BRM 2023 Solution - Dee
BRM 2023 Solution - Dee
SECTION A
Fundamental Research:
Fundamental research, also known as basic or pure research, seeks to expand the existing knowledge base
and understand fundamental principles and concepts. It aims to enhance our understanding of the natural
world, without immediate practical applications in mind. The primary goal of fundamental research is to
gain insights, explore theories, and uncover new knowledge that may have long-term implications.
Example: Studying the behavior of subatomic particles.
In the field of particle physics, scientists may conduct fundamental research to study the behavior of
subatomic particles and uncover the fundamental laws of the universe. Through experiments conducted at
particle accelerators, researchers explore the properties and interactions of particles like protons, neutrons,
and electrons. This research contributes to our fundamental understanding of the structure and nature of
matter, without a direct immediate application in mind.
2. What do you mean by research? Mention at least three objectives of any research activity
Research refers to a systematic investigation or inquiry conducted to discover, interpret, or revise
knowledge, facts, theories, or applications in a particular field. It involves gathering information, analyzing
data, and drawing conclusions to answer research questions or solve problems. Here are three common
objectives of research activities:
To Expand Knowledge:
One of the primary objectives of research is to expand the existing knowledge base in a specific field.
Researchers aim to explore new phenomena, theories, or concepts, and contribute to the body of
knowledge by conducting empirical studies, experiments, or theoretical analyses. By expanding knowledge,
research enables progress and advancements in various disciplines.
To Solve Problems:
Research plays a crucial role in addressing practical problems or challenges in different domains. The
objective is to identify, analyze, and propose solutions to real-world issues. Applied research, in particular,
focuses on finding practical solutions to problems faced by industries, organizations, or society at large. By
investigating problems and developing evidence-based recommendations, research helps in improving
processes, policies, products, or services.
3. In the context of research process what do you mean by development of working hypotheses? What
are the different approaches that a researcher can adopt in developing working to Hypotheses?
In the research process, the development of working hypotheses refers to formulating tentative
explanations or predictions about the relationship between variables or phenomena under investigation.
Working hypotheses serve as initial assumptions or propositions that guide the research study and provide
a starting point for data collection and analysis. They are subject to testing and refinement throughout the
research process.
Different approaches can be adopted by researchers in developing working hypotheses. Here are three
common approaches:
Deductive Approach:
In the deductive approach, researchers start with a general theory or existing knowledge in the field and
then develop specific working hypotheses based on logical reasoning. They derive predictions or
expectations from established theories and test these hypotheses through empirical research. This
approach involves moving from general principles to specific expectations and aims to confirm or refute
existing theories.
Example: A researcher may start with the general theory that increased physical activity leads to better
cardiovascular health. They then develop a specific working hypothesis that states "Regular aerobic
exercise reduces blood pressure in sedentary individuals." This hypothesis can be tested through an
empirical study to determine its validity.
Inductive Approach:
The inductive approach involves developing working hypotheses based on observations and patterns
identified from specific instances or data. Researchers gather data, analyze it, and look for recurring
themes or patterns that may suggest relationships or explanations. From these observations, they
formulate working hypotheses that require further testing and verification.
Example: A researcher observes that students who engage in regular meditation practice demonstrate
improved focus and attention in the classroom. Based on this observation, they develop a working
hypothesis that states "Regular meditation practice enhances students' cognitive abilities." This hypothesis
can be investigated further to gather empirical evidence.
Exploratory Approach:
The exploratory approach is employed when there is limited existing knowledge or theories available on a
particular topic. Researchers use this approach to explore new phenomena, generate hypotheses, and
develop initial theories. The focus is on open-ended exploration, data collection, and analysis to identify
patterns or relationships that can form the basis for working hypotheses.
Example: A researcher may conduct interviews or surveys with individuals experiencing a certain health
condition to understand their experiences and challenges. Through analysis of the collected data, patterns
or themes may emerge, leading to the development of working hypotheses. For instance, the researcher
may hypothesize that "Social support plays a significant role in coping with the health condition."
4. Distinguish between Interval scale and Ratio scale with an example.
Interval Scale:
An interval scale is a measurement scale in which the intervals between the values are equal and
meaningful, but it does not have a true zero point. On an interval scale, the numerical values represent the
order and the differences between the values, but ratios or proportions cannot be calculated. The absence
of a true zero means that it does not indicate the complete absence of the attribute being measured.
Ratio Scale:
A ratio scale is a measurement scale that has all the properties of an interval scale, along with a true zero
point. On a ratio scale, the intervals between the values are equal and meaningful, and ratios or
proportions can be calculated. The presence of a true zero allows for comparisons of magnitude and
proportionality between values.
5. Explain Interview method and Questionnaire method of primary data collection citing at least one
advantage and one disadvantage of each method.
Interview Method:
The interview method involves direct interaction between the researcher and the respondent, where the
researcher asks questions and records the respondent's answers. Interviews can be conducted in person,
over the phone, or through video conferencing. This method allows for in-depth data collection and the
opportunity to clarify responses or probe further.
Advantage of Interview Method:
One advantage of the interview method is the flexibility to adapt questions and probe for detailed
information. Researchers can explore topics more deeply and gather rich, nuanced responses. This method
is particularly useful when exploring complex or sensitive topics that require context or personal
experiences.
Questionnaire Method:
The questionnaire method involves administering a structured set of questions to respondents.
Questionnaires can be self-administered (paper-based or online) or administered by an interviewer, where
respondents provide written or verbal responses to the questions. This method allows for standardized
data collection and can reach a large number of respondents efficiently.
Advantage of Questionnaire Method:
One advantage of the questionnaire method is its cost-effectiveness and the ability to gather data from a
large sample size. Questionnaires can be distributed widely and completed at respondents' convenience,
minimizing the need for direct interaction with researchers. This method is useful when seeking to collect
data from a diverse and geographically dispersed population.
1. What do you mean by probability sampling? Differentiate between cluster sampling and stratified
sampling with an example.
2. Briefly describe the case study method of research analysis. Mention, one advantage and one
disadvantage of case study method.
The case study method is a research approach that involves an in-depth investigation of a particular
individual, group, organization, or phenomenon within its real-life context. It aims to provide a
comprehensive and detailed understanding of the case under study by examining multiple sources of data,
such as interviews, observations, documents, and archival records. The case study method allows
researchers to explore complex phenomena and generate rich, qualitative data.
It's important to note that the advantages and disadvantages of the case study method may vary
depending on the research context, objectives, and the quality of the case study design and analysis.
Researchers often combine case studies with other research methods to complement strengths and
overcome limitations, ensuring a more robust understanding of the phenomenon under investigation.
3. Explain with example the difference between comparative scale and non-comparative scale.
Comparative Scale:
A comparative scale is a measurement scale that allows respondents to compare and rank different objects,
individuals, or concepts in relation to each other. It involves assessing the relative differences or
preferences between two or more items. Comparative scales are used to measure attitudes, preferences,
opinions, or perceptions and provide a basis for making comparisons.
Non-comparative Scale:
A non-comparative scale, also known as a monadic scale, is a measurement scale where respondents
evaluate or provide ratings for individual items independently without making direct comparisons between
them. Non-comparative scales focus on capturing the intensity, frequency, or presence of a specific
attribute or characteristic without considering its relationship to other items.
Comparative scales are useful for understanding relative preferences, attitudes, or rankings between items.
They provide insights into the order or preference of different options. Non-comparative scales, on the
other hand, are effective in capturing the intensity, presence, or evaluation of a specific attribute or
characteristic for individual items.
SECTION C
4. Why we need to define a research problem? Briefly describe the techniques inveted in defining a
research problem with an example
Defining a research problem is crucial because it sets the direction, scope, and focus of a research study. It
provides a clear and concise statement of the issue or gap in knowledge that the research aims to address.
Defining a research problem helps researchers:
Establish Purpose and Objectives: A well-defined research problem helps researchers articulate the
purpose and objectives of their study. It clarifies the specific area of inquiry and guides the entire research
process, from formulating research questions to designing data collection methods and analyzing findings.
Justify the Importance of the Study: Defining a research problem helps researchers justify the significance
and relevance of their study. It enables them to explain why the research is worth undertaking, how it
contributes to existing knowledge or addresses a gap, and what potential impact or benefits it may have in
the field or for society.
Provide a Framework for Decision-Making: A clear research problem serves as a framework for decision-
making throughout the research process. It helps researchers determine the appropriate research design,
select relevant variables and measures, identify suitable data collection methods, and guide the analysis
and interpretation of results.
Techniques such as brainstorming, mind mapping, problem tree analysis, SWOT analysis, and literature
review can be used to help define the problem.