Building Construction - I
Prepared by
Luna Bajracharya
1. Site Works and Setting Out
Site
Analysis
Site Analysis
Site • Thorough exploration of the site
Investigation • To determine site issues that can
influence proposed development
• To ascertain whether site
Site characteristics is suitable for
Preparation
proposed development
Setting Out
1.1 Site Analysis
Natural Factors
Legal Factors
Cultural Factors
Other Factors
1.1 Site Analysis
Natural Factors Legal Factors
• Geology/ Soil condition • Refer City Blueprint
• Topography • Building Codes and Byelaws
• Vegetation • Legal Restrictions
• Wind Direction
• Climate
• Sunlight
• Hydrology
1.1 Site Analysis
Cultural Factors Other Factors
• Existing land use • Views and Vistas
• Neighborhood Issues • Orientation
• Socio- economic issues • Service and Infrastructure
• Traffic & Movement • Site boundaries
• location
1. Site Works and Setting Out
1.2 Site investigation:
• To collect systematically and record the necessary data
which will be needed in the design and construction
processes
• collection of required data is carried out :- orientation,
topography, boundary, location, physical
infrastructures (water supply, cables, sewer lines etc.)
existing buildings, trees, access road site surroundings
etc.
1. Site Works and Setting Out
1.2 Site investigation:
• Anything on the
adjacent sites which
may effect the proposed
works or conversely
anything appertaining
to the proposed works
which may affect an
adjacent site should
also be recorded.
1. Site Works and Setting Out
1.3 Site Preparation:
1. Site Works and Setting Out
1.3 Site Preparation:
• Vital for reducing hazards and accidents on
construction site
• Vital for increasing site productivity
1. Site Works and Setting Out
1.3 Site Preparation:
Clearing the Site
• The 1st step of the site work and very necessary for the
perfect setting out of the building.
• The process of the demolition of existing buildings.
• The grubbing out of bushes and trees, the removal of
soil to reduce levels to make free from vegetable
matter, since the ground can contain plant life and
decaying vegetation, the top soil is easily compressed
and would be unsuitable for foundation.
1. Site Works and Setting Out
1.3 Site Preparation:
Clearing the Site
• The removal of (trees, plants) top
soil can be done by manually by
using hand tools like; pick axes,
shovels etc, or by mechanical
means by using bulldozer
excavater etc...
• If a building is present in the
site then demolition
should be tackled by a skilled
demolition contractor.
1. Site Works and Setting Out
1.3 Site Preparation:
Leveling of site:
Methods of leveling of sloping sites are
•Cut : Uneven surface is cut down for
leveled surface.
•Fill:- i) Not suggested as far as
practicable.
•ii) Structure may settle due to filling.
•Cut and Fill:
• i) Most preferred due to least
wastage of soil.
ii) Heavy structural part are preferred
at cut portion.
1. Site Works and Setting Out
1.4 Setting Out:
• Setting out plan is prepared on paper.
• The setting out plan is a plan with dimensions is known as
‘trench plan’ usually in scale (1:50).
• Setting out the site means to lay out the details of
foundation trenches for excavation.
• In order words “layout of site is nothing but transferring the
detail from paper to ground”.
1. Site Works and Setting Out
1.4 Setting Out:
1. Site Works and Setting Out
1.4 Setting Out:
• Methods of Setting Out
1. Site Works and Setting Out
1.4 Setting Out:
Items Required in Setting Out
1. Timber Profile Board
2. Round poles to act as pegs or steel in hard ground
3. Nylon Threads
4. Ordinary Nails
5. White Chalk or lime or Spray paint
6. Clear hose pipe for determining horizontal levels
7. Sledge hammer
8. Measuring tape
9. Builders square
1. Site Works and Setting Out
1.4 Setting Out:
Items Required in Setting Out
1. Site Works and Setting Out
1.4 Setting Out:
1. Site Works and Setting Out
1.4 Setting Out:
1. Site Works and Setting Out
1.4 Setting Out:
1. Site Works and Setting Out
1.4 Setting Out:
1. Site Works and Setting Out
1.4 Setting Out:
1. Site Works and Setting Out
1.4 Setting Out:
1. Site Works and Setting Out
1.4 Setting Out:
1. Site Works and Setting Out
1.4 Setting Out:
1. Site Works and Setting Out
1.4 Setting Out:
1. Site Works and Setting Out
1.4 Setting Out:
1. Site Works and Setting Out
1.4 Setting Out:
1. Site Works and Setting Out
1.4 Setting Out:
1. Site Works and Setting Out
1.4 Setting Out:
1. Site Works and Setting Out
1.4 Setting Out:
Reference line method:
• site boundary is considered and a line is marked parallel to it
which is known as reference line or base line.
• drawn about at some ft. distance from the longest wall which
is to be built parallel to the same boundary.
• Then parallel to the reference line, the center line of the
longest outer wall of the building is marked by stretching a string
between wooden pegs driven at its ends.
•The reference line is also marked by stretching string between
wooden pegs.
•The center line of the wall which is perpendicular to the long
wall is marked by setting up a right angle.
•Right angle set up by making triangles with sites 3, 4, 5
units long (Pythagoras principle)
• The dimensions should be set out with a steel tape.
Linen and plastic coated tapes are also available.
•Diagonal checks are also suggested.
•The disadvantages with linen tapes are that they are
liable to stretch.
•The right angles can be set up by using builders square.
•The top of the pillars are plastered and marks of the
center lines are imprinted for future guidance.
•Marking is done by dry lime power. After the marking
the trench lines excavation is carried out.
•After the setting out of the main building lines, strings are
stretched to locate the trench, foundations and walls and
attached to the profile boards at the both ends with the
help of nails.
• In place of profile boards, masonry pillars of 20 ×20 cm
size having a height equal to the height of plinth at the
ends of each center line can be constructed.
Establishing a datum level:
•A point which serves as a reference or
base for the measurement of other
quantities
•It is important that all levels in a
building are taken from a fixed
point called “datum” (Bench mark).
• This point should be established,
wherever possible.
•Where there are no bench marks on or
near the site, a suitable
permanent datum must be established.
2. Excavation
• A man-made cut, cavity, trench or
depression formed by earth
removal.
• Digging away or removing ground
cover to expose, verify, remove,
repair, modify or construct facilities.
• Trench is a narrow excavation, the
depth is greater than the width, but
not wider than 4.57m (15 feet)
2. Excavation
2. Excavation
2. Excavation
2. Excavation
2. Excavation
2. Excavation
1.Over site
1. Over site
• The removal of top soil
• Depth varies from site to site (usually in a 150 to 300 mm range)
• Required since top soil often contains plant life, animal life and
decaying matters making soil compressible and thus unstable for
supporting building
2. Excavation
2. Reduce Level (R.L)
2. Excavation
3.Trench Excavation
• Excavation of trench of
required depth and width
before laying out foundation
• Done both manually (with
use of spade, pick axe,
rammer etc. and
mechanically (with use of
bulldozers, trench diggers,
etc. and for large buildings)
• Sides of excavation can be
battered or straight
2. Excavation
2. Excavation
Factors to be considered for excavation:
•Purpose of excavation: By the types of building with
respect to load.
•Natural sub soil: By the nature of sub soil types of plant and
hand tools are required for e.g. water logged soil
•Position of excavation: Sometimes for excavation there might
be need of license from authority, i.e. excavating in public
roads etc.
•Presence of ground water: Sump pits pumps, dewatering
techniques are applied for removal of ground water
collection.
•Availability of space: Spaces for machinery plants i.e.
loading and unloading.
INSTRUMENTS
Spade Kassi Pick Axe Crow bar
Rammer
Boning Rod Sledge Hammer
3. Timbering of Trenches
3. Timbering of Trenches
3. Timbering of Trenches
Timbering of trench is carried out when
- Depth of trench is large.
- Sub-soil is loose.
- Possibility of caving in of soil.
3. Timbering of Trenches
• Timbering of trenches means to provide timber
planks or boards and struts to give temporary
supports to prevent the sides of trenches from falling
down.
Depending upon the characteristics of soil,
timbering can be classified into:
1. Stay Bracing: (hard, Firm)
2. Box sheeting:(dry-loose)
3. Runner System (wet-loose):
1. Stay Bracing: (hard, Firm)
▪ Used in fairly firm/Hard soil when depth of trench
does not exceed about 2m
▪ Vertical sheets called Poling boards are hold in
position by placing struts (100 x 100) mm in
between 1 or 2 row at a minimum distance 1.8m
along the length of trench for 2m wide trench and
(200 x 200) mm for up to 4m.
▪ Vertical sheets/polling boards of size 200mm width
x 38mm thickness are extended to the full height of
the trench and placed at intervals of 2m-4m
generally.
▪ In stiff clay or moderately firm soils, the support to
board can be given along the side of trench by using
horizontal boarding or waling 100mm x 100 mm
which runs continuously along the length of trench
along either side or further struts apart. Struts are
held with help of wedges on only one side or else
strut will slide.
2. Box sheeting:(dry-loose)
▪ Adopted in loose soils when
depth of trench does not
exceed 4m
▪ Box like structure consisting of
Vertical sheets/boards are
placed very near or touching to
each other held in position by
waling and further supported
by struts.
▪ Horizontal sheeting is adopted
for very loose soil, sheeting is
provided longitudinally, and are
supported by vertical wales and
horizontal struts.
▪ If height is more, braces are
also provided along with struts.
3. Runner System (wet-loose):
• Used in extremely loose and soft
ground which needs immediate
supports in excavation process
• Similar to vertical sheeting of box
system, except that in the place of
vertical sheeting, runners used
• Runners made of long thick wooden
sheets or planks with iron shoe at the
ends are driven about 30cm in
advance of progress of the work by
hammering
• further supported by wales with
wedges at a site of struts to tighten
the connection between various
members.
