VISION 1000

MISSION 100

Ancient Indian History PART 1

D. Kishore Kumar
How to approach Ancient India?
What is our Vision and Mission to with respect to history?
 Indus Valley Civilization

Regarding the Indus Valley Civilization, consider the following statements: (2011)
1) It was predominantly a secular civilization and the religious element, though present,
did not dominate the scene.
2) During this period, cotton was used for manufacturing textiles in India.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

The Harappan civilization covered an extensive area of present South Asia. The
geographic space covered by this civilization included (2011 CAPF)
(a) Kashmir, Punjab, Sindh and Northeastern frontier
(b) Punjab, Sindh, Northeastern frontier and Kashmir
(c) Punjab, Sindh and a part of Northwestern frontier
(d) Punjab, Sindh, a part of Northwestern frontier, Kathiawar and a part of Ganga-
Yamuna Doab
The terra-cotta plough of the Harappan civilization was found at (2012 NDA)
(a) Mohenjo-daro
(b) Banawali
(c) Kalibangan
(d) Lothal

The site of Harappa is located on the bank of river (2012 CDS (I))
(a) Saraswati
(b) Indus
(c) Beas
(d) Ravi

Which of the following characterizes/characterize the people of Indus Valley

Civilization? (2013)
1. They possessed great palaces and temples.
2. They worshipped both male and female deities.
3. They employed horse-drawn chariots in warfare.
Select the correct statement/statements using the codes given below.
A) 1 and 2 only
B) 2 only
C) 1, 2 and 3
D) None of the statements given above is correct
Who among the following archaeologists was the first to identify similarities
between a pre-Harappan culture and the mature Harappan culture? (2016 CDS)
(a) Amalananda Ghosh
(b) Rakhaldas Banerji
(c) Daya Ram Sahni
(d) Sir John Marshall

Which of the following do/does not represent a break between the Early Harappan
cultures and the Mature Harappan civilization? (2016 CDS)
1. Roads were not always absolutely straight and did not always cross one another at
right angles.
2. A striking feature is the uniformity in the average size of the bricks for houses and
for city walls.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
The cylindrical stone seals were used in which civilization? (2016 NDA)
(a) Harappa
(b) Egyptian
(c) Roman
(d) Mesopotamian

Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the code given below the
Lists : (2017 CDS)
List-I (Harappan Site) List-II (Modern Name)
A. Dholavira 1. Saurashtra
B. Ralchigarhi 2. Hisar
C. Bhirrana 3. Kadir Island
D. Bhogavo 4. Haryana
Code :
(a) A B C D 1 4 2 3
(b) A B C D 1 2 4 3
(c) A B C D 3 2 4 1
(d) A B C D 3 4 2 1
Which one of the following statements about the Harappan Culture is not correct? (2017
CDS (II))
(a) It witnessed the first cities in the subcontinent.
(b) It marks the first use of script, written from right to left.
(C) It marks the earliest known use of iron as a medium for the art of sculpting.
(d) It marks the earliest known use of stone as a medium for the art of sculpting.

Which of the following statements about Harappa Civilization is/are correct? (2018
CAPF)
1. There is the extraordinary uniformity in artefacts as evident in pottery, seals, bricks and
weights.
2. The late Harappa sites also maintained the same construction techniques as were used in
mature Harappa sites.
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
With reference to the difference between the culture of Rigvedic Aryans and Indus
Valley people, which of the following statements is/are correct? (2017) (2010 UPSC
SCRA)
1. Rigvedic Aryans used the coat of mail and helmet in warfare whereas the people of Indus
Valley Civilization did not leave any evidence of using them.
2. Rigvedic Aryans knew gold, silver and copper whereas Indus Valley people knew only
copper and iron.
3. Rigvedic Aryans had domesticated the horse whereas there is no evidence of Indus Valley
people having aware of this animal.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

Which one of the following is not a Harappan site? (2019)

(a) Chanhudaro
(b) Kot Diji
(c) Sohgaura
(d) Desalpur
The Sohgaura Copper Plate is a copper plate inscription from the Mauryan period that was
discovered in the village of Sohgaura in Uttar Pradesh, India.

The plate is written in the Brahmi script and in the Prakrit language. It is a significant source of
information about ancient Indian history.

What does the plate say?

• The plate records a royal order to distribute grains carefully
• It describes the establishment of granaries to fight famine
• It discusses relief efforts undertaken by Chandragupta Maurya during a period of famine

What is the plate made of?

• The plate is made of a small bronze plaque, which is a copper amalgam

What is the importance of the plate?

• The plate is an important asset to gain knowledge about ancient Indian history
• The inscriptions help us understand the condition of the time
Which one of the following statements about the Harappan script is NOT
correct? (2020 CAPF)
a)It has about 400 signs
b)It was written from left to Right
c)It has been found on bone rods and jewellery
d)It refers to the people of Meluha

Which of the following is/are the most distinctive artefacts of the Harappan
Civilisation? (2020 CAPF)
1. Steatite seal
2. Bricks of a standardised ratio.
3. Gold bangles
4. Silver spittoon
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 2, 3 and 4
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Which one of the following ancient towns is well-known for its
elaborate system of water harvesting and management by building
a series of dams and channelizing water into connected
reservoirs? (2021) (2012 CDS)
(a) Dholavira
(b) Kalibangan
(c) Rakhigarhi
(d) Ropar
Which among the following was/were the shell-based production centre(s) of the Indus
Valley Civilization? (2021 CISF)
(a) Shortughai
(b) Lothal
(c) Balakot and Nageshwar
(d) Allahdino and Dholavira

In the Mesopotamian records, the Indus Valley region is addressed as (2021 CISF-LDC)
(2017 NDA)
(a) Meluha
(b) Dilmun
(c) Magan
(d) Uruk

Most of the mature Harappan sites in the region of Cholistan had been abandoned during
(2021 CAPF)
(a) C. 2250 BCE
(b) C. 2000 BCE
(c) C. 1800 BCE
(d) C. 1700 BCE
In the citadel and lower-town areas of which one of the following Harappan cities,
have several large cisterns and reservoirs been found? (2022 CDS)
(a) Banawali
(b) Mohenjodaro
(c) Dholavira
(d) Rakhigarhi

Which one of the following Harappan centres specialized in making shell

objects? (2023 CGS) (2021 NDA)
(a) Balakot
(b) Kalibangan
(c) Mohenjo-daro
(d) Banawali

Consider the following statements regarding the 'Levallois Technique’. (2023 CDS)
1.It refers to making perforated Harappa pottery.
2.It refers to making pre-historic flake tools.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
a) Only 1
b) Only 2
b) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2
Which one among the following observations pertaining to the works of Nineteenth-
Twentieth Century archaeologists is not correct? (2023 APFC)
(a) Alexander Cunningham, the first Director-General of the Archaeological Survey of India, was
of the view that the history of India began with the origins of the Indus Valley Civilizations
(b) John Marshall generally adopted the method of excavation along regular horizontal units
and ignored the stratigraphy of the site.
(c) R. E. M. Wheeler first recognized the necessity to follow the stratigraphy of the mound rather
than dig along horizontal lines.
(d) Amalananda Ghosh was the first to identify similarities between pre- Harappan and mature-
Harappan cultures.

Consider the following statements (2023 NDA)

1. Terracotta models of the plough have been found at sites in Cholistan and at Banawali
Haryana
2. There is evidence of a ploughed field at Kalibangan associated with the mature phase of the
Harappan civilization.
3. The ploughed field at Kalibangan had two sets of furrows crossing right angles to each other
suggesting two different crops were grown together in it.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1, 2 and 3
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) None of the above
Which one among the statements with reference to the Harappan burial ritual
is not correct? (2024 CISF)
(a) At these burials, the dead were generally laid in pits.
(b) The burial pits were made in several different ways.
(c) Ornaments have sometimes been found placed in these burials.
(d) Harappans did not bury mirrors with the dead.
Site Location Excavated
Key Features / Findings Significance
By
Sindh, Ernest • Bead-making factory Known as the
Pakistan Mackay (evidence of specialized “Industrial Town” of
Chanhudaro
(on Indus (1931) craft production) the Harappan
River) • No citadel civilization
Sindh, F.A. Khan • Pre-Harappan Key site showing early
Pakistan (1955) settlement beneath Harappan phase (Kot
Kot Diji (near Rohri Harappan layers Diji phase)
Hills) • Fortified settlement with
defensive walls
Gujarat P.P. Pandya • Stone fortifications Shows Harappan
Desalpur (Kutch (1963) • Pottery with Harappan influence in Gujarat's
region) motifs coastal areas
Site Location Excavated
Key Features / Findings Significance
By
Gujarat R.S. Bisht • Water management system UNESCO World Heritage
(Kutch (1990) (series of reservoirs) Site, remarkable for urban
region) • Unique layout with citadel, planning and water
Dholavira
middle town, and lower town conservation
• Inscriptions on large stone
slabs
Rajasthan Amlanand • Evidence of ploughed field Indicates agricultural
(Hanuman Ghosh (earliest in South Asia) advancements and fire
Kalibangan garh (1953) • Fire altars (ritualistic rituals
district) practices)
• Fortifications with mud bricks
Haryana Amarendra • Largest Harappan site in India Crucial for understanding
(Hisar Nath • Evidence of DNA studies Harappan social structure
Rakhigarhi district) (1997) revealing South Asian ancestry and burial practices
• Jewelry-making industry and
burial sites
Punjab Y.D. • Cemetery with Harappan Shows cultural continuity
(Near Sharma graves from Harappan to later
Ropar
Sutlej (1953) • Co-existence of Harappan and Vedic period
River) post-Harappan cultures
Place River/Geographic Location
Chanhudaro On the Indus River, Sindh (Pakistan)
Kot Diji Near the Indus River, Sindh (Pakistan)
Sohgaura On the Rapti River, Uttar Pradesh (India)

Desalpur Near the Bhukhi River, Gujarat (India)

Dholavira Near the Luni River and the Rann of Kutch

Kalibangan On the Ghaggar-Hakra River, Rajasthan (India)
Rakhigarhi Near the Chautang River, Haryana (India)
Ropar On the Sutlej River, Punjab (India)
Aspect Harappan Civilization Vedic Civilization
Rigvedic: 1500-1000 BCE;
Time Period 2600 BCE to 1900 BCE
Later Vedic: 1000-600 BCE
Northwestern Indian
Geographical Spread across the Indo-
subcontinent (Present-day
Extent Gangetic plains
Pakistan & NW India)
Urban civilization focused on Rural culture with pastoralism
Society & Culture
trade and commerce and rudimentary agriculture
Religion Nature worship (Pashupati, Nature worship (Indra,
mother goddess, animals, Varuna, Agni as principal
snakes, etc.) deities)
Temples & Idol No evidence of temples or No evidence of idol worship or
Worship idol worship temples
Oral traditions transmitted
Pictographic script
Writing System through Vedas, written in
(undeciphered)
Sanskrit around 500 BCE
Pottery Black and red ware Painted Grey Ware
Copper-bronze culture, no Advanced weaponry,
Weapons & Tools
knowledge of iron knowledge of iron
Aspect Harappan Civilization Vedic Civilization
Knowledge of animal
Great importance to horses
Animals domestication, unaware of
and cows
horses
Houses made of mud, bamboo
Planned urban houses with
Architecture leaves, and other rudimentary
baked bricks
materials
Trade and commerce as Pastoralism and agriculture as
Economic Activity
main occupation main occupation
Military Warlike people with advanced
Peace-loving people with
weaponry and military
primitive arms
equipment
 Vedic Age

The "dharma" and "rita" depict a central idea of ancient Vedic civilization of
India. In this context, consider the following statements: (2011)
1) Dharma was a conception of obligations and of the discharge of one's duties to
oneself and to others.
2) Rita was the fundamental moral law governing the functioning of the universe and
all it contained.
Which of the statements given above is/ are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

The national motto of India, ‘Satyameva Jayate’ inscribed below the

Emblem of India is taken from (2014) (UPSC IES 2017)
a) Katha Upanishad
b) Chandogya Upanishad
c) Aitareya Upanishad
d) Mundaka Upanishad
Which one among the following is not a characteristic of Rig-Vedic Aryans ?
(2011 CDS)
(a) They were acquainted with horses, chariots and the use of bronze
(b) They were acquainted with the use of iron
(c) They were acquainted with the cow, which formed the most important form of
wealth
(d) They were acquainted with the use of copper and the modern ploughshare.

Consider the following statements about the Rig Veda: (2012 CAPF)
1. It reflects a naturalistic polytheism — a belief in many Gods who personified
natural phenomena.
2. The Gods were conceived of as anthropomorphic, i.e., as having a physical form
similar to that of humans.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Which one of the following statements about Rig Veda is not correct? (2014 CDS)
(a) Deities were worshipped through prayer and sacrificial rituals.
(b) The Gods are presented as powerful, who could be made to intervene in the world of men
via the performance of sacrifices.
(c) The Gods were supposed to partake of the offerings as they were consumed by the fire.
(d) The sacrifices were performed in the temples.

Which of the following characteristic(s) describes the nature of religion according to the
Rig Veda? (2015 CDS)
1.Rig Vedic religion can be described as naturalistic polytheism.
2.There are striking similarities between the Rig Vedic religion and the ideas in the Iranian
Avesta.
3.Vedic sacrifices were conducted in the house of the priest who was called yajaman.
4.Vedic sacrifices were of two kinds - those conducted by the householder and those that
required ritual specialists.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 3 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 1, 2, 3 and 4
(d) 1, 2 and 4 only
Question: (2015 UPSC SCRA)
1.Prayers to Indra to defeat not only the Dasa but also the Arya enemies indicate that
there were conflicts among the Aryas too.
2.The word Rajan in the 'Rig Veda' is best translated as a chieftain rather than king.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

The earliest literary references to iron in the Indian Sub-Continent are found in
the: (2016 CAPF)
(a) Rigveda
(b) Samaveda
(c) Yajurveda
(d) Vinaya Pitaka
Which of the following Gods are also known as Lokapalas or the Guardians of the
Universe? (2016 CDS (II))
(a) Yama, Indra, Varuna and Kubera
(b) Indra, Varuna, Skanda and Kubera
(c) Indra, Varuna, Yama and Brahma
(d) Yama, Shiva, Kubera and Indra

At the banks of which of the following rivers was the Battle of Ten Kings fought in the
Early Vedic Period? (2017 CISF)
(a) Sarasvati
(b) Drishadvati
(c) Parushni
(d) Shutudri

In the 10th Mandala of the Rigveda, which one of the following hymns reflects upon
the marriage ceremonies? (2018 CDS)
(a) Surya Sukta
(b) Purusha Sukta
(c) Dana Stutis
(d) Urna Sutra
Statement I: The early Aryans, who were essentially pastoral, did not develop any political
structure which could measure up to a State in either ancient or modern sense. (2017
CDS)
Statement II: Kingship was the same as tribal chiefship; the term Rajan being used for
tribal chief who was primarily a military leader and who ruled over his people and not over
any specified area.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) Both statements are individually true and Statement II is the correct explanation of
Statement I
(b) Both statements are individually true but Statement II is not the correct explanation of
Statement I
(c) Statement I is true but Statement II is false
(d) Statement I is false but Statement II is true

The theme of India's G20 Presidency "Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam" or "Earth-One

Family-One Future" is drawn from: (2023 CDS)
(a) Maha Purana
(b) Maha Upanishad
(c) Rig Veda
(d) Smriti
Consider the following statements about the practice of Vedic sacrifices:
(2023 CAPF)
1. The Shrauta (Vedic sacrifices) involved the use of three fires — Garhapatya
(householder's fire), Ahavaniya (offeratorial fire), and Dakshinagni (southern
fire).
2. These fires were supposed to be placed in pits of different shapes: the
Garhapatya to be square, Ahavaniya to be round, and Dakshinagni to be
rectangular.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2

Consider the following statements : (2024)

1. There are no parables in Upanishads.
2. Upanishads were composed earlier than the Puranas.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct ?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
 Indian Philosophy

With reference to the history of philosophical thought in India,

consider the following statements regarding Sankhya school : (2013)
1. Sankhya does not accept the theory of rebirth or transmigration of soul.
2. Sankhya holds that it is the self – knowledge the leads to liberation and
not any exterior influence or agent.
Which of the statements given above is / are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Which one of the following pairs does not form part of the six systems
of Indian Philosophy? (2014)
a) Mimamsa and Vedanta
b) Nyaya and Vaisheshika
c) Lokayata and Kapalika
d) Sankhya and Yoga
Consider the following statements: (2016 CDS)
1.Abhinavagupta wrote a comprehensive treatise called the Tantraloka, which
systematically presents the teachings of the Kula and Trika systems.
2.The Samaraichchakaha by Haribhadra Suri, written in Gujarat around the
eighth century, is technically not a tantric work but is saturated with tantric
ideas and practices.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Which one of the following was NOT a Shaiva tantric sect? (2022 CISF)
(a) Sahajiyas
(b) Kapalikas
(c) Kalamukhas
(d) Nathas
Aspect Early Vedic Period (1500 - 1000
Later Vedic Period (1000 - 600 BCE)
BCE)
- Tribal chief called Rajan (elected or - Rajan gained hereditary status with
chosen) increased power
Political
- Sabha (Council of Elders) and Samiti - Rise of territorial kingdoms
System
(General Assembly) played key roles (Mahajanapadas)
- No elaborate taxation system - Sabha and Samiti declined in influence
- Simple social structure with - Rigid Varna system became
flexibility in Varna system established
Political - Women enjoyed relatively better - Rise of patriarchy; women's status
System status and had access to education declined
(e.g., Gargi, Maitreyi) - Caste-based social restrictions
intensified
- Pastoral economy; cattle were - Shift to agriculture-based economy;
primary wealth rice (vrihi) and wheat cultivation
Economic
- Limited agriculture, focused on increased
System
barley (yava) - Growth in iron tools, leading to surplus
production
- Nature worship was prominent (e.g., - Rise of ritualistic practices and
Indra, Agni, Varuna) elaborate yajnas
Religion
- No idol worship or temple rituals - Increased prominence of Prajapati,
Rudra, and Vishnu
Aspect Early Vedic Period (1500 - Later Vedic Period (1000 - 600
1000 BCE) BCE)
- Rig Veda was the main text - Sama Veda, Yajur Veda, and
- Composed in Sanskrit, passed Atharva Veda were composed
Literature
orally - Emergence of Brahmanas,
Aranyakas, and Upanishads
- Limited to Sapta Sindhu - Spread to the Gangetic plains;
Geographical
region (Punjab, Haryana, and Eastern India (Magadha, Kashi,
Spread
parts of Western UP) Videha) flourished
Science & - Basic knowledge of astronomy - Advancement in metallurgy (iron
Technology and natural cycles tools enhanced agriculture)
- Limited use of iron tools - Early concepts of mathematics
and astronomy emerged
- Women participated in social
- Decline in women’s status
Status of and religious activities
- Practices like child marriage and
Women - Marriage flexibility and
sati began to emerge
widow remarriage were accepted
 Buddhism/Jainism

With reference to the history of ancient India, which of the following

was/were common to both Buddhism and Jainism? (2012)
1) Avoidance of extremities of penance and enjoyment
2) Indifference to the authority of the Vedas
3) Denial of efficacy of rituals
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

Some Buddhist rock-cut caves are called Chaityas, while the others are
called Viharas. What is the difference between the two? (2013)
(a) Vihara is a place of worship, while Chaitya is the dwelling place of the
monks
(b) Chaitya is a place of worship, while Vihara is the dwelling place of the
monks
(c) Chaitya is the stupa at the far end of the cave, while Vihara is the hall
axial to it.
(d) There is no material difference between the two
In Buddhism, what does Patimokkha stand for? (2009 CDS)
(a) A description of Mahayana Buddhism
(b) A description of Hinayana Buddhism
(c) The rules of the Sangha
(d) The questions of King Menander

What was the Kutagarashala — literally, a hut with a pointed roof? (2012 CDS)
(a) A place where animals were kept
(b) A place where intellectual debates among Buddhist mendicants took place
(c) A place where weapons were stored
(d) A place to sleep
The significant difference between Mahayana and Hinayana forms of Buddhism lies
in that: (2013 CAPF)
(a) Mahayana allowed for the transference of merit while in Hinayana, a person would
only help another by example and advice.
(b) Mahayana believed in the Bodhisattvas while Hinayana did not.
(c) Hinayana promoted the ideas of a suffering saviour.
(d) Mahayana propounded the idea of the ‘Arhant,’ the ‘worthy.’

Which of the following was/were not related to Buddha's life? (2013 CDS)
1. Kanthaka
2. Alara Kalama
3. Channa
4. Gosala Maskariputra
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 4 only
(c) 1 and 2
(d) 3 and 4
What was the hallmark of the Buddhist Council held at Pataliputra under Ashoka's
patronage? (2013 UPSC SCRA)
1.Sutta Pitaka, a collection of Buddha’s sermons on matters of doctrine and ethics was
compiled.
2.A schism took place and Buddhism broke into Sarvastivadins and Mahasanghikas.
3.Expulsion of heretics and the establishment of the Sthaviravada school as orthodox.
4.The last section, Kathavatthu, was added to the Pali scripture, Abhidhamma Pitaka.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1, 3 and 4 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 3 and 4 only
(d) 2 and 4 only

The Buddha laid down a 'code of conduct' for his followers. Which one among the
following was not a part of his 'code of conduct’? (2014 UPSC SCRA)
(a) Do not use intoxicants
(b) Do not indulge in corrupt practices
(c) Do not marry
(d) Do not covet the property of others
Which one of the following describes best the concept of Nirvana in
Buddhism? (2013)
(a) The extinction of the flame of desire.
(b) The complete annihilation of self.
(c) A state of bliss and rest
(d) A mental stage beyond all comprehension

Which of the following kingdoms were associated with the life of the
Buddha? (2014) (2015)
1. Avanti
2. Gandhara
3. Kosala
4. Magadha
Select the correct answer using the codes given below.
(a) 1, 2 and 3 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1, 3 and 4
(d) 3 and 4 only
The earliest Buddhist literature which deals with the stories of the various
birth of Buddha are: (2011 CDS)
(a) Vinaya Pitaka
(b) Sutta Pitaka
(c) Abhidhamma Pitaka
(d) Jatakas

Composition of the biography of the Buddha occupies a special place in

Buddhist literature. Which one among the following is a full-fledged biography
of the Buddha? (2014 CAPF)
(a) Lalitavistara
(b) Milind Panho
(c) Sariputra-prakarana
(d) Avadanasataka

Borobudur is the site of: (2015 CDS)

(a) A huge temple of Vishnu and Shiva in Java, built in the 12th Century AD
(b) An enormous Stupa in Java, built in the 8th Century AD
(c) A magnificent palace of a Chola King in Tamil Nadu
(d) A Jain Monastery in Gujarat
Question: (2013 UPSC SCRA)
Statement I: According to Buddhist teaching, salvation lay in achieving nirvana,
or freedom from the cycle of rebirth.
Statement II: The doctrine of karma was essential to the Buddhist system of
salvation.
Which of the following is correct?
(a) Both the statements are individually true and statement II is the correct
explanation of statement I
(b) Both the statements are individually true but statement II is not the correct
explanation of statement I
(c) Statement I is true but statement II is false
(d) Statement I is false but statement II is true

Who among the following was associated with the formulation of the basic
ideas of Mahayana Buddhism? (2014 NDA)
(a) Nagarjuna
(b) Kashyapa Matanga
(c) Menander
(d) Kanishka
The Buddhist Sangha was an organization of monks: (2013 CAPF)
(a) Who became teachers of Dhamma
(b) That helped the spread of education
(c) To help the integration of the State
(d) To provide relief to the poor in times of distress

Which one among the following Stupas has a carved panel showing Ajatashatru's
visit supported by a Prakrit inscription to the Buddha? (2015 UPSC SCRA)
(a) Amaravati
(b) Bharhut
(c) Sanchi
(d) Vaishali
With reference to the religious history of India, consider the following
statements: (2016)
1. The concept of Bodhisattva is central to Hinayana sect of Buddhism.
2. Bodhisattva is a compassionate one on his way to enlightenment.
3. Bodhisattva delays achieving his own salvation to help all sentinent beings
on their path to it.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 2 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

With reference to the religious history of India, consider the following

statements: (2017)
1. Sautrantika and Sammitiya were the sects of Jainism.
2. Sarvastivadin held that the constituents of phenomena were not wholly
momentary, but existed forever in a latent form.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Mahavibhasa, an encyclopaedia of Buddhist philosophy is the work of
which Buddhist Council? (2017 CISF)
(a) First Council
(b) Second Council
(c) Third Council
(d) Fourth Council

Which reference to Indian history, who among the following is a future

Buddha, yet to come to save the world? (2018)
(a) Avalokiteshvara
(b) Lokesvara
(c) Maityera
(d) Padmapani

The Buddhist text Majjhima Nikaya is in: (2018 CAPF)

(a) Sanskrit
(b) Pali
(c) Prakrit
(d) Telugu
In Buddhist principle, the performance of Sila and achievement
of Samadhi and Prajna lead to Nirvana. What does Sila stand for? (2009 CAPF)
(a) Mental control
(b) Physical control
(c) Development of insight
(d) Strict penance

Which one of the following statements about Buddhist Stupas in India is not correct?
(2018 CDS)
(a) Ashoka played an important role in popularizing the Stupa cult.
(b) They were repositories of relics of Buddha and other monks.
(c) They were located in rural areas.
(d) They were located close to trade routes.

The dialogue on Varna between King Avantiputta and Kachchana, a disciple of Buddha,
appears in which one of the following Buddhist texts? (2018 CDS)
(a) Majjhima Nikaya
(b) Samyutta Nikaya
(c) Anguttara Nikaya
(d) Ambattha Sutta
Believers of the teachings of the elders

Members of the Great Community

kattavatthu
 Name Special
Bodhisattva Key Attributes Symbols/Depictions
Meaning Focus
The Lord of Infinite Multiple arms, 11 heads,
Avalokiteshvara Compassion compassion and lotus, rosary. Mantra: Om Compassion
mercy Mani Padme Hum.

Manjushri Flaming sword (cuts Wisdom

Gentle Glory Wisdom, insight
ignorance), lotus, scripture.
Ksitigarbha Protection of Flaming sword (cuts
beings in hell ignorance), lotus, scripture. Vows and
Earth Womb
realms, protection
unshakeable vows
Universally Virtue, ethical Riding an elephant (symbol Virtue and
Samantabhadra Good conduct, and of strength), sometimes diligent
diligent practice holding a lotus. practice
Maitreya Hope, loving- Seated with both feet on the Hope and
The Loving
kindness, future ground, ready to rise and loving-
One
Buddha teach. kindness
Holder of the Power, spiritual Vajra (thunderbolt),
Power and
Vajrapani Thunderbolt protection, muscular form, protective
protection
indestructibility stance.
Tara The Compassion in Green Tara (protection from Active
Saviouress action fears), White Tara (long life compassion
and healing). and swift
assistance
The painting of Bodhisattva Padmapani is one of the most famous and
oft-illustrated paintings at (2017)
(a) Ajanta
(b) Badami
(c) Bagh
(d) Ellora

Which reference to the religious practices in India, the "Sthanakvasi"

sect belongs to (2018)
(a) Buddhism
(b) Jainism
(c) Vaishnavism
(d) Shaivism
Buddha’s teachings were compiled as Tipitaka — literally meaning three baskets to
hold different types of texts. Which of the following texts is/are correctly matched
according to the subject matter? (2018 CISF)
1.Vinaya Pitaka — Buddha’s teachings
2.Sutta Pitaka — Rules and regulations of the monastic order
3.Abhidhamma Pitaka — Philosophical matters
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 3 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 2 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

Which of the following statements about Bodhisattvas is/are correct? (2018 CAPF)
1.They were perceived as deeply compassionate beings who accumulated merit through their
efforts.
2.They made attempts to attain Nibbana.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Consider the following statements: (2019)
1. Deification of the Buddha
2. Trading the path of Bodhisattvas
3. Image worship and rituals
Which of the above is/are the feature/features of Mahayana Buddhism?
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

With reference to the religious history of India, consider the following

statements: (2020)
1. Sthaviravadins belong to Mahayana Buddhism.
2. Lokottaravadin sect was an offshoot of Mahasanghika sect of Buddhism.
3. The deification of Buddha by Mahasanghikas fostered the Mahayana
Buddhism.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
With reference to the cultural history of India, consider the
following pairs: (2020)
1. Parivrajaka : Renunciant and Wanderer
2. Shramana : Priest with a high status
3. Upasaka : Lay follower of Buddhism
Which of the pairs given above are correctly matched?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 1 and 3 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

With reference to the cultural history of India, which one of the

following is the correct description of the term paramitas? (2020)
(a) The earliest Dharmashastra texts written in aphoristic (sutra) style
(b) Philosophical schools that did not accept the authority of Vedas
(c) Perfections whose attainment led to the Bodhisattva path
(d) Powerful merchant guilds of early medieval South India
With reference to Indian history, consider the following texts: (2022)
1. Nettipakarana
2. Parishishtaparvan
3. Avadanashataka
4. Trishashtilakshana Mahapurana
Which of the above are Jaina texts?
(a) 1, 2 and 3
(b) 2 and 4 only
(c) 1, 3 and 4
(d) 2, 3 and 4

With reference to Indian history, consider the following pairs: (2022)

Historical person Known as
1. Aryadeva – Jaina scholar
2. Dignaga – Buddhist scholar
3. Nathamuni – Vaishnava scholar
How many pairs given above are correctly matched?
(a) None of the pairs
(b) Only one pair
(c) Only two pairs
(d) All three pairs
Consider the following statements about Ashoka’s faith in Buddhism: (2022
CDS)
1. Rummindei Pillar Inscription and Nigali Sagar Pillar Inscription provide clear
evidence of Ashoka’s faith in Buddhism.
2. Minor Rock Edict-I gives evidence of a sudden change in Ashoka’s faith in
Buddhism.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Which one of the following statements with regard to historical importance of

Kushinagar is correct? (2022 CISF)
(a) Siddharth Gautama’s ‘great departure’ took place here and he became an ascetic,
a Sramana.
(b) Siddharth Gautama obtained his enlightenment here and he became the Buddha.
(c) Buddha gave his first sermon known as Dharmachakra-pravartana here.
(d) Buddha passed away here, which is known as Mahaparinirvana.
Which of the following statements is/are applicable to Jain
doctrine? (2013)
1. The surest way of annihilating Karma is to practice penance.
2. Every object, even the smallest particle has a soul.
3. Karma is the bane of the soul and must be ended.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below.
a) 1 only
b) 2 and 3 only
c) 1 and 3 only
d) 1, 2 and 3
With reference to ancient India, consider the following statements: (2023)
1. The concept of Stupa is Buddhist in origin.
2. Stupa was generally a repository of relics.
3. Stupa was a votive and commemorative structure in Buddhist tradition.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
(a) Only one
(b) Only two
(c) All three
(d) None
Consider the following observations about the largest stupa at Sanchi: (2023
CAPF)
1. Going by information available from the inscriptions on the railings of the stupa, the
construction of part of one of its gateways was financed by the Guild of Ivory workers.
2. In its original early form, this stupa was plain except for the stone railings and the
gateways, which were richly carved.
3. The panels on the four gateways contain sculptures only in the front and have no
sculptures on the rear side.
4. In 1918, when the stupa was discovered, all of its four gates were intact but the
mound was in poor condition.
5. Art historians have established clear connections between the sculptures of the
stupa with events described in Jataka Tales.
6. War scenes have also been depicted in these sculptures.
Which of the observations given above are correct?
a) 1, 2, 3 and 4 only
b) 2, 3, 4 and 5 only
c) 3, 4, 5 and 6 only
d) 1, 2, 5 and 6 only
Which of the following statements about sculptures at Sanchi is/are correct? (2022
CDS)
1.In some sculptures, there is a representation of Shalabhanjika.
2.The figure of Shalabhanjika is represented by a woman surrounded by lotuses and
elephants.
3.The Shalabhanjika motif was not directly inspired by Buddhist ideas.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1, 2 and 3
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 2 only
(d) 1 and 3 only

Consider the following statements regarding Sanchi and its archaeological findings:
(2023 NDA)
1.When Sanchi was discovered in 1818, three of its four gateways were still standing; the
fourth was lying on the spot where it had fallen.
2.Animals depicted at Sanchi include elephants, horses, monkeys, and cattle.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) Only 1
(b) Only 2
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Consider the following pairs: (2023)
Site Well known : for
1.Besnagar : Shaivite cave shrine
2.Bhaja : Buddhist cave shrine
3.Sittanavasal : Jain cave shrine
How many of the above pairs are correctly matched?
(a) Only one
(b) Only two
(c) All three
(d) None

With reference to ancient India, Gautama Buddha was generally

known by which of the following epithets ? (2024)
1. Nayaputta
2. Shakyamuni
3. Tathagata
Select the correct answer using the code given below :
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1, 2 and 3
(d) None of the above are epithets of Gautama Buddha
Anekantavada is a core theory and philosophy of which one of
the following? (2009)
(a) Buddhism
(b) Jainism
(c) Sikhism
(d) Vaishnavism

Consider the following statements: (2009 UPSC SCRA)

1. Jainism was atheistic in nature, the existence of God being
considered irrelevant to its doctrine.
2. The emphasis on non-violence (ahimsa) prevented agriculturists
from accepting Jainism since cultivation involved killing insects.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) Only 1
(b) Only 2
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
The Jains believe that Jainism is the outcome of the teachings of twenty-four
Tirthankaras. In this light, which one among the following is correct of Vardhamana
Mahavira? (2011 CDS)
(a) He was the first Tirthankara and the founder of Jainism
(b) He was the twenty-third Tirthankara, the first twenty-two Tirthankaras being considered
legendary
(c) He was the last and twenty-fourth Tirthankara, who was not considered as the founder of
the new faith but as a reformer of the existing religious sect
(d) He was not one of the twenty-four Tirthankaras

Consider the following statements relating to Jain literature: (2012 NDA)

The sacred books of the Jainas are known as Siddhanta or Agama.
The language of the earliest Jain texts is the eastern dialect of Pali known as Ardha Magadhi.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) Only 1
(b) Only 2
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
The Jain philosophy holds that the world is created and maintained by
(2011)
(a) Universal Law
(b) Universal Truth
(c) Universal Faith
(d) Universal Soul

Which of the following statements is/are applicable to Jain doctrine?

(2013)
The surest way of annihilating Karma is to practice penance.
Every object, even the smallest particle, has a soul.
Karma is the bane of the soul and must be ended.
Select the correct answer using the code given below :
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Which one among the following is not a part of the Tri-ratna (three
gems) of Jainism? (2015 UPSC SCRA)
(a) Right conduct
(b) Right faith
(c) Right knowledge
(d) Right livelihood

The epic Silappadikaram refers to the: (2016 CDS)

(a) Story of Rama
(b) Jaina elements in the storyline
(c) Culture of Sri Lankan Buddhists
(d) Cult of Shakti worship
Which of the following statements with regard to the heterodox sect
between the sixth and fourth century BC are correct? (2017 CDS)
1. The Jain ideas were already being circulated in the seventh century BC by
Parshva.
2. Although Buddhism, and to a lesser extent Jainism, took account of the
changes in material life and reacted against orthodoxy, neither of these
sought to abolish the caste system.
3. The first female disciple of Mahavira is said to have been a captured slave
woman.
4. Buddha held that nuns could attain spiritual liberation just like a monk and
granted them an equal status in the monastic order.
Select the correct answer using the code given below :
(a) 1, 2, 3 and 4
(b) 1, 2 and 3 only
(c) 1, 2 and 4 only
(d) 3 and 4 only
Which of the following statements about Jainism is/are correct? (2018 CAPF)
1. The most important idea in Jainism is that the entire world is animated; even stones,
rocks, and water have life.
2. Asceticism and penance are required to free oneself from the cycle of Karma.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) Only 1
(b) Only 2
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Who among the following was not a Jain Acharya? (2021 CDS)
(a) Bhadrabahu
(b) Khema
(c) Haribhadra
(d) Siddhasena Divakara

According to Jaina tradition, who was the first Jain Tirthankara? (2021 CISF)
(a) Rishabhadeva
(b) Neminatha
(c) Parshvanatha
(d) Vardhaman
In Jainism, which one of the following does not form part of Tri-ratna? (2021 CISF)
(a) Samyak pancha-mahavarata
(b) Samyak jnana
(c) Samyak charitra
(d) Samyak darshana

"Souls are not only the property of animal and plant life, but also of rocks, running
water and many other natural objects not looked on as living by other religious
sects.“

The above statement reflects one of the core beliefs of which one of the following
religious sects of ancient India? (2023)
(a) Buddhism
(b) Jainism
(c) Shaivism
(d) Vaishnavism
Consider the following statements with reference to Jainism: (2023 CAPF)
1. Vardhamana Mahavira attained Kaivalya outside the town of Jrimbhikagrama,
on the banks of river Rijupalika and in the field of a householder named
Samaga.
2. The state when the Karma particles actually begin to flow towards the Jiva to
bind it is known as Asrava.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) Only 1
(b) Only 2
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Which one of the following statements about the Shvetambara Sect of Jainism
is not correct? (2023 CDS)
(a) It refers to monks, who wear white clothes.
(b) It refers to monks, who migrated to the south of Vindhyas in the 4th century
BCE.
(c) They recognized the existence of canonical texts including the 12 Angas.
(d) They believed that women can also attain salvation.
 Significant Places

Consider the following pairs: (2021)

(Historical place) (Well-known for)
1. Burzahom : Rock-cut shrines
2. Chandra-ketugarh : Terracotta art
3. Ganeshwar : Copper artefacts
Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2
(c) 3 only
(d) 2 and 3

In which one of the following regions was Dhanyakataka, which flourished

as a prominent Buddhist centre under the Mahasanghikas, located?
(2023)
(a) Andhra
(b) Gandhara
(c) Kalinga
(d) Magadha
With reference to ancient South India, Korkai,
Poompuhar and Muchiri were well known as
(2023)
(a) capital cities
(b) ports
(c) centres of iron-and-steel making
(d) shrines of Jain tirthankaras

Consider the following information : (2024)

(Archaeological - Site - State Description
1. Chandraketugarh - Odisha - Trading Port town
2. Inamgaon - Maharashtra - Chalcolithic site
3. Mangadu – Kerala - Megalithic site
4. Salihundam - Andhra Pradesh - Rock-cut cave shrines
In which of the above rows is given information correctly
matched ?
(a) 1 and 2
(b) 2 and 3
(c) 3 and 4
(d) 1 and 4
Which one among die following statements regarding Jorwe Culture is not correct?
(2012 CDS)
(a) Pravara-Godavari Valley was the nuclear zone of Jorwe Culture
(b) The main sites of Jorwe Culture are Daimabad, Inamgaon, Jorwe and Nevasa
(c) At Daimabad, one gets archaeological evidence of symbolic burial
(d) Practically all settlement in the Northern Deccan were suddenly deserted

Consider the following statements about the Jorwe culture of the Deccan: (2024 CDS)
1. It covers, practically, the whole of modern Maharashtra except the coastal Konkan district.
2. The Pravara-Godavari valleys seem to have been the nuclear zone.
3. The large sites of this culture yield evidence of shifting agriculture.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
a) 1 only
b) 1 and 2 only
b) 2 and 3 only
d) 1, 2 and 3
Who among the following cultures were the first to paint their pottery? (2012 CDS)
(a) Mesolithic
(b) Chalcolithic
(c) Neolithic
(d) Iron-age

In ancient India, Mehrgarh was a: (2017 CISF)

(a) Neolithic site in the Bolan Valley
(b) Graveyard of the Delhi Sultans
(c) Kingdom in the Deccan area
(d) Fort in Rajasthan

Consider the following statements about Stone Age in India: (CDS 2020)
1.Different periods are identified on the basis of the type and technology of stone tools.
2.There are no regional variations in the type and technology of tools in different periods.
3.Stone Age cultures of different periods evolved uniformly in a neat unilinear fashion all
over the subcontinent.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 3 only
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Which one among the following statements with reference to the Neolithic Period' is
not correct? (2023 CAPF)
(a) The characteristic features of the period included ground and polished stone tools,
agriculture, animal domestication and pottery.
(b) This period is also known as the ‘New Stone Age’.
(c) The characteristic features appeared almost at the same time in various parts of the
subcontinent.
(d) Earliest evidence of agriculture is found from Mehrgarh around 8000 BCE.

Consider the following statements with reference to Paleolithic tools: (2023 CDS)
1.Isampur was a well-known center of stone tool manufacture located in Gulbarga district
of Karnataka and was situated along a small seasonal stream known as Kamta Halla.
2.A Paleolithic blade is a flake tool, the length of which is more than twice its width.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
The important non-Harappan chalcolithic cultures lay mainly in
western India and Deccan. These include

• Banas culture (2600BC–1900 BC) in south-east Rajasthan, with Ahar

near Udaipur and Gilund as its key sites;

• Kayatha culture (2100BC–2000 BC) with Kayatha in Chambal as its

chief site in Madhya Pradesh;

• Malwa Culture (1700BC–1400BC) with Navdatoli in Western Madhya

Pradesh as an important site

• Jorwe culture (1400BC– 700BC) with Inamgaon and Chandoli near Pune
in Maharashtra as its chief centers.