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Efficiency of Electrocoagulation for Laboratory Wastewater Treatment Using

Aluminum Electrodes

Article in Journal of Chemistry and Environment · January 2025

DOI: 10.56946/jce.v4i1.488

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R esearch A rticle

Efficiency of Electrocoagulation for Laboratory Wastewater

Treatment Using Aluminum Electrodes
Angga Ardiyasa Sudrajat1, Anceu Murniati1,2*, Arie Hardian1,2
1
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Abstract
Sciences and Informatics, Universitas Environmental analysis of waste generated from residual samples in a testing
Jenderal Achmad Yani, Jl. Terusan
Jenderal Sudirman, Cimahi, Indonesia. laboratory is necessary to mitigate its impact. This study aims to assess the
2
Material and Environmental Development
performance of electrocoagulation (EC) using aluminum (Al) electrodes in reducing
Center, Universitas Jenderal Achmad Yani,
Jl. Terusan Jenderal Sudirman, Cimahi, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Suspended Solid (TSS), and pH level in
Indonesia.
laboratory wastewater. This investigation successfully employed an EC process
*Correspondence: utilizing Al electrodes in both anode and cathode configurations. The experimental
[email protected]
conditions include Voltage (10, and 20 V), contact time (15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes),
and the electrode configuration (monopolar and bipolar). The results indicated that a
bipolar configuration of Al electrode relatively outperformed a monopolar
configuration. Optimal condition was achieved at 20 V, and contact time of 60
minutes. Results showed COD removal efficiency up to 96.15% reducing COD from
627.45 to 24.183 mg/L, TSS removal efficiency up to 92.45%, lowering TSS from 53
to 4 mg/L. While pH increased during the process, it remained within acceptable
limits. This substantial reduction in pollutants significantly improved water quality,
surpassing regulatory standards. The results suggest that EC is a promising approach
for achieving sustainable treatment for laboratory wastewater.
Keywords: Laboratory wastewater, Electrocoagulation, Aluminum electrode, COD
removal, TSS removal

1. Introduction
Despite the growing number of commercial testing methods such as adsorption and ion exchange [2, 3] as well as
laboratories, there is a lack of adequate laboratory waste membrane technologies [4-6], electrodialysis [7],
management. It is believed that a significant portion of Electrocoagulation (EC) [8].
laboratories registered on the official website of The EC process is widely recognized as an environmentally friendly
Indonesian Ministry of Environment and Forestry do not approach and one of the most effective methods for wastewater
have adequate waste treatment facilities. Most of these treatment. EC emerged as promising wastewater technology due to
laboratories still rely on third-party services for waste superior efficiency, reduced risks associated with chemical handling
disposal, with annual disposal being the common practice. [9] lower sludge production [10], and rapid treatment compared to
Due to the extended storage period of laboratory waste, conventional chemical coagulation methods [9]. EC is influenced by
which is often composed of chemical residue, there is a several factors, namely applied voltage, electrode distance, electrode
heightened risk of environmental pollution. Considering configuration, solution pH, electrode materials, wastewater
this, to mitigate the potential for contamination, effective characteristic, and contact time [11]. Extensive research has been
waste treatment is necessary [1]. A variety of techniques conducted on the application of electrocoagulation for wastewater
are available for wastewater treatment, incorporating treatment. Table 1 Provides a comprehensive overview of these
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studies, emphasizing the impact of operational Al Al3+ + 3e- (3)

parameters such as electrode material, current density, Al3+ + 3OH- Al(OH)3 (4)
and pH on treatment efficiency. Electrocoagulation The oxidation of aluminum results in the formation of Al3+ ions,
processes frequently make use of aluminum and iron which subsequently precipitate as aluminum hydroxide.
electrodes, largely due to their affordability, commercial Overall reaction:
accessibility, and the desirable characteristics of their 2 Al + 6H2O 2Al(OH)3 + 3H2 (5)
hydroxide, including low toxicity and high valence, Aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3), formed from Al 3+
and OH- ions,
which contribute to effective pollutant removal. Despite acted as coagulants to destabilized pollutant [8], the amorphous
these factors, aluminum is the preferred material due to Al(OH)3 generated exhibits a substantial surface area, enabling the
its stability, handling convenience, and solubility [12]. efficient adsorption of dissolved organic matter and colloidal
According to Huang et al. [13] the electrodes reactions particles. These particles can be efficiently separated from the
for aluminum are given in equations (1-5) aqueous phase through floatation [14]. The formation of hydrogen
Cathode reaction for aluminum: bubbles at cathode increases fluid agitation and aids in contaminant
2H2O + 2e- 2OH- + H2 (1) adsorption, decreasing their buoyant density. Consequently, the
2H2O + O2 + 4e -
OH + H2
-
(2) floatation separation process is enhanced [15].
Anode reaction for aluminum:

Table 1. Overview of documented research on electrocoagulation in water treatment.

Pollutant Treatmen
Waste water Removal efficiency
concentration Electrode t time References
source (%)
(mg/L) (min)
Fish 520 (COD) Aluminum 120 96.34 (COD) Munawarah, et al. [16]
Processing 262 (TSS) and Iron 73.22 (TSS)
Oleochemical 87000 (COD) Aluminum 30 62.64 (COD) Azli & Azoddein [17]
983 (TSS) 66.12 (TSS)
Domestic 472 (COD) Aluminum 27 94 Oktiawan et al. [18]
Wastewater and Iron
Tanney 4162.3 (COD) Aluminum 24 56.8 (COD Aguilar-Ascón, et al.
Industry 1825 (BOD 69.2 (BOD) [19]
Ketchup 12032 (COD) Aluminum 20 81.86 (COD) Syaifuddin & Bagastyo
Industry 847.07 (TSS) 82.61 (TSS) [20]

Cork Boiling 271 (TSS) Aluminum 60 99 Silva et al. [21]

Textile 369-397 (COD) Copper and 20 73.8 ± 1.57 Nam et al. [22]
Dyeing Aluminum
Oil rigs 1568 (TSS) Aluminum 60 67 Ale-Tayeb et al. [23]
drilling and Iron
Furniture 23552 ± 5649 Stainless-steel 30 92.5 ± 0.6 Vicente et al. [24]
industry (COD) and Iron
Hospital 4533 (COD) Iron 90 80.78 Rangseesuriyachai et al.
[25]

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In an effort to address the issue of laboratory waste preparation steps, including polishing, ultrasonic cleaning,
management, the objective of this study was to evaluate sanding, acetone rinsing, and oven drying at 100 °C for 60
the performance of the electrocoagulation process in minutes. After being dried to a constant weight and stored in a
treating laboratory wastewater by systematically desiccator, the electrodes were connected to a DC power supply
investigating the impact of key operational parameters and positioned vertically and parallel., with 2 cm inter-electrode
such as applied voltage, contact time, and electrode distance. To minimize Ohmic resistance [26], smaller inter-
configuration. electrode distance is generally preferred. For each experiment,
2. Materials and methods 500 mL of wastewater was treated in 1000 mL beaker, as

2.1 Laboratory wastewater characteristics depicted in figure 1.

Laboratory wastewater samples were obtained from an

environmental laboratory located in Cimahi, West Java.
These samples consisted of residual samples from
analytical instrument, leftover reagents, and waste
generated during the analysis process. A total of 16
experiments were conducted, each using 500 mL of
sample. The characteristics of the laboratory wastewater
prior to EC are summarized in table 2.
Table 2. Characteristics of Laboratory Wastewater
Discharge Figure 1. Electrocoagulation setup.
Parameter Value
limits One aluminum serves as the cathode, while the other acted as the
pH 1.77 6.0 – 9.0
COD (mg/L) 627.45 150.0 anode. The study was conducted in 16 batches, varying the EC
TSS (mg/L) 53.00 50.0 process length (15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes), electrode
configuration (Monopolar, and Bipolar), and applied voltage (10,
The discharge limits were adopted from Indonesian
and 20 V).
standards listed on PERMEN LHK RI No,
2.4 Analytical method
P.5/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM. 15/10/2014. The sample
The pH measurements were conducted using pH meter. The
was kept at 4 °C to prevent degradation.
quantification of COD and TSS was carried out using the
2.2 Equipment and instrument
methodologist outlined in Standard Methods for the Examination
The EC setup consisted of a 1000 mL beaker as the
of Water and Wastewater [27]. COD was measured using a
reaction vessel, a Direct Current (DC) power supply
closed reflux colorimetric method with potassium dichromate
(ATTEN PPS3005S), Al electrodes (10 × 4 × 0.659 cm),
(K2Cr2O7) 0.01 N as the oxidant and 10.12 g silver sulfate
a pH meter (Mettler Toledo FG2), an oven (Memmert
(Ag2SO4) in 1000 mL of Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4) as the catalyst.
UN55) for electrode drying and TSS measurement, a
Samples was digested at 150 °C for 120 minutes in a
spectrophotometer (Shimadzu UV-VIS 1800) for COD
thermoreactor (CR2200 - WTW). COD analysis was performed
measurement, and an ultrasonic cleaner (Dealta D68H)
using a UV/Visible spectrophotometer (Shimadzu UV-1800).
for electrode maintenance.
TSS was measured using a filtration method with glass
2.3 Operating conditions and preparations.
microfiber filter paper (Whatman 934-AH 1.5 µm). The filter
Al electrodes (10 × 4 × 0.659 cm) were used in this
paper was dried at 120 °C for 60 minutes to a constant weight.
study. The electrode was subjected to a series of

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All reagent used in this study were analytical grade outcomes. As seen on Figure 3, the concentration of COD removed
(p.a.) from Sigma-Aldrich. increased significantly due to the addition of two electrodes. With
The percentage removal efficiencies of COD and TSS the highest efficiency of COD removed at 96.14%, addition of two

were calculated using equation 6 and 7, respectively [28] electrodes showed more efficient outcome. It is because by
increasing the number of the electrodes, the active surface area also
CODo − CODt increases, thereby increasing the number of contaminants that
COD Removal =
CODo
x 100% (6)
adhere to the electrodes [35]. When there are additional plates
TSSo − TSSt placed between the anode and cathode, the EC process performance
TSS Removal = x 100% (7)
TSSo
improves due to an increase in the amount of coagulants, which
Where COD₀ and CODt symbolize the initial and final subsequently enhances removal efficiencies [36].
COD concentrations (mg/L), respectively. Likewise, Figure 4 demonstrates the variation in COD removal efficiency

TSS₀ and TSSt represent the initial and final TSS as a function of applied voltage for various electrode

concentrations (mg/L). configurations. In accordance with Faraday’s law, an increase in

applied voltage results in proportional increase in the quantity of
3. Results and discussion
coagulant generated, leading to enhanced COD removal [37],
3.1 Temperature changes during EC process
the applied voltage not only determines the coagulant dosage
The temperature rise of the wastewater during treatment
rate but also influences bubble production rate and size. This, in
depends on factors like pH, voltage, and processing time.
turn, affect mass transfer phenomena between pollutants,
Figure 2 visually represents these temperature changes
coagulants, and gas, thereby impacting floc formation [38].
during the EC process. As shown in Figure 3, the EC
Figure 4 shows that for a given contact time, the COD removal
process causes the temperature rise from 20 to 77 °C.
efficiency exhibited a slight increase with the elevation of
The release of Al3+ ions during EC leads to an increase in
electrical potential. Variations in the configuration of electrodes
pH, which, in turn, raises the temperature and accelerate
also led to improved efficiency at a higher electrical potential of
the reaction rate [29, 30]. Extended EC treatment can
20 V. Although higher voltages resulted in enhanced treatment
lead to a substantial increase in wastewater temperature.
performance, they concurrently led to a substantial increase in
This temperature rise is primarily due to the exothermic
energy consumption, as confirmed by previous research [39].
nature of the electrochemical reactions involved [31].
Our experimental findings further corroborate this,
Exothermic reactions release heat, raising the solution
demonstrating a significant rise in energy consumption from
temperature. The heat generated by the process can lead
12.29 to 41.47 kWh/m3 for the monopolar. configuration and
into increase in wastewater temperature, potentially
from 23.25 to 114.8 kWh/m3 for the bipolar configuration.
affecting both treatment efficiency and the quality of
Consequently, operational costs increased from Rp 10.44 to Rp
treated effluent [32]. Consequently, rigorous monitoring
35.34 for monopolar and from Rp 19.76 to Rp 97.55 for bipolar
and control of temperature are necessary. Excessive
electrode configurations, respectively. These results highlight the
temperature increase can affect the efficiency of the
importance of balancing treatment performance with energy
process and the quality of the treated effluent [33].
efficiency.
3.2. COD removal efficiency
The variation of applied voltage is also conducted in different
According to the research conducted by Gusa et al. [34],
given time; the results can be seen in table 3.
the addition of electrodes results in more efficient

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Figure 2. Changes in temperature over time for monopolar and bipolar electrode configurations during the electrocoagulation
process, indicating the rise in temperature from 20 °C to 77 °C.

Figure 3. Comparison of COD removal efficiency under varying electrode configuration, showing the increase in efficiency
from 92.53 to 94.84% and from 93.3 to 96.14% with addition of two electrodes.

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Figure 4. Variation of COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) removal efficiency as a function of applied voltage for different
configuration of electrodes used in the treatment process.

Table 3 shown that increasing applied voltage resulted in a serve as precursors for adsorbent formation. Simultaneously, the
modest improvement in the outcome of each experiment. This electrolytic process generates gas bubbles at both electrodes,
is credited to the fact that higher voltage leads to increased which enhance the upward transport of destabilized
oxidation of aluminum, resulting in an increased quantity of contaminants within the solution [8].
precipitate for pollutant removal [40]. 3.3. TSS Removal efficiency
As contact time increases allows for greater formation of The effectiveness of pollutant removal through electrolysis
metal ions and hydroxide flocs, which in turn enhances the depends on several factors, including metal ions present
removal pollutant from the wastewater [41]. Conversely, with during the process, type of electrode used, electrical current
shortened contact time, there is insufficient time for both the strength and electric potential, and the duration of the process
Al3+
to dissolve from the anode which act as a destabilizing [44]. Table 4 summarizes the results of the experiments
agent [42], and hydrogen gas at cathode in the solution [43]. conducted to investigate the influence of various factors,
Figure 5 depict more efficient outcomes of the EC process such as electrode configuration, applied voltage, and contact
under prolonged contact time. Prolonging the contact time time, on TSS removal efficiency. The data suggests that the
from 15 to 60 minutes led to a slightly enhancement in COD highest TSS removal was achieved using a bipolar
removal, increasing from 86.77 to 92.53% for the monopolar configuration at an applied voltage of 20 V and a contact
configuration and from 89.75 to 94.84% for the bipolar time of 60 minutes, among the various factors tested based
configuration. When given higher voltage, the amount of on the experiment results.
COD removal showed a slight increase from 89.67 to 93.3% This is evidenced by a TSS reduction of 49 mg/L, resulting in
for monopolar configuration, and from 90.91 to 96.14% for efficiency of 92.45%. These results can be attributed to several
bipolar configuration. This is ascribed to the fact that the factors, including the addition of two extra electrodes, which
electrolysis duration significantly impacts the production of increased the active surface area, thus enhancing pollutant
requisite ion concentrations from the electrodes. These ions removal [35], while the extended reaction time provided

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sufficient time for the formation of a larger number of metal aluminum cathode. The reaction at the cathode causing the
ions and the evolution of a greater volume of gasses [45], reduction of water (H2O) generated hydroxide ions (OH-) and
both of which contributed to the improved pollutant removal hydrogen gas (H2). Several studies have reported an increase in
efficiency. solution pH during the EC process [47-50], observed that
solutions with initial pH below pH 9 underwent pH increases. In
Table 3. Results showing the impact of applied voltage
this study, shown by Figure 6 it was also observed that the
on COD removal efficiency across different
experimental setups. solution pH increased. The most significant pH increase was

COD observed in the experiment using four plates at 20 V. The most

Contact Applied
Electrode removal suitable pH for the process, 7.73, was observed at a contact time
time voltage
configuration efficiency
(Minutes) (V) of 45 minutes. Increasing the contact time to 60 minutes caused
(%)
a notable rise in pH, approaching an alkaline value of 8.92. This
15 Monopolar 10 86.77
result is related to the fact that as the contact time and applied
30 Monopolar 10 89.91
voltage in the EC process increase, the OH- ions and H2 gas
45 Monopolar 10 91.75
generated at the cathode also increases. Consequently,
prolonged EC contact time may lead to a highly alkaline pH (>
15 Monopolar 20 89.67
30 Monopolar 20 90.44 9), which can pose potential hazards [39].
45 Monopolar 20 91.83 To evaluate the effects of contact time, electrode configuration,
and applied voltage on the efficiency of TSS and COD removal,
15 Bipolar 10 89.75
a two-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) without replication
30 Bipolar 10 92.22
was utilized. This statistical method was deemed appropriate as
45 Bipolar 10 93.53
each experimental batch was subjected to a single test. Two
hypotheses were formulated: the null hypothesis, which asserts
15 Bipolar 20 90.91
30 Bipolar 20 93.60 that there are no significant differences between the means of

45 Bipolar 20 93.99 the samples, and the alternative hypothesis, which posits that
significant differences exist. The results of the ANOVA analysis
Additionally, increasing the applied voltage accelerated the provided calculated F-values and critical F-values for both the
EC process. The elevated current density facilitated a higher electrode configuration and the contact time/applied voltage
rate of metal ion release, leading to increased precipitate factors. The calculated F-values were 2.8444 and 171.76,
formation and improve pollutant removal [46]. Therefore, the respectively, which surpassed their corresponding critical F-
use of two additional electrodes and a higher voltage yielded values of 2.0148 and 3.3158.
better results compared to the other configurations at all Consequently, the null hypothesis was rejected, indicating that
tested time intervals. This suggests that the configuration and variations in electrode configuration, contact time, and applied
operating parameters significantly influence the performance voltage had a significant impact on the efficiency of TSS and
of the EC process [11]. COD removal. Moreover, the p-values associated with the

3.4. pH change electrode configuration and contact time/applied voltage factors

The EC process typically results in an increase in solution pH. were determined to be 0.0072 and 4 × 10-17, respectively.

This pH elevation is attributed to electrolytic reactions at the

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Table 4. TSS removal efficiency under various condition.

Contact time Electrode Applied TSS removed
Efficiency (%)
(Minutes) configuration voltage (V) (mg/L)
15 Monopolar 10 38.60 72.83
30 Monopolar 10 41.80 78.87
45 Monopolar 10 44.00 83.02
60 Monopolar 10 46.20 87.17

15 Monopolar 20 40.00 75.47

30 Monopolar 20 42.00 79.25
45 Monopolar 20 45.00 84.91
60 Monopolar 20 46.80 88.30

15 Bipolar 10 41.60 78.49

30 Bipolar 10 43.40 81.89
45 Bipolar 10 45.60 86.04
60 Bipolar 10 47.40 89.43

15 Bipolar 20 44.80 84.53

30 Bipolar 20 46.20 87.17
45 Bipolar 20 47.80 90.19
60 Bipolar 20 49.00 92.45

Figure 5. Effect of contact time on COD removal efficiency, demonstrating how longer contact times enhance pollutant removal
rates.

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The p-values obtained from the statistical analysis, all of which wastewater from different sources. Variations in
were less than 0.05, indicated that the observed differences in composition could affect the generalizability of the findings.
the efficiency of the electrocoagulation process are statistically Limited Parameter Exploration: Although several
significant. This confirms that the variation in electrode parameters such as voltage, contact time, and electrode
configuration, contact time, and applied voltage have a configuration were varied, other factors like temperature
substantial impact on the treatment process. fluctuations and wastewater composition were not
extensively studied. These factors could influence the
electrocoagulation process and its efficiency.
Long-term Performance: While this study successfully
demonstrated the effectiveness of electrocoagulation in
treating laboratory wastewater, it is important to note that
the longevity and stability of the aluminum electrodes over
multiple treatment cycles were not examined. Future
research should focus on evaluating these aspects to
determine how electrode performance may change with
prolonged use. Understanding the durability of electrodes
will be crucial for optimizing operational parameters and

Figure 6. Change in pH levels during the electrocoagulation ensuring sustainable application in industrial wastewater

process, demonstrating the increase in pH over time with treatment systems.

varying configurations. The most significant pH increase was

observed with four plates at 20 V, reaching a peak of 8.92 after 5. Conclusion
60 minutes of contact time, indicating a trend towards EC proved to be an effective method for laboratory
alkalinity as the electrocoagulation process progresses. wastewater treatment, achieving compliance with Ministry
of Environment and Forestry Regulation No.5/2014
4. Limitations standards for COD, TSS, and pH. Optimal pollutant
Scale Limitations: The experiments were conducted on a removal was achieved using bipolar electrode configuration
laboratory scale, which may not fully represent the at 20 V. Significant COD and TSS removal were achieved
complexities and variabilities present in full-scale industrial within 60-minutes contact time, with COD removal
wastewater treatment applications. The results may not be efficiencies ranging from 86.77 to 96.15%, initial COD
directly transferable to larger systems without further level of 627.45 mg/L were reduced to a minimum of 24.18
validation. mg/L. Similarly, TSS removal efficiencies ranged from
Electrode Material Constraints: The study focused solely on 72.83 to 92.45%, reducing initial TSS level of 53 mg/L to a
aluminum electrodes, which, while effective, may have minimum of 4 mg/L. Meanwhile, optimal pH was achieved
limitations in terms of corrosion and longevity compared to at 45-minute contact time with a value of 7.73. The
other materials. Future studies could explore alternative findings of this study suggest that the proposed
electrode materials to assess their efficiency and durability. methodology could be adapted for full-scale
Environmental Variability: The wastewater samples used implementation in industrial wastewater treatment facilities.
were collected from a specific environmental laboratory,
which may not reflect the diverse characteristics of
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Authors Contribution acid cation exchangers in Al3+ form (SAC-Al)

Anceu Murniati (AM) Conceptualization, Methodology, containing hydrated Al(III) oxide nanoparticles.
Supervision, Manuscript Review, and Editing; Ranti Nur Chemical Engineering Journal, 314, 192–201.
Aprillianti (RNA) Restu Muchammad Ibrahim (RTI) Data https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2016.12.122
Analysis, Manuscript Drafting; Maulida Rahayu (MR) Data 4. Aprillianti, R. N., Rahayu, M., Hardian, A., &
Analysis; Arie Hardian (AH) Supervision, Manuscript Murniati, A. (2024). Effect of Polyethylene Glycol
Review and Editing. Concentration on the Structural and Mechanical
Conflicts of Interest Properties of Polysulfone-Based Membranes. Journal
There are no conflicts of interest reported by the writers. of Chemistry and Environment, 25–38.
Acknowledgment https://doi.org/10.56946/jce.v3i2.469
The AM research group acknowledges funding support from 5. Murniati, A., Shardi, S., Fauzi, I., Hardian, A., Ibrahim,
the Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education of R. M., Buchari, B., Gandasasmita, S., Nurachman, Z.,
the Republic of Indonesia (DRTPM-PKM & Jasmansyah. (2022). Immobilization of Crude
106/E5/PG.02.00.PL/2024; 016/SP2H/RT-MONO/LL4/2024; Polyphenol Oxidase Purple Eggplant Extract on
020/SPK/LPPM-UNJANI/VI/2024) and competitive research Chitosanmembrane for Removal of Phenol
funding from LPPM UNJANI under grant number Wastewater. European Chemical Bulletin, 11(10),
131/UNJANI/V/2024. This study was also supported in part by 117–125.
Matching Fund 2022 (192/E1/KS.06.02/2022 and https://doi.org/10.31838/ecb/2022.11.10.016
06/PKS/UNJANI/VII/2022). 6. Murniati, A., Fajriana, N. A., Nugraha, G. A., Ibrahim,
Data Availability statement R. M., Hardian, A., Buchari, B., Gandasasmita, S., &
The data presented in this study are available on request Nurachman, Z. (2024). Textile Wastewater Treatment
from the corresponding authors. Using Polypyrrole/Polyphenol Oxidase Membranes.
Jurnal Kimia Sains Dan Aplikasi, 27(2), 83–90.
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