THEORETICAL FOUNDATION IN NURSING (NCM100)
S.Y 2024-2025 1ST SEMESTER FINALS
Jean Watson: Background and Contributions Watson's framework includes the Ten Caritas
Processes, which guide caring behaviors and
Background Profile promote holistic care, empathy, and
recognition of patients as unique individuals.
Born on June 10, 1940, Jean Watson is an
Watson’s Theory of Metaparadigm and Major
influential American nurse theorist and
Elements
professor known for her work in Caring
Science.
Watson’s Metaparadigm Concepts
Grew up in Welch, West Virginia, which is
located in the Appalachian Mountains, shaping Human Being: Defined as a valued person
her understanding of human caring. deserving care, respect, and understanding,
viewed as more than the sum of their parts.
Watson earned her bachelor's degree in
nursing in 1964, followed by a Master of Health: Encompasses high levels of physical,
Science in psychiatric and mental health mental, and social functioning, adaptive
nursing in 1966, and a Ph.D. in educational maintenance, and the absence of illness.
psychology and counseling in 1973, all from
the University of Colorado at Boulder. Environment/Society: Asserts that caring is a
universal aspect of nursing, shaped by cultural
Professional Credentials and Achievements contexts rather than inherited traits.
In the 1980s, Watson co-founded the Center Nursing: Focuses on promoting health,
for Human Caring at the University of preventing illness, and caring for the sick
Colorado, focusing on the importance of caring through holistic and ethical practices.
in nursing.
Major Elements of Nursing Theory
She served as chairperson and assistant dean
of the undergraduate nursing program at the Transpersonal Caring Relationship: A unique
University of Colorado School of Nursing, relationship where nurses protect and enhance
significantly impacting nursing education. human dignity, fostering healing through caring
consciousness.
Watson played a pivotal role in planning and
implementing the nursing Ph.D. program from Caring Moment: The significant interaction
1978 to 1981, serving as its coordinator and between nurse and patient that creates an
director. opportunity for human caring, influenced by
mutual choices and actions.
As Dean of the University of Colorado School
of Nursing from 1983 to 1990, she developed a Watson’s 10 Caritas Processes: A framework
post-baccalaureate curriculum in human for caring that includes principles such as
caring, leading to the Doctor of Nursing embracing humanistic values, fostering trust,
Practice (DNP) degree. nurturing relationships, and creating healing
environments.
In 2008, she established the Watson Caring
Science Institute to promote Caring Science Watson’s Nursing Process and Practical Application
globally.
Nursing Process Mnemonics (ACIE)
Theory of Transpersonal Caring
1. Assessment: Involves observation and
Developed in 1979, Watson's Theory of identification of patient problems, including
Human Caring emphasizes the centrality of hypothesis formulation.
caring in nursing and the nurse-patient
relationship. 2. Care Plan: Determines how variables will be
examined and what data will be collected.
The theory introduces the concept of
transpersonal caring, where the nurse and 3. Intervention: Implementation of the care plan
patient connect on a spiritual level to facilitate and data collection.
healing.
THEORETICAL FOUNDATION IN NURSING (NCM100)
S.Y 2024-2025 1ST SEMESTER FINALS
4. Evaluation: Analysis of data and effects of Human Becoming Theory
interventions, leading to potential new
hypotheses. Overview of Human Becoming Theory
Practical Example of Caring in Nursing Developed by Rosemarie Rizzo Parse, first
published in 1981 as the 'Man-living-health'
A nurse observes a patient showing signs of theory, later renamed in 1992.
anxiety and instead of immediately taking vital
signs, engages the patient in conversation to The theory posits that individuals are dynamic
understand their concerns, demonstrating the beings who interact with their environment,
application of Watson's caring principles. influencing their health and experiences.
Rosemarie Rizzo Parse: Background and Emphasizes the active role of individuals in
Contributions their health journey, highlighting their unique
paths of becoming.
Background Profile
Integrates biological, psychological, social, and
Rosemarie Rizzo Parse (1938 - 2016) was a spiritual dimensions of human existence.
globally recognized nurse theorist known for
developing the Human Becoming Theory of Central themes include transcendence,
Nursing. rhythmicity, and meaning, which guide the
understanding of human experiences.
Born in Pennsylvania, she made significant
contributions to nursing theory and education Central Themes of the Theory
throughout her career.
Transcendence: Represents the ability to
Education and Credentials surpass current limitations and strive for higher
potential, essential for personal growth.
Parse earned her PhD and MSN from the
University of Pittsburgh and her BSN from Rhythmicity: Illustrates the cyclical nature of
Duquesne University. life and the ongoing interaction between
individuals and their environment.
She served as a faculty member at the
University of Pittsburgh and was appointed Meaning: Focuses on the significance
Dean of the Duquesne University School of individuals attribute to their experiences,
Nursing. shaping their health perspectives.
Parse held various prestigious positions, Parse's Theory of Metaparadigm
including professor and coordinator of the
Center for Nursing Research at Hunter College
Person: Defined as an open being, more than
and the Niehoff Chair at Loyola University in
just the sum of their parts, emphasizing
Chicago.
individuality.
Summary and Implications for Nursing Practice
Environment: Described as inseparable from
the person, evolving alongside their
Impact of Theories on Nursing experiences.
Both Watson and Parse emphasize the Health: Viewed as an open process of being
importance of caring in nursing, influencing and becoming, involving a synthesis of
how nurses interact with patients and personal values.
approach care.
Nursing: Defined as a human science and art,
Their theories promote holistic care, utilizing knowledge to serve individuals.
recognizing the physical, emotional, and
spiritual needs of patients, which is essential
for effective nursing practice.
THEORETICAL FOUNDATION IN NURSING (NCM100)
S.Y 2024-2025 1ST SEMESTER FINALS
Visual Representation of Parse's Theory Her book 'Interpersonal Aspects of Nursing'
published in 1966 is considered foundational in
nursing education.
Element Symbol Description
Black Represent the dynamic flow of life, Travelbee’s Theory of Metaparadigm
Swirls aligning with rhythmicity.
Green Illustrate the connection between Person: Recognizes both nurse and patient as
Lines individuals and their environment, human beings with experiences and
relating to transcendence. relationships.
Purple Symbolizes personal significance
Shading and meaning attached to life Environment: Highlights the role of supportive
experiences. healthcare settings in facilitating nurse-patient
interactions.
Joyce Travelbee and the Human-to-Human
Relationship Model Health: Advocates for a holistic view of health,
recognizing its subjective nature.
Background and Education
Nursing: Defined as a humanistic practice
Joyce Travelbee was born on July 24, 1926, in focused on relationships and communication.
New Orleans, Louisiana, and passed away on
December 14, 1973.
She earned her Bachelor’s in Nursing from Practical Examples of Nursing Theories in Action
Louisiana State University in 1956 and a
Master’s from Yale University in 1959. Case Study: Human Becoming Theory
Worked as a psychiatric nursing instructor at A nurse provides care to a woman whose
various institutions, including DePaul Hospital husband is critically injured, establishing a
and New York University. trusting relationship with the wife.
Human-to-Human Relationship Model The nurse uses her understanding of the wife's
beliefs to support her during the grieving
Developed the Human-to-Human Relationship process after the husband's passing.
Model, emphasizing the importance of nurse-
patient interactions. Case Study: Human-to-Human Relationship Model
Based on existential theories by Soren A cancer patient, feeling hopeless, is
Kierkegaard and Victor Frankel's logotherapy, encouraged by her nurse to find meaning in
focusing on meaningful relationships in her remaining time.
nursing.
The patient connects with a neglected infant in
Travelbee's model transformed hospice care the hospital, realizing her value and purpose,
by prioritizing emotional connections and which aids her emotional healing.
compassionate support.
Key Themes and Contributions
Emphasized empathy and effective
communication as vital components of nursing
care.
Advocated for a holistic approach that
addresses both physical and emotional well-
being.
