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BRM 2023 Solution - Dee

The document discusses various aspects of research, including the distinctions between applied and fundamental research, the objectives of research, and the development of working hypotheses. It also covers measurement scales, data collection methods, sampling techniques, and the importance of defining a research problem. Each section includes examples and highlights the advantages and disadvantages of different research methods and approaches.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
8 views9 pages

BRM 2023 Solution - Dee

The document discusses various aspects of research, including the distinctions between applied and fundamental research, the objectives of research, and the development of working hypotheses. It also covers measurement scales, data collection methods, sampling techniques, and the importance of defining a research problem. Each section includes examples and highlights the advantages and disadvantages of different research methods and approaches.

Uploaded by

Pavan M
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BRM 2023 - QUESTION PAPER SOLUTION

SECTION A

1. Distinguish between Applied and Fundamental Research with example.


 Applied Research:
Applied research focuses on solving practical problems or addressing specific issues in real-world contexts.
It aims to generate knowledge that can be directly applied to practical applications or industries. The
primary goal of applied research is to develop solutions, products, or technologies that have immediate
practical implications.
Example: Developing a new drug to treat a specific disease.
Suppose a pharmaceutical company conducts research to develop a new medication for a particular
ailment. They investigate the disease's underlying causes, explore potential treatment options, and
conduct experiments to determine the drug's effectiveness and safety. The research is driven by the
practical goal of producing a medication that can be used to improve patients' health and well-being. The
focus is on solving a specific problem and directly applying the research findings to develop a marketable
product.

 Fundamental Research:
Fundamental research, also known as basic or pure research, seeks to expand the existing knowledge base
and understand fundamental principles and concepts. It aims to enhance our understanding of the natural
world, without immediate practical applications in mind. The primary goal of fundamental research is to
gain insights, explore theories, and uncover new knowledge that may have long-term implications.
Example: Studying the behavior of subatomic particles.
In the field of particle physics, scientists may conduct fundamental research to study the behavior of
subatomic particles and uncover the fundamental laws of the universe. Through experiments conducted at
particle accelerators, researchers explore the properties and interactions of particles like protons, neutrons,
and electrons. This research contributes to our fundamental understanding of the structure and nature of
matter, without a direct immediate application in mind.
2. What do you mean by research? Mention at least three objectives of any research activity
Research refers to a systematic investigation or inquiry conducted to discover, interpret, or revise
knowledge, facts, theories, or applications in a particular field. It involves gathering information, analyzing
data, and drawing conclusions to answer research questions or solve problems. Here are three common
objectives of research activities:

To Expand Knowledge:
One of the primary objectives of research is to expand the existing knowledge base in a specific field.
Researchers aim to explore new phenomena, theories, or concepts, and contribute to the body of
knowledge by conducting empirical studies, experiments, or theoretical analyses. By expanding knowledge,
research enables progress and advancements in various disciplines.

To Solve Problems:
Research plays a crucial role in addressing practical problems or challenges in different domains. The
objective is to identify, analyze, and propose solutions to real-world issues. Applied research, in particular,
focuses on finding practical solutions to problems faced by industries, organizations, or society at large. By
investigating problems and developing evidence-based recommendations, research helps in improving
processes, policies, products, or services.

To Validate or Refute Existing Knowledge:


Another objective of research is to validate or refute existing theories, assumptions, or claims. Through
empirical studies and rigorous analysis, researchers seek to test the validity and reliability of previous
findings or theories. This objective helps in enhancing the credibility and robustness of knowledge by
ensuring that it is based on sound evidence and can withstand scrutiny

3. In the context of research process what do you mean by development of working hypotheses? What
are the different approaches that a researcher can adopt in developing working to Hypotheses?
In the research process, the development of working hypotheses refers to formulating tentative
explanations or predictions about the relationship between variables or phenomena under investigation.
Working hypotheses serve as initial assumptions or propositions that guide the research study and provide
a starting point for data collection and analysis. They are subject to testing and refinement throughout the
research process.
Different approaches can be adopted by researchers in developing working hypotheses. Here are three
common approaches:

Deductive Approach:
In the deductive approach, researchers start with a general theory or existing knowledge in the field and
then develop specific working hypotheses based on logical reasoning. They derive predictions or
expectations from established theories and test these hypotheses through empirical research. This
approach involves moving from general principles to specific expectations and aims to confirm or refute
existing theories.
Example: A researcher may start with the general theory that increased physical activity leads to better
cardiovascular health. They then develop a specific working hypothesis that states "Regular aerobic
exercise reduces blood pressure in sedentary individuals." This hypothesis can be tested through an
empirical study to determine its validity.

Inductive Approach:
The inductive approach involves developing working hypotheses based on observations and patterns
identified from specific instances or data. Researchers gather data, analyze it, and look for recurring
themes or patterns that may suggest relationships or explanations. From these observations, they
formulate working hypotheses that require further testing and verification.
Example: A researcher observes that students who engage in regular meditation practice demonstrate
improved focus and attention in the classroom. Based on this observation, they develop a working
hypothesis that states "Regular meditation practice enhances students' cognitive abilities." This hypothesis
can be investigated further to gather empirical evidence.

Exploratory Approach:
The exploratory approach is employed when there is limited existing knowledge or theories available on a
particular topic. Researchers use this approach to explore new phenomena, generate hypotheses, and
develop initial theories. The focus is on open-ended exploration, data collection, and analysis to identify
patterns or relationships that can form the basis for working hypotheses.
Example: A researcher may conduct interviews or surveys with individuals experiencing a certain health
condition to understand their experiences and challenges. Through analysis of the collected data, patterns
or themes may emerge, leading to the development of working hypotheses. For instance, the researcher
may hypothesize that "Social support plays a significant role in coping with the health condition."
4. Distinguish between Interval scale and Ratio scale with an example.
Interval Scale:
An interval scale is a measurement scale in which the intervals between the values are equal and
meaningful, but it does not have a true zero point. On an interval scale, the numerical values represent the
order and the differences between the values, but ratios or proportions cannot be calculated. The absence
of a true zero means that it does not indicate the complete absence of the attribute being measured.

Example: Temperature measured in Celsius or Fahrenheit.


In the Celsius or Fahrenheit temperature scales, the intervals between the values are equal and meaningful.
For example, the difference between 10°C and 20°C is the same as the difference between 30°C and 40°C.
However, a temperature of 0°C does not represent the absence of heat; it is simply a reference point
chosen arbitrarily. In the interval scale, you can say that 40°C is hotter than 20°C, but you cannot conclude
that 40°C is twice as hot as 20°C.

Ratio Scale:
A ratio scale is a measurement scale that has all the properties of an interval scale, along with a true zero
point. On a ratio scale, the intervals between the values are equal and meaningful, and ratios or
proportions can be calculated. The presence of a true zero allows for comparisons of magnitude and
proportionality between values.

Example: Weight measured in kilograms or pounds.


Weight measured in kilograms or pounds is an example of a ratio scale. The values on the scale have equal
intervals (the difference between 10kg and 20kg is the same as between 30kg and 40kg) and a true zero
point (0kg represents the complete absence of weight). With a ratio scale, it is meaningful to say that an
object weighing 20kg is twice as heavy as an object weighing 10kg.

5. Explain Interview method and Questionnaire method of primary data collection citing at least one
advantage and one disadvantage of each method.
Interview Method:
The interview method involves direct interaction between the researcher and the respondent, where the
researcher asks questions and records the respondent's answers. Interviews can be conducted in person,
over the phone, or through video conferencing. This method allows for in-depth data collection and the
opportunity to clarify responses or probe further.
Advantage of Interview Method:
One advantage of the interview method is the flexibility to adapt questions and probe for detailed
information. Researchers can explore topics more deeply and gather rich, nuanced responses. This method
is particularly useful when exploring complex or sensitive topics that require context or personal
experiences.

Disadvantage of Interview Method:


A disadvantage of the interview method is that it can be time-consuming and resource-intensive.
Conducting interviews, especially face-to-face, can be laborious and costly in terms of travel, scheduling,
and conducting the actual interviews. Additionally, the presence of an interviewer may influence
respondents' answers, potentially leading to bias.

Questionnaire Method:
The questionnaire method involves administering a structured set of questions to respondents.
Questionnaires can be self-administered (paper-based or online) or administered by an interviewer, where
respondents provide written or verbal responses to the questions. This method allows for standardized
data collection and can reach a large number of respondents efficiently.
Advantage of Questionnaire Method:
One advantage of the questionnaire method is its cost-effectiveness and the ability to gather data from a
large sample size. Questionnaires can be distributed widely and completed at respondents' convenience,
minimizing the need for direct interaction with researchers. This method is useful when seeking to collect
data from a diverse and geographically dispersed population.

Disadvantage of Questionnaire Method:


A disadvantage of the questionnaire method is the potential for incomplete or inaccurate responses.
Without an interviewer present, respondents may misinterpret questions or skip items, leading to missing
data or lower response rates. Additionally, questionnaires may lack the flexibility to capture nuanced or
detailed responses, limiting the depth of information obtained.
SECTION - B

1. What do you mean by probability sampling? Differentiate between cluster sampling and stratified
sampling with an example.

Example of Cluster Sampling:


Suppose a researcher is studying the educational performance of students in a large city. Instead of
individually selecting students, the researcher randomly selects several schools from different districts
within the city. The selected schools become the clusters, and all students within those schools are
included in the sample. This method is more efficient and cost-effective than selecting individual students
from all schools in the city.
Advantage of Cluster Sampling:
Cluster sampling can be less time-consuming and more cost-effective, especially when the population is
geographically dispersed or when it is difficult to create a comprehensive sampling frame. It also simplifies
data collection by focusing on groups rather than individuals.
Disadvantage of Cluster Sampling:
The main disadvantage of cluster sampling is the potential for increased sampling error due to the internal
homogeneity of the selected clusters. If the selected clusters are not truly representative of the population,
the estimates may be less accurate.
Example of Stratified Sampling:
Imagine a researcher is conducting a study on political preferences in a country with four major political
parties. To obtain a stratified sample, the researcher divides the population into four strata based on party
affiliation. Then, a random sample is drawn from each stratum in proportion to the party's representation
in the population.

Advantage of Stratified Sampling:


Stratified sampling improves representativeness and reduces sampling error by ensuring that each
subgroup or stratum is adequately represented. It allows for more precise estimates within each stratum
and ensures that key population characteristics are included in the sample.

Disadvantage of Stratified Sampling:


One potential disadvantage of stratified sampling is the need for accurate information about the
population to create the appropriate strata. If the stratification variables are not well-defined or are
difficult to measure, it may be challenging to implement stratified sampling effectively.

2. Briefly describe the case study method of research analysis. Mention, one advantage and one
disadvantage of case study method.

The case study method is a research approach that involves an in-depth investigation of a particular
individual, group, organization, or phenomenon within its real-life context. It aims to provide a
comprehensive and detailed understanding of the case under study by examining multiple sources of data,
such as interviews, observations, documents, and archival records. The case study method allows
researchers to explore complex phenomena and generate rich, qualitative data.

Advantage of Case Study Method:


One advantage of the case study method is its ability to provide a deep, holistic understanding of a specific
case. Researchers can gather detailed information about the context, processes, and unique aspects of the
case, which may not be captured by other research methods. This method allows for a comprehensive
analysis, often leading to rich insights and nuanced findings.

Disadvantage of Case Study Method:


A potential disadvantage of the case study method is the limited generalizability of the findings. Due to the
focus on a specific case, the findings may not be easily applicable to a broader population or context. The
uniqueness of the case and its context may limit the ability to draw universal conclusions or make broad
generalizations. Therefore, the transferability of the findings to other cases or settings should be
considered carefully.

It's important to note that the advantages and disadvantages of the case study method may vary
depending on the research context, objectives, and the quality of the case study design and analysis.
Researchers often combine case studies with other research methods to complement strengths and
overcome limitations, ensuring a more robust understanding of the phenomenon under investigation.

3. Explain with example the difference between comparative scale and non-comparative scale.
Comparative Scale:
A comparative scale is a measurement scale that allows respondents to compare and rank different objects,
individuals, or concepts in relation to each other. It involves assessing the relative differences or
preferences between two or more items. Comparative scales are used to measure attitudes, preferences,
opinions, or perceptions and provide a basis for making comparisons.

Example of Comparative Scale:


A common example of a comparative scale is the Likert scale. In a Likert scale, respondents are presented
with a series of statements or items and asked to indicate their level of agreement or disagreement on a
scale, typically ranging from "strongly agree" to "strongly disagree." The comparative aspect lies in the
ability to compare the level of agreement across different statements or items, allowing researchers to
gauge relative preferences or attitudes.

Non-comparative Scale:
A non-comparative scale, also known as a monadic scale, is a measurement scale where respondents
evaluate or provide ratings for individual items independently without making direct comparisons between
them. Non-comparative scales focus on capturing the intensity, frequency, or presence of a specific
attribute or characteristic without considering its relationship to other items.

Example of Non-comparative Scale:


A semantic differential scale is an example of a non-comparative scale. In a semantic differential scale,
respondents are presented with bipolar adjectives or phrases at opposite ends of a scale and asked to rate
a single item or concept based on those attributes. For example, respondents might be asked to rate a
product on dimensions such as "good - bad," "pleasant - unpleasant," or "reliable - unreliable." Each item is
evaluated independently, without comparing it to other items.
Difference between Comparative Scale and Non-comparative Scale:
The main difference between comparative and non-comparative scales lies in the nature of the judgments
made by respondents. Comparative scales involve making comparisons between multiple items or
concepts, assessing their relative differences or preferences. Non-comparative scales, on the other hand,
focus on evaluating individual items or concepts independently, without direct comparisons.

Comparative scales are useful for understanding relative preferences, attitudes, or rankings between items.
They provide insights into the order or preference of different options. Non-comparative scales, on the
other hand, are effective in capturing the intensity, presence, or evaluation of a specific attribute or
characteristic for individual items.

SECTION C
4. Why we need to define a research problem? Briefly describe the techniques inveted in defining a
research problem with an example

Defining a research problem is crucial because it sets the direction, scope, and focus of a research study. It
provides a clear and concise statement of the issue or gap in knowledge that the research aims to address.
Defining a research problem helps researchers:

Establish Purpose and Objectives: A well-defined research problem helps researchers articulate the
purpose and objectives of their study. It clarifies the specific area of inquiry and guides the entire research
process, from formulating research questions to designing data collection methods and analyzing findings.

Justify the Importance of the Study: Defining a research problem helps researchers justify the significance
and relevance of their study. It enables them to explain why the research is worth undertaking, how it
contributes to existing knowledge or addresses a gap, and what potential impact or benefits it may have in
the field or for society.

Provide a Framework for Decision-Making: A clear research problem serves as a framework for decision-
making throughout the research process. It helps researchers determine the appropriate research design,
select relevant variables and measures, identify suitable data collection methods, and guide the analysis
and interpretation of results.

Techniques such as brainstorming, mind mapping, problem tree analysis, SWOT analysis, and literature
review can be used to help define the problem.

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