UCSP expectation of return, but who each has something
Institution that the other would like to have
-mechanism which governs the behavior of a set of C. Negative Reciprocity
individual within a given community. - when an individual or group in reciprocal exchange
State Institutions system attempts to get more than what it gives
-the institution whose functions are carried out by the 2. Redistribution
government - when members of an organized group contribute
Functions of State Institutions money into a common pol or fund
Maintenance of peace and order 3. Market Transaction
The regulation and control of the lives of the - when goods are sold for money, which in turn is
people used to purchase other goods, with the ultimate goal
Addressing the needs of the citizenry of a of acquiring more money and accumulating more
certain degree of social order goods
Major scopes of State Institutions
Economic Institutions Non-state Institutions
- Refers to 2 things; Specific agencies or - Groups and organizations which operate
foundations, both government and outside the support of any state or
private. And well-established government
arrangements and structures that are part 1. Bank
of the culture or society - financial institution licensed to receive deposits and
Political Institutions make loans
- The system of power and authority which
is use to maintain social order 2. Corporation
- Complex of social norms and rules that - legal entity that is separate and distinct from its
serve to maintain social order to exercise owners
power
Main Functions of Economic Institutions 3. Cooperatives
1. Reciprocity - people-centered enterprises owned, controlled and
- The system of exchange in which goods or run by and for their members
services passed from one individual or group to
another as a gifts without the need for explicit 4. Trade Unions
contracting for specific payments. - organizations made up of members and its
A. General Reciprocity membership must be made up mainly of workers
- no expectation of immediate exchange for the given
gifts 5. Transnational Advocacy
B. Balance Reciprocity - defined as “self-organized advocacy groups
- happens between persons who lack a sense of undertaking voluntary actions across state borders in
kinship or obligation to help one another with no pursuit of what they deem the wider public interest”
6. Developmental Agencies 3. National integration
- to discover regional potential and develop 4. Total national development
cooperation between the public sector, private sector,
and civil society Social Stratification
-layering of social categories
7. International Organization -strata “ rock layers”
- an organization established by a treaty or other
- hierarchy of positions with regard to economic
instrument governed by international law
production
Functions of Education in Society
Sociological views on the origin of stratification
Education
Kingsley Davis- due to the functional
-Social institution through which a society’s children
necessity of the social system
are taught basic academic knowledge
Karl Marx- social factors
Formal Education Prof. Sorokin- inherited difference in
-the learning of academic facts and concepts through environmental conditions
a formal curriculum Ludwig Gumplowicz- the conquest of one
group by another
Informal Education
-learning about cultural values, norms, and expected Causes of Stratification
behaviors by participating in a society
Inequality
Functions of Education towards individual
Conflict
1. Development of inborn potentialities
Power
2. Modifying behavior
Wealth
3. All-round development
4. Preparing for the future
Characteristics of Stratification
5. Developing personality
6. Helping for adjustability Universal
Ancient
Functions of Education towards nation Consequential
1. Social change and control Diverse in forms
2. Reconstruction of experience System of Stratification
3. Development of social and moral value Caste system – closed stratification
4. Providing opportunity or equality system
Class system – hierarchy based on
Functions of Education towards nation
achieved characteristics in a society of
1. Inculcation of civic and social responsibility
equal opportunity
2. Training for leadership
Exogamy – marriage in these Subjective poverty – individual’s
circumstances is based on values such as evaluation and perception of his actual
love and compatibility income against expectations
Endogamy – marriage within a specific
group as required by custom or law
Meritocracy – personal effort or merit
determines social standing
Social Mobility
– movement of individuals within or between
social strata in the society
Social Inequality
– existence of unequal opportunities and
rewards for different social positions
Incomes
– earnings from work or investments
Wealth
– total value of money
Approach to explain poverty
Blaming the poor
– the poor are responsible for their own
poverty
Blaming the society
– society is responsible for poverty
Poverty can be defined accordingly:
Absolute poverty – lack of basic resources
Relative poverty – ability to obtain basic
necessities but unable to maintain for
average standard of living
