Acids, Bases and Salts Introduction to Acids, Bases and Salts Classification of matter On the basis of a)

composition - elements, compounds and mixtures b) state - solids, liquids and gases c) solubility -
suspensions, colloids and solutions Types of mixtures - homogeneous and heterogeneous Types of
compounds - covalent and ionic What Is an Acid and a Base? Ionisable and non-ionisable compounds An
ionisable compound when dissolved in water or in its molten state, dissociates into ions almost entirely.
Example: NaCl, HCl, KOH, etc. A non-ionisable compound does not dissociate into ions when dissolved in
water or in its molten state. Example: glucose, acetone, etc. Arrhenius theory of acids and bases
Arrhenius acid - when dissolved in water, dissociates to give H+(aq) or H3O+ ion. Arrhenius base - when
dissolved in water, dissociates to give OH− ion. Examples Acids Hydrochloric acid (HCl) Sulphuric
acid (H2SO4) Nitric acid (HNO3) Bases Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) Potassium hydroxide (KOH) Calcium
hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) Bronsted Lowry theory A Bronsted acid is a H+(aq) ion donor. A Bronsted base is a
H+(aq) ion acceptor. Example In the reaction: HCl(aq) + NH3(aq) → NH+ 4 (aq) + Cl−(aq) HCl - Bronsted
acid and Cl− - its conjugate acid NH3 - Bronsted base and NH+ 4 - its conjugate acid Physical test
Given are two possible physical tests to identify an acid or a base. a. Taste An acid tastes sour whereas a
base tastes bitter. The method of taste is not advised as an acid or a base could be contaminated or
corrosive. b. Effect on indicators by acids and bases An indicator is a chemical substance which shows a
change in its physical properties, mainly colour or odour when brought in contact with an acid or a base.
Below mentioned are commonly used indicators and the different colours they exhibit: a) Litmus In
neutral solution - purple In acidic solution - red In basic solution - blue Litmus is also available as strips of
paper in two variants - red litmus and blue litmus. An acid turns a moist blue litmus paper to red. A base
turns a moist red litmus paper to blue. b) Methyl orange In neutral solution - orange In acidic solution -
red In basic solution - yellow c) Phenolphthalein In neutral solution - colourless In acidic solution -
remains colourless In basic solution - pink Acid Base Reactions Reactions of acids and bases a) Reaction
of acids and bases with metals Acid + active metal → salt + hydrogen + heat 2HCl + Mg → MgCl2 +
H2(↑) Base + metal → salt + hydrogen + heat 2NaOH + Zn → Na2ZnO2 + H2(↑) A more reac ve metal
displaces the less reactive metal from its base. 2Na + Mg(OH)2 → 2NaOH + Mg b) Reac on of acids with
metal carbonates and bicarbonates Acid + metal carbonate or bicarbonate → salt + water + carbon
dioxide. 2HCl + CaCO3 → CaCl2 + H2O + CO2 H2SO4 + Mg(HCO3)2 → MgSO4 + 2H2O + 2CO2
Effervescence indicates liberation of CO2 gas. c) Neutralisation reaction 1. Reaction of metal oxides and
hydroxides with acids Metal oxides or metal hydroxides are basic in nature. Acid + base → salt + water +
heat H2SO4 + MgO → MgSO4 + H2O 2HCl + Mg(OH)2 → MgCl2 + 2H2O 2. Reac on of non-
metal oxides with bases Non-metal oxides are acidic in nature Base + Non-metal oxide → salt + water +
heat 2NaOH + CO2 → Na2CO3 + H2O Water Acids and bases in water When added to water, acids and
bases dissociate into their respective ions and help in conducting electricity. Difference between a base
and an alkali Base- Bases undergo neutralisation reaction with acids. They are comprised of metal
oxides, metal hydroxides, metal carbonates and metal bicarbonates. Most of them are insoluble in
water. Alkali - An alkali is an aqueous solution of a base, (mainly metallic hydroxides). It dissolves in
water and dissociates to give OH− ion. All alkalis are bases, but not all bases are alkalis. Hydronium ion
Hydronium ion is formed when a hydrogen ion accepts a lone pair of electrons from the oxygen atom of
a water molecule, forming a coordinate covalent bond. Formation of a hydronium ion Dilution Dilution is
the process of reducing the concentration of a solution by adding more solvent (usually water) to it. It is
a highly exothermic process. To dilute an acid, the acid must be added to water and not the other way
round. Strength of acids and bases Strong acid or base: When all molecules of given amount of an acid
or a base dissociate completely in water to furnish their respective ions, H+(aq) for acid and OH−(aq) for
base). Weak acid or base: When only a few of the molecules of given amount of an acid or a base
dissociate in water to furnish their respective ions, H+(aq) for acid and OH−(aq) for base). Dilute acid:
contains less number of H+(aq) ions per unit volume. Concentrated acid: contains more number of
H+(aq) ions per unit volume. Universal indicator A universal indicator has pH range from 0 to 14 that
indicates the acidity or alkalinity of a solution. A neutral solution has pH=7 pH pH = −log10[H+] In
pure water, [H+] = [OH−] = 10−7 mol/L. Hence, the pH of pure water is 7. The pH scale ranges from 0 to
14. If pH < 7 - acidic solution If pH > 7- basic solution pH scale Importance of pH in everyday life 1. pH
sensitivity of plants and animals Plants and animals are sensitive to pH. Crucial life processes such as
digestion of food, functions of enzymes and hormones happen at a certain pH value. 2. pH of a soil The
pH of a soil optimal for the growth of plants or crops is 6.5 to 7.0. 3. pH in the digestive system The
process of digestion happens at a specific pH in our stomach which is 1.5 - 4. The pH of the interaction of
enzymes, while food is being digested, is influenced by HCl in our stomach. 4. pH in tooth decay Tooth
decay happens when the teeth are exposed to an acidic environment of pH 5.5 and below. 5. pH of
self-defense by animals and plants Acidic substances are used by animals and plants as a self-defense
mechanism. For example, bee and plants like nettle secrete a highly acidic substance for self-defense.
These secreted acidic substances have a specific pH. Manufacture of Acids and Bases Manufacture of
acids and bases a) Non-metal oxide + water → acid SO2(g) + H2O(l) → H2SO3(aq) SO3(g) + H2O(l) →
H2SO4(aq) 4NO2(g) + 2H2O(l) + O2(g) → 4HNO3(aq) Non-metal oxides are thus referred to as acid
anhydrides. b) Hydrogen + halogen → acid H2(g) + Cl2(g) → 2HCl(g) HCl(g) + H2O(l) → HCl(aq) c) Metallic
salt + conc. sulphuric acid → salt + more vola le acid 2NaCl(aq) + H2SO4(aq) → Na2SO4(aq) + 2HCl(aq)
2KNO3(aq) + H2SO4(aq) → K2SO4(aq) + 2HNO3(aq) d) Metal + oxygen → metallic oxide (base) 4Na(s) +
O2(g) → 2Na2O(s) 2Mg(s) + O2(g) → 2MgO(s) e) Metal + water → base or alkali + hydrogen Zn(s) +
H2O(steam) → ZnO(s)+ H2(g) f) Few metallic oxides + water → alkali Na2O(s) + H2O(l) → 2NaOH(aq) g)
Ammonia + water → ammonium hydroxide NH3(g) + H2O(l) → NH4OH(aq) Salts Salts A salt is a
combination of an anion of an acid and a cation of a base. Examples - KCl, NaNO3, CaSO4, etc. Salts are
usually prepared by neutralisation reaction of an acid and a base. Common salt Sodium Chloride (NaCl)
is referred to as common salt because it’s used all over the world for cooking. Family of salts Salts having
the same cation or anion belong to the same family. For example, NaCl, KCl, LiCl. pH of salts A salt of a
strong acid and a strong base will be neutral in nature. pH = 7 (approx.). A salt of a weak acid and a
strong base will be basic in nature. pH > 7. A salt of a strong acid and a weak base will be acidic in
nature. pH < 7. The pH of a salt of a weak acid and a weak base is determined by conducting a pH test.
Preparation of Sodium hydroxide Chemical formula - NaOH Also known as - caustic soda Preparation
(Chlor-alkali process): Electrolysis of brine (solution of common salt, NaCl) is carried out. At anode: Cl2 is
released At cathode: H2 is released Sodium hydroxide remains in the solution. Bleaching powder
Chemical formula - Ca(OCl)Cl or CaOCl2 Preparation - Ca(OH)2(aq) + Cl2(g) → CaOCl2(aq) + H2O(l) On
interaction with water - bleaching powder releases chlorine which is responsible for bleaching action.
Baking soda Chemical name - Sodium hydrogen carbonate Chemical formula - NaHCO3 Preparation
(Solvay process) - a. Limestone is heated: CaCO3 → CaO + CO2 b. CO_2 is passed through a
concentrated solution of sodium chloride and ammonia: NaCl(aq) + NH3(g) + CO2(g) + H2O(l) →
NaHCO3(aq) + NH4Cl(aq) Uses: 1. Textile industry 2. Paper industry 3. Disinfectant Washing soda
Chemical name - Sodium carbonate decahydrate. Chemical formuala - \(Na_2CO_3 \) Preparation: By
heating NaHCO3 2NaHCO3(s) → Na2CO3(s) + CO2(g) + H2O(g)
Na2CO3(s) + 10H2O(l) → Na2CO3.10H2O(s) Uses 1. In glass, soap and paper industries 2. Softening of
water 3. Domestic cleaner Crystals of salts Certain salts form crystals by combining with a definite
proportion of water. The water that combines with the salt is called water of crystallisation. Plaster of
paris Gypsum, CaSO4.2H2O (s) on heating at 100°C (373K) gives CaSO4. H2O and H2O CaSO4. H2O is
plaster of paris. CaSO4. H2O means two formula units of CaSO4 share one molecule of water. Uses - cast
for healing fractures. 1 2 3 2 1 2 1 2