fore them.
The wise Se-cret-a-ry Sew-ard said that though he was in fa-vor of
such a draft, he thought the time was not ripe for it. He thought it
would be best to wait un-til the troops had won more fights. It was
then de-cid-ed that at least some months should go by ere this
“draft” should be made known.
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