Towards A Sustainable and Ethical Supply Chain

Management: The Potential of IoT Solutions

Abstract—Globalization has introduced many new challenges making When companies need to confront new partners or
Supply chain management (SCM) complex and huge, for which
improvement is needed in many industries. The Internet of Things (IoT)
merchants or natural disasters, the companies need to face
has solved many problems by providing security and traceability with a problems related to critical assets and collaboration.
promising solution for supply chain management. SCM is segregated into Logistic management is a very important factor during global
different processes, each requiring different types of solutions. IoT issues on the network, and IoT has proved to be a good
devices can solve distributed system problems by creating trustful
relationships. Since the whole business industry depends on the trust
solution for making raw bust systems. IoT is one of the
between different supply chain actors, IoT can provide this trust by trustable solutions for solving many logistic risks. IoT
making the entire ecosystem much more secure, reliable, and traceable. connects various computing gadgets, devices, sensors, or
This paper will discuss how IoT technology has solved problems related embedded normal-day-life objects with the entire world
to SCM in different areas. Supply chains in different industries, from
pharmaceuticals to agriculture supply chain, have different issues and
through the Internet. According to [1], in 2015, there were
require different solutions. We will discuss problems such as security, around 16 billion IoT devices, estimated to increase to 75
tracking, traceability, and warehouse issues. All challenges faced by billion by 2025, with IoT devices generating nearly 79.4 ZB
independent industries regarding the supply chain and how the of data in 2025.
amalgamation of IoT with other technology will be provided with
solutions.
Due to so many benefits and flexibility, IoT
frameworks have also become promising solutions to
Keywords—Supply chain management, IoT Devices, Cloud supply chain management systems. Thus, in this paper, we
computing, Blockchain will discuss 1) methodologies and technology that are
frequently used in SCM, 2) the supply chain management
I. INTRODUCTION challenges, 3) most of the problems supply chains face in
To maintain a proper business ecosystem from detail, 4) some of the most important supply chains in various
transportation to final payment, it is essential to properly industries, 5) the work completed in different fields and then
manage the supply chain at each process. The supply chain briefly explain the models used.
extensively includes individuals, assets, exercises, and
associations engaged with changing crude materials into II. PLATFORMS
finished items, fulfilling client orders legitimately and by
Common supply chain management and optimization
implication. Numerous variables, including an absence of
platforms, including blockchain, cloud, and IoT, are discussed
straightforwardness, disturbances, additional
next:
postponements, data contortion, and vulnerabilities, make
the complexity of the supply chain even worse. Other A. Blockchain and IoT
challenges that are in achieving a complete supply chain are Blockchain technology proved to be a great success when
the capability to handle permeability across start to finish We talk about cryptocurrency, which proved useful in many
supply chain, trust, atmosphere condition, impractical other fields too. Supply chain management is one of the
cultivating rehearses, absence of conspicuousness of commonly used applications of blockchain. Blockchain
resources, fumble of information, vulnerability and in the consists of data packets of information referred to as ‘Blocks’
path for achieving cost efficiency in supply chain effective that have linkage with each other forming a chain [2]. At the
inventory management act as a primary switch is adjusting ground level, we can say that blockchain is just a chain of
demand and supply. IoT has helped solve many problems blocks. Generally, blocks store three types of information, as
related to the supply chain. Due to information and
given below:
communication technology development, IoT technology
is increasingly helpful in solving many shortcomings of • Information related to time and date
distributed systems. The data exchange can be done for • Information related to participant identification. It is
monitoring, reporting and exchanging between devices. referred to as the digital signature of the participant.
IOT physical devices use sensors like RFID chips and • A unique code, “Hash”, is important for identifying each
microcontrollers to capture data like location, humidity, block separately from other blocks.
speed, etc. The Internet of things has advanced the • Each block contains various headers according to a
productivity of creation and dissemination significantly, different type of information; generalizing a block header
which made the advancement in big business assist for supply chain common typically has the following
coordination, creation of activity, and exchange. Rapid fields:
development in IoT and recent research of SCM have become • Version - to Control the version for a future update.
important research fields. The objective of SCM is to get • Timestamp - for storing the created timestamp of the
assembling, storing, and dispersing to the market to upgrade and respective block (when the user starts using the block).
coordinate general tasks to decrease the cost of the whole chain. • Merkle root - Hash of all the Transactions/Data.

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 • Nonce - A randomly generated number to get a hash less than • IaaS: IaaS is Infrastructure as a service that provides the
the target hash set by the network. user with computing capability, network service, virtual
• A hash of the previous block - the identifier of the previous private servers, and other resources over the web.
block in the chain.
Another type of service model, “DaaS (Data as a Service),”
• Hash of the current block – the identifier to the current block. which delivers virtual storage of data and is a special type of
The structure of blocks linked together form a chain, and, in IaaS, is also addressed [5]. In [6], Authors have suggested that
this order, each block stores the Hash of the previous block the IoT architecture is divided into three layers: application,
for reference. Although blockchain can be used for many
perception, and network. The sensing layer collects
different supply chains to make it simpler, we will focus on information and manages all the sensors like Smart meters,
a basic transaction involved in the shipment of products from RFID reads, tags, etc. This special type of cloud service is
one place to another, as discussed in [2]. When we combine present: Sensing as a Sever. The collected data will be stored
IoT devices with the blockchain, as a shipment moves from over the cloud and provides DaaS on the network layer. This
one place to another, it will catch key shipment information
layer can provide computing power, manage all the VMs and
discharged from IoT devices. On the other hand, the IoT ensure protocols are followed. The last layer is an application
devices framework would capture the information related to layer that can provide ease in Supply Chain Management, E-
timestamps and current location from the blockchain. The
healthcare or VANEts, etc. The applications of Cloud
exchange of information between both technologies would computing with IoT:
be proof of any transaction related to the shipment. Since
• Communication: IoT generates a lot of data in real time.
sensors capture the location of data in the blockchain, it will
This data generated after processing allows us to take
increase the visibility between different participants,
business steps in real time. For this, it requires
including Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs),
communication to transfer and process the data. Cloud
suppliers, third-party logistic providers, shippers, and
provides an effective, economical answer to the above-
warehouses. Suppliers can monitor the shipment and provide
mentioned problem.
additional information related to the consumer, like tracking,
location, and date of arrival. The whole lifecycle of a • Storage: The data generated from IoT devices can help the
blockchain depends on the linkage with the previous block. business to improve its system. The data can be structured,
unstructured, or semi-structured. The traditional database
However, this thing can make updating information more
system cannot handle such data. Cloud provides an
time-consuming; it provides data integrity, which is very
effective way to store, process, and manage such Big Data.
important in the supply chain. This solution will shorten
shipment delays, increase the accuracy of predicted shipment • Processing Capabilities: IoT devices can collect data but
time, and strengthen the trust between supplier and have limited processing capabilities. Cloud services like
consumer. Many research works are conducted using VMware, prediction algorithms, and data drive decisions
Blockchain with IoT devices for the supply chain; we will can be used to make such complex decisions in real-time
discuss its different implementation in the following without compromising the infrastructure. If the business
sections. requires real-time decision-making, cloud computing is
the best combination with IoT.
B. Cloud Computing and IoT • Scope: The world is quickly moving towards the IoE
The data generated by IoT devices can be structured and Internet of Everything. This network brings a lot of
unstructured and cannot be stored in the traditional Relational devices together, providing heterogeneous information
Database System. Along with huge storage, it also requires high- and generating new chances and risks. Cloud-based IoT
performance computation. To achieve such a high-capability architecture can provide new emerging services that can
system, we have a Cloud-assisted IoT system [3]. We will focus deal with real-world scenarios.
on some basic methods and terms for getting familiar with the • New abilities: The cloud can provide reliability,
Cloud and IoT to create a basic understanding of the system. Cloud scalability, interoperability, security, and efficiency. These
Computing integrated with IoT provides efficiency in doing abilities can be integrated with IoT to deploy low-cost
everyday tasks. Cloud Computing is observed as a backend models.
solution for processing huge amounts of data streams and provides
computational benefits. This technology will benefit every device There are many applications related to using the cloud for the
connected to a smooth network. The need for cloud computing supply chain. Since the integration of cloud and IoT devices is
with IoT is because of the following reasons [4]: possible, many different types of supply chains are using the
• Sensor Network cloud for better functioning along with the IoT framework
• Enable inter-device communication III. LITERAURE REVIEW
• Remote processing Provider
In this section, we will divide the supply chains into different
• Networking and Communication Protocol.
fields and discuss the life cycle, problems, and related research
Cloud computing has three different service models [5]: in various industries.
• SaaS: SaaS stands for Software as Service, which provides an
A. Pharmaceutical Supply Chain
application that is accessed over the web and is not handled by
the company but by the software service provider example, The medical industry is one of the most important industries
AWS, GCP, or Azure. since it is responsible for the health and safety of consumers.
• PaaS: PaaS is Platform as a Service which allows users to build We will discuss how IoT devices improve the pharmaceutical
and deliver applications without installing IDEs (often supply chain by enhancing traceability and security. Many
expensive). different factors are important for maintaining a healthy
ecosystem in this industry. For some proper medications, it is

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very important to maintain a certain temperature, such as for B. Agriculture Supply Chain
vaccines and other clinical or surgical equipment. According to
Supply chain management in the agriculture industry aims to
[8], nearly 20% of products are damaged in transportation because
deliver food efficiently to customers. The importance of SCM
they are sensitive to temperature. Similarly, keeping track of the
in the agriculture sector is as much as necessary as in the
location and providing transparency in the whole chain is also
medical industry. Farm production is the first block which
important. Many reports state that fraud related to adulterated
includes agriculture, stock breeding and fishing; next in the
medical products in previous years was due to a less secure supply
queue is the processing industry which is responsible for
chain [11]. Much research has been done to solve this issue and
maintaining the life of food by reducing pathogenic
optimize the pharmaceutical supply chain. The healthcare supply
contaminants. Smart packing and labelling will allow tracking
chain has many different processes and nodes. Numerous
and tracing easy. The logistics and distribution block are
components, such as lengthy set-up times, asset serious tasks, short
responsible for the safe transportation of food by maintaining
timeframe of realistic usability, and high waste creation, make this
the food quality considering different environmental
supply chain different from the other supply chain. The production
characteristics. The next block provides business scope and
process takes place in two phases: primary and secondary Levels.
provides the consumer with the required products. It has been
Essential creation incorporates the creation of fundamental
first introduced in Europe with n.178/2002 EU regulation.
particles' dynamic segments or drug dynamic fixings. The
Through this approach, the product details are managed using
auxiliary creation likewise incorporates the cycles of change of
barcodes. The traditional process of SCM is very insecure, and
these dynamic segments and the conveyance to the clients.
the quality of food is not up to the mark. To ensure this
Depending on different types of equipment, technologies, and
complex system does not comprise what consumer gets, it is
system, some challenges need to be addressed by a fully functional
crucial to have proper management tools and technology. IoT
pharmaceutical supply chain, such as the crude materials used by
and blockchain have proved to be great technological tools for
suppliers should be properly approved. During the assembly, the
supply chain management as they have decreased the need for
whole process should be monitored occasionally, and the
intense manual labour as required in the past. In [13], IoT
transportation should be proper. Since the entire pharmaceutical
enabled monitoring system with different sensors is developed
supply chain depends on trust, it is very important that each node
for remote areas where the accessibility is very minimum for
in the chain can keep track of every other node in this industry. One
farmers with good storage facilities to reduce food losses and
of the problems related to this field is related to fake products. To
increase food safety. In [14], to ensure food safety during the
solve the problem of transparency, traceability in the
entire process of SCM author have aimed to provide a
pharmaceutical supply chain has been enhanced [2]. In this model,
common platform that can be interfaced with third-party
they used blockchain and IoT for supply chain management. The
application to access all the stakeholders involved in the
main design of the proposed model was dependent on IoT devices
storage and transportation process. In [15], IoT-based sensing
for joining the whole chain, and at the backend, cloud computing
and monitoring are used to ensure fresh fruit supply and less
helps with data security. Each node, from supplier to consumer,
food wastage. In [16], authors have combined the approach of
needs to authenticate its process; suppliers need to tag the materials
IoT with blockchain technology to build a cloud-based
utilized in medication.
solution for real-time tracking and a trace of material.
Blockchain and IoT are important topics in health sector
C. Cold Supply Chain
management. Blockchain and IoT for purchase management in the
healthcare sector are addressed in [9]; the authors provided a full- A cold chain is known as a temperature-controlled supply
edge cloud model for purchase ty, integrity, safety, and traceability chain. Maintaining a medical cold chain is challenging
[9]. The whole model was divided into different layers, which we because it is risky and complex. In the medical field,
will discuss later, and the main part of this was to provide GUI to maintaining temperature and moisture is one of the essential
different nodes for monitoring and tracking process. A GUI on parts of proper medication. While transporting medication or
mobile devices is provided in [10]. They used blockchain for any other temperature-sensitive device from one place to
optimization, but the focus was to provide a proper platform for another, it becomes tougher to monitor the temperature
each web node. The consumer can track the shipment easily from anomalies. Maintaining a cold chain while transporting
their android device [10]. The authors used different networking involves many processes, like modes of transportation,
authentication protocols to make the entire system more secure, packaging, and equipment for monitoring.
like login and sharing information according to the user's
In [8], the cold supply chain challenges are: 1) Risk: knowing
identification.
the risk at each process, a cold chain is similar to a normal
Fraud in the medical field is very common and can contaminate supply chain; every node is dependent on the previous one,
the whole chain. Recently related to the current issue of the and if one connection fails, then it can easily result in loss of
pandemic, in [11], they explained that global pressure on COVID- quality. Analyzing the risk is necessary and like a pre-
19 kits and facemasks had increased the opportunities for requirement of maintaining product quality. So, during the
counterfeiters. Not only is the health sector supply chain facing this transportation of supply is also important to track which
problem, but it has also opened many loopholes to many other location got compromised or in which process. The time
sectors. The issue in this problem is related to supply chain during the anomalies and reaching a stable point in the supply
security; they worked on increasing the security of IoT devices by chain is also a risk that needs to be monitored, 2) Complexity:
introducing a new lightweight security protocol for securing the cold supply chains are also very complex and depend on the
supply chain. They replicated the attack to show flaws in the constant power source for maintaining a constant temperature.
previous system and showed their improved protocol based on When we talk about a real-time supply chain, it will extend
authenticated encryption. from country to country. During that time, maintaining a
constant temperature in the whole chain is a very tough and
complex task, 3) Governance: the cold chain is divided into

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fragments involving many different actors for each process. Due are utilizing another layer alluded to as the Fog layer was put
to so many parties, there may be a possibility of conflict in between IoT devices and gigantic information volume focal
objectives, slowing the entire chain, and 4) Product Recall: some cloud centre hubs to handle the difficulties of the monstrous
medical products or electronics cannot be reused once returned. It measure of information produced in a rapid clear manner for
is important to maintain each process properly and keep the more circulated and decentralized organization plots as
accuracy of everything according to requirements. opposed to customary cloud servers. Aside from IoT/Fog
decentralized models, other basic issues that are handled are
The research in [8] used Wireless Sensor networks and RFID
the heterogeneity of hubs and devices of various makers,
systems. They reduced the number of sensors by combining
interoperability from various specialist organizations, the
different sensors into one and named 2G-RFID-Sys for cold chain,
adaptability of control registering and putting away
allowing the whole system to be more scalable, available, and
alternatives, and versatility possibilities. IoT/Fog-based
automatic. In [18], they claimed that although temperature is the
decentralized system is additionally appropriate for ongoing
leading player across the entire chain, the lag in temperature
machine condition monitoring (MCM), where the pre-
monitoring is also a major concern for this problem. So, they
handling of crude information is dispersed across haze hubs
defined different technologies for better mentoring and divided the
and arrangement errands likewise take across mist hubs [5].
hardware design into different modules, which we will discuss in
MCM model embraces a coordinated altering direction
a later section. Big data is a large domain for research and using it
method of multipliers (ADMM) calculation as a cross-layer
with IoT devices can provide a highly integrated framework to the
streamlining method for handling idleness, pre-preparing
cold supply chain. Authors in [19] designed the smart cold chain
calculation, and prescient support issues. We will talk about
system based on Hadoop and Spark. Hadoop and spark are big data
its design in another segment.
technologies that can be used for large data streaming or
processing. The whole system can be integrated with many In [22], through Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC),
different types of sensors like, from Zigbee to Barcode. computerized picture handling to incorporate interlinked and
autonomous machines into industry 4.0. Sensor arrangements
D. Manufacturing-Industries Supply Chain
are likewise accessible however are worked in one use case,
As the demand for automation is increasing in every industry, and all the current arrangements have been demonstrated to be
manufacturing industries also use IoT as the primary technology costly. The freshest methodology is to plug IoT devices into
for making the function fully autonomous. This supply chain is machines, and it empowers brilliant assembling as each item
important in terms of the economic perspective of the whole world. and system is associated with the web and coordinated into an
The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) provides a way for a digital organization. We even use IoT devices to get the information
transformation as it has networks of sensors which is used to out of straight movements continuously as they are a modest
collect critical data such as production data, and software deployed and financially savvy option in contrast to the current
use this data to turn it into valuable and important insights and arrangements. In [22], they examined the plan and execution
reports the efficiency of the manufacturing operation. It also of a nonexclusive model for direct movements in an
connects instruments and other devices in the same network with innovation. Gives constant information obtaining. An IoT-
industry applications. It is estimated that by 2020, 80% of the device apparatus is planned, which is applied to follow direct
Manufacturing supply chain businesses will use cloud-based movements inside assembling machines and how this
networks, and this acquisition will increase productivity by 15%, methodology has prompted practical methods for machine
and cost efficiency will also increase by 10% [20]. IoT-enabled improvement in contrast with conventional methodologies.
devices will provide businesses with real-time insights into the Spare part manufacturing industries are also of high
condition of every inventory item and the location and status of importance. Since the spare parts are relatively costly, it is
supply chain manufacturing units. very important to keep the accuracy of each measurement for
optimization in this sector by using IoT [23].
IoT has various advantages as it provides a way for cost reduction
as it has reduced downtime of machines and optimization of assists IV. DATA SOURCES AND TYPES
and inventory management, which in turn reduces operational On the Internet of Things (IoT), sensors play an
costs to the industry and generates more revenue. It enables integral and vital part as they detect and respond to changes
products to reach the market in a shorter time. Mass customization in surroundings [26]. They are used to collect information
makes sure that the inventory goes up as there is an increase in the in various fields like industries, logistics, health and
variety of produced stock-keeping units. Not only it helps in medical, transportation, agriculture, retail, and many
increasing the production of products, but it also helps improve more [27]. Different sensors collect different data types
safety at the workplace as IoT is paired with wearable devices that will be used in the IoT framework for making smarter
which constantly monitor workers' health and can prevent injuries. decisions. Some data sources are discussed depending on
Smart maintenance is a new term introduced by IoT, in which a the different sensor and their usage.
pre-time warning can be generated for any failure in the Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a wireless
manufacturing line, either due to a product or machine. Due to the microchip device that automatically identifies objects or
start of Industrial Revolution 4 (Industry 4.0), the goal is shifted to entities. It uses radio waves to communicate and transmit
optimize every aspect of the supply chain. According to Industry data between the devices in a network. In many different
4.0 standards, Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) communication supply chain models, this data source/module was most
plotting enormous, grouped arrangements of self-ruling, small, used. RFID and IoT are used in many fields, such as
easy and low-force sensor hubs which accumulate and sense agriculture to retail, manufacturing to logistics, and much
information, work together and forward this information to unified more. It helps in the real-time management of tagged
cloud backend units for settling preparing and deciding. IoT devices. In the IoT, the RFID module consists of three
devices are inactivity touchy and identified with Latency issues, components:
Fog decentralized design was a decent arrangement. In [21], they

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 • RFID tags: RFID tags are transmitters or responders. engine that creates a table separately for Product,
A tag is a microchip with a coiled antenna used mainly Purchasing, Supplier, and Purchases Detail using the
for storing data embedded or attached to an entity that SQL database. It is very important to create tables
needs to be tracked or managed. Active RFID tags are correctly since the whole architecture is based on them.
partially or fully battery-operated, whereas passive RFID Next is the IoT layer, which has different types of
tags don’t have any power source and work on power sensors like temperature, humidity, and location. For
provided by the tag reader. experiment purposes in the model [9], all the sensors are
• Reader: it is a transceiver used for activating tags; it is controlled by a microcontroller for data transmission to
responsible for transmitting data between tags and the cloud using Message Queue Telemetry Transport
application software. Protocol. Amazon web server and DynamoDB database
• Application system: This component is a data processing are used for IoT devices. The third layer in this model is
system where all the reader and tag activities occur. inside the Amazon cloud. For monitoring the purchase
process, Hyperledger open-source platform was used to
The microcontroller is another module used for sensing data further develop the application and GUI. Hyperledger
and communicating with other IoT-enabled network Composer provides accessibility to create a web
devices. Arduino is one such microcontroller as it is easy to application via REST API; this interface is connected
use, can be used with digital and analog sensors, and can be with the chain of blocks. So, in the whole system, it is
connected using Wi-Fi or a network-based chip like it. The easy for IoT devices to invoke functions implemented in
processing power of Arduino MCU is greater as the the Blockchain layer. The final layer is like a GUI where
processing speed is the main parameter for IoT applications different entities of the MQ-135Detect Gasses (to
[28]. The power consumption is lower, and it uses a network operate at 5V system can log in and do real-time
interface to connect and interact with IoT-enabled devices in monitoring of the process detect CO). This layer also
a network and send data to the application for necessary provides access for creating participants, Fire Sensor,
processing. Arduino sensors the data in real time and sends Fire detection used as Infrared order requests, real-time
it to IoT platforms for processing and storage [29]. tracking, and smart contracts. In [10], all the sensors
Global System for Mobile (GSM) module is a chip that must be connected to android devices via Bluetooth. The
establishes a connection between computing devices. It architecture was divided into three main parts back-end,
facilitates a data link in a remote network as it sends data front-end, and IoT sensors. In the back end, they used
and exchanges IP addresses through SMS messages [30]. the cloud to compile code on a virtual machine. They
GSM module is used with Arduino MCU and is connected used the PostgreSQL database; for communication
to send or receive signals. Together, they act as IoT devices between the front end, they used JSON parsing. The
responsible for smart automation. GSM module works with front end communicates with the server using REST
SIM cards where the user sends an SMS from their API. A client using android devices can easily overwrite
smartphones to a number registered with the GSM module the sensors in this model depending on the permissions
to convey information [30]. Other IoT-enabled modules [10]. The reading of different sensors was made visible
include a temperature sensor, mainly used for measuring the to both the receiver and sender to prove transparency in
amount of heat energy and temperature changes and storing the system.
the data collected [31]. The humidity sensor is another IoT-
enabled sensor used to measure the amount of water vapour B. Agriculture Supply Chain models
in the environment. Proximity sensors are used for detecting In [13], the authors have discussed the importance of
objects (not in contact) near the sensor. They work on the agriculture, one of the main income sectors in
radiation of infrared beams or electromagnetic fields. developing countries. In this, they have developed an
IoT-based system that will use a different sensor to
V. ANALYTICAL MODELS collect data and send out the inside location of the
In this section, we will discuss the models in much more warehouse and environment details to farmers via SMS
detail, focusing on the technology, architecture, and or Email. The IoT nodes are developed for the
implementation. experiment using the ESP32 Wi-Fi module and sensors
[13]. These sensors are interfaced with a WiFi module
A. Pharmaceutical Supply Chain and installed in the warehouse. The software
In [2], In this model, each node sends the data generated from implementation includes ESP32 Programming, which
IoT devices to the server. Using a GPS tracker, a retailer can uses the Arduino IDE platform and Node-Red
track the shipment and monitor the production of the Dashboard, which helps collect and visualize data from
assembly line. This model was just for traceability purposes. the sensor. The first step is to preheat the sensor for 5
In [9], the authors provided a proper payment gateway for seconds and establish a Wi-Fi connection. The next step
each process; the system was divided into four layers. is to establish an MQTT protocol (Mosquito Broker)
• Data Layer which is between publishers (Sensor) and subscribers
• IoT Layer (the device that has been subscribed). After that, sensors
• Blockchain Layer will calculate the temperature, humidity, and CO value
and detect fire, motion, and shock. These data will be
• Presentation Layer
published on the MQTT broker. These data will be sent
The first Layer Data Layer in this model is like the input out to Node RFD local IP, which will display a
layer. The input is generally related to the purchases dashboard showing a live demo of sensor details to
between different health sector entities. The system has an farmers. These details are even mailed after every 30

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minutes. With the help of this experiment, farmers can chain partnership. To know about transactions, the
preserve grains and vegetables. This will reduce food authors have developed an app and web user interface
wastage and increase food safety. In [14], authors have where one needs to fill in the basic logistic-related
monitored the environmental conditions where the food is transaction information like GPS location of the device,
stored using different sensors. The value obtained from the generated label ID, user id, and time stamp. Blockchain
sensors is first compared with the threshold value before generation is done within the Ethereum network using
sending it to the remote system. All the plotting of data and the above information. Truck IoT, tracking devices, and
graph creation is done at the remote system. GUI is designed AIS. The cloud portal developed by the authors has data
to provide better user monitoring. This will help the end- related to customers, purchase orders, projects,
user, who can be anybody that handles the shipment of the shipments, and deliveries, which are easily handled at a
food product, to get the data values, and if any emergency centralized level. This will solve the issue of
occurs, then it can take necessary steps. The authors have verification with a fair response time. They used Kovan
created different interfaces in the GUI. To secure the system, (test net for the Ethereum application) to test the
they have created a login page and A different page for transaction. For tracking, the authors have used present
monitoring sensor values. Log Generation using Bluetooth in the blockchain, which assures transparency and
as well as Wi-Fi. For future scope, they want to build an app accurate traceability. Their architecture contains three
capable of processing the data received from the sensor and important components i) API, ii) Controller and iii)
sending out alerts for any damage to the food. This Blockchain. This layered architecture will provide a
heterogeneous sensor will ensure food safety at any stage of complete history of the supply chain from farm to fork.
the supply chain. The only pre-condition is that all the components
involved in the supply chain are registered under a
In [15], the authors deal with problems related to
blockchain and have access to key pairs. Table 2 shows
transportation and the distribution of fresh fruit. IoT-based
the performance of AgriBlockIoT in terms of Latency,
sensors and monitoring tools are used during the
Network traffic, and CPU load.
transportation process. Current transportation and
distribution of food spoilage and waste is around 12%. The
C. Cold Supply Chain models
existing system suffers from problems like information
privacy needs are challenges; along with that, it is time- The model used in [8], WSN, along with RFID, keeps a
consuming and no continuous monitoring using magnetic record of fluctuation in temperature, thoroughly
induction and scan coil detector. To overcome the issues, the monitors everything, and triggers pre-alerts in case of
authors have used an MQ3 sensor and IoT devices (Arduino failures. This model aims at maintaining a direct
IDE). The paper is divided into three sections: a) Sensing ecosystem between nodes. The model identifies each
and output display module where the MQ3 sensor will send unit separately and uses thermal packing for a
out information to the Arduino controller about fruits temperature-controlled environment. The sensor
condition. If the fruit is spoiled, the message is on the LCD networks keep a note of the temperature of units at
monitor, and the buzzer will start ringing. This GSM module proper intervals. Their model takes care of different
will send an alert to the driver with the package number so problems, from risk to governance, in achieving a
the robot sensor will pick up and dispose of the damaged healthy cold supply chain through the Temperature
food. monitoring system. The finished products are sent for
quality analysis and then to the consumers. In [18], the
In [16], researchers with an amalgamation of RFID, IoT, and
problem of temperature monitoring lag was solved by
blockchain have proposed a cloud-based portal for real-time
dividing the whole system into four main modules:
tracking and tracing of logistics and supply chains. Existing
tracking systems like GPS, GTN, and RFID cannot track • Microprocessor module: The STM32L1 series
such scenarios as recognizing the products within a controller is used. For less power consumption, the
container that are opened or lost. To tackle such a situation, module controls the functioning of the whole system
IoT, along with the Industrial Internet platform and trackers, • Position module: The L76C series GNSS module
will provide a smooth production process and management. was used; it was connected to an accelerometer to get
This paper is based on a case study approach where the the unit's perfect position.
authors have explored the supply chain network within an • Sensor module: Different sensors from temperature
energy-based company for a project in Finland. The research and humidity are integrated with this module to make
is aimed to do the following task i) Identification of the whole system intelligent.
functional and non-functional requirements of logistics in • Communication module: This module was used to
project business ii) Develop a portal by combining IoT, transmit data at high speed and with lower power
RFID, and blockchain for tracking and trace of products in consumption.
project business. The blockchain architecture is developed In [19], the authors divided the data sources into two
using Ethereum, an open-source platform for blockchain types: application-based and external. External data
applications. Ethereum consists of blocks that are connected source values are passed through the import manager,
to a blockchain. This architecture uses "Ether," which is a while the sensor data readings are passed to the
token handling the task of payment for work completed, like abstraction layer and then to spark streaming layers. The
creating and verifying blocks. The Dapp is a decentralized data storage manager sends the filtered data to the HDFS
app that will help deploy the application in the front and system. Since visualization is important for getting
back end. The smart contract solidity in the Ethereum insights from the model and making predictions related
deployment block is responsible for creating computerized to future anomalies, both type of processed data is sent
transaction agreements between parties to ensure supply to visualization tools.

6
D. Manufacturing-Industries Supply Chain models fixed. Along these lines, the speed of developments and
The model explained in [22] is related to the automation as holding up times in states can fluctuate as per the cycle.
discussed in [21], is an IoT/Fog/Cloud MCM system model In [23], the model was designed in such a way that
where the MCM layout consists of M autonomous machine Many businesses can benefit from using IoT in the extra
parts or machines and along with this, there is an IoT parts flexibly chain because the basic advancements
gateway for each of them [21]. This model consists of three need no discoveries, which helps the Original
different layers, i.e., IoT layer, Fog layer, and Decision or Equipment Manufacturers (OEM) and end-clients to
cloud layer. Each layer function is defined as follows: accomplish higher edges [13]. Save parts and hardware
1) IoT Layer: From each machine, this layer collects raw fix administrations. Gear OEMs can distantly screen
data measurements that are performed by N (N>0) sensor resource well-being in their clients' plants, envision
hubs (which appeared as specks in the figure) and sends disappointment, execute fixes before the
them to their passage hubs. The gathered crude information disappointment happens, and order the parts can be
is identified with machine data (type, includes, the reason monitored by IoT-enabled conditions. It is
for use, and so on). In this way, each machine has N hubs Integration of big data analytics with IoT tools and spare
mounted over it. They have restricted computational parts predictions is more feasible as demand forecasting
abilities and energy holds, and the hubs discuss just with is highly unpredictable. After the item is forecasted, an
their door hubs in remote mode (e.g., Wi-Fi availability). application of reordering policy is issued and sent to the
2) Fog Layer: In this layer, M gateway nodes (fog nodes or OEM in conventional demand forecasting. After that,
workers) are mounted on the highest point of each machine. the demanded spare part is dispatched by OEM, which
These hubs generally perform consolidating, figuring, and takes considerable time. Here IoT platforms can be
accumulating assignments, delivering order information used, and OEMs will have real-time data about the parts,
results, and sending them to ace hubs (cloud or center and in turn, processes like policy issues and lag time can
workers). These hubs are all the more remarkable when be eliminated. It is also beneficial for monitoring asset
contrasted with the sensors. These cross-layer health for the prediction of failure and repairs, which
computational exchanges can be performed on account of reduces maintenance costs and usage of inventory as the
the chance of every door to get information directions from OEMs have real-time status about the equipment they
the cloud worker. The information result likewise described need.
as functions which are prepared additionally reveals to us
machine use condition (power utilization, breakdown log VI. DISCUSSION
reports, and so on). The offbeat altering direction method of IoT is quite a trending technology and has provided
multipliers (ADMM) calculation is answerable for cross- improvement across industries [33]-[37]. IoT can be
layer conveyed streamlining for the information trade anything, such as artificial biochip transponders in farm
guidelines [21]. animals or automobiles with sensors. IoT provides a lot
3) Decision Layer: This layer is liable for dynamic, of ease in our daily life; with it, any work can be easily
requesting computational assignments, and applying any done at just our fingertips. Therefore, it is very
recommended improvement method to decide the correct convenient, and these benefits will keep attracting
machine choice outcome, identified with the machine's people to IoT technology. During the past few decades,
ability and worldwide market dependability. This layer large companies have been obsessed with collecting and
likewise comprises a cloud worker (Master hub), which processing data about their customer and internal
gives basic settled data to practical flexible chain processes [38][39]. This is because businesses are trying
exercises—collected characterization information from to involve in analysis to gain a competitive edge. This
implementation of state distinguishing proof in straight data can be collected through continuous monitoring
movement from measures in genuine creation conditions and analysis using machine learning technologies
which depends on a coordinating model. [40][41].
Machine measures are performed by straight hub on vertical It was difficult for industries to keep track of suppliers
and flat vehicle frameworks on which we have set our core and modes of transport. Without IoT, we can achieve
interest. The theoretical model relies on a line portion, real-time visibility at each step of SCM. Various papers
which all in all characterized as a piece of a line that is discussed above have improved product quality by
limited by two unique endpoints [22] and is commonly maintaining temperature, humidity, and transportation
named as follows: when there are two endpoints to be of products to the consumer. It will be easier for
specific, An and B then the line fragment will be composed businesses to provide loss protection for lost products
as AB or BA which altogether relies upon the direction of with IoT. Everything comes with drawbacks; small
the section. The straight development inside a cycle of a companies cannot expand and automate their operations
machine characterizes the direction of the fragment. When like Amazon. There are, of course, cheaper solutions
the underlying point A and state B is the endpoint of the present that small industries can adapt to. Apart from
development, then the development from A to B is section this, IoT has been booming technology for the gold
AB. A similar development back from B to the underlying mining industry, wherein it is important to maintain the
point is named the fragment BA—this grouping of state- temperature of any product. Traditional cold chains
development rehashes in a perfect world endless occasion. require the physical presence of a person to monitor the
In our model, the separation is a fixed boundary, as we temperature. With IoT, managers can analyze and toggle
probably know from the meaning of a fragment that temperature settings as per requirement, reacting to
separations AB and BA are equivalent. The span of states changes in local climate, damage to the packaging,
An or B and the length of developments AB or BA are not unpredicted delays, and human error. Even in the

7
especially rare scenarios where temperature errors are across industries will be essential for achieving more
recognized but cannot be addressed, the level of detail efficient, sustainable, and secure supply chain
provided by IoT technologies enables managers to react to operations.
potential concerns sooner before they become a major crisis.
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