 Citing Sources

 Purpose for Citing Sources

 To give credit to the original author of a work
 To promote scholarly writing
 To help your target audience identify your original source
 Forms of Citations
1. In-text citation
- requires the writer to cite the details of the reference used in a certain part
of his/her work within the work itself. The format of in-text citations varies per style.
 Example
 APA style:
Two of the three reviewed studies focusing on communication in non-internet and
internet relationships mediated by FtF, phone, or email modalities found that the
frequency of each modality’s use was significantly linked to the strength of the
particular relationship (Cummings et al., 2002)
Source:https://owl.English.purdue.edu/media/pdf/20090212013008_560.pdf
2. Reference Citation
-refers to the complete bibliographic entry of a reference used by the writer.
This appears in the reference list found at the last part of the paper.
 Example
 APA style:
References
Cummings, J. N.,Butler,B.,& Kraut, R. (2002). The quality of online social
relationships. Communications of the ACM, 45(7), 103-108.
HU, Y., Wood, J. F., Smith, V., & Westbrook, N. (2004). Friendships through IM:
Examining the relationship between instant messaging and intimacy. Journal of
Computer-Mediated Communication, 10, 38-40.
Tidwell, L. C., & Walther, J.B. (2002). Computer-mediated communication effects on
disclosure, impressions, and interpersonal evaluations: Getting to know one another
a bit at a time. Human Communication Research, 28, 317-348.
Underwood, H., & Findlay, B. (2004). Internet relationships and their impact on
primary relationships. Behavior Change, 21(2), 127-140.
  These two forms of citation, In-text Citation and Reference Citation are
dependent on each other. Once a source is cited in-text, it should also appear
in the reference list or else the writer may be accused of plagiarism.
TEXT:
Two of the three reviewed studies focusing on communication in non-internet and
internet relationships mediated by FtF, phone, or email modalities found that the
frequency of each modality’s use was significantly linked to the strength of the
particular relationship (Cummings et al., 2002)
References
Cummings, J. N.,Butler,B.,& Kraut, R. (2002). The quality of online social
relationships. Communications of the ACM, 45(7), 103-108.
HU, Y., Wood, J. F., Smith, V., & Westbrook, N. (2004). Friendships through IM:
Examining the relationship between instant messaging and intimacy. Journal of
Computer-Mediated Communication, 10, 38-40.
Tidwell, L. C., & Walther, J.B. (2002). Computer-mediated communication effects on
disclosure, impressions, and interpersonal evaluations: Getting to know one another
a bit at a time. Human Communication Research, 28, 317-348.
Underwood, H., & Findlay, B. (2004). Internet relationships and their impact on
primary relationships. Behavior Change, 21(2), 127-140.
 Style Guides
These citations are governed by rules of style and structure, which are generally
published as style guides or manuals.
1. The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA)
2. The Modern Language Association Style Guide (MLA)
3. Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE)
4. American Medical Association Manual of Style (AMA)
5. The Chicago Manual Style
 Each style guide is used by specific disciplines as shown in the table.
 Guidelines in In-text Citation
1. APA Style Guide (6th Edition)
Follow the author’s last name – (latest) year of publication method. Although not
required, APA encourages you to indicate the page numbers even in paraphrases or
summaries. Place the period after the citation when it is at the end of the sentence.
Example:
 1. According to Sipacio (2019), APA style is required for business student
majors.
2. APA style is applied in the social sciences (Sipacio, 2019)
 Guidelines in In-text Citation
 For a work with only one author.
Example:
1. According to Sipacio (2019), APA style is required for business student
majors.
2. APA style is applied in the social sciences (Sipacio, 2019, p.54).
 Guidelines in In-text Citation
 For a work with two authors, notice the use of “&” when the
citations are inside the parentheses.
Example:
1. According to Sipacio and Barrot (2019), APA style is required for business
student majors.
2. APA style is required for business student majors (Sipacio & Barrot, 2019).
 Guidelines in In-text Citation
 For a work with three to five authors, name all three during the first
citation. The use the primary author followed by ‘et al.’(which
means ‘and others’) for subsequent citations.
Example:
1. According to Sipacio, Barrot and Sanchez (2019), APA style is appropriate for
the fields of nursing and education.
2. APA style is appropriate for the fields of nursing and education (Sipacio,
Barrot, Sanchez, 2019).
 Guidelines in In-text Citation
Subsequent citations:
1. Sipacio et al. states that in general, the social sciences employ this citation
style (2019).
2. In general, the social sciences employ this citation style (Sipacio et al., 2019)
 Guidelines in In-text Citation
 For a work with six or more authors, use the primary author followed
by ‘et al..’
 1. According to Sipacio et al. (2019), APA style is required for Business student
majors.
2. APA style is required for Business student majors (Sipacio et al., 2019).
 Guidelines in In-text Citation
 Direct Quotations
 When you use a direct quote with less than 40 words, you are required to
include the page numbers(s) enclosed in parenthesis. The page number must
be preceded by ‘p’ or ‘pp.’ for multiple pages. Check the examples focusing
on the variety of formats and the use of capitalization, parentheses,
quotation marks, period, spacing, and numbers.
 Guidelines in In-text Citation
Example:
1. Sipacio (2019) claimed that beginners found the APA style guide too
complex” (p.56).
2. According to Sipacio (2019) ”that beginners found the APA style guide too
complex” (p.56).
3. He claimed that ”that beginners found the APA style guide too complex”
(Sipacio, 2019, p.56) because of several factors.
 Guidelines in In-text Citation
 When you use a direct quote with 40 words or more, you are still
required to include the page number/s. Start your quotation in a new
line with a ½ indention on the left margin. There is no need words to
enclose long quotations in quotation marks, but the parenthetical
citation should be placed after the period.
 Guidelines in In-text Citation
Example: Focus on the spacing and placement of the citation.
The Department of Education (2018) states that
The K to 12 Program covers Kindergarten and 12 years of basic education
(six years of primary education, four years of Junior High School, and two years of
Senior High School (SHS) to provide sufficient time for mastery of concepts and
skills, developing lifelong learners, and prepare graduates for tertiary education,
middle-level skills development, employment, and entrepreneurship. (p. 5)
 Guidelines in In-text Citation
2. MLA Style (8th Edition)
 The in-text parenthetical details in MLA vary depending on the type of source
(e.g., print, web, DVD) and on the entry in your paper’s Work Cited page. The
 first detain in your reference’s in-text citation must also be the first thing that
will appear when it is listed in the Work Cited page.
 The style follows the author’s last name-page method. Note that the author’s
name may appear in the sentence, but the page number should always be in
the parenthetical citation and not in the sentence.
 Check the examples focusing on the variety of formats and the use of
capitalization, parentheses, quotation marks, period, spacing, and numbers.
Notice the absence of a comma in the in-text citation.
 Guidelines in In-text Citation
Example:
1. Sipacio claimed that MLA style is required for Humanities student majors (54).
2. MLA style is required for Humanities student majors (Sipacio 54).
 Guidelines in In-text Citation
 For a print source with only one author.
Example:
1. Sipacio claimed that MLA style is required for Humanities student majors (54).
2. MLA style is required for Humanities student majors (Sipacio 54).
 Guidelines in In-text Citation
 For a print source with two authors, use “and” when the citation are
inside the parentheses.
Example:
1. Sipacio and Barrot claimed that MLA style is required for Humanities student
majors (54).
2. MLA style is required for Humanities student majors (Sipacio and Barrot 54).
 Guidelines in In-text Citation
 For a print source with three or more authors, use the primary
author followed by ‘et al.’.
Example:
1. Sipacio et al. claimed that MLA style is required for Humanities student
majors (54).
2. MLA style is required for Humanities student majors (Sipacio et al. 54).
 Guidelines in In-text Citation
  If the print source does not list an author, use the shortened title of
the work enclosed in quotation marks in place of the author’s name.
Do not include articles (e.g., A, An, The) in the title.
Example:
MLA is one of the many citation styles students can use (“Citation Styles”64).
 Guidelines in In-text Citation
Direct Quotations
 Use double quotation marks to enclose direct quotes not exceeding
four lines. In the parenthetical citation, give the author’s last name
and the page number.
 All punctuations which are a part of the quoted text must be placed
inside the quotation marks. However, if the punctuations are part of
your own text, place them outside.
 Guidelines in In-text Citation
Example:
1. Miranda claimed that “adhering to a style is a mark of discipline”(56).
2. Would it be fair to say that adhering to a style is a mark of
discipline”(Miranda 56)?
 Guidelines in In-text Citation
 If your source quotes another text, use “qtd. In”(which stands for as
“quoted in”) in the parenthetical marks:
Example:
Mallari claimed that “the level of complexity differs according to each person”(qtd.
In Sipacio 56) because of several factors.
 Guidelines in In-text Citation
 For direct quotations that exceed four lines of text, start in a new
line. There is no need to enclosed the whole text in double quotation
marks, but make sure to indent the block of text ½ inch from the
left. Maintain double spacing. The parenthetical citation should
come after the closing punctuation mark of the quoted text.
 Guidelines in In-text Citation
Example:
The Department of Education (2018) states that
The K to 12 Program covers Kindergarten and 12 years of basic education
(six years of primary education, four years of Junior High School, and two years of
Senior High School (SHS) to provide sufficient time for mastery of concepts and
skills, developing lifelong learners, and prepare graduates for tertiary education,
middle-level skills development, employment, and entrepreneurship. (5)
 Guidelines in In-text Citation
3. IEEE Editorial Style Manual (2018)
 In this style, there is no need to name the author, page number, or
date of publication in the in-text citation, Instead, the references are
numbered according to the order in which they were cited in the
text. The reference numbers which appear in the text have to be
enclosed on brackets.
 When a reference which was cited earlier is used again the later
parts of the text, the same reference number will be used.
 Guidelines in In-text Citation
 Guidelines in In-text Citation
 The reference number has to correspond to the full bibliographic
details of the text in the reference list of your paper:
Example:
In-text:
Sipacio claimed that the IEEE style is complex [1].
Reference
[1] B. Sipacio, Citation for Engineering. Chicago: Skyward Publishing, 2010.
 Guidelines in In-text Citation
Direct Quotations
 Use double quotation marks to enclose direct quotes with one to two
lines. Place the reference number enclosed in brackets after the
quotation mark.
Example:
Sipacio claimed that “beginners found the IEEE style guide too complex”[1].
 Guidelines in In-text Citation
 When you use quotation with three or more lines, put it in block
format, indent, and use single spacing and a smaller font. Place the
reference number enclosed in brackets after the quoted text but
before its closing punctuation mark.
Example:
The Department of Education (2018) states that
The K to 12 Program covers Kindergarten and 12 years of basic
education (six years of primary education, four years of Junior High School, and
two years of Senior High School [SHS]) to provide sufficient time for
mastery of concepts and skills, developing lifelong learners, and prepare
graduates for tertiary education, middle-level skills development,
employment, and entrepreneurship [5].
 Guidelines in In-text Citation
4. AMA Manual of Style (10th edition)
 As with the IEEE editorial style, there is no need to add the author,
date or year of publication in the in-text citation. Instead, each
reference is assigned a number according to the order in which it
was cited in the text. The number reference is placed in superscript
after the period in the sentence.
Example:
1
AMA style is required for Health Science majors.
 Guidelines in In-text Citation
 The reference number has to correspond to the full bibliographic
details of the text in the reference list of your paper.
Example:
1
AMA style is required for Health Science majors.
Reference
1. Cruz Y. Citation Guide for the Natural Sciences. Chicago: Medical Publishing; 2013.
 Guidelines in In-text Citation
 When two articles of different authors are cited, use comma to
separate the reference numbers.
Example:
1,2
AMA style is required for Health Science majors.
 Guidelines in In-text Citation
Direct quotations
 When you use a direct quote that is less than four lines, enclose it
with quotation marks. Add the reference number after the closing
quotation mark.
Example:
“Beginners found the AMA style guide too complex,” 1
 Guidelines in In-text Citation
 When you use four or more lines of direct quotations, you should use
a block quotation that is intended and single-spaced. Add the
reference number at the end of the quote, after the closing
punctuation mark.
Example:
The Department of Education (2018) states that
The K to 12 Program covers Kindergarten and 12 years of basic
education (six years of primary education, four years of Junior High School, and
two years of Senior High School [SHS]) to provide sufficient time for
mastery of concepts and skills, developing lifelong learners, and prepare
graduates for tertiary education, middle-level skills development,
3
employment, and entrepreneurship.
 Guidelines in In-text Citation
5. The Chicago Manual of Style (17th Edition)
There are two varieties in the Chicago style: (1) notes and bibliography and (2)
author-date. The “notes and bibliography” system is commonly used by
professionals in the fields of literature, history, and the arts, while the author-date”
system is preferred by those working in the sciences and social sciences.
 Guidelines in In-text Citation
 The in-text citations in the “notes and bibliography” system uses
superscript placed after the closing punctuation mark.
Example:
1
Beginners found the Chicago style guide too complex.
 Guidelines in In-text Citation
 For five or more lines of direct quotations in the “notes and
bibliography” system, put it in a block format, indent, and use single
space. Place the superscript after the closing punctuation mark.
Example:
The Department of Education (2018) states that
The K to 12 Program covers Kindergarten and 12 years of basic education
(six years of primary education, four years of Junior High School, and two
years of Senior High School [SHS]) to provide sufficient time for mastery of
concepts and skills, developing lifelong learners, and prepare graduates
for tertiary education, middle-level skills development, employment, and
entrepreneurship. 3
  Guidelines in In-text Citation
 The in-text citations in the “author-date” system consist of the
author’s last name, year of publication, and page number/s, usually
in parentheses and found before the closing punctuation mark.
Example:
Beginners found the Chicago style guide too complex (Sipacio, 2019,12).
 Guidelines in In-text Citation
 For works with one author using the “author-date” system
Example:
1. Beginners found the Chicago style guide too complex (Sipacio, 2019,12).
2. Sipacio, (2019, 12) claimed that ‘beginners found Chicago style guide too
complex”.
 Guidelines in In-text Citation
 For works with two or three authors using the author-date” system,
note the use of “and.”
Example:
Chicago style can be used for newspapers and magazines (Sipacio and Barrot 2019,
178-180).
 Guidelines in In-text Citation
 For works with four or more authors using the author-date” system,
use the primary author followed by “et.al.”
Example:
Chicago style can be used for newspapers and magazines (Sipacio et al. 2019, 46).