Implementing HBIM on conservation heritage

projects: Lessons from renovation case studies

Item Type Journal article

Authors Woodward, Alexa;Heesom, David

Citation Woodward, A. and Heesom, D. (2019) Implementing HBIM

on conservation heritage projects: Lessons from renovation
case studies, International Journal of Building Pathology
and Adaptation, 39 (1), pp. 96-114. https://doi.org/10.1108/
IJBPA-06-2019-0054

DOI 10.1108/IJBPA-06-2019-0054

Publisher Emerald Publishing

Journal International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation

Download date 2025-06-08 19:47:37

License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/

Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/2436/622902

Implementing BIM on conservation heritage projects: Lessons from renovation case studies

Abstract
Purpose:
Heritage or Historic BIM, often referred to as HBIM, is becoming an established feature in both research
and practice. The advancement of data capture technologies such as laser scanning and improved
photogrammetry, along with the continued power of BIM authoring tools has provided the ability to
generate more accurate digital representations of heritage buildings which can then be used during
renovation and refurbishment projects. Very often these representations of HBIM are developed to support
the design process. What appears to be often overlooked is the issue of conservation and how this can be
linked to the BIM process to support the conservation management plan for the building once it is given a
new lease of life following the refurbishment process.

Approach:
The paper presents a review of the context of conservation and HBIM then subsequently presents two case
studies of how HBIM was applied to high profile renovation and conservation projects in the UK. In
presenting the case studies, a range of issues is identified which support findings from the literature noting
that HBIM is predominantly a tool for the geometric modelling of historic fabric with less regard for the
actual process of renovation and conservation in historic buildings.

Findings:
Lessons learnt from the case studies and from existing literature are distilled to develop a framework for
the implementation of HBIM on heritage renovation projects to support the ongoing conservation of the
building as an integral part of a BIM based asset management strategy. Five key areas are identified in the
framework including Value, Significance, Recording, Data Management and Asset Management. Building
on this framework, a conceptual overlay is proposed to the current Level 2 BIM process to support
conservation heritage projects.

Originality/Value:
This paper addresses the issue of HBIM application to conservation heritage projects. Whilst previous work
in the field has identified conservation as a key area, there is very little work focusing on the process of
conservation in the HBIM context. This work provides a framework and overlay which could be used by
practitioners and researchers to ensure that HBIM is fully exploited and a more standardised method is
employed which used on conservation heritage renovation projects.

1 Introduction
Building Information Modelling technologies and processes provide the ability to support the creation of
digital datasets of heritage-based buildings. Since the early identification of Historic BIM (HBIM) as a
specific paradigm (Murphy et al., 2009) it has seen a significant growth in popularity and application
amongst both researchers and practitioners. In the period since this, the range of technology to support more
accurate recording of existing buildings has become more readily available and there is more available
access to laser scanning and photogrammetry (Dore and Murphy, 2012). This, along with the global
increase in knowledge of BIM processes and technology, can be seen as a reason for the substantial increase
in HBIM developments.

Much of the work around HBIM has focused on the development of tangible geometric models to accurately
record, and model, the geometric properties of the physical built asset. This has given rise to the process
now readily identified as Scan-To-BIM which relates to the art of generating a 3D model based on the
measured data. Whilst there are some tools now available to support the semi automation of this process
(Thomson and Boehm, 2015) these are still limited by a number of factors such as the quality of the initial
data collected and the complexity of the architectural asset. Due to this it is often reported that overall
process of generating a HBIM can be a costly and time-consuming process Edwards (2017).
In respect to the application of HBIM to the actual heritage management process, Maxwell (2014)
suggested that in order for this to be value adding, then all geometric features that were modelled as part of
the tangible BIM should include details such as material degradation and intangible aspects such as in-use
circumstances. Oreni et al. (2013) note the importance of HBIM in the context of conservation and postulate
that in order to support this the BIM should contain information relating to maintenance or restoration
activities. In particular this work focuses on preventive conservation interventions and the methods to
geometrically model objects and artefacts, but notes the limitations of quality data being assigned to objects
in respect to conservation. Acierno et al. (2017) generated an ontology-based framework for the
conservation process. Focusing around the investigation side of the conservation process. This work
provided a more digital based approach to recording data around conservation, including methods of
investigation, responsibility for the data collection and historic developments. As a prototype
implementation this database was linked to a BIM database for visualistion through Autodesk Revit
software. Whilst it is evident that there has been some work focused on the issue of conservation, it could
be seen that often the definition of ‘conservation’ is not fully defined in respect to HBIM.

With the above in mind, the purpose of this paper is to further elaborate on critical issues when the BIM
process and prevailing technologies were used in conservation heritage projects. By initially providing the
context of conservation in heritage refurbishment projects, the paper will review the current status of HBIM
research in the field with particular reference to studies where the focus has been on the issue of
conservation. Subsequently case studies of actual HBIM implementation on building adaption projects
undertaken by a UK based architectural practice are presented. Critical issues are discussed which relate to
how HBIM can be used to support conservation. This is followed by the identification of a proposed
framework for future projects to use HBIM to support conservation plans, both during the design and
construction phase and also into the operation phase of the newly renovated building.

2 Establishing the context of Conservation

The historic environment is a shared resource which people value as part of their heritage. “Each generation
should therefore shape and sustain the historic environment in ways that allow people to use, enjoy and
benefit from it, without compromising the ability of future generations to do the same.” (English Heritage,
2008)

Understanding historic buildings is a fundamental part of undertaking any level of maintenance,

refurbishments or adaption to an historic buildings or environment. There is no single entity or organisation
that regulates or defines the process of building conservation, however there are a number of key
legislations and principle documents that seek to define, clarify and guide this process. The Athens Charter
of 1964 and the Burra Charter in 1979 (Revised 1981,1988,2013) set out early requirements on the need to
understand a buildings significance, with a focus on authenticity and the retention of its cultural significance.
The Burra Charter was the first document which set out a logical process of stages and procedures when
undertaking works to the historic environment, with a very clear focus on understanding and assessing the
significance of a building, defining conservation as “All the processes of looking after a place so as to
retain its cultural significance” (1.4 Burra Charter, 1979). At the initial time of writing the Burra Charter
was considered radical, but is widely acknowledged as influencing the key principles of conservation which
we still utilise today, including the implementation of a defined structure and the requirement for a
conservation plan.

Conservation Principles, Policy and Guidance (English Heritage, 2008) is an established document
outlining value, sustainability and understanding that is required of the historic environment to maintain
and facilitate its long-term future. It is widely used a mechanism and tool to assess and guide modern
conservation works, ethics and philosophies. It defines conservation as “the process of managing change
to a significant place in its setting in ways that will best sustain its heritage values, while recognising
opportunities to reveal or reinforce those values for present and future generations” (English Heritage,
2008). There is an acknowledgement that in order to safeguard sustainability of our important heritage
assets, a level of change can be considered in order to safeguard the historic environment for future
generations. The principles are designed to provide a consistent and clear approach to the process of the
assessment of heritage assets and the management and implementation of change to secure their long term
future. The document defines the process of assessing the significance of a heritage asset to give a detailed
and defined understanding of the place, in order to apply these principles to inform and guide the decision-
making process to fully understand the potential impact of change heritage assets in a transparent manner.
Significantly the work delineates a values based approach to assess and define the significance of a heritage
assets within the structure of four identified groups:

• Evidential Value: The potential of a place to yield evidence about past human activity
• Historical Value: The ways in which past people, events and aspects of life can be connected
through a place to the present; either illustrative or associative
• Aesthetic Value: The ways in which people draw sensory and intellectual stimulation from a
place
• Communal Value: The meanings of a place for the people who relate to it, or for whom it figures
in their collective experience or memory

These values go beyond physical characteristics, covering a broad range of considerations including;
physical remains of past civilizations; associations with the development of cultural heritage; associations
with notable families and events; artistic endeavor; expression of innovative technologies and social,
commemorative and symbolic meanings. Orbasli (2008) suggested that this values-based approach should
be further categorised to explicitly define areas of significance which are less tangible and aren’t easily
attributed to physical fabric. Very often this less tangible information is documented and presented in a
statement of significance. This statement can include a definition of historical evolution and how this relates
to the fabric of the asset including such elements as; the use of materials, the significance differing
people/communities placed on the environment, local, regional and national significance. Consideration is
also given to setting, context, places of similar values and the overall weight and importance of each of the
identified values to provide a defined articulation of the detailed significance of a place.

The clear application and definition of significance provides a structured basis to evaluate the impact of
any renovation works on the overall significance and heritage values of the building. This allows a
transparent framework to establish whether works would be considered acceptable considering other
identifiable values, public benefits, or whether wider enhancement or mitigation measured would be
required in order to minimise any harm. Under the National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF; Section
16 184-193, 2018) this statement of significance should justify the impact on significance and ensure
conservation works in a manner appropriate to its significance. Any negative impact to the heritage asset
must be quantified (either as substantial or less than substantial harm) and mitigation measures of
enhancements must be presented to offset this in order to protect the heritage asset. This information is
presented and embodied in a long term Conservation Plan, establishing the long term future of the building
and defining key policies and requirements. This then serves to identify, reinforce and manage its
significance and the ongoing evolution of the defined changes in order to demonstrate the protection and
retention of its long term sustainability and future.

Wider industry documents including the British Standards (BS7913, 2013) and RICS Practice Standards,
Historic Building Conservation, 2009 also highlight the issue of significance. The analysis and creation of
a ‘statement of significance’ and ‘conservation management plan’ is developed through the collation of a
large body of work, documenting information from a wide range of sources; such as surveys, archive
records, historic mapping and written records. This is often presented as a written record document and
contains a high level of detail, including specifics of value attributes to differing areas of the building. This
information is often isolated and maintained as a written record for future reference, however with the
advent of HBIM there exists possibilities and benefits to integrate this fundamental information into a
accessible and shared digital environment.

Historical building records often includes a large volume of layered information. Often this can be difficult
to interpret and understand across multi layered environments, particularly when there is a number of
unknown entities resulting from gaps in information leading to difficulty in deciphering the technical
aspects of the work involved. Building technology has also changed fundamentally as a process as new
innovations have been introduced, and the understanding of a historic building as a breathable, permeable
and responsive environment has been impacted by previous interventions. As such there is often a lack of
information and some limited understanding of the previous approaches leading to building defects
occurring through the incorrect interpretation of details, specifications or a general lack of information.
Ensuring knowledge and records are contained in the correct forum and environment has the ability to
contribute to a wider focus and understanding to support a more cohesive, responsive and managed
approach to heritage management. Documenting and learning from decisions is an essential part of building
conservation to support the regular evaluation and monitoring of the long-term impacts of change (English
Heritage, 2008). The simple accessibility of this information and documentation allows the balance of
decision making to be related back to the significance and weighting of historical values (RICS, 2009). The
potential management of this body of data within one digital environment removes potential disparity in
the ability to analyse and interpret information, thus supporting a more logical tangible process to ensure
for the long-term future and sustainability of historic buildings. BIM, when viewed as a holistic process
that is underpinned by a range of digital technologies can therefore serve as a catalyst to support
conservation, provide the method to store layered conservation information and help to record the
underlying significance of renovation interventions.

3 BIM for Renovation and Heritage

It is well documented that BIM can yield significant benefits when implemented on construction projects
through the utilisation of information rich digital models, however Volk et al. (2014) identified that many
existing refurbishment projects are not yet fully utilising the full power available through a BIM
methodology. Supporting this viewpoint, Kassem (2014) notes that there is evidence to suggest that the
majority of existing buildings are not yet maintained, refurbished or deconstructed using BIM and in more
recent work Okakpu et al. (2018) further note this and highlight the more limited amount of research
focused on this area in comparison to other BIM areas. There are a range of reasons that could be suggested
for this issue, including the complexity of the existing building project, however to help to facilitate the full
use of BIM on renovation projects, Carbonari et al (2015) proposed a framework to allow data to be added
by the facility managers prior to any redesign taking place to ensure that the final design contains up to date
and relevant operational data required for the lifecycle management of the asset. Parisi et al. (2019) note
the use of HBIM to develop a digital repository that demonstrates the evolution of a building over time,
showing different use classifications.

Ciribini et al. (2015) note that whilst much work has been undertaken on the surveying to BIM aspect of
renovation projects, the entire BIM process provides a much broader opportunity to manage refurbishment
work. Within this approach, once site works began, phases of the construction process were stored within
the BIM and each of these phases also stored digital copies of additional data such as health and safety files.
The inclusion of data regarding individual construction objects when ‘as built’ provided the ability to utilise
the work for lifecycle management. This is in line with the UK approach towards BIM Level 2 and the
implementation of COBie which provides the opportunity for all operational data to be included within an
as built BIM (Jensen, 2015). Considering the wider BIM philosophy, Gökgür (2015) highlighted that 4D
simulations were rarely used at the present time on renovation projects, arguably due to more limited use
of BIM and 3D geometry on refurbishment projects.

Murphy et al. (2009) first identified HBIM as a method for modelling historic structures through the use of
laser scanning data and BIM authoring tools for the creation of 2D and 3D data. The interest in this field
has grown significantly as demonstrated in a wide reaching review study by Lopez et al. (2018) highlighting
the significant amount of research published in the field of HBIM since 2009. However, this work does
also demonstrate that a significant proportion of the work has been focused on the technical area of digital
production of the BIM geometric dataset and developments in the field of laser scanning and scan to BIM
generation. Whilst laser scanning has been a key area of research, Apollioio et al. (2017) identify that image
based approaches to generating BIM based objects can be undertaken to provide an adequate level of
accuracy without the need to undertake expensive laser scans and a protracted manual modelling process.
In addition this also this can also support the creation of an extensible library of parametric objects suitable
for future HBIM development. In either case, it has been reported that there is still work to be undertaken
to ensure that the models developed are reflective of the state of conservation of the physical element
(Megahed, 2015) as at the moment they are often developed at a level of graphical detail that does not
accurately depict the deformations or erosions of the actual object. This issue of level of detail of the
graphical objects contained within a HBIM is also raised by Brumana et al. (2013) as it is stated that the
opportunity should exist to modify these as required during the construction process.

Whilst the case of technological developments has been a key area, others working in the field have
identified extended uses of BIM as a resource for heritage based data. Fai et al. (2011) and Tommasi,
Achille and Fassi (2016) suggested that a BIM could contain additional data that could be linked to the
geometric elements of the BIM, subsequently providing a more robust integrated dataset in order to
represent cultural heritage. One issue around this area of linking non geometric data to the elements within
the BIM surround how much and what type of information should be include. This is an area identified by
Donato et al. (2017) which propose a framework for a HBIM Level of Information to guide the definition
of appropriate historical information for linking to the overall BIM. Diara and Rinaudo (2018) discuss the
potential of open source tools, including geometric modelling and database systems which could be
implemented to support the development of a more comprehensive cultural heritage. This suggests that the
use of HBIM can provide significant advantages when moving beyond the realms of geometric modelling
alone. By using BIM Server, this work also purports the use of online web based approaches for support
HBIM. The use of online based approaches is also discussed by Quattrini et al. (2017) highlighting the
benefit of non-proprietary systems to easily access data. However, these approaches also bring about the
issue of data security and BIM and this is an additional factor to be considered.

Turning the attention specifically to the conservation element of HBIM, Osello et al. (2017) highlight that
HBIM approaches present a clear opportunity to preserve data such as historical events, changes of
ownership and transformations in a structured and efficient manner which can support conservation works.
Khodeir et al. (2016) discuss the classification of Built Heritage Values, which are categorized into Cultural,
Use and Age values. In this study a theoretical framework is subsequently suggested, which presents how
HBIM can be implemented to support sustainable conservation with an emphasis on the use of using the
developed 3D geometric model at project initiation for optioneering of alternative methods during the
design phase. The conservation process is a collaborative effort in any refurbishment project and the use of
BIM to support this process is highlighted by Ciribini et al. (2015). The work notes that the ability to store
and share data through a BIM workflow is beneficial and the capturing of initial measured information
using a laser scanner can support an understanding of the geometric properties of elements within the
building. Maiezza (2019) introduces the concept of Level of Reliability (LoR) when HBIM is being
implemented. This interesting concept seeks to provide a standardised approach to HBIM, which draws
inspiration from the LOD and LOI concepts in more traditional BIM construction processes. A composition
of the level of accuracy of the geometric model and the level of quality used to inform the model
development, this concept could be further extended to support the development of HBIM for conservation
works by identifying the knowledge of the historical developments of the elements of the building. Chow
et al. (2019) develop the concept of the Level of Accuracy (LOA) as being a function of the tolerance
between the geometric model produced and the original laser scan model. This can then be integrated within
the more conventionally accepted level of detail within the BIM environment to provide a further method
to classify the HBIM.

Quattrini et al. (2017) did identify a methodology to generate a 3D model with a nominated Level of
Graphical Detail which could then link to semantically structured data denoting conservation based
information which was then used to generate a more enriched BIM dataset. This approach could be further
exploited within HBIM uses on renovation projects to ensure that the BIM serves as a useful tool during
conservation renovation projects by providing a dataset that not only looks at the previous historical data
but could also be used to provide a record of the work undertaken during the restoration / construction
works but also serve as a tool going forward into the asset management cycle of the building.

With respect to harnessing digital heritage data, Fregonese et al., (2015) discuss the development of a web
based platform BIM3DGS which presents the ability to link additional data relating to architectural heritage
buildings through a linked web interface to an existing 3D BIM dataset. This can then be utilised during
heritage based maintenance and updated accordingly to ensure an up to date record is kept of ongoing
renovation works which could potentially be aligned to conservation plans. In a similar vein Core and
Murphy (2012) discuss integrating BIM and GIS to provide a further level of data analysis for heritage
BIM. This approach could serve to bring together further information into the refurbishment process and
potentially conservation information. For example, historical planning documents could be bought into the
design process to ensure continuation or provide guidelines for any refurbishment taking place in
conservation areas. Bringing the power of GIS into the HBIM process opens up a new range of analysis
both in the design and construction phases of a renovation project.
An underlying philosophy of conservation of heritage buildings is the process of maintaining and managing
the change of the asset that sustains it significance (Heritage England, 2019). This has to act as an
underpinning rationale during a heritage-based refurbishment project to ensure that elements of the building
are preserved. Digital technologies and specifically Heritage BIM provides the opportunity to record this
information to support the entire process including conservation works which are undertaken. Hitherto, it
could be argued that much of the work which has been focused on HBIM has predominantly focused on
the development of geometric datasets which can then be used to record the geometric properties of artefacts
and any subsequent conservation work, whereas little work has specifically been focused on issues
surrounding the implementation of BIM processes and technologies to support conservation activities
during refurbishment projects. Work that has proposed the use of HBIM has been very much conceptual in
nature and thus the following case studies present actual implementations of HBIM on conservation
heritage renovation projects.

4 Case Study 1: Garth House

Background
Garth House (Figure 1a) is a Grade II* listed building (Historic England, 2019) sited within the University
of Birmingham. The building was originally built in 1901 for Ralph Heaton of the Birmingham Mint and
designed by notable West Midlands architect William Henry Bidlake. Bidlake was a leading figure in the
Arts and Crafts movement and noted for his pioneering teaching of architecture at the Birmingham School
of Art. He was typically an ecclesiastical architect but undertook a number of private dwellings, which all
follow a very formal and geometric layout. Bidlakes’ work on houses (including Garth House) is recorded
in Hermann Muthesius's book Das englische Haus, which was to prove influential on the early Modern
Movement in Germany (Edgar, 2016). Garth House’s significance is embodied in the historical value of its
connection to the Heaton family and William Bidlake, while providing an exceptional example of the
pleasure grounds, homes and requirements of wealthy local businessmen.

The project focused on significant refurbishment to Garth House as part of a wider development
programme for a new hotel and conference centre, of which Garth House became a central focus. From
the inception of the project the available documentation on Garth House was limited. Early citations in
notable publications provided an outline of the original layout, but no further formal information on how
the house developed and evolved over time, or the extent and details of any maintenance works which
had been undertaken was available. In addition, the building displayed a number of defects such as
structural cracking, water egress, thermal expansion, significant rotting to timber components and areas of
mis-matched modern intervention. Initially the focus of the project centred around;
• Understanding the internal evolution of the building and any building works or impacts associated
with these to inform understanding and the design process.
• Understanding the presenting defects and identifying the underlying cause to inform potential
rectification and treatment options.
 Figure 1a: Original design drawings and Figure 1b: Existing Revit model based on
photographs measured survey

Figure 1c: Scheme drawings with overlaid Figure 1d: Demolition and key conservation
conservation information periods highlighted in 3D BIM environment

Figure 1: Garth House (source: Glancy Nicholls, 2019)

HBIM Implementation
The BIM requirements on the project sought to align to the UK BIM Level 2 process. Initial discussions
with the client highlighted the value of BIM and subsequently requirements for linking asset information
into wider computer aided facilities management (CAFM) tool. This would then facilitate both the
ongoing management of the building post completion.

The house exhibited a range of complex geometries in the layout, alongside the large volume of modern
intervention, and this limited the ability to examine and understand both the long term evolution and
contribution of these works to areas of inherent defects. As such, a detailed HBIM was required which
exhibited a lower Level of Detail (LOD) (Antonopoulou and Bryan, 2017) and this was then utilized to
support phasing within a focused 3D BIM environment to begin to isolate and identify the differing
historical layers and areas of the building. Contrary to much of the existing approaches, while this didn’t
focus in on the more common HBIM techniques of laser scanning, Scan-To-BIM or complex geometric
data, the value that this modelling process provided was invaluable. It supported the methodical and
analytical review of the building fabric to identify original areas of structure and allowed the focused
identification of areas for further investigation in key areas of closed and likely defective works. Being able
to segregate and isolate specific areas of the building enhanced the understanding of original proportions,
effects of space and light, and aided comprehension of environment.

The development of the model also expanded the design teams understanding and knowledge of the
intangible aspects of its significance. This included aspects such as the original home environment, sense
of grandeur, room proportions and the appreciation of significant subtle craftmanship details of the arts and
crafts style engrained within the high-quality home of a wealthy businessman. The use of the 3D BIM
environment enabled the design team to physically see, appreciate and evaluate the areas of evolution which
were important and which had an intrusive effect on these key qualities that contributed to its overall
significance and heritage values (Figure 1b and Figure 1c). This was implemented utilising the use of
phasing for key demolition sequences, highlighting the revised proposals against the existing modern
layout. The implementation of the phases through isolation of key periods the works were undertaken, when
overlaid within the BIM environment allowed the identification of original walls and features that were
obscured in the modern context and not easily legible in their layout. This process informed design
decisions and allowed the HBIM to be used to apply conservation principles as a mechanism to support the
progression of the building conservation project; providing a structured and evidential basis to understand
the impact of any works on the overall significance and heritage values. Following the identification of
focused investigation works as part of this process, the findings of these works were processed back into
the model to clarify the likely wider impact on the wider building fabric and informed the proposals for
defect restoration and wider selection of materials and methods.

As specific examples of the benefit of the BIM approach, the developed HBIM environment successfully
supported the localised identification of a corroding steel beam through the allocation of modern layers of
work under phasing to isolate areas of modifications which were linked into visible areas of structural
defects on the external façade, allowing a control and guided opening up process to identify the source of
decay. They also facilitated the discovery of an original horse trough sink within the coach house, which
had been previously concealed. Through the same method and use of phasing, areas of modern intervention
and concealment were easily identified, which were reviewed against the original layout within the central
data environment. Additionally, the application and inclusion of visible defects within the central model
facilitated the detection of key causes of damp and allowed the careful isolation of timber degradation
without substantial opening up and damaging works. By breaking and plotting these elements as modified
area components and assets directly into the 3D environment the team was able to visibly see patterns of
decay and were able to identify key and localised areas of opening up to identify the defect in a more
evidential and applied manner (Figure 1d). Overall this enabled the minimisation of damage to the building
fabric as well as increasing overall understanding of the building; a fundamental principle and ethical driver
of conservation of the historic environment.

Outcomes and Benefits

As noted by SPAB (2013), in order to repair old buildings they must be understood, and developing an
understanding its architectural qualities as well as social development aid the understanding of reasons for
decay facilitating remediation. The utilisation of HBIM in this instance was implemented to further
knowledge, understanding and critical thinking connected to the restoration of the historic environment.
However, the delivery of the HBIM information back to the client in the format was still defined by the
wider facilities management requirements of the CAFM tool with limited asset information. Key details
and specification information was provided in relation to the proposed works, which was extracted using
COBIE data sets. In this context the statement of significance and the future conservation management
plan were frozen as written record documents unconnected to the HBIM environment. During the project
process substantial amounts of time were spent with the client maintenance teams and to further
understanding, knowledge and future considerations of the refurbishment heritage asset to ensure future
maintenance and ongoing works were undertaken in accordance with the policies and principles established
from the works.

The HBIM work undertaken in this project demonstrated the value and allowed significance of specific
aspects to be highlighted during the design and construction phase. This facilitated a better working
knowledge and understanding of the management and impact of change within the heritage asset. However
it was recognised a further level of detail, including maintenance requirements, level and extent of repairs
could potentially be applied within components, assets, parameters and markers alongside the phasing
within the model to increase understanding and aid future maintenance if utilised as a managed 3D
environment. Conservation plans represent a key component in the ongoing management of a heritage asset
and are live documents representing planned maintenance, adaptions and repair works during the life of a
building. As a central managed BIM model these documents evolve and develop as works are undertaken
and requirements change to continually actively conserve and protect the building. The likely ongoing
evolution and long-term management of a conservation and maintenance plan as an isolated document can
be deemed as a fragmented and disjointed management of information with limited ongoing links to the
developed HBIM. It is acknowledged this could be significantly improved and implemented as an efficient
and integrated evolutionary component of the HIBM when linked to the wider available heritage asset
database; which had the potential to increase skills, knowledge understanding and support a more informed
and appropriate management of change process within the historic environment which is a core suggestion
according to English Heritage (2008). The potential for these plans to be integrated into a HBIM model
provide the opportunity for these to evolve and develop interactively with model, as well as the maintenance
requirements being easily contained and visually available in a more accessible manner than a standard
historic written record. The potential impact of this would result in building owners and clients having a
greater understanding of maintenance requirements to historic buildings, enabling easier maintenance
programming and subsequently a more active rather than reactive approach to conservation management,
contributing to a better level of conservation for our national heritage assets.

5 Case Study: Municipal Bank

Background
The Exchange is a project undertaken by the University of Birmingham, UK that incorporates the
refurbishment and extension of the Former Municipal Bank - Grade II listed building. The ‘Birmingham
Municipal Savings Bank’ was formerly the Birmingham Corporation Savings Bank, created by a 1916 Act
of Parliament to raise money for World War I. Following a further Act in 1919, which allowed the creation
of individual branches, the bank needed a headquarters to cope with demand and subsequently constructed
a new building on what is now Centenary Square, which opened in 1933. The building was designed by
architect Cecil T. Howitt, and formed part of a unexecuted wider masterplan to create a grand formal civic
square. However due to the impact of the second world war halting development, only 3 buildings were
built; Hall of Memory (Grade I listed), Baskerville House (Grade II listed) and the Municipal Bank. The
significance of the Municipal bank is largely manifested in its fabric and materials which represent the
sense of grandeur, utilitarianism and standing as part of an expression of the banks significance and its
wider role in the ambitious proposals for a grand civic square. The neo classical design over three storeys
(Figure 2a) was intended to convey a sense of security and respectability, for a bank of civic stature (Donald
Insull Associates, 2018).
 Figure 2a: Main entrance to the Bank Figure 2b: Geometric HBIM model developed
using Scan to BIM approach

Figure 2c: Conservation markers implemented Figure 2d: Maintenance information integrated
within the HBIM within the HBIM to support ongoing asset
management

Figure 2: Municipal Bank (source: Glancy Nicholls, 2019)

HBIM Implementation
Based on previous experience of HBIM implementation, the client and design team engaged in this project
recognised the potential of HBIM to offer much more a much more comprehensive, fundamental and
intuitive 3D environment. A clear defined set of information requirements from the client was underpinned
by an understanding of the value proposition that could be gained and this centred around an interactive
and focused 3D environment which could be actively updated and managed to provide live facilities
management protocols. This was coupled with objectives to more cohesively implement critical
information in relation to significance, historical evolution and key conservation information. The project
set out with an intent to integrate elements of repair, decay and phasing into the model, to both further
understanding and inform key decisions and also to create a greater platform of understanding within the
base model for the client. The requirements were outlined to inform the design and construction processes
of the implementation of conservation principles and philosophies, providing a mechanism to assess and
manage change and the decision making process. In addition this was specified with a vision to establish a
more interactive system which could form a self-generating maintenance plan to facilitate planned and
considered maintenance thus actively managing and sustaining the historic environment.

A Scan to BIM approach was implemented to record the existing fabric of the building as a baseline and a
higher level of detail (Antonopoulou and Bryan, 2017) was used to ensure the geometric modelling of
ornate and important details which required restoration within the fabric (Figure 2b). From this baseline
model, phasing datasets were utilised to segment and isolate periods of evolution, renewal and removal
within the fabric to ensure the historical development of the building was captured and recorded in the
HBIM as an evolutionary building record. As noted in the previous case study, the use of this evolutionary
information is critical to the decision making process of key conservation philosophies and principles as
the extent and type of works continue to be developed and we continue to develop a greater understanding
of the heritage asset through controlled investigation and demolition works. This layering of information
and being able to visually track the evolution of the building facilitates key decisions and amendments in
the layout. Such an example included the rationalisation of the plans to open up key areas of the Assembly
Hall where plasterwork crests were revealed in building works, and the identification of more modern
panelling and fixed timber cabinets which were relocated to facilitate the exposure of the plasterwork crests.
The phasing allows the visual review and application of significance to be able to ascertain the wider impact
of proposed work, allowing a balance and mitigation to be made to establish the most appropriate course
of action for that particular heritage asset.

Within the BIM database, the removal of any kind of historic fabric as part of the renovation was recorded
highlighting reasons and date of removal. New works within the existing building and renewed fabric were
isolated and identified as new construction within the baseline model with a description of the works
undertaken, conservation justification and date of undertaking. This displays clear changes within the fabric,
providing a clear hierarchy of visible managed interventions for record purposes as well as yielding
potential value from early identification of any future defects which may have been influenced or impacted
by these changes within a central shared environment. This is partially prevalent in the municipal bank in
areas of plasterwork. By recording and displaying these elements in the model, as the building
reacclimatises to its new use following the correction of damp and water egress, end users will be able to
establish if the residual issues have been corrected in the area of new works, or whether the defect continues
to penetrate further within the extents of the existing unmodified fabric. The complex mix of existing plaster
types and their breathability provided a difficult scenario to revolve and the recording will continually allow
the evaluation of whether the interventions made were successful against the location and process.

The model also provided a sufficient benefit when reviewing stone defects. The surveys undertaken
identified a number of substantial structural defects within the Portland Stone ashar facade, causing large
scale fractures, with some visible previous structural stitching repairs. Through the utilisation of a structural
3D model built from the original records, the presence of steel members to the rear of the fractures likely
to be contributing to their movement was established. Local opening up revealed localised corrosion of
fixing brackets connected to the steelwork, and this contributed to a change in approach to the conservation
methodology ensuring rectification of the visual defect and the underlying cause of the decay. Subsequently
the team was able to minimise the impact of long term decay and deterioration.

An approach was developed to create an association between issues highlighted in the statement of
significance and key areas of the model through the use of a visible heritage marker (Figure 2c). Having
these visible elements within the HBIM provides details of the heritage values, level and type of
significance and components and materials this affects. Furthermore, this visual and attribute based
information application is intended to transpose the key information contained in the statement of
significance into the central HBIM environment to enable the easy understanding and importance of the
historic environment being maintained, facilitating the management of decisions and change with the
appropriate knowledge and information across the wider design team. This will ensure any potential
amendments or proposed adaptions to areas of high significance or value will be easily visible and the
model can communicate the extent of considerations and review which would be required.

Substantial key components of defined individual significance within the building, such as the safety
deposit boxes, ornate timber panelling and coffered ceilings are to receive heightened levels of attribute
and asset information to define the extent of repair undertaken as part of the project and potential future
maintenance requirements, which will then feed into the live asset management system. This would include
specific components in the vault boxes replaced or relocated, such as the locks, vault doors and number
plates, which are bespoke and carry substantial maintenance requirements and restrictions to any level of
adaption. The HBIM model elements of the ornate timber panelling contain details of species, construction,
patch repairs and finishing waxes including the details of the conservator who undertook them. This ensured
any visible defects and maintenance requirements are appropriately considered in the context of the more
recent repairs, providing the details of a reputable conservator who has a knowledge of the works. The
development of this digital knowledge base will act as an interactive and encompassing historical
environment for such critical items that need to be appropriately maintained to sustain their long term future,
ensuring the information is always easily available to allow and support appropriate conservation, repair
and maintenance.
Outcomes and Benefits
The continual development and insertion of historic conservation information into the HBIM environment
during the design process was a labour intensive exercise, however all members of the team engaged in the
project identified significant benefits. The use of a centralised HBIM approach supported a more
comprehensive early understanding of the project from key specialists and subcontractors through ease and
understanding of complex works within a central environment. This also provided substantial benefit for
surveys and replacement of more elaborate and ornate components for engaging and reviewing with
conservators. It aided the production of drawn records through the increased level of detail (LOD) of the
more significant components, allowing easy transposition of the conservators findings, as well as providing
a base template for the replacement and repair of the ornate components from the detail contained within
the model. This then supported and informed early trials/reviews and supported the decision-making
processes which is fundamental to conservation practices. The early allocation of attributes and asset
information in key areas is interactively informing the wider design team on routes and finishes which can’t
be utilised, with wider information on their conservation importance and material construction. This has
significantly progressed and informed the wider coordination of services and structure in the wider HBIM
environment in a similar manner to new build BIM. As an example the utilisation of the HBIM allowed the
isolation of areas of fragile groin and barrel vaulted ceilings and internal polished limestone cladding which
would have been impacted by services. This allowed the identification of an exclusion zone around these
significant areas, defining more low impact routes in lesser significant and more common fabric in other
parts of the building. Early localised opening up based on this strategy verified voids and proposed routes,
which minimised the impact on the listed building, and to date are both coordinated and verified against
the existing visible historic fabric. The initial findings of this process are implying a high level of 3D
coordination and clash detection can be utilised to minimise the impact of intervention from building
services and structure on the historic fabric, reinforcing the important conservation philosophy of minimal
intervention.

The visibility of the asset information and heritage markers within this environment provides substantial
benefit of key information and considerations which could affect the significance, which can often be lost
or misinterpreted on a project of this size or scale with large volumes of information and records which are
disparate from the model. Fundamentally it functions as a measure of justification and impact which is
always present within the model, linked back to the heritage values and significance that define the
importance of the building, and ensures these values are imbued into all crucial thinking and decisions of
the design process and long term future of the building.

This project is ongoing and development work is focused on the enhancement of the HBIM to include a
series of maintenance markers which link into a wider self-generating conservation maintenance plan. The
potential of using a 3D environment to identify future interventions whilst also recent conservation history
was discussed by Walsh and Bernardello (2018). In the case of the Municipal Bank HBIM, this will be
operated on a traffic light system linked into urgency of works, extent of works and periods of undertaking
for planned and continued maintenance and repair of the building (Figure 2d). The potential for a live self-
automating conservation maintenance which can be managed in a 3D environment offers fantastic potential
to support and advance the ongoing maintenance to this historic building in an informed, planned and
appropriate manner, while forming a continuous ongoing record of extent of building works for many years
to come. Each marker linked into an element or component will be set based on a defined time period of
which the work should be undertaken, rising to red for urgent works. Once undertake this marker will be
reverted to green until the next defined maintenance requirements are scheduled. This will be linked into a
generating form/spreadsheet detailing the type, specification, extent and key items for the works which can
be isolated to see the full extent of required and planned maintenance for a set period (Figure 2d). The
development of this digital based BIM approach to conservation management will facilitate much more
cohesive and appropriate project maintenance planning and will subsequently visually bring attention to
areas of works which haven’t been undertaken and the likely impact, ensuring the client is continually
aware of the building requirements. Often once a project is complete, the conservation management and
maintenance plan isn’t always followed through and adhered to. By creating a more interactive basis which
can be easily managed, it presents to opportunity for a greater level of engagement and understanding to
ensure repairs are undertaken, promoting active rather than reactive conservation management.
6 Discussion
Based on the foregoing discussion of conservation principles, previous and emerging research in the field
of HBIM and the industry focused case studies presented, it is clear that the issue of conservation
management is still an area in need of future direction. Building on some of the key issues identified above
five critical elements are proposed in the development of a framework to support the implementation of
HBIM for conservation heritage projects (Figure 3). Noting that much of the work thus far with respect to
HBIM has been focused on the recording of artefact data as is exists in the in-situ state prior to an renovation
or adaption work being undertaken or conceptual with respect to conservation. Further a significant body
of work in this field, including guidelines by national bodies has focused heavily on the capture and
modelling of buildings and individual components with less regard to the issues surrounding conservation
work.

Figure 3: Framework for HBIM on conservation heritage projects

Understanding HBIM Value

Prior to HBIM being deployed on a conservation heritage construction project, it is vital that the value of
HBIM is identified. In particular the value should be articulated for the design and construction team and
also the client. Value of implementing HBIM in conservation renovation projects lies in the ability to better
coordinate data and subsequently design and construction work, however this may mean the upfront cost
is increased. This should be balanced with the ability of implementing a BIM based approach to de-risk
elements of the project.

Identifying Significance
In the context of conservation, significance is a critical factor, and this is identified by salient bodies in the
field. The focus of significance could be at a number of levels of granularity when looking at the
building/project being undertaken. The entire building could be of value, specific zones or parts of the
building could be deemed as having significant value or individual artefacts within the building. In order
to support the development of the HBIM, this would need to be identified and documented. Furthermore,
whilst this may deal with the geometric and physical properties of the element(s) in question, there is also
a need to identify the non-tangible value of any of the above.

Recording Mechanisms
Building on the identification of significance, the elements identified then need to be recorded as part of
the conservation plan - both in the pre-construction state as a historic record, and during the construction
works to identify the changes made during the process. At the present time, HBIM work is predominantly
focused on the pre-construction state of the recording and documenting the elements which are deemed to
have value. With respect to conservation heritage projects, it is also proposed that both geometric and non-
tangible data is continually recorded and logged during the construction phase. Furthermore the recording
should also be used to maintain a log of ongoing work, methods employed during construction and
conservation knowledge to ensure that this is maintained in a digital repository to ensure the future
sustainability of the building.

Data Management
An underlying philosophy of BIM is the ability to store digital data in a central repository for the project.
The structure of a CDE is established using prevailing standards such as BS1192 or ISO19650, however
these do not currently specify approaches for the storage and structure of conservation-based information.
It is therefore proposed that a structure is developed as future work to create a formalized approach for
storing conservation heritage data as an integral part of the CDE.

Asset Management
The ultimate goal of implementing a HBIM approach to conservation heritage projects is the ability to
maintain an ongoing digital log which can be subsequently used for asset management during the lifecycle
of the building. Currently the digital data stored in the BIM/CDE contains operational information which
can support management of maintainable assets. In order to support the ongoing asset management the
conservation HBIM will contain a wider range of information, such as those discussed above detailing
construction methods and the date of heritage interventions. At the present time COBie is highlighted as
the standard for documenting and sharing asset data for the operational phase of a building, however there
is potential to further expand and exploit this for sharing of conservation data and linking to the
conservation plan which could include a planned maintenance schedule.

Building on the above and the framework for implementing HBIM on conservation heritage projects, the
proposed augmentation to the BIM Level 2 process as detailed in PAS1192-2 is proposed (Figure 4). Whilst
it is noted some of these elements may be subject to amendments with the development of ISO1950, the
prevailing process could be simply adapted. The proposal detailed is view as additional considerations
which need to be taken when dealing with conservation projects and should align with the existing processes
and documents currently used.
Figure 4: Conceptual implementation of framework in PAS1192:2 BIM process
(Source: Adapted from BSI, 2013)

7 Conclusion
The issue of conservation when dealing with the renovation of heritage buildings is critical to preserve and
sustain historic information for future generations. Heritage BIM has demonstrated the ability to capture
and record information related to heritage buildings and the use of advanced measurement techniques such
as laser scanning and photogrammetry have underpinned a rapid rise in the use of HBIM. However, much
of the work in this field has focused on the use of BIM tools to generate highly accurate graphical geometric
representations of buildings. Often these are used to support the design process, however to fully exploit
the digital approach BIM should contain information relating to maintenance or restoration activities from
initial design, through construction to handover and operation. Using a pathology based approach this can
be implemented in the pre-design phase to understand the history of the building and subsequently what is
to be conserved and further to document work as the project progresses to detail the type, date and range
of intervention. Based on literature and case studies, this paper has demonstrated that BIM also has a
substantial role to play in the recording of conservation information including significance and value of
both the entire building and individual artefacts. Often this may require investment and so. at the start of a
project. the client must understand the value of implementing HBIM in this context and the potential benefit
this can have for the ongoing asset management process. Not least it can link to the conservation plan for
the building and support the client in managing planned maintenance. The framework provided could be
used as a guidance for clients, architects and contractors when undertaking renovation or adaption of
existing heritage buildings as an approach ensuring sustainable conservation of the building. Future
developments of the case studies presented could seek to include the ability to make the HBIM database
available online through a web-based platform. This would provide a more readily available approach to
the asset management teams and allow a range of conservation data to be synchronously updated within
the model during site works. Whilst this holds a number of benefits in respect of accessibility, the issue of
data security also becomes a critical factor. This is particularly true of data which is sensitive to aspects
such as building accessibility.

8 Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Glancy Nicholls Architects and the University of Birmingham for allowing
the inclusion of the case study projects and access to the information.

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