Highly Exam Relevant Model Answers

UPSC CSE MAINS 2024

GENRAL STUDIES – II
 UPSC CSE 2024 EXAM
(Model Answers – GS -II)
Q.1 Examine the need for electoral reforms as suggested by various committees with particular reference to “one
nation - one election” principle.
Approach
Introduction: Contextual introduction
Body
 Need for electoral reforms as suggested by various committees with reference to one nation-one election principle
 Need for other electoral reforms as suggested by other committees
 Arguments against the need for One nation- One election principle
Conclusion: Conclude by relevant statements

In a significant move towards electoral reform, the Union Cabinet recently approved the proposal to conduct simultaneous
elections for the Lok Sabha, state Assemblies, and local government bodies. This decision follows the recommendation of the
high-level committee on One Nation, One Election, chaired by former President Ram Nath Kovind.

Need for Electoral reforms as suggested by various committees with particular reference to "One Nation-One Election"
 Reduction in costs: Conducting elections for different states and the national level results in significant financial expenditure.
ONOE could save substantial public funds.
 Administrative efficiency: ONOE would streamline the deployment of security forces and administrative machinery.
The ECI can focus its resources more effectively, ensuring better management of the electoral process. [Law
Commission 170th report]
 Ease and confidence of voters: Simultaneous elections will increase voter turnout because it will be easier for people
to cast many votes all at once. [Ram Nath Kovind committee]
 Reduce black money: Elections involve considerable expenditure by prospective candidates, most of which is black money.
‘One nation one election’ will reduce the circulation of black money in the economy. [Ram Nath Kovind committee]
 Reduce populist policies: Constant election cycles promote populist policies instead of long-term governance
strategies. ONOE would allow governments to focus on governance without frequent populist distractions. Example:
Many states announced Rs. 1000 DBT for women before elections.
 Regularise local body elections: ONOE could regularize elections to the local bodies, strengthening grassroots
democracy.
 Minimize governance disruption: Frequent elections disrupt the developmental plans and projects of the government
because of the model code of conduct being in force most of the time. [NITI Aayog recommendation]

Need for other electoral reforms as suggested by various committees

 Criminalization of politics: Justice Venkatachaliah commission called for decriminalization of politics and increased
financial transparency in electoral campaigns.
 Money power in elections: The influence of money in elections has escalated, with unregulated funding leading to
corruption. State Funding of Elections suggested by Dinesh Goswami Committee (1990) and Indrajit Gupta committee
(1998).
 Operational efficiency in elections: Under the Constitution, the Commission only has advisory jurisdiction in the
matter of post-election disqualification of sitting members of Parliament and State Legislatures.
 Strengthening Election commission: The Law Commission 244th report suggested for establishment of permanent
secretariat for ECI to strengthen institutional integrity.
 Amendment to Anti-defection law: Need for amendment of Anti-defection law to restrict disqualification where
elected member voluntarily gives up his membership. [Dinesh Goswami committee].
 Encouraging transparency and accountability: To initiate the measures for use of technology to monitor the
electoral process. Election Commission proposed linking of Aadhaar with voter IDs and introduction of remote voting.
 Regulate digital campaigns: The growing role of social media in influencing voters has raised concerns about fake
news and misinformation. Electoral reforms are needed to regulate them and ensure a level playing field. Election
Commission of India (2022) suggested stringent laws to counter the misuse of social media.

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 UPSC CSE 2024 EXAM
(Model Answers – GS -II)
Arguments against the need for ONOE
 Lack of empirical evidence: There is no empirical evidence to prove that frequent elections disrupt developmental
plans of government because of model of conduct being in force most of the time.
o Example: It is interesting to note in this context that demonetization of 85% of India’s currency was done close
to Uttar Pradesh Assembly election.
 Move against federalism: Curtailing the tenures of state assemblies to synchronize them with the tenure of Lok Sabha is an
act against federalism. A fixed tenure of assemblies independent of tenure of Lok sabha is a key aspect of federal aspect.
o Example: Simultaneous elections might undermine the autonomy of states, with the Sarkaria Commission (1983)
emphasizing that federal principles must be safeguarded.
 Reduce accountability: Frequent elections enhance accountability of elected representatives. They compel them to
go back to the people and reconnect with them frequently.
 Dilution of local issues: The national issues could overpower local concerns leading to marginalisation of various
sections of the society.
 Disadvantage for regional parties: A national party dominating the Lok Sabha elections could also sweep the state
assembly elections, resulting in lack of checks and balances on the powers of the ruling regime.
 Practical challenges: Conducting elections for the entire country and all states simultaneously requires significant
logistical capacity and human resources.

Nevertheless, One nation One election is an idea whose time has come. However, its success will depend on broad-based
political consensus and careful planning by central government. The government must implement ONOE only after proper
deliberations and without undermining the federal structure of the country.

Value addition
Recommendations of Ram Nath Kovind High Level Committee
 Simultaneous election by 2029: The panel recommended amending the Constitution so elections for the Lok Sabha,
all state assemblies and local bodies can be held by 2029.
 Two step process: The committee has suggested a two-step process for making simultaneous polls a reality. First, it
recommended holding simultaneous elections for the Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies. Second, it proposed
synchronising the elections for municipalities and panchayats with the general (simultaneous Lok Sabha and Assembly)
elections in a manner that ensures that the former is conducted within 100 days of the latter.
 Insertion of Article 324A: It recommended an Article 324A, which states that Parliament may make a law to ensure
that elections to municipalities and panchayats be held together with General Elections.
 Single electorate roll: Amendment to Article 325 has also been proposed to enable the preparation of a single electoral
roll and single Elector’s Photo Identity Card (EPIC) by the ECI, in consultation with the State Election Commissions
(SECs).

Q.2. Explain and distinguish between Lok Adalats and Arbitration Tribunals. Whether they entertain civil as well as
criminal cases? (Answer in 150 words)
Approach
Introduction: Lok Adalats and Arbitration tribunals as ADR mechanisms
Body
 Give a brief description of Lok Adalats and Arbitration tribunals
 Mention the differences between Lok Adalats and Arbitration tribunals
 Mention powers of Lok Adalats and Arbitration tribunals in civil and criminal cases
Conclusion: Conclude by relevant statements

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 UPSC CSE 2024 EXAM
(Model Answers – GS -II)
The Lok Adalats and Arbitration tribunals are alternative dispute resolution (ADR) mechanisms designed to reduce judicial
pendency and provide speedy and cost-effective justice. These work in the spirit of ‘No victor, No loser’. While, both focus on
resolving disputes outside the conventional courts, they significantly differ in their legal framework, nature of cases, and
processes.

Lok Adalats
 Definition: Lok Adalat, meaning “People’s Court,” is a forum established to settle disputes amicably through
conciliation and compromise.
 Structure
o Lok Adalats can be organized at the district, state, and national levels. A Lok Adalat bench can be constituted at
Supreme Court level, High Court level and District court level and Taluq court level for purpose of amicable
settlement of dispute between two parties with their consent.
o Generally, a Lok Adalat consists of a judicial officer as the chairman and a lawyer (advocate) and a social worker
as members.
 Process: The Lok Adalats function based on the Gandhian principles.
o Lok Adalats aim to settle disputes amicably through mutual consent of the parties involved.
o Lok Adalat can make awards/decisions, which are deemed to be a decree of a civil court and are final and binding
on all the parties concerned.
o If the parties are not satisfied with the award of the Lok Adalat, there is no provision for an appeal against such
an award, however, the parties concerned can initiate litigation by approaching the court of the appropriate
jurisdiction by filing a case.
 Advantages
o There is no strict application of procedural laws like CPC and Evidence Act.
o Procedural flexibility coupled with straight forward course of action results in speedier dispute resolution.
o The decision, or award, is final and binding, with no appeal.

Arbitration tribunals
 Definition: Arbitration Tribunals are private, quasi-judicial bodies formed to resolve disputes through arbitration
based on contractual agreements between parties.
 Structure
o Ad hoc arbitration: They are conducted without any institutional support.
o Institutional arbitration: They are conducted under the rules of a specific institution.
 Process
o Arbitration is a formal process wherein an arbitrator or panel hears both parties, evaluates evidence, and delivers
an award.
o The award is legally binding and enforceable under the law. The parties may appeal the arbitral award in higher
courts under specific conditions.
 Advantages:
o Efficient and flexible: Quicker Resolution and Easier to schedule.
o Less complicated: Simplified rules of evidence and procedure.
o Privacy: Unlike a trial, arbitration leads to a private resolution, so the information brought up in the dispute and
resolution can be kept confidential.
o Impartiality: The parties to the dispute usually pick the arbitrator together, so the arbitrator will be someone that
both sides have confidence will be impartial and unbiased.
o Binding and enforceable: The arbitral award is binding and enforceable. There is limited scope for appealing
the award, making arbitration a final settlement in most cases.

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 UPSC CSE 2024 EXAM
(Model Answers – GS -II)
Differences between Lok Adalats and Arbitration Tribunals
Parameter Lok Adalat Arbitration tribunals
Primary aim To make justice accessible to To enhance efficiency and effectiveness of justice
grassroots dispensation on lines of international arbitration law
Legal basis Established under the Legal Governed by the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 and
Services Authorities Act (1987) Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 2015
Members Serving or retired judicial officers, Comprises arbitrators chosen by parties; often industry
other renowned and expert people experts or retired judges.
of the area
Organizational level Centre, State and district level Currently, 35 Arbitration tribunals in India, by Union,
PSUs, etc.
Voluntary vs Parties voluntarily submit to Lok Parties are bound by a pre-existing contractual agreement to
obligatory Adalat, often during court resolve disputes through arbitration.
proceedings or pre-litigation stages.
Jurisdiction Pre-litigation or court-referred Arises from private arbitration agreements
cases
Nature of proceedings Conciliatory and informal approach Adversarial and formal
Procedure Not bound by Code of Civil Depends on tribunal-to-tribunal, but most Arbitration
Procedure tribunals are not bound
Time limit No specific time limit to give award Post 2015 amendment, time limit of 12 months given to
arbitration tribunals
Costs involved Free of cost for the parties involved The parties have to bear the cost, which at times may be
very high.
Legal representation Not mandatory Legal representation is common and often required
Nature of award Final and binding Final and binding
Scope for appeal Generally, no appeal is allowed if Appeals can be filed in courts against arbitral awards under
the award is mutually agreed. certain circumstances.

Powers of Lok Adalats and Arbitration tribunals in civil and criminal cases
 Lok Adalats: The Lok Adalats can entertain both civil cases and compoundable criminal cases.
o Civil cases include matrimonial disputes, labour disputes, motor accident claims, and property disputes.
o Compoundable criminal cases (cases where victim can forgive the accused) include
minor criminal offenses such as assault, defamation, theft where both parties can settle, Section 138 of the
Negotiable Instruments Act for dishonored cheques.
o It is to be noted that Lok Adalats cannot adjudicate non-compoundable criminal cases (serious offenses).
 Arbitration tribunals: The arbitration tribunals primarily deal with civil (especially commercial disputes). They do
not typically handle the criminal cases. Arbitration cannot be done for heinous crimes like rape and murder.
The Lok Adalats and Arbitration Tribunals serve distinct roles within the Indian legal system, each with its own processes,
authority, and case types. Both the mechanisms offer significant advantages in terms of speed, flexibility and cost-effectiveness,
making them popular choices for parties seeking timely resolution of their disputes.

Q3. “The growth of cabinet system has practically resulted in the marginalisation of the parliamentary supremacy.”
Elucidate.
Approach
Introduction: Background of Cabinet system in India
Body
 Growth of cabinet system resulted in marginalization of parliamentary supremacy
 Growth of cabinet system does not result in marginalization of parliamentary supremacy
Conclusion: Conclude by relevant statements

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 UPSC CSE 2024 EXAM
(Model Answers – GS -II)
The Cabinet System in India forms an important part of the parliamentary form of government. It consists of Council of
Ministers, headed by the Prime Minister and is the highest decision-making body in the government. It began in the form of
portfolio system in Indian Councils Act of 1861, and is the hallmark of Westminster form of Government.

Growth of cabinet system resulted in marginalization of parliamentary supremacy

 Rise in executive legislation: The Cabinet has exercised immense control over legislative function of Parliament,
reducing it to merely approve the executive decisions.
o Example: The One Nation One Election (ONOE) proposal decided in the cabinet before presenting to legislature.
 Reduction in debates: The dominance of the executive has resulted into limited discussion and debates in Parliament,
especially in the case of a strong majority government.
o Example: Farm Laws (2020) were passed without much parliamentary debate and were introduced as ordinances
by the Cabinet.
 Whip mechanism: The dominance of political parties and their control through the whip system limit the independent
decision-making in Parliament.
o Example: Passage of Citizenship amendment act, 2019 without much debate and discussions in the parliament
due to the whip system.
 Frequent ordinances: The executive's power to promulgate ordinances under Article 123 has often been used to
bypass parliamentary debate.
o Example: Around 76 ordinances were passed between 2015-23, undermining the legislative role.
 Promotes secrecy and hampers transparency: All ministers are bound by oath of secrecy which can lead to global
repercussions.
o Example: Pokhran II was known only to the then cabinet’s important ministers, but had global repercussions.
 Strengthening of PMO: Strong cabinet further strengthens institutions such as Prime Minister’s Office (PMO),
further weakening accountability to the Parliament.
o Example: Demonetisation decided in PMO without any consultation with Parliament.
 Transition into Kitchen cabinet: The Cabinet system has transitioned to becoming ‘Kitchen Cabinet’ in the past,
during and after the emergency years undermining the Parliament powers.
 Limited role in international agreements: The international agreements are made by the Cabinet without adequate
consultation with Parliament.
o Example: The India-China Border situation in 2020 was largely handled by the Cabinet with minimal
parliamentary discussion.

Growth of Cabinet system does not result in marginalization of Parliamentary supremacy [Students: This part is not
asked in question, you can just mention it in smart art format]
 Principle of Subordinate legislation: The Cabinet system represents the principle of subordinate legislation.
Subordinate legislation is a process by which the executive is given powers by primary legislation to make laws in
order to administer the requirements of that primary legislation.
 Presence of Parliamentary committees: Despite strong cabinet system, the parliamentary committees continue to
exert control over the executive.
o Example: The Public Accounts Committee (PAC) scrutinises government expenditures.
 Mechanism of Question hour: The Parliamentary control is exercised through various instruments such as question
hour, debates, and discussions, passing of various types of motions, etc. The question Hour allows the members to
seek clarifications on government policies, ensuring checks on the cabinet.
 No confidence motion: The principle of collective responsibility ensures that the Cabinet is responsible to Parliament,
and can be dismissed by a vote of no-confidence.
 Inclusion of experts in decision making: The cabinet system has enabled inclusion of experts in key decisions of the
government.
o Example: Dr. S. Jaishankar was a career diplomat before becoming foreign affairs minister.

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 UPSC CSE 2024 EXAM
(Model Answers – GS -II)
 Quick response during crisis: The cabinet system has allowed quick response in the times of emergency.
o Example: Surgical strikes on Balakot post Uri Attack.
 Parliament control over financial matters: The executive, acting through the ministers, cannot raise money by
taxation, borrowing or otherwise without the authority of Parliament.

The Parliament has a majesty and sanctity of its own. While the cabinet system has altered the traditional notion of
parliamentary supremacy, Parliament remains a vital institution. To reduce the concentration of power in the executive, the
parliamentary committee system must be strengthened and ordinance promulgation must be minimized [SC in DC Wadhwa
Case].

Q4. ‘The duty of the Comptroller and Auditor General is not merely to ensure the legality of expenditure but also its
propriety.” Comment. (Answer in 150 words) 10
Approach
Introduction: Constitutional role of Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG)
Body
 Duties of CAG to ensure legality of expenditure
 Duties of CAG to ensure propriety of expenditure
 Challenges in assessing propriety of expenditure
Conclusion: Conclude by relevant statements

Article 148 of the Indian constitution provides for an independent office of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India
(CAG). He/she is the head of the Indian Audit and Accounts Department and is the guardian of the public purse. He/she
controls the entire financial system of the country at both Centre and the state levels.

Duties of CAG to ensure legality of expenditure

 Role as Auditor: The CAG is the sole authority prescribed in the Constitution entrusted with the responsibility of
audit of accounts of the Union and of the States.
o Funds related to centre and states: He audits the accounts related to all expenditure from the Consolidated Fund
of India, Consolidated Fund of each state and UT’s having a legislative assembly. He audits all expenditure from
Contingency Fund of India and Public Account of India as well as Contingency Fund and Public Account of each
state.
o Subsidiaries financed by the government: He also audits the receipts and expenditure of all subsidiaries
substantially financed from revenues of Centre and states.
o Other government subsidiaries: He audits all trading, manufacturing, profit, and loss accounts, balance sheets,
and other subsidiary accounts kept by any department of the Central Government and state governments.
o Debt and sinking funds: He audits all transactions of the Central and state governments related to debt, sinking
funds, deposits, advances, suspense accounts, and remittance business.
o Audit of local bodies: He audits the accounts of any other authority when requested by the President or Governor.
For example, the Audit of local bodies.
 Role as Financial administrator
o Certification of net proceeds: The CAG ascertains and certifies the net proceeds of any tax or duty. His
certificate is final in this regard.
o Ensures accountability: The accountability of the Council of Ministers to the parliament in the sphere of
financial administration is secured through the audit reports of the CAG.
o Financial transparency: CAG ascertains whether money shown in the accounts as having been disbursed was
used for the purpose to which they have been charged.

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 UPSC CSE 2024 EXAM
(Model Answers – GS -II)

Beyond legality, CAG assesses if expenditures are reasonable, prudent, and in public interest. He/she can look into the wisdom,
faithfulness and economy of government expenditure and comment on the wastefulness and extravagance of such expenditure.
However, unlike the legal and regulatory audit, which is obligatory on the part of the CAG, the propriety audit is discretionary.

Duties of CAG to ensure propriety of expenditure

 Checks on irregularities: The CAG acts as a watchdog and ensures that there is no financial irregularity in the
functioning of the government.
o Example: CAG reported the irregularities in the 2G spectrum allocation (2010).
 Report mismanagement of resources: The CAG propriety audit extends beyond scrutinising the mere formality of
expenditure and to bring to light, cases of improper expenditure or waste of public money.
o Example: A recent CAG report has exposed the Indian Railways financial mismanagement, resulting in a loss of
₹2,604 crores. The report highlights 33 instances of mismanagement, including loan issues, GST shortfalls, and
unfair contract awarding.
 Serve public interest: The CAG ensures that the government expenditure is prudent and serve the larger public
interest.
o Example: CAG expressed concern over off-budget borrowings by Telangana Government.
 Efficiency and economy: CAG evaluates if public funds achieve intended outcomes, ensuring optimal resource
utilization in projects and schemes.
o Example: The CAG has recently raised concerns about the efficacy of the PMJAY. According to CAG's audit, a
staggering Rs 6.97 crore was disbursed for the treatment of patients who had previously been declared deceased
in the scheme's database.
 Preventing Corruption: Propriety audits can detect cases where public funds are misused under the guise of legality.
It acts as a deterrent against corruption and reckless use of funds.
o Example: CAG has reported the irregularities and corruption in conduct of 2008 Commonwealth Youth Games.
 Ensure Federal propriety: As CAG audits the account of State governments as well, it ensures that Centre-State
transfers recommended by Finance Commission are done well.
 Transparency and Accountability: The CAG's reports expose irregularities, bringing transparency to government
operations and holding officials accountable for their actions. This public scrutiny discourages corruption and
promotes ethical conduct.
o Example: Coal Scam: The CAG's report on coal mining blocks allocation highlighted unfair practices and
potential losses to exchequer, prompting policy changes.
 Improving Systems and Procedures: The CAG's recommendations for improving financial management,
procurement practices, and internal controls help strengthen systems and reduce vulnerabilities to corruption.
o Example: The CAG's recommendations led to the adoption of Public Financial Management System (PFMS),
which improved financial transparency and tracking of government spending.
 Public Awareness and Education: The CAG's reports raise public awareness about corruption and promote good
governance practices, leading to a more vigilant citizenry and a stronger demand for accountability.
Challenges in assessing propriety of expenditure
 Limited Manpower: The CAG's staff may not be sufficient to comprehensively audit all government entities.
 Political Interference: Attempts to influence or suppress CAG reports can undermine its effectiveness.
 Evolution of Corruption Tactics: Adapting to evolving methods of corruption, such as digital fraud, requires ongoing
skill development and resources for the CAG.
 Subjectivity and executive discretion: The propriety audits unlike the legal audit is discretionary and often involve
value judgments.
 Paralyze policy decisions: The government may become hesitant to take decisions that involve innovation or financial
risk, even if such decisions could potentially deliver better public outcomes.

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 UPSC CSE 2024 EXAM
(Model Answers – GS -II)
 Possibility of overreach: The CAG’s focus on propriety can sometimes blur the lines between auditing and
governance. In the recent past, the comment of CAG on the reports of 2G, Coal blocks allocation is being questioned,
although CAG has not formulated any policy in the above reports.
Way Forward [Students: This part must be written in smart art format]
1. Strengthen Independence: Implement safeguards and mechanisms to insulate the CAG from political interference,
ensuring its autonomy and effectiveness.
2. Capacity Building: Invest in training and expanding the CAG's workforce to enhance audit capabilities and address
manpower limitations.
3. Technological Integration: Promote the adoption of advanced technologies to streamline audit processes, improve
efficiency, and keep pace with data complexities.
4. Diversify Audit Approaches: Balance the focus on financial audits by increasing emphasis on performance and
compliance audits to address broader systemic issues.
5. Enhance Collaboration: Foster better coordination and collaboration between the CAG and government bodies,
ensuring seamless access to data and cooperation for effective audits.
By focusing on both legality and propriety, the CAG contributes significantly to good governance, ensuring that government
actions align with ethical standards and serve the larger public interest.

Q5. Analyse the role of local bodies in providing good governance at local level and bring out the pros and cons
merging the rural local bodies with the urban local bodies. (Answer in 150 words) 10
Approach
Introduction: Constitutional provisions related to local bodies
Body
 Role of local bodies in providing good governance at local level
 Pros and Cons of merging rural local bodies with urban local bodies
Conclusion: Conclude by relevant statements

Local bodies, which include Panchayati Raj institutions (rural local bodies) and Municipalities (urban local bodies), are the
foundation of decentralized governance in India. The Panchayats and Municipalities were constitutionalized in 1993 by 73rd
and 74th constitutional amendment acts respectively.

Role of local bodies in providing good governance at local level

 Participatory democracy: The local bodies enhance the consensus building practices, making governance move from
bottom to top at the local level.
o Example: Budhanoor Gram Panchayat (Kerala) reached 96.7% literacy and increased tax collection by
employing Kudumbashree volunteers.
 Local development planning: The local bodies play a pivotal role in local economic development by preparing and
implementing development plans for their respective areas.
o Ex: Conservation of natural resources (Pani Bachao abhiyan in Madhya Pradesh) by local bodies.
 Better public service delivery: Lower level panchayats are bound to take active interest in the performance of primary
schools, healthcare and activities such as waste collection operating within their domains.
o Example: Municipalities managing waste segregation and collection under the Solid Waste Management Rules,
2016.
 Efficiency and effectiveness: The efficiency and effectiveness of government schemes is enhanced with local bodies,
as principle of subsidiarity is followed.
o Ex: Ibrahimpur village, Telangana won Best Panchayat Award- attained 100% school enrolment, 100%
institutional delivery and powered entire village with self-generated 3KW of solar energy.

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 UPSC CSE 2024 EXAM
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 Promote transparency: Gram Sabha and Social audits by the local bodies leads to greater transparency in the
implementation of various government programmes.
o Example: Ward Sabha mechanism adopted by Karnataka and Kerala
 Enhanced accountability: The local bodies improve the responsibility and accountability of representatives towards
the people, as community is there to check up on the leaders.
o Example: Audit Online platform for Panchayats
 Social justice and Equity: Reservation provided to Scheduled castes (SC), Scheduled tribes (ST) and women in the
local bodies helps in providing voice to these sections.
o Ex: 21 States such as Bihar, Andhra, Haryana, Himachal have given 50% reservation to women.
 Conflict resolution: Local governments are often involved in resolving local disputes, whether related to land or
water resources, providing a quick and cost-effective alternative to formal legal systems.
o Example: Land Banking System by Magarpatta City (Pune)- citizens surrendered their land for a share in
development company.

Pros and Cons of merging rural local bodies with urban local bodies
 Pros
o Unified planning: The merger leads to unified planning which would help in addressing issues like
transportation, housing, and waste management comprehensively.
o Enhanced efficiency of schemes: Due to single point-of-contact for implementation of various government
schemes. For Example: PM Awas yojana - Rural and Urban beneficiaries can be included in same database.
o Resource optimization: A unified body can pool resources and expertise from both rural and urban areas, leading
to more efficient use of funds and enhanced service delivery across regions.
o Reduce rural-urban divide: Merging of rural and urban local bodies could bridge the rural-urban divide. There
can be a good synthesis of rural accountability mechanisms and urban expertise leading to good governance.
o Less red tapism: A single authority can streamline governance processes, reducing duplication of work and
minimizing delays in decision-making.
o Streamline governance: Merging rural and urban local bodies can lead to a more cohesive governance structure,
reducing bureaucratic overlap.
o Reduce scope for corruption: The merging of rural local bodies with urban local bodies may reduce the scope
for corruption as the number of departments will reduce.
 Cons
o Neglect of rural issues: The merger can lead to the neglect of specific rural needs, as urban areas often demand
more attention. For instance, rural sanitation projects could be deprioritized in favor of urban projects like metro
rail systems.
o Resource disparities: Urban areas typically have more financial resources than rural areas. Merging could lead to unequal
resource allocation, where rural needs are overshadowed by urban demands.
o Overburdening of urban systems: The merger may overburden already stretched urban resources and services,
negatively impacting both regions.
o Lack of accessibility: The merger could lead to loss of administrative approachability for the rural population
due to centralization.
o Tax rise for rural people: The merger will increase the tax burden on the rural population.
 Example: Expressing fears over loss of livelihood, increase in taxation, Thayanur and Adavathur villages
have sought exemption from the merger.
o Diverse needs and priorities: Rural and urban areas have different socio-cultural dynamics and needs. The
unified body may not understand granular issues like caste system, land disputes and traditional water
management practices in rural areas.
o Political discontent: The rural representatives may feel that their interests are not adequately represented in a merged body
dominated by urban areas. This could lead to political conflict and tensions.

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 UPSC CSE 2024 EXAM
(Model Answers – GS -II)
o Operational challenges: Integrating administrative systems across diverse regions is a complex task. Different
laws and governance models for Panchayats and Municipalities could create legal and administrative hurdles
post-merger.

While local bodies are crucial for good governance at local level, the merging of rural and urban bodies presents both
opportunities and challenges. Thus, any move towards merger needs a careful consideration of the unique needs of rural and
urban regions, with appropriate safeguards to protect rural interests.

Q.6. Public charitable trusts have the potential to make India’s development more inclusive as they relate to certain
vital public issues. Comment. (150 words, 10 marks)
Approach
Introduction: Definition of public charitable trusts
Body
 Potential of Public Charitable Trusts in India’s Inclusive Development
Conclusion: Conclude by relevant statements

‘The best way to find your self is to lose yourself in the service of others’. Public charitable trusts are legally established
institutions designed to serve the collective public good according to the above Gandhian principle.
Potential of Public Charitable Trusts in India’s Inclusive Development:
1. Targeting Vulnerable and Marginalized Communities: Public charitable trusts focus on the most disadvantaged
sections of society to ensure that they are not left out of the fruits of mainstream growth and sustainable development.
2. Healthcare Access: PCTs have been instrumental in addressing healthcare challenges across India, especially in rural
and underdeveloped areas.
o E.g. Tata Trusts support cancer treatment initiatives like the Tata Memorial Hospital in Mumbai and provide
affordable cancer care to millions of people.
3. Education and Skilling: PCTs focus on public education makes learning more accessible and inclusive for students from
disadvantaged backgrounds and hence contributes to long-term socio-economic upliftment.
o E.g. The Azim Premji Foundation is a prime example of a charitable trust that focuses on education reform.
4. Bridging Gaps Left by the Government: Government programs often face challenges of omission and commission
in public delivery services and rural reach. PCTs with their flexibility and grassroots networks, are able to fill these
gaps.
5. Rural Development: These trusts empower rural communities by improving livelihoods and lead to more inclusive
economic development, poverty alleviation and mitigation of rural distress.
o E.g. Sir Dorabji Tata Trust and Allied Trusts interventions in Vidarbha region of Maharashtra has declined
farmer suicide rates and led to sustainable agricultural practices.
6. Women’s Empowerment: By focusing on marginalized women, PCTs helps create opportunities for gender-
inclusive development of women.
o E.g. The SEWA (Self Employed Women’s Association) Trust works to empower women in the informal
sector by providing them with financial literacy, cooperative businesses and entrepreneurship incentives,
healthcare, and legal rights.
7. Innovative and Sustainable Solutions: Trusts have the ability to innovate quickly as per ground realities and nature
of socio-economic problems. They experiment with sustainable models/pilot projects in agriculture, education,
healthcare, and environmental conservation that may be scaled up or adopted by the government.
8. Urban Infrastructure: Trusts facilitate creation of inclusive urban systems where the most disadvantaged are not left
out of essential services like healthcare and water access.
o E.g. The Piramal Foundation focuses on health, education, and safe drinking water, particularly in urban
slums and rural areas.

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9. Disaster Relief and Rehabilitation: By supporting communities in post-disaster rehabilitation, such trusts support
marginalized groups rebuild their lives and contribute to social inclusion in times of crisis.
o E.g. PM-CARES fund set up during the COVID-19 pandemic helps alleviate distress of marginalised
communities in health and disaster related pandemics.
10. Partnerships with the Private Sector: Public charitable trusts often work closely with private companies, leveraging
corporate social responsibility (CSR) funds to create large-scale impact.
 E.g. The Tata Trusts partnership with Google to bring digital literacy programs to rural India and bridge the
digital divide.
11. Creating Social Capital: PCTs build social capital by strengthening local governance structures, empowering
communities to manage their own development, and fostering participation.
 E.g. L&T Charitable Trust works to fulfil area specific need through community projects like TALASARI,
covering health, education, water & sanitation etc. areas.
Conclusion
Public charitable trusts in India have a unique and critical role in promoting inclusive development. They are instrumental in
addressing fundamental public issues that contribute to social equity and enable inclusive society. They share a common vision
of ‘Service to man is service to God’.

Q.7. Poverty and malnutrition create a vicious cycle, adversely affecting human capital formation. What steps can be
taken to break the cycle? (Answer in 150 words)
Approach
Introduction: Quote data related to poverty and malnutrition
Body
 Vicious Cycle of Poverty and Malnutrition
 Mention how Vicious Cycle of Poverty and Malnutrition adversely affect Human Capital Formation
 Mention short term and long term steps to break the cycle
Conclusion: Conclude by relevant statements

Introduction: Malnutrition and poverty have become two sides of a same coin. Although poverty has reported to be the main
cause of malnutrition, malnutrition at an early age can deepen the influence of poverty and entrap these malnourished
individuals in the “cycle of poverty” with potentially serious and long lasting health consequences.

According to the recent report, The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2023, 3 in every 4 Indians cannot
afford healthy food. This means that more than 100 crore people in India are bound to eat food with insufficient nutrition.

Vicious Cycle of Poverty and Malnutrition

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Vicious Cycle of Poverty and Malnutrition adversely Affecting Human Capital Formation
 Physical Health and Labor Productivity
o Stunted Growth and Poor Health: About 17% of children in the age group of 0-5 years are underweight, while
36% are stunted and 6% are wasted. Malnutrition makes individuals more susceptible to diseases and physical
limitations throughout their lives.
o Low Productivity: As adults, individuals who experienced malnutrition tend to have lower stamina and energy
levels. This leads to reduced productivity and earning capacity.
o Health-Related Absenteeism: Malnourished children, are prone to recurrent illnesses, which leads to
absenteeism from work or school. For adults, frequent health issues lead to job insecurity, affecting long-term
income.
 Cognitive Development and Educational Outcomes
o Reduced Brain Development: Children who suffer from malnutrition often struggle with learning, memory
retention, and problem-solving skills, which are crucial for human capital development.
o Poor School Performance: Malnourished children are more likely to perform poorly in school, have lower
attendance rates, and are more likely to drop out, limiting their educational attainment and future employability.
 Economic Productivity and Workforce Participation
o Long-Term Skill Deficit: Malnutrition limits ability to engage in higher education or skill-based training, which
are essential for entering more productive and higher-paying jobs.
o Low Economic Participation: Malnourished people are unable to participate fully in the workforce and remain
occupied into low-paying, unskilled labor in adulthood.
o Intergenerational Transmission of Poverty: Poor, malnourished parents are often unable to provide adequate nutrition,
education, and healthcare to their children, perpetuating the cycle of poverty.
 Macroeconomic Consequences
o Loss of Human Capital Potential: India’s potential as a global economic powerhouse will remain limited, as a
malnourished population cannot fully contribute to its growth.
o Slower Economic Growth: A high malnourished population limits the nation’s ability to compete globally,
which further prevents country from achieving its full economic potential.
Steps to Break the Cycle
Short Term Long Term
 Immediate Nutritional Interventions  Education and Skill Development
o Strengthening Food Distribution: Expand and o Universal Access to Quality Education: Investment in
improve the efficiency of the Public Distribution improving education infrastructure and strengthening Right
System. to Education.
o Fortification of Mid-Day Meals: Improve the o Vocational Training and Skill Development: Scaling up
nutritional value of the Mid-Day Meal Scheme by skill developmental programs like the Pradhan Mantri
adding micronutrients to meals in schools. Kaushal Vikas Yojana.
 Access to Basic Healthcare  Income Generation and Livelihood Security:
o Expanding Primary Healthcare: Ensure that o Employment Programs: Improve the implementation of
Primary Health Centers are well-equipped to the rural employment programs like MGNREGA by
provide preventive healthcare, especially in rural ensuring timely wages and introducing skill-building
areas. opportunities within the scheme.
o Nutrition-specific Programs: Strengthen o Agricultural Reform for Food Security: Promote
schemes like Poshan Abhiyaan, targeting the climate-resilient sustainable farming practices that improve
most malnourished children and women through food production and security for rural populations.
community-based interventions.  Improves Healthcare:
 Social Safety Nets: o Universal Healthcare: Strengthen the Ayushman Bharat
o Conditional Cash Transfers: Expand Direct scheme for universal affordable healthcare. There is also a
Benefit Transfer schemes targeting poor need to improve rural healthcare infrastructure and improve
households. government spending on health so that the out of pocket

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o Financial Inclusion: Expanding schemes like expenditure can be reduced.
Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana and Pradhan o Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) Programs:
Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana can provide Expand sanitation facilities at all India level thorough
immediate financial relief to the poorest programs like Swachh Bharat Mission. Every household
households, enabling them to afford food and should have access to clean drinking water and sanitation
healthcare. facilities.
 Behavioural Change and Awareness Programs:  Maternal and Child Health Programs
o Nutrition Education and Awareness: o Expand the reach of maternal and child health programs
Educational campaigns on nutrition, hygiene, and like Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY) to ensure that pregnant
health practices, especially among vulnerable women receive proper prenatal and postnatal care,
populations. including nutrition and health education.
o Mass Awareness Campaigns: Community-level
awareness campaigns like Poshan Maah
Abhiyan, on the importance of nutrition,
sanitation, and breastfeeding, targeting rural areas
and urban slums.

Conclusion:
Through comprehensive policies focused on nutrition, healthcare, education, and livelihood security, India can gradually
mitigate this persistent issue, improving the well-being of its population and fostering sustainable economic growth.

Q.8. The Doctrine of Democratic Governance makes it necessary that the public perception of the integrity and
commitment of civil servants becomes absolutely positive. Discuss. (150 words, 10 marks)
Approach
Introduction: Define Doctrine of democratic governance
Body
 Mention briefly the aspects of Doctrine of democratic governance
 Necessity of Good Public Perception of Civil Services for Sustaining ‘Doctrine of Democratic Governance’
 Issues with Positive Public Perception and Hindrance to Democratic Governance
 Challenges to ensure positive perception
 Way Forward
Conclusion: Conclude by relevant statements

Introduction:
Doctrine of democratic governance implies that ‘all governance measures are formulated, executed and monitored in the public interest,
with public participation in the governance to uphold the official machinery’. Recently, this doctrine was questioned with respect to
coveted Civil Services in India due to the ‘Pooja Khedkar Case’.

Doctrine of Democratic Governance:

 Public Trust and Confidence: This doctrine emphasizes that democracy is not just about elections, but also about
delivering public services effectively, ensuring accountability and maintaining trust between the state and its citizens.
 Civil servants (backbone of the executive arm of government) play a pivotal role in implementing government
policies, providing essential services, and safeguarding the rule of law. However, their effectiveness is associated with
public perception of their integrity and dedication to duty.
 Good Governance: Democratic Governance is essentially a Good Governance provided it incorporates principles of
participation & representation, responsibility & accountability, openness and transparency, accountability, ethical
conduct, fairness and justice.

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Necessity of Good Public Perception of Civil Services for Sustaining ‘Doctrine of Democratic Governance’
1. High people participation: A positive image driven by values of integrity and commitment to civil services leads to
higher participation in governance by people.
 Eg: Smita Sabharwal, called ‘People’s Officer’ successfully implemented ‘Fund your City’ Campaign
2. Stability and trust: Maintains stability in administration and fosters trust in people. Good public perception about
civil services also helps in bringing institutional, procedural and behavioural reforms.
o Eg: Riots controlled by efficient public officers
3. Ease of living: Good Accessible civil services strengthens ease of living for people
o Eg: Jharkhand IAS officer Ramesh Gholap started the initiative ‘Sarkar Aapke Dwar’- Government at your
doorstep
4. Promote Transparency: Reduces corruption and rent seeking and enhances democratic and ethical governance
o Eg: Planned busting of Pooja Singhal and Chhavi Ranjan
5. Institutional reforms: Contributes towards strengthening of many constitutional and extra-constitutional bodies.
o Eg: TN Seshan included EPIC cards as Chief Election Commissioner
6. Policy Implementation: Civil servants’ commitment and ethical conduct ensure that policies are implemented
effectively and equitably, thereby fostering public confidence in government initiatives.
 Example: The success of the Swachh Bharat Mission was largely attributed to the dedicated efforts of civil
servants at local levels.

Issues with Positive Public Perception and Hindrance to Democratic Governance

1. Avoidance of unpopular decisions: Civil servants might desist from taking unpopular yet necessary measures in
larger public interest
o E.g: Sardar Sarovar Dam is currently providing for 9490 villages and bureaucracy had to stifle the Narmada
Bachao Andolan for it.
2. Anonymity is the hallmark of civil services- and thus civil servants need not run after positive image/public
perception.
o E.g: D. Subbarao was the brain behind RBI’s financial inclusion efforts, but remained largely anonymous
3. Bureaucratic red tape: Taking consent and concurrence of all can lead to delay in crucial measures.
o E.g: CrPC Section 144 was needed in Jammu and Kashmir just before abrogation of Art. 370

Challenges to Ensuring Positive Perception

 Corruption Scandals: Instances of corruption or unethical behavior among civil servants can severely damage public
trust not only in individuals but also in the entire bureaucratic system.
 Political Interference: Civil servants often face pressures from political entities that can compromise their ability to
act impartially. This interference can lead to skepticism about their commitment to ethical governance.
 Negative Media Portrayals: The media plays a significant role in shaping public perception. Negative coverage can
overshadow the positive contributions made by civil servants, leading to a generalized distrust.

Way Forward: Balance democratic governance and image of civil services:

1. Recruitment reforms: Initiate long-due reforms in recruitment and reduce subjectivity in interview process
 Eg: Lateral entry to be made more objective
2. Communication channels: Establish official channels of communication with public and civil servants
 Eg: Coffee with Collector mechanism to interact with women sarpanch
3. Enhanced Accountability: Implement robust accountability measures, such as periodic audits and evaluations,
ensures that civil servants remain responsible for their actions and adhere to high ethical principles.
4. Ethical Leadership: Civil servants should receive training in ethical leadership, emphasizing core values like
impartiality, service-oriented mindset, and commitment to public welfare, to positively shape public perception.
 Example: The Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration (LBSNAA) integrates ethics and
leadership training into the curriculum for IAS officers.
Conclusion: Civil Services reforms in the spirit of transitioning from ‘Rules Based to Role-based’ bureaucracy are needed to
upgrade Civil services from ‘Rusted Steel Frame’ to ‘Trusted Steel Frame’

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9. Critically analyse India’s evolving diplomatic, economic and strategic relations with the Central Asian Republics
(CARs) highlighting their increasing significance in regional and global geopolitics.
Approach
Introduction: Mention briefly the background of India-Central Asia relations
Body
 Diplomatic, economic and strategic relations with the Central Asian Republics (CARs)
 Critical perspective in these domains
 Increasing significance in regional and global geopolitics
 Way Forward
Conclusion: Future of India-Central Asia relations

India and Central Asia have a long history of relations, and the two regions are considered to be part of each other's extended
neighbourhood. India’s engagement with the Central Asian Republics (CARs)—Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan,
Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan—has evolved in response to the shifting dynamics of global geopolitics. As Swaran Singh in
"India and Central Asia: The Neighbours' Neighbours," said India's increasing focus on Central Asia reflects a broader
strategy to assert itself in the Eurasian geopolitical landscape.

Diplomatic Relations
1. Historical Context and Cultural Diplomacy: From the Silk Road era, which fostered trade and people-to-people
exchanges to present Cultural diplomacy, such as cultural and educational exchanges deepened diplomatic
engagement Example: The annual India-Central Asia Dialogue, initiated in 2019,
2. Bilateral and Multilateral Cooperation: Formalized through strategic partnerships with Kazakhstan (2009) and
Uzbekistan (2011). At the multilateral level, India has engaged through the SCO and Conference on Interaction and
Confidence Building Measures in Asia (CICA).
3. Political and Strategic Dialogues: The establishment of the India-Central Asia Dialogue and India-Kazakhstan
Strategic Partnership has fostered regular high-level diplomatic dialogues, focusing on trade, energy, and security
cooperation.:
Example: The India-Central Asia Business Council, launched in 2020.
4. High-Level Visits: India has intensified its diplomatic outreach to CARs through high-level visits and, reflecting its
commitment to strengthening ties. Example: External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar visit to Uzbekistan and
Kazakhstan in 2021, enhancing diplomatic engagements and signing various agreements.
5. Extended Neighbourhood Policy: India considers Central Asia as part of its “extended neighborhood,” focusing on
building stronger relationships through diplomacy, culture, and trade.

Economic Relations
1. Trade Relations: India exports pharmaceuticals and technology to Kazakhstan and imports oil, gas, and
uranium.Example In 2022, India's trade with Kazakhstan exceeded $2 billion, making it the largest trading partner
among CARs.
2. Energy Cooperation: Kazakhstan is a major supplier of uranium, and Turkmenistan plays a central role in India’s
pursuit of natural gas through the TAPI Pipeline.:
Example: In 2021, India signed agreements with Kazakhstan for long-term uranium supply.
3. Connectivity Initiatives: India's Connect Central Asia Policy focuses on strengthening connectivity through
infrastructure development. The INSTC and Chabahar Port in Iran are critical components of India’s efforts to
improve access to CARs, bypassing Pakistan.
Example: The INSTC is expected to reduce transportation time between India and Central Asia by up to 40%.

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4. Developmental Assistance and Capacity Building: Through lines of credit and capacity-building initiatives such
as the Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation (ITEC) program, which supports human resource development.:
Example: In 2021, India provided Kyrgyzstan with a $200 million line of credit for development projects.

Strategic Relations
1. Geopolitical Importance: Located at the crossroads of Eurasia, offering access to energy-rich regions and acting
as a gateway to Europe and Russia.It provide energy security and enhance connectivity.
Example: India’s strategic airbase in Farkhor, Tajikistan,
2. Security and Defence Cooperation India has worked closely with countries like Tajikistan and Uzbekistan on
counterterrorism and intelligence-sharing initiatives to combat the growing threat of terrorism emanating from
Afghanistan.:
Example: Dustlik, KAZIND in 2023
3. Balancing China’s Influence: India’s focus on alternative connectivity routes and partnerships helps counterbalance
Beijing’s dominance(BRI) in the region.:
Example: India’s promotion of the INSTC

Critical Perspective
1. Limited Connectivity: India’s engagement with CARs is hindered by lack of direct access, making it dependent on
infrastructure projects like Chabahar Port and INSTC to ensure reliable connectivity.
1. Diplomatic Challenges: faces stiff competition from China’s growing influence through the BRI and the lack of
direct borders, limiting seamless connectivity.
2. Economic Limitations: India’s economic engagement remains modest compared to China’s robust investments, and
logistical challenges hinder deeper trade relations.
3. Strategic Constraints: India’s strategic influence in CARs is constrained by Russia’s historical dominance and
China’s BRI. The absence of direct borders further limits India’s capacity to respond swiftly to regional security
challenges.
4. Geopolitical Balancing: Requiring more robust economic and infrastructure investments to compete effectively with
Deep pocket diplomacy of China.

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Increasing Significance in Regional and Global Geopolitics
1. Energy Security: The vast reserves of oil, gas, and uranium in Central Asia make it an essential region for India’s
long-term energy security.
Example: Kazakhstan for uranium, and the TAPI pipeline.

2. Regional Connectivity and Trade: entral Asia's strategic location make it as a transit hub for global trade,promoting
greater connectivity with Russia, Europe, and the Middle East.
Example: The INSTC, involving 13 countries, reduce the time and cost of trade
3. Geopolitical Balancing: To balance the influence of major powers like China and Russia in the region. India’s
strategic partnerships and investments in infrastructure offer an alternative pathway for development and security.
4. Afghanistan Factor: Following the Taliban’s resurgence, CARs have become critical allies in addressing regional
security challenges, including terrorism and drug trafficking.
5. Geopolitical Significance in a Multipolar World: CARs offer India a foothold in the Eurasian heartland, serve as
critical partners for India in countering the influence of China’s BRI and expanding its strategic reach.
Example: India’s role in the SCO and its active engagement with the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU)

Way Forward
1. Enhanced Connectivity
● Prioritize completion of the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC) and utilize Chabahar
Port for better regional access.
● Counter China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) through faster implementation of connectivity projects.
● Recent India-Central Asia Summit calls for renewed focus on these routes.
2. Energy Cooperation
● Revive the stalled Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India (TAPI) pipeline for energy security.
● Leverage green energy cooperation, highlighted in the SCO Summit 2023, for renewable energy investments.
● Expand collaboration in hydrocarbon sectors to diversify energy imports.
3. Strategic Partnerships and Security
● Strengthen security ties through platforms like the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO).
● Participate in joint anti-terrorism exercises, such as Peaceful Mission 2023, to counter extremism.
● Enhance intelligence-sharing mechanisms to combat regional terrorism threats.
4. Cultural and Educational Diplomacy
● Expand Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation (ITEC) programs in Central Asia.
● Establish more cultural and educational exchanges, particularly in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan.
● Utilize soft power by promoting Indian culture, films, and scholarships in the region.
5. Geopolitical Balance
● Maintain strategic autonomy by balancing relations between China's BRI and Russia’s EEU.
● Foster diplomatic ties that align with India's regional interests without getting overly entangled in major power
competition.

In recent years, the contours of the India-Central Asia relationship have been witnessing metamorphosis in an unprecedented manner
whereby growing convergence has the potential to bring about a paradigm shift in the geostrategic dynamics of the extended
neighbourhood. C. Raja Mohan emphasizes that India's outreach to CARs is not only strengthening India’s geopolitical clout but also
contributes to shaping a more multipolar world.

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10. The west is fostering India as an alternate to reduce dependence on china’s supply chain and as a strategic ally to
counter china’s political and economic dominance. explain this statement with examples.
Approach
Introduction: Contextual introduction
Body
 India as an alternate to reduce dependence on china’s supply chain
 India as a strategic ally to counter China’s political dominance
 India as a strategic ally to counter China’s economic dominance
Conclusion: Conclude by relevant statements

C. Raja Mohan in his book Samudra Manthan highlights India’s strategic importance in the Indo-Pacific region, particularly
in light of China’s growing dominance. The West sees India as a key player in diversifying supply chains and countering
China’s influence.

India as an Alternate to reduce dependence on China’s supply chain

 Diversification of global supply chains: Western multi-national companies are shifting part of their production to
India to reduce reliance on China.
o Example: Apple’s iPhone production in India.
 Strategic partnerships: Through frameworks like the Supply Chain Resilience Initiative (SCRI) involving India,
Japan, and Australia, India is seen as a central player in creating a resilient supply chain network.
o Example: critical goods like semiconductors.
 India’s demographic advantage: India’s young workforce is seen as a sustainable alternative to China’s aging
population, offering long-term stability.
o Example: India’s Make in India initiative.
 Japan's "China Plus One Strategy": The China Plus One strategy is a business strategy that involves expanding
manufacturing and sourcing operations outside of China.
 Infrastructure Development: The West is investing in Indian infrastructure to support enhanced production and
logistics capabilities, making India more reliable as a manufacturing base.
o Example: The Build Back Better World (B3W) initiative, led by the US as an alternative to China’s Belt and
Road Initiative (BRI).
 Policy reforms for business: India has introduced PLI (Production Linked Incentives) schemes to attract global
manufacturing.
o Example: Foxconn setting up facilities in India.
 Exclusion of Chinese tech companies: The U.S. aims to exclude Chinese tech giants like Huawei from 5G networks,
with India emerging as a key partner due to its thriving IT sector.

India as a Strategic ally to counter China’s political dominance

 Quad alliance: India is part of the Quad (U.S., India, Japan, Australia), which aims to ensure a free and open Indo-
Pacific
o Example: Malabar naval exercise
 Defense cooperation: India has signed several defense agreements, including BECA and LEMOA, with the U.S.
o Example: BECA allows sharing of real-time military intelligence between India and the U.S.
 Regional partnerships: India’s leadership in forums like ASEAN and BRICS allows it to balance Chinese
dominance in regional policymaking
o Example: India’s resistance to China’s Belt and Road Initiative.

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Economic counterweight to China:
 Investment partnerships: Western nations are investing heavily in Indian infrastructure and tech sectors to reduce
dependency on China.
o Example: US-India Tech Initiative.
 Economic partnerships: Initiatives like the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework (IPEF) focus on economic
cooperation to counter China's economic dominance in the Indo-Pacific.
o Example: The IPEF promotes investments in digital infrastructure, bypassing Chinese models
 Energy security cooperation: India’s engagement with Western energy companies helps secure critical energy
supplies
o Example: India’s collaboration with US and France on nuclear energy.
 Digital economy growth: India’s fast-growing digital market offers a large consumer base, making it attractive for
Western firms as an alternative to China
o Example: Growth of Jio in collaboration with Facebook.

India has the opportunity to capitalise on the China Plus One strategy by western countries and attract global manufacturing
investments. As Harsh V. Pant states in his work New World Order, India is increasingly viewed as a key player in global
geopolitics. The West is fostering India both to reduce dependence on China and to counterbalance its political dominance
in the Indo-Pacific.

11. What are the aims and objects of recently passed and enforced, The Public Examination (Prevention of Unfair
Means) Act, 2024? Whether University/State Education Board examinations, too, are covered under the Act? (250
words, 15 Marks)
Approach
Introduction: Data related to exam leaks in India
Body
 Aims and objects of The Public Examination (Prevention of Unfair Means) Act, 2024
 Scope of the act vis-à-vis University and State Board exams
 Limitations of the act
 Way Forward
Conclusion: Conclude on a suggestive note

Investigations by various news sources revealed over 70 cases of exam leaks, including recruitment and board exams, over the
past seven years across 15 states. These leaks disrupted the schedules of 1.7 crore applicants.
To counter the menace of paper leaks/malpractices in pubic examinations, the Indian government recently passed the Public
Examination (Prevention of Unfair Means) Act, 2024.

Aims and Objectives of the Public Examination (Prevention of Unfair Means) Act, 2024
1. Prevention of Malpractices in Examinations: The Act aims to eliminate unfair means in public examinations, such
as cheating, impersonation, and leakages of question papers. It seeks to ensure that students/candidates are evaluated
solely based on their merit and not through fraudulent methods.
2. Deterrence through Stringent Punishment: It aims to deter individuals or groups from engaging in malpractice by
prescribing severe penalties for those caught using unfair means.
 This includes not only students but also individuals such as such as examiners, officials or other
intermediaries who facilitate in cheating.
3. Protection of the Sanctity of Examinations: Public examinations are critical for admissions into educational
institutions and securing government jobs. The Act emphasizes safeguarding the sanctity and credibility of such exams
to maintain public trust in the system of education and recruitment.

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4. Strengthening Examination Conduct and Surveillance: The Act envisions robust measures to strengthen
surveillance and other tools to monitor examination centers and reduce the chances of malpractice
 E.g. The use of technology like CCTV cameras, biometric systems,.
5. Accountability of Exam Authorities: Examining authorities and officials responsible for conducting public
examinations are also made accountable under this Act. Any negligence/collusion/nexus on the part of officials will
result in penalties, thereby reinforcing the need for strict oversight and vigilance.
6. Empowering Law Enforcement: The Act empowers law enforcement agencies to investigate cases of cheating and
other malpractices. It ensures that offenders can be swiftly apprehended and prosecuted.

Scope of the Act vis-à-vis University and State Board Examinations

The Public Examination (Prevention of Unfair Means) Act, 2024 covers a wide range of public examinations.
1. Competitive Examinations for Government Jobs: Examinations conducted by the Union Public Service
Commission (UPSC), Staff Selection Commission (SSC), Railway Recruitment Board (RRB) and other central or
state recruitment exams are covered under the Act.
2. Entrance Examinations for Educational Institutions: Exams such as the Joint Entrance Examination (JEE),
National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (NEET) and other entrance tests for higher education institutes also fall within
the ambit of the Act.
3. University Examinations: Public universities, State universities and institutions of national importance like IITs and
NITs that conduct examinations for awarding degrees or diplomas are subject to the provisions of this law (implicitly,
not explicitly).
4. State Education Board Examinations including the Class 10 and Class 12 board exams conducted by state boards
are also included under the act. The Act applies to these examinations as they play a vital role in students' academic
and career prospects.

Limitations of the Public Examination (Prevention of Unfair Means) Act, 2024

1. Scheduling and Rescheduling of Examinations: The act does not cover important issue of ‘rescheduling of cancelled
examinations’ and the duration within which such rescheduled exam is to be conducted.
2. Section 2k in the Schedule to the Act mentions UPSC, SSC, RRB, IBPS, Ministry of Dept. of Central Government,
National Testing Agency or Public Examination Authority. Thus, the act does not explicitly mention University or
Board Examinations to be covered under the Act.
3. Point 7 in the Schedule to the Act, however mentions ‘such other authority as may be notified by the central
government’. Such notification can be extended to include University or Board Examinations.
Penalties under the Act:
 Imprisonment: Those found guilty of using unfair means during public examinations can face imprisonment from 3
to 5 years depending on the severity of the offense.
 Fines: Heavy fines up to Rs. 10 lakhs are imposed on individuals or entities involved in facilitating cheating, question
paper leaks or impersonation.
 Debarment: Students found guilty of malpractice may be debarred from taking public examinations for a specific
period, which could severely affect their academic and career trajectories.
Way Forward:
 Stringent Laws: Government should not only rely on the legislation for tackling paper leaks, but also devise a
preventive mechanism to eliminate the practice and punish the wrongdoers.
 Special Task Force: Political parties and the government should deliberate and enforce measures like special task
forces and stricter laws to prevent cheating and exam paper leaks.

The Public Examination (Prevention of Unfair Means) Act, 2024 represents a crucial step towards safeguarding the integrity
of public examinations in India. By instituting comprehensive measures to prevent malpractices and enforce strict penalties for
violations, the Act aims to foster a fair examination environment where candidates can compete purely based on merit.

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Q12. Right to privacy is intrinsic to life and personal liberty and is inherently protected under Article 21 of the
constitution. Explain. In this reference discuss the law relating to D.N.A. testing of child in the womb to establish
its paternity.
Approach
Introduction: KS Puttaswamy judgement and recent context
Body
 Right to privacy as intrinsic to life and personal liberty
 Right to privacy inherently protected under Article 21
 Law relating to DNA testing of child in the womb to establish its paternity
 Impact of DNA testing on privacy rights
Conclusion: Conclude by relevant statements

The Right to Privacy was recognized as a fundamental right by the Supreme Court of India in the landmark case of Justice K.S.
Puttaswamy vs Union of India (2017). The court ruled that the right to privacy is intrinsic to the right to life and personal liberty
under Article 21 of the Indian Constitution. Recently, the Supreme Court limited DNA paternity testing in divorce proceedings,
prioritizing children’s privacy rights.

Right to Privacy is intrinsic to life and personal liberty and inherently protected under Article 21
1. Intrinsic to life and personal liberty
 Scope of Article 21: It states that "No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to
the procedure established by law." Initially, it only protected against arbitrary state action but over time broadened
to include many rights, including privacy.
 Intrinsic human right: The right to privacy is born with the human being and stays until death.
 Privacy as part of life: The Supreme court emphasized that privacy is essential for maintaining dignity and autonomy,
encompassing bodily integrity, informational privacy, and personal choices. For example, revealing someone’s sexual
preferences online can lead to online bullying and harassment.
 New age technologies: New age technologies like Social Media, and crimes like revenge porn require the safety
of personal data like images, videos, passwords etc.
2. Inherently protected under Article 21
 Public interest litigation: The Supreme court has entertained multiple Public interest litigations to invoke ‘right
to be forgotten’ in case of digital defamation.
 Test for Privacy infringement: Any restriction on privacy must satisfy three conditions which are Legality
(justified by law), legitimate aim (serving legitimate state interest) and proportionality.
 Information sharing to third party: Under the Digital Data Protection Act (2023), the data principles have
strong rights like ability to restrict access to personal information with third party.
 Data encryption: The data encryption is being guaranteed by social media platforms like Whatsapp to protect
the individual right to privacy.
 Telephone tapping: The Supreme court in PUCL v/s Union of India, 1997, has ruled that individuals have the
right to privacy regarding the tapping of their telephone communication.

Law relating to DNA testing of child in the womb to establish its paternity
 Legality of DNA testing in the womb
o PCPNDT Act (1994): Governed by the Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (PCPNDT) Act,
1994, which strictly regulates prenatal diagnostic tests. DNA testing is permissible only under specific conditions,
such as medical necessity or court orders.
o DNA technology (use and application) Regulation Bill, 2019: It establishes DNA Data bank to identify the
individual in case of paternity disputes.

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 Judiciary precedents
o Bhabani Prasad Jena judgement (2010): The Supreme Court held that DNA testing should not be used as a
routine procedure to establish paternity without considering the right to privacy of the parties involved. The court
noted that compelling a person to undergo a DNA test must be balanced with respect for personal autonomy and
dignity.
o Prohibited for adultery cases: The Supreme court has ruled that these tests will also not be undertaken to
establish cases of adultery, as it will breach the privacy of the child.
o Consent of women required: They can be used to establish cases of ancestral property disputes, immigration
and legal guardianship. However, such tests cannot be done without the consent of the woman, as it is her bodily
integrity that is being breached.
o Sufficient prima-facie material: The DNA tests of children born during the subsistence of a valid marriage may
be directed only when there is sufficient prima-facie material to dislodge the presumption under Section 112 of
the Evidence Act.

Impact of DNA testing on Privacy rights [Students: This part is not explicitly asked; you can mention this in smart art
format]
 Child's Right to Privacy: Children have a right to maintain their personal boundaries and identity without
unnecessary intrusion. Forcing a child into a paternity test can lead to emotional distress and identity crises.
 Parental rights: Parents seeking to establish or contest paternity must navigate privacy concerns while balancing their
rights against the child's well-being.
 Legal Precedents: The evolving legal landscape surrounding DNA testing reflects a growing recognition of privacy
rights alongside the need for legal clarity in matters of parentage.
 Balancing Privacy and Justice: The right to privacy can be invoked to challenge forced DNA tests, especially if they
compromise personal dignity.

While privacy is fundamental under Article 21, its application in prenatal paternity testing requires careful legal and ethical
considerations. Furthermore, the right to privacy must be strengthened by measures like data localisation, data randomisation
and increased awareness of various aspects of privacy.

Q13. What changes has the Union Government recently introduced in the domain of Centre-State relations? Suggest
measures to be adopted to build the trust between the Centre and the States and for strengthening federalism.
Approach
Introduction: Give a brief definition of federalism
Body
 Mention changes introduced by Union Government in the domain of Centre-State relations
 Mention measures to build trust between centre and states
 Mention measures to strengthen federalism
Conclusion: Conclude by relevant statements

Federalism is the constitutional power sharing arrangement among two or more levels of government. Indian federalism is
modelled on Canadian model, making it federalism with a unitary bias. It is a part of the Basic Structure of the constitution
(S.R. Bommai Case, 1994).

Changes introduced by Union government in Centre-State relations

1. Financial
 Introduction of Goods and Services Tax (GST): Introduction of Goods and Services Tax (GST) under 101st
Constitutional amendment act, 2017. The GST Council has representatives from all states and UTs.

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 Loan facility to meet GST shortfalls: The centre has provided back to back loan facility to empower states in
the event of shortfall in GST collection.
 Implementation of 15th FC recommendations: The 15th Finance commission included measures like
demographic performance to reward states who have worked on population control.
 Income weightage by 16th FC: Income distance criterion (45%) of 16th Finance commission gives larger number
of share to relatively lower income states, many rich states have argued to lower the weightage in the criterion.
 Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management (FRBM) Act: The passing of the Fiscal Responsibility and
Budget Management (FRBM) Act has put several restrictions and limited borrowing capacity of states for
development.
 Financial burden on states for implementing central schemes: Several provisions of central legislations such
as MGNREGA act, the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act 2009, the National Food
Security Act 2013 impose an extra burden on the States.
 Cess and Surcharges: The use of cess and surcharges has become a common practice for raising revenue for
specific purposes. However, it can affect the size of the divisible pool, impacting the funds available for
distribution to states.
2. Legislative
 Establishment of NITI Aayog: Planning commission scrapped by a much less intrusive, merely
recommendatory body called NITI Aayog in 2015. Unlike planning commission, NITI Aayog gives
representation to states.
 Legislation for co-operatives: The 97th Constitutional amendment act, 2019 attempted to legislate on the state
subject of cooperatives, but was partially struck down by Supreme court. However, a Ministry of Cooperation
was created.
 Push for Uniformity in laws: The central government continues to push for uniformity and standardization in
various policy areas. For example, the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 aims to bring uniformity in the
education system across states.
 Amendments in Disaster Management Act: During the COVID-19 pandemic, the Centre invoked the Disaster
Management Act, centralizing decision-making, which affected state autonomy in health management.
 Introduction of Farm laws: The laws were related to agriculture which is entries 14 and 28 of the state list under
Schedule 7 of the constitution. The states felt that they have lost their powers and centre intruded on their
legislative powers.
 Aspirational Districts Programme: Implemented to involve states in addressing developmental challenges in
underdeveloped districts, with financial and technical support from the Centre.
3. Administrative
 Amendments to All India Service rules: Through the amendments, the Union government plans to acquire
powers to depute IAS/IPS and IFoS officers to the Central Government and Ministries without necessarily taking
the State government’s nod.
 Identification of socially and educationally backward classes (SEBCs): The 105th Constitutional amendment
act, 2022 gave the right to identify SEBCs back to the states.

Measures to build trust between centre and states [Recommendations of Sarkaria commission, ARC and Punchhi
commission]
1. Legislative
 Consulting states while legislating: For cultivating better Centre-State relations, some broad agreement is
reached between Union and States before introducing legislation in Parliament on matters in the Concurrent List.
It has to consult states in cases of drastic reforms like One Nation One Election, Uniform Civil Code etc.
 Transferred Entries from List II to II: The Union should be extremely restrained in asserting Parliamentary
supremacy in matters assigned to the states and there should be greater flexibility to states in relation to subjects
in the State List and transferred items" in the Concurrent List.

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2. Governor and CM
 Appointment of Governor: Governor should be eminent figure in some walk of life, should be from outside the
state and should be a detached figure, not intimately connected with local politics.
 Consulting Chief Minister: The procedure of consulting the Chief Minister in the appointment of State Governor
should be prescribed in the Constitution itself.
 Tenure: Governors should have a fixed tenure of five years and their removal should not be at the sweet will of
the Central Government
 Minimize discretionary powers of CM: Discretionary powers of the Chief Minister to be minimized as
recommended by Punchhi commission report.
3. Use of Article 356
 Reduce use of Article 356: Minimize the usage of Art. 356 (President’s Rule), which is already on a downward
trend.
 Localised emergency: Providing theframework for "localised emergency" would ensure that state government
can continue to function and the Assembly would not have to be dissolved.
4. Institutional
 Team India Wing: Reinvigorate Team India Wing of NITI Aayog with more frequent meetings and outcome-
based strategies.
 Revitalize Inter-State Council: Convene regular meetings of the council (at-least thrice a year) to discuss and
address Centre-State issues.
 Zonal Councils: They should meet at least twice a year with anagenda proposed by states concerned to maximise co-
ordinationand promote harmonisation of policies and action having interstate ramification.
 Forum of Chief Ministers: A forum of Chief Ministers, chaired byo ne of the Chief Minister by rotation to co-
ordinate policies of sectors like energy, food, education, environment and health.
5. Financial
 Cost sharing: Central legislations involving states' involvement should provide for cost sharing as in the case of
the RTE Act. Existing Central legislations where the states are entrusted with the responsibility of implementation
should be suitably amended.
 Equity-Oriented Intergovernmental Transfers: Tax exemptions, tax concessions and other revenues forgone
in recent times disproportionately favoured the rich and have reduced the size of the divisible pool.
 Performance-Based Grants: Introduce performance-based grants for states for achieving certain developmental
targets, such as improving health and education indicators which will encourage states to focus on effective
governance and results.
 Review off-budget borrowings of centre and state governments: Off-Budget borrowings mean all borrowings
not provided for in the Budget but whose repayment liabilities fall on the Budget. They are generally unscrutinised
and unreported.
 Cooperative Federalism: Foster a spirit of cooperative federalism where the central and state governments
collaborate to design and implement policies that benefit the nation as a whole.
 Reviewing of cess and surcharges: The Central Government should review all the existing cesses and surcharges
with a view to bringing down their share in the gross tax revenue.
 Inter-State Trade and Commerce Commission: Recommended by National Commission to Review the
Workings of the Constitution (NCRWC), 2000. It should be set up under Article 307 and should be vested with
both advisory and executive roles with decision making powers.
 GST Review: Regularly review GST implementation based on state feedback to ensure fairness and effectiveness
in revenue sharing.

Measures to strengthen Federalism

 Clear division of powers: There has to be clear demarcation of responsibilities between Centre and states, particularly
with respect to concurrent subjects.

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 Strengthen Rajya sabha: The Rajya Sabha needs to be strengthened as it represents states interests at the national
level.
 Empower local bodies: Recentralization as suggested by World Bank- delegating more authority to local
governments.
 Flexible policy implementation: The state should be given flexibility to implement central policies according to their
local conditions while adhering to the broad national framework.
 Active judiciary: The Union government must allow the judiciary to play a proactive role in resolving disputes
between Centre and states through mechanisms like harmonious construction of laws.

The Indian model of Federalism is Sui Generis according to our socio-political realities, and must be strengthened to build and
foster mutual trust for Ek Bharat, Shrestha Bharat.

Q14. Explain the reasons for the growth of public interest litigation in India. As a result of it, has the Indian Supreme
Court emerged as the World's most powerful judiciary?
Approach
Introduction: Define Public interest litigation
Body
 Reasons for the growth of public interest litigation in India
 PIL resulted in Indian Supreme court emerging as the world’s most powerful judiciary
 Other reasons responsible for Indian Supreme court to emerge as world’s most powerful judiciary
 Challenges associated with immensely powerful Indian judiciary
Conclusion: Conclude by relevant statements

The Public Interest Litigation (PIL) refers to a legal action initiated in a court of law wherein a public minded person can litigate on the
basis of oppressed sections of society, relaxing the natural justice principle of ‘Locus standi’.

Reasons for the growth of public interest litigation in India

 Legislative
 Legislative vacuum: PILs have often been used by judiciary to address gaps in legislations particularly in the
areas of human rights.
o Example: "Vishaka Guidelines" stipulated by the Supreme Court in 1997 for sexual harassment at
workplace. The court stated that these guidelines were to be implemented until legislation is passed to deal
with the issue.
o Example: There was no legislation on the right to self-identification of gender till judiciary recognized it
as a part of right to life in NALSA judgement.
 Judicial
 No locus standi: Remedial nature of PIL departs from traditional locus standi rules. Thus a person acting bonafide
and having sufficient interest in the proceeding of PIL will alone have a locus standi and can approach the court.
 Accessibility and Affordability: The PIL litigation is much cheaper than the conventional court process as there
is only nominal court fee is involved. It provides regular people with access to the higher courts in order to seek
legal remedy.
 Judicial activism: The Supreme Court has emerged as the beacon of judicial activism, instilling hope in millions.
o Example: Supreme court’s suo motu action in the Kolkata Rape and Murder investigation.
 Individual Judges role: Perceptive judges have persistently innovated on the side of the poor leading to increase
in the growth of PIL’s in India.

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o Example: In the Bandhua Mukti Morcha case, the apex court put the burden of proof on the respondent
stating it would treat every case of forced labor as a case of bonded labor unless proven otherwise by the
employer.
o Example: Similarly, in the Asiad Workers judgment case, Justice Bhagwati held that anyone getting less
than the minimum wage can approach the Supreme Court directly without going through the labor
commissioner and lower courts.
 Political
 Politicization of PIL: They are being misused by political parties to get the attention of the public. The parties
who could not achieve their aims through the administrative process are using this instrument to further their
interests.
 Civil Society and Media
 Active civil society: The growth of NGOs and civil society organizations seeking justice for various sections of
the society has led to increased filing of PILs.
o Example: The Supreme court recently agreed that prostitution is not a crime in India on PIL by multiple
groups.
o Example: The PIL filed by the Centre for Public Interest Litigation (CPIL) in various cases, including
the Right to Education, demonstrates how civil society participation has bolstered the growth of PIL in
India.
 Media coverage: The growth of the media and the increased coverage of PIL cases has brought public attention
to issues that would otherwise have gone unnoticed.
 Others
 Publicity stunt: PIL is sometimes being misused by the public for seeking publicity rather than the support of
genuine public cause.
 Increased awareness and education: Increased awareness about the legal system and human rights has led to a
rise in use of PIL mechanism to bring about social change.
o Example: Association of Democratic Reforms (ADR) PIL against Electoral Bonds was widely published
and expedited.

PIL resulted in Indian Supreme court emerging as the world’s most powerful judiciary
 Increased Judicial activism: The PIL has provided the Indian Supreme Court the power to strike down
unconstitutional laws and executive actions, making it the most powerful judiciary. The PIL’s have given legitimacy
for the Supreme court’s activism in India.
 Ability to expand fundamental rights: Through PIL, the Indian Supreme court was able to broaden the interpretation
of fundamental rights. For instance, the "right to life" in Article 21 has been expanded to include right to free legal
aid, right to education, freedom from torture, bar fetters and hand cuffing in prisons, etc.
 Wider domain of powers: In India, the definition of public interest in PIL is extremely broad, including issues like
environmental protection which gives wide powers to Indian supreme court making it the world’s most powerful judiciary.
 Possibility for Suo motu actions: The Supreme Court of India can initiate a PIL on its own without a formal petition
being filed, making it the powerful institution. In contrast, in the countries like the United States, courts do not have
the power to initiate cases on their own.
 Socio-economic rights: PILs empowered Indian Supreme court to expand the socio-economic rights with changing
times. In contrast, in many Western legal systems, PILs are typically restricted to civil and political rights.

Other reasons responsible for Indian Supreme court to emerge as world’s most powerful judiciary
 Individual Judges role: Justice Krishna Menon and PN Bhagwati were the beacons of judicial activism. The current
CJI Chandrachud is considered an activist judge.
 Article 142- Complete Justice: It provides a unique and wide power to the Supreme Court, to do “complete justice”
between the parties, where, at times, the law or statute may not provide a remedy.
 Independent judiciary: The appointment process of judges maintains immense independence of judiciary- collegium
mechanism given by 2nd Judges case (1992).

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Challenges associated with immensely powerful Indian judiciary [Students: The below part must be written in smart art format]
 Judicial excess: The powerful Indian judiciary can quickly transition into judicial excess. For example, Ex CJI became
a judge in his own case in the sexual harassment allegation
 Institutional bias: Judiciary can exercise its powers to harass an elected government due to existing differences
between judiciary and government.
 Personal interests: Many judges may have pecuniary interest in the stalling or review of an existing law or order.
Example: Justice C. S. Karnan contempt case
 Scope for judicial legislation: The immensely powerful Indian judiciary creates scope for Judicial legislation. It
violates the doctrine of separation of powers.
 Erodes public faith: Excessive judicial interference can diminish the faith of the people in the elected government.

The judiciary must exercise judicial restraint along with clearing massive pendency (over 5 crore cases) in the interest of
constitutional supremacy along with strengthening PIL as a justice delivery mechanism.

Q15. Discuss India as a secular state and compare with the secular principles of the US constitution.
Approach
Introduction: Constitutional provisions related to secularism
Body
 Detailed provisions in Indian constitution related to Secularism
 Implications of India as a secular state
 Comparison of Indian secularism with secular principles of US constitution
Conclusion: Conclude by relevant statements

The concept of secularism was not expressly mentioned in the Indian Constitution. However, the Indian Constitution has spelled
out several provisions in Part III (Fundamental Rights), Part IV (Directive Principles of State Policy), and Part IVA
(Fundamental Duties) that reflect the existence of secularism.

Provisions in Indian constitution related to Secularism

 Preamble: The word "secular" was added to the Preamble by the 42nd Amendment (1976), affirming that India is a
secular state.
 Article 25-28: These articles guarantee freedom of religion.
o Article 25 gives every individual the right to freely profess, practice, and propagate religion.
o Article 26 grants religious groups the right to manage their own affairs.
o Article 27 prohibits the state from using tax revenues for promoting any religion, and
o Article 28 bans religious instruction in educational institutions funded by the state.
 Articles 29-30: They provide cultural and educational rights to minorities, allowing them to preserve their culture,
language, and script.
 Article 14: Guarantees equality before law and equal protection of the law, ensuring that no citizen is discriminated
against based on religion.
 Article 15: It prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth, reinforcing the
principle of equality in a secular state.
 Article 44: Suggests the idea of a Uniform Civil Code for the country, which has not been implemented but highlights
the state's interest in treating all citizens equally regardless of religion.

India as a secular state

 Equal respect for all religions: Unlike Western secularism, which emphasizes the separation of state and religion,
Indian secularism promotes equal respect for all religions.
 No State religion: India has no official religion, and the government does not promote or favor any particular faith.

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 Promotion of pluralism: India promotes its diverse cultural and religious identities. The celebration of various
festivals across communities, such as Diwali, Eid, and Christmas, reflects the country’s pluralistic ethos.
 Positive intervention of state: The state can intervene in religious matters to ensure social reform such as abolition
of untouchability, Sati, etc.
 Focus on harmony: Indian secularism focus on harmony among all religions than tight separation between state and
religion.
 Protection of minority rights: By accepting community-based rights for religious minorities, state can protect rights
of Indian citizens.

Comparison of Indian secularism with secular principles of US constitution

Aspect India USA
Secularism explicitly mentioned in the Secularism implied through the First Amendment.
Constitutional basis Preamble and Constitution (42nd There is no explicit mention of the term
Amendment, 1976). "secularism".
Pluralistic secularism - Equal respect for all Neutral secularism - Separation of church and state.
Concept
religions.
No official state religion; equal treatment of Establishment Clause prohibits the government
State and religion
all religions. from establishing a religion.
The state can intervene in religious matters to The state cannot interfere in religious matters or
Role of state
ensure equality, reform, or social justice. favor one religion over another.
Indian secularism emphasizes protection of US secularism ensures freedom of religion but does
Minority rights
religious minorities and their rights. not specifically emphasize minority religious rights.
The state may provide support to religious The state is prohibited from supporting any religion
State support for
institutions (e.g., funding religious schools, financially or otherwise.
religion
managing religious trusts).
Challenges Majoritarian politics, communal tensions. Polarization, debates over religious freedoms.

India’s secularism emphasizes pluralism and allow for state intervention for social justice, while the U.S. Constitution focuses
on the strict separation of church and state, promoting individual religious freedoms. Both nations uphold secularism, adapting
their approaches to unique historical and social contexts while striving for religious freedom and equality.

Q.16. The Citizen’s Charter has been a landmark initiative in ensuring citizen-centric administration. But it is yet to
reach its full potential. Identify the factors hindering the realization of its promise and suggest measures to
overcome them. (250 words, 15 Marks)
Approach
Introduction: Definition of citizen charter
Body
 Citizens charter role in ensuring citizen centric administration
 Issues related to unfulfilled potential of citizen charters
 Measures to overcome them
Conclusion: Conclude by relevant statements

Introduction:
A Citizen’s Charter is a document of commitments made by a Government organization to the citizens/client groups in respect of the
services/schemes to be provided to them. The objective of the Charter exercise is to build bridges between citizens and administration
and to streamline administration in tune with the needs of citizens.

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Citizen’s Charter role in ensuring Citizen-Centric Administration
1. For Government Agencies
● Public Commitment: It encourages efficacy and efficiency in public policymaking due to the moral imperative
of adhering to the charter.
● Reduces Corruption: Adhering to the charter helps in reducing institutional malpractices as public bodies
become more committed to public welfare.
● Judicious use of resources: As agencies become aware of the public funds at their disposal, they also practice
prudence and check any leakages.
● Enhanced service delivery: With a focus on better scheme outcomes it improves service quality and delivery.
● Public Faith: A government functioning to the benefit of the public at large also enjoys greater public trust and
approval rates.
2. For Citizens
 Quality of services: Citizen charter enhanced the quality, efficiency and timeliness of the government services.
o Example: Citizen charter of Hyderabad Metropolitan water supply board- Provision of compensation as a
token of commitment to customers in event of failure to provide services.
 Accountability: It increases citizen awareness about their rights and makes the government accountable.
o Example: Jan Sewa kendras in Ahmedabad and Vadodara - Fast track issuance of certificates and affidavits,
in the district and Taluk headquarters.
 Timely delivery: It has provided the rights to the public for timely delivery of services and imposed obligations on
the public servants to achieve it.
o Ex: Citizen's Charter in all Municipalities in Tamil Nadu-Instructions issued to Executive Authorities for collecting a
fine of Rs.50/- per day per job from the staff concerned and given to the affected public concerned.
● Public Participation: It enhances people's participation in the governance process and the credibility of the
government.
● Social Welfare: As optimisation takes places in public services, they give better results and thus closer to the
intended welfare purposes.

Issues Related to Unfulfilled Potential of the Citizen’s Charters:

1. Formulation
● No Legal framework: The citizen’s charter is not legally enforceable and thus no agency is bound to adopt its standards.
● Awareness: There is a lack of awareness among the public as well as State employees about citizen’s charters.
● Non- Consensus oriented: The charters were drafted without any consultation or inputs from stakeholders like
the civil society and public activist groups.
● Lack of Policy Focus: No funds have been specifically earmarked for awareness generation of Citizens' Charter
or for orientation of staff on various components of the Charter.
● Not inclusive: It has been seen to not include the interest of women, the disabled, the elderly and minorities.
● Charters are rarely updated: Making it a one-time exercise, frozen in time.
2. Implementation
● Linguistic Barriers: Charters have not been prepared in vernacular language.
● “One size fit all” approach: The charter is uniform across all departments and thus does not inculcate their
inherent difference in functioning and requirements.
● Lack of Training: For any Charter to succeed the employees responsible for its implementation should have
proper training and orientation. However, in many cases, the concerned staff were not adequately trained and
sensitized.
● Poor Information Dissemination: Critical information that end-users need to hold agencies accountable are
missing in charters.
● Lack of implementation: Adequate publicity to the Charters had not been given in any of the Departments evaluated. In
most Departments, the Charters are only in the initial or middle stage of implementation.
● Absence of Grievance Redressal Mechanism: Most of the charters have poor or absent grievance redressal
mechanisms.
● Poor publicity: hence, public is poorly informed about their rights
3. Assessment
● No Feedback: Feedback is hardly taken to improve the nature of Citizen charter.
● No Updation: Citizen charters are not timely updated as per the ongoing changes.

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2nd Administrative Reforms Commission Recommendations
● ‘One size does not fit all’ Approach: Citizen’s Charter should be prepared for each independent unit under the overall
umbrella of the organization’s charter.
● Need for ‘Consensus Orientation’: Need for citizens and staff to be consulted at every stage of formulation of the
Charter.
● Domestic Reform: Internal process and structure should be reformed to meet the commitments given in the Charter
Redress mechanism is the case of default
● Evaluation of progress: Periodic evaluation and updating of Citizen’s Charter.
● Public Feedback: Making benchmarks using end-user feedback.
● Organizational Accountability: Hold officers accountable for results.

Measures/Way Forward:
● Redressal Mechanisms: There should be well laid out redressal mechanisms in the event of any default by the
department’s standards of service delivery.
● Attitudinal Shift: The issuance of the Citizens' Charter will not change overnight the mindset of the staff and the
clients. Therefore, regular, untiring and persistent efforts are required to bring about the attitudinal changes.
● Integrated Management: The charter initiative should have a built-in mechanism for monitoring, evaluating and
reviewing the working of the Characters, preferably through an outside agency.
● Raising Awareness: Need for wider publicity of the Charter through print media, posters, banners, leaflets, handbills,
brochures, local newspapers etc. and also through electronic media. (IIPA Recommendation).
● Consensus oriented: It must be made after consultation with all stakeholders like civil society.
● Individual Accountability: Enforcement officers and staff must be held accountable for the implementation of the
values of the charter.
● Enhancing accessibility of the charters. E.g. Using Bhashini portal to translate CC into other regional languages
● Budget Allocation: Earmarking of specific budgets for awareness generation and orientation of staff.
● Database Creation: Need for creation of database on consumer grievances and redress.
● Replication of Best Practices: Case study of all Citizen Charters should be collated and of best practices in this field should be
replicated. Eg: RBI Ombudsman model to be applied for CPGRAMS as well

Conclusion: Citizen charter is playing a prominent role in ensuring ‘Minimum government and Maximum governance’. Changing the
nature to justiceable and adopting penalty measures will make public service delivery more efficient and citizen friendly.

Q.17. In a crucial domain like the public healthcare system the Indian State should play a vital role to contain the
adverse impact of marketisation of the system. Suggest some measures through which the State can enhance the
reach of public healthcare at the grassroots level. (Answer in 250 words)
Approach
Introduction: Marketization of healthcare system
Body
 Reasons for Marketization of healthcare system
 Issues with Marketization of healthcare system
 Measures through which the State can enhance the reach of public healthcare at the grassroots level.
Conclusion: Conclude by relevant statements

Introduction: The marketization of healthcare means the increasing role of private sector in providing healthcare services,
which are driven by profit motives. With increase marketization, the access to healthcare become unequal, where the poor and
marginalized communities suffer from inadequate and unaffordable care.

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Marketization of HealthCare System – Reasons
 Insufficient Public Healthcare Infrastructure: The inability of public sector to deliver good healthcare services and
develop infrastructure for healthcare services has forced the private sector to expand and deliver the services with a
corporate outlook.
o Miniscule Public Funding: The government is spending only 2.1% of GDP in healthcare in India in comparison
to world average of 6%.
 Government Policy:
o LPG Reforms: Post-1991 economic liberalization policies encouraged the growth of the private sector, including
healthcare.
o Increasing FDI in Health Sector: The healthcare sector in India recorded cumulative foreign direct investments
of more than $36 billion between April 2000 and March 2024.
 Aspiration For Quality Services:
o Increasing Demand: The growing middle class in India aspire for quality healthcare services, and there is believe
in the quality of private sector than public sector.
o Technological Advancements: Private healthcare institutions have been quicker to adopt advanced medical
technologies and provide specialized services, making them more attractive to patients.
 Increasing Affluence:
o Increased Health Insurance Coverage: The expansion of health insurance has made private healthcare services
more accessible to a larger section of society. Patients are more willing to seek care in private institutions as they
can afford the costs through insurance.
o Medical Tourism: There is a vast scope for medical tourism in India due to its cost advantage. According to
Crisil, 7.3 million medical tourists are projected to visit India in 2024 (6.1 million in 2023). This has also resulted
in the growth of private health sector in India.
 Rise in New Diseases: Urbanization and changing lifestyles have led to an increase in non-communicable diseases,
like diabetes and heart disease, which require specialized and advanced treatment, dominated by private sectors.
 Restricting Brain Drain: Privatization of healthcare has been a boon to the professional in health industry due to the
attractive packages, growing market requirements, vast research and development programs, and consumer
requirements has motivated professionals to stay in the country with the result and lessen brain drains.

Marketization of HealthCare System – Issues

 High Medical Cost:
o High Out of Pocket Expenditure: According to National Health Agency, there is high OoPE on healthcare in
India, 47.1%. According to World Bank, around 5.5cr people pushed into poverty every year because of
healthcare spending.
o Commercialisation of Health Care: In a marketized healthcare system, profit takes precedence over patient
welfare. Hospitals and pharmaceutical companies prioritize expensive treatments and procedures over affordable
and preventive healthcare.
 Inequitable Access:
o Rich vs Poor: Market-driven healthcare favor those who can pay, leaving behind low-income households, and
marginalized communities.
o Rural-Urban Divide: Healthcare in rural and underdeveloped areas is often neglected by private providers as
they focus on urban centers for profitability.
o Exacerbation of Health Inequalities: It exclude poor sections from the quality healthcare, exacerbating existing
social and economic inequalities.
 Myth of Quality Care:
o Poor Service: According to Lancet, privatisation reduces the quality of care and worsens health outcomes of patients.
 Example: Even though there is increase in privatization of healthcare in India, MMR and IMR numbers are
on the highest in the world. There are no records about death during the child birth in the private hospitals as
they do not require reporting it to Chief Medical Officer.
o New Public Health Crisis: In the rural areas the service by the private sector is taken at the mercy of the quasi
doctors. The hospitals and clinics are not hygienic. They are vulnerable to infections and new diseases.
 Lack of Public Scrutiny:
o Lack of Regulations: The private health providers are unregulated, with no standardized treatment protocols, no
standardisation of costs to be charged for treatments and no data maintenance in proper formats.

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o Unethical Practices: The private hospitals incur unnecessary expenses to raise the expenditure bill of the patients,
performing unnecessary investigations, like ultrasound, X-rays, blood tests, consultations, and surgeries.
 Example: In India, there is a rise in caesarean section deliveries in private hospitals, mostly to increase the
cost of services.
 Erosion of Public Healthcare Investment:
o Persistent Public Neglect: As private healthcare grows, there is often a decline in investment in the public sector,
leading to poor infrastructure, insufficient staff, and inadequate resources in government hospitals.
 Example: Rural areas have only 20% of total hospitals vs the highest population.
 Example: The bed patient ration in India is 1.3/1000 vs global ration of 3/1000.
o Rise of New Diseases: There has been rise in the chronic NCDs like cardiovascular, mental health, cancer and diabetic.
The private sector charges heavily for the treatments like cancer, mental health due to its chronic nature. The government
should form public and private partnerships for establishing new institutions for these growing diseases.

Measures through which the State can enhance the reach of Public Healthcare at the Grassroots Level
 Policy Level
o Universal Health Care: Parliament should promulgate Indian Public Health Act with a mandate to protect and
promote health of people as a fundamental right to health and health care.
 An autonomous “Public Health Commission” should be established to implement the provisions of the Act.
o Promotion of Preventive Healthcare: Shifting focus from curative to preventive healthcare can reduce the
overall burden on healthcare systems.
 Example: Campaigns like Swachh Bharat focusing on hygiene, nutrition, and non-communicable diseases
should be prioritized and increased.
o Immunization Programs: The State should continue to strengthen and expand immunization programs like
Mission Indradhanush, which aims to ensure full immunization of children against vaccine-preventable diseases.
o Increased Public-Private Partnerships: The government can work with private healthcare providers to create
PPP for specific services, such as maternal health, diagnostics, and specialty care, ensuring affordable healthcare
without compromising quality.
 Administrative Level
o Improving Healthcare Workforce: Recruitment and training of healthcare workers, including doctors, nurses,
and community health workers, especially in rural areas.
o Regulation of Private Healthcare: A robust regulatory framework to monitor private healthcare system,
ensuring that quality in services with affordability and ethical practices.
o Decentralisation of Healthcare System: Devolution of funds to district health societies and decentralization of
planning, implementation, and monitoring would build a sustainable system rooted in local sociocultural contexts,
which will be able to harness the locally available resources.
o Affordable and Accessible Medicines: Expanding the reach of Jan Aushadhi Kendras stores, especially in rural
and semi-urban areas, will reduce the burden of high medicine costs on the poor.
 Infrastructure Level
o Strengthening Primary Health Infrastructure: Increasing investment in Primary Health Centers (PHCs), Community
Health Centers (CHCs). Upgrading existing facilities with better equipment, more beds, and modern diagnostic tools will
ensure basic health services are available in rural and remote areas.
o Mobile Health Units: Deploying mobile medical units to provide healthcare services in inaccessible or remote
areas to bridge the gap between rural populations and healthcare services.
 Funding related
o Increase in Public Health Expenditure: Public health spending must be increased to at least 2.5% of GDP by
2025, as recommended by the National Health Policy.
o Expansion of Health Insurance Coverage: Schemes like Ayushman Bharat should be expanded to cover a
broader population, including informal sector and rural areas. Health insurance should also cover preventive and
primary care to reduce the cost burden.
 Technology Level
o Promotion of Telemedicine and E-Health: Telemedicine and e-health services like e-Sanjeevani can
revolutionize healthcare access in rural areas.
o Digitization of Healthcare Records: a robust Health Management Information System (HMIS) will streamline
patient care and allow efficient and continuity in patient care across different levels of the healthcare system.

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 Community Engagement Level
o Community-Based Health Programs: Increasing local participation with the help of community leaders, Self-
help groups and village health communities like ASHA workers is essential in ensuring healthcare programs reach
their target groups.
o Health Awareness Campaigns: Increased health awareness campaigns, particularly focusing on maternal health,
sanitation, nutrition, and infectious disease prevention.

Conclusion: With the rise of new diseases, increasing inequality and persistence poverty in India, a stronger public healthcare system
can ensure equitable access to healthcare for all, especially for the marginalized sections of society.

18. e-governance is not just about the routine application of digital technology in service delivery process. It is as much
about multifarious interactions for ensuring transparency and accountability. In this context, evaluate the role of
the ‘Interactive Service Model’ of e-governance. (250 2ords, 15 Marks)
Approach
Introduction: Define e-governance
Body
 Nature and Scope of e-governance in contemporary times
 Mention briefly about Interactive Service Model of E-Governance
 Role of ISM in e-governance
 Limitations of ISM
 Way Forward
Conclusion: Conclude by relevant statements

Introduction:
e-governance is the usage of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in the governance processes of planning,
implementation, monitoring and feedback. It is the lifeblood of 21st century reforms.
Nature and Scope of e-governance in contemporary times:
 Democratic Governance: E-governance in India has evolved beyond the mere digitization of services towards broad
based doctrine of democratic governance.
 Multifarious Interactions: E-governance nowadays involves active engagement between the government, citizens
and non-government organizations to ensure transparency, accountability and efficiency in administration for the sake
of effective governance.
 Culture of Transparency and Accountability: e-governance model is instrumental in effectively bridging systemic
gaps, minimising procedural delays and prevent institutional overlaps. As a result, it fosters an innovative culture of
transparency and accountability in politico-administrative spheres.
 Citizen-Centric Administration: The Interactive Service Model (ISM) is a core component of e-governance aimed
at building a more citizen-centric administration where governance processes are transparent, trustworthy and citizen
participation friendly.
Interactive Service Model of E-Governance:
 ISM is a new avatar of e-governance model implemented in developing countries like India. E.g. Gyandoot-Intranet
Project of Madhya Pradesh.
 Advanced and Consolidated Model: This model is developed after advancements and consolidation upon existing models
such as Broadcasting Model, Comparative Analysis Model, Mobilization and Lobbying Model or Critical Flow Models.
 ISM is an effective service delivery model by which services are offered to citizens by government through direct mutual
interaction without relying on intermediaries in various aspects/stages of service delivery.
 Communication and Feedback: The ISM plays a pivotal role by enabling two-way communication between citizens
and the government by creating platform for continuous interaction, feedback, and real-time service provision.
 Empowerment Tool: ISM empowers citizens by making them aware and vigilant enough to make the government
authorities accountable and responsive in their mandate of welfare and public interest.

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Role of ISM in e-governance
1. Real-Time Access to Services and Information
 E.g. The DigiLocker system allows citizens to securely store and share government-issued documents
electronically.
2. Reduced cost of service delivery.
 E.g. Direct Benefit Transfer saved 2.7 lakh crore of public money
3. Citizen Participation and Feedback
 E.g. The Swachh Bharat Mission app allows users to report unclean areas, upload pictures, and track the response
of municipal authorities.
4. Enhances security of public data.
 E.g. Two factor authentication in BHIM UPI App
5. Ensures all-round availability of requisite services, empowering the disempowered.
 Eg: Himmat App by Delhi police for women safety
6. Grievance Redressal Mechanisms
 E.g. The Centralized Public Grievance Redress and Monitoring System (CPGRAMS)
7. Improves effectiveness of welfare schemes and better utilization of public purse
 E.g. Geo-tagging of MGNREGA App on a shared app
8. Deepens accountability mechanism, key to strengthen democratic governance
 E.g. Online RTI filing capacity along with real time data on pendency
9. Personalized Services and Tailored Interaction
 E.g. The UMANG (Unified Mobile Application for New-age Governance) platform integrates multiple
government services such as pension schemes, tax payments, and healthcare services through a single mobile app.
10. Strengthens transparency mechanisms along with empowerment of masses
 E.g. Livestreaming of SC proceedings continued despite the sensitive nature of Kolkata Rape Case of Junior
Doctor
11. Data-Driven Governance
 E.g. The Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) platform uses real-time data to monitor the opening of bank
accounts for the financially underserved and ensures transparency in financial inclusion efforts.
12. Helps flag corruption and red tapism, along with quick action
 E.g. In the Delhi basement flooding case, SC pulled up MCD for allowing construction of basement libraries after
a social media flood of such libraries
13. Helps tackle emergencies in a more organized manner
 E.g. CoWIN portal helped track vaccination status of millions amidst high case load
14. Citizens are not just passive recipients of services; they can actively engage with and influence government policies
and programs.
 E.g. The Aarogya Setu app, developed during the COVID-19 pandemic

Limitations of ISM:
1. Preconditions For Success of ISM:
 Availability of technologically equipped manpower.
 People/citizens with knowledge and technological awareness
 Adequate financial and budgetary support
 Integration of paper-governance with the paper-less procedures
2. Fundamentals of Governance: Simply replicating the models of developed countries such as ISM would not ensure
successful outcomes until fundamentals of governance are taken care of.
3. Rural-Urban & Gender Digital Divide: As per the Oxfam report, only 14% of Rural India has internet access, thus
risking the chances of desired success of the ISM. Also, merely 29% of India’s internet users are women.
4. Lack of trained professionals in government to provide interactive services. E.g. No training mechanisms for front
end officers in banks etc.
5. Practical Operational Challenges: There is one sided communication in the name of ISM (E.g. MyGov portal).
Further, the functions of e-governance are limited to information dissemination, without incorporation of practical
challenges.
o E.g. Despite e-NAM, farmer has to bear the cost of transporting the grains to APMC

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6. Vulnerability to cybercrime: As per the India Cybercrime report, 18% of the cyber-attacks are targeted on
Government infrastructure. E.g. Wanna Cry and Petya Ransomware
7. Bureaucratic resistance: For example, most states still do not provide e-RTI facility, despite large scale technological
innovation and adoption by the Government of India.

Way Forward:
1. Stakeholder Consultation: Conduct detailed stakeholder consultation for improving upon further e-governance
modules
2. Widen satellite-based internet accessibility to bridge digital divide gap across genders and regions.
3. Implementing stringent cybersecurity measures and ensuring compliance with data privacy regulations, such as
the Personal Data Protection Bill, is crucial to protecting citizen information.
4. Capacity Building of Government Officials: Government employees need continuous training to effectively use and
manage interactive e-governance platforms, fostering a culture of accountability and responsiveness.
5. Multi-Channel Access should be ensured for citizens to engage with government services not only through the
internet but also via mobile apps, SMS, call centers, and physical service centers.
6. Improve the UI/UX of Public service delivery applications by involving private organizations in the designing
7. Invest in cloud storage to cater to wider demands of e-governance
8. Reduce dependence on foreign owned social media platforms like X by making our own apps more user friendly

Conclusion:
As suggested by our Hon’ble Prime Minister, technology is a tool of nation’s progress, and must be used to transform divides
into dividends in the spirit of Vikasit Bharat. With continued investment in digital infrastructure, training, and security, the
Interactive Service Model can be a powerful tool for fostering trust in democratic governance.

19. “Terrorism has become a significant threat to global peace and security.” Evaluate the effectiveness of the United
Nations Security Council’s Counter Terrorism Committee (CTC) and its associated bodies in addressing and
mitigating this threat at the international level.
Approach
Introduction: Contextual introduction
Body
 Terrorism as a Significant Threat to Global Peace and Security
 Describe United Nations Security Council’s Counter Terrorism Committee (CTC)
 Effectiveness of UNSC CTC
 Limitations and challenges
Conclusion: Conclude by relevant statements

Kanti Bajpai emphasizes in his work "India Versus Terrorism" that terrorism poses a significant challenge to global peace
and security, impacting nations economically, socially, and politically. The United Nations Security Council’s Counter
Terrorism Committee (CTC) has emerged as a key player in global efforts to address and mitigate this growing threat.
Terrorism as a Significant Threat to Global Peace and Security
● Widespread Impact: Terrorism affects both state sovereignty and human rights, leading to the destabilization of regions.
o Example: ISIS destabilized the Middle East and fueled a global refugee crisis.
● Cross-border nature: Terrorist networks such as Al-Qaeda and Boko Haram operate across borders, making
international cooperation essential.
o Example: The 9/11 attacks demonstrated the global reach of terrorism.
● Economic Impact: Acts of terrorism lead to immense economic losses for countries, straining resources meant for
development.
o Example: The Mumbai attacks in 2008 affected India's financial markets and tourism sector.

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United Nations Security Council’s Counter Terrorism Committee (CTC)
The CTC was established by UNSC Resolution 1373 in 2001 to strengthen member states' ability to prevent terrorist activities. It
operates in conjunction with several bodies under the UN’s counter-terrorism framework.
● Mandate: The CTC assists countries in implementing measures such as border security, financial regulation, and
law enforcement collaboration.
o Example: Support for countries like Afghanistan in tightening anti-terrorist financial controls.

Effectiveness of UNSC CTC

● Capacity Building: The CTC has helped improve the legal framework for counter-terrorism in numerous countries,
promoting adoption of international norms.
o Example: Nations like Pakistan have enacted stricter anti-terror financing laws under CTC guidance.
● International Collaboration: Through regular assessments and technical assistance, the CTC has encouraged
international collaboration and information sharing.
o Example: The Global Counterterrorism Forum is a platform for countries to share best practices.
● Monitoring Compliance: The CTC regularly monitors states' compliance with UNSC resolutions, pushing for better
enforcement of anti-terrorism laws.
o Example: Nigeria improved its anti-terrorism measures after being evaluated by the CTC.

Effectiveness of Associated Bodies

● UN Office of Counter-Terrorism (UNOCT): Coordinates capacity-building initiatives, helps with the
development of national strategies, and promotes international cooperation.
o Example: The UNOCT has launched several training programs for African nations to deal with terror financing.
● Counter-Terrorism Executive Directorate (CTED): Provides legal and policy assistance to member states in line
with CTC mandates, enabling better implementation of UNSC resolutions.
o Example: CTED helped countries in the Middle East enhance their cybersecurity capacities to tackle online
terrorism.
● Al-Qaeda and ISIL Sanctions Committee: Focuses on sanctions against individuals and entities associated with Al-
Qaeda and ISIS, freezing assets and imposing travel bans.
o Example: The sanctioning of individuals linked to ISIS has curtailed financial resources for the
organization.
Limitations and Challenges
● Lack of Binding Power: The CTC lacks enforcement mechanisms, relying on voluntary compliance, which often
results in uneven implementation.
o Example: Several countries in Africa struggle to implement anti-terrorism measures due to lack of
resources.
● Political Constraints: Geopolitical interests sometimes hinder the CTC’s actions, as powerful nations may influence
decisions based on their strategic interests.
o Example: Political disagreements in the UNSC prevent strong action against certain groups.
● Limited Focus on Root Causes: The CTC's focus on legal and financial measures does not address the underlying
causes of terrorism, such as poverty and political grievances.
o Ex: Terrorism in Somalia thrives due to the lack of political stability and economic opportunities.
● Coordination Issues: Lack of adequate coordination among associated bodies often leads to overlap or gaps in
implementation.
o Example: Duplication of efforts between the UNOCT and CTED has been criticized.

Rajesh basrur underscores, while the CTC and its associated bodies have made strides in addressing terrorism, political
constraints and the lack of binding power pose challenges. Enhanced international cooperation and attention to root causes
are vital for long-term success in combating terrorism.

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20. Discuss the geopolitical and geostrategic importance of Maldives for India with a focus on global trade and energy
flows. Further also discuss how this relationship affects India’s maritime security and regional stability amidst
international competition?
Approach
Introduction: Significance of Maldives for India
Body
 Geopolitical importance of Maldives for global trade and energy flows
 Geostrategic importance of Maldives for global trade and energy flows
 Impact on India’s maritime security
 Impact on regional stability amidst international competition
Conclusion: Conclude by relevant statements

Harsh V. Pant emphasizes in his book “Indian Foreign Policy:The Modi era, “The Maldives plays an indispensable role in
India’s fight for security in the Indian Ocean, offering strategic depth and regional influence against external powers.”

FIGURE: Depicting Geopolitical Geostrategical Importance of Maldives

Geopolitical Importance for Global Trade and Energy Flows
 Strategic Location: The Maldives is located near key international sea lanes used for global trade, connecting the
Middle East, Africa, and Southeast Asia.
o Example: Over 80% of global oil trade passes through the Indian Ocean, with routes near the Maldives.
 Energy Security: The Maldives sits close to shipping routes that carry oil and gas supplies from the Persian Gulf to
major economies like India and China.
o Example: India’s crude oil imports from the Gulf rely on secure sea lanes near the Maldives.
 Chokepoint Control: The Maldives’ proximity to the Eight Degree Channel makes it geopolitically significant for
monitoring and controlling maritime traffic.
o Example: India and Maldives jointly monitor this critical channel to safeguard trade.
 Gateway to Africa: The Maldives acts as a potential gateway for India’s trade and investment in Africa, particularly
along the eastern coastline.
o Ex: Indian companies use the Indian Ocean routes for exports to East Africa via Maldives’ waters.
 China’s Influence: China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) seeks influence in the Maldives, which affects the
geopolitics of energy supply routes and India’s interests.
o Example: China’s port-building projects in the Maldives have raised security concerns for India.

Geostrategic Importance for Global Trade and Energy Flows:

 Defense Cooperation: The Maldives provides a strategic location for India’s naval operations to secure sea lanes and
protect maritime trade.
 Example: India has a radar network in the Maldives to monitor maritime activity.
 Maritime Surveillance: The Maldives helps in surveillance of the Indian Ocean, aiding India in detecting threats and
ensuring uninterrupted energy flows.
 Ex: India’s coastal radar system in the Maldives strengthens surveillance against piracy and terrorism.
 Indian Ocean Region (IOR): The Maldives plays a key role in India’s broader IOR strategy to secure critical
maritime trade routes.

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 Example: India’s ‘SAGAR’ (Security and Growth for All in the Region) policy emphasizes partnership with the
Maldives.
 Security of Sea Lines of Communication (SLOCs): The Maldives is crucial for safeguarding SLOCs, which are
vital for global energy supply chains.
 Example: Protecting SLOCs through the Maldives ensures smooth oil transportation from the Gulf.
 Countering China: India’s geostrategic engagement with the Maldives helps counter China’s presence in the Indian
Ocean.
 Example: Joint naval exercises such as ‘Dosti’ between India, Maldives, and Sri Lanka enhance security coordination.

Impact on India’s Maritime Security:

 Naval Outpost: The Maldives functions as an essential naval outpost for India, helping protect its southern maritime
boundary.
o Example: India regularly provides coast guard training to the Maldivian forces.
 Anti-piracy Operations: India and the Maldives work together to conduct anti-piracy operations in the Indian Ocean,
safeguarding maritime trade.
o Example: The joint patrols between India and Maldives enhance regional maritime security.
 Military Cooperation: India’s military aid to the Maldives strengthens its own maritime security, ensuring stability
in its immediate neighborhood.
o Example: India donated patrol vessels to the Maldives to secure regional waters.

Impact on Regional Stability Amidst International Competition:

 Balance Against China: India’s growing ties with the Maldives help maintain regional stability by balancing China’s
influence in the Indian Ocean.
o Example: India’s infrastructure projects in the Maldives counter Chinese investments under the BRI.
 Diplomatic Engagement: By fostering closer diplomatic ties, India prevents other powers from gaining undue
influence in the region, promoting regional stability.
o Example: India has engaged in diplomatic summits to align Maldivian interests with regional stability.
 Quad Partnership: India’s cooperation with the Maldives also strengthens broader Indo-Pacific partnerships like the
Quad, promoting stability in the Indian Ocean.
o Example: The Quad’s focus on maintaining freedom of navigation in the Indian Ocean aligns with India’s
interests in the Maldives.
 Economic Aid: India provides economic assistance to the Maldives, ensuring political stability, which reduces
opportunities for external interference.
o Example: India’s $500 million aid for the Greater Male Connectivity Project enhances regional stability.
 S. Jaishankar notes in his book “The India Way,” “For India, the Maldives is not just a neighbor but a strategic asset
in the broader Indian Ocean framework, influencing both security and economic dynamics in the region.”

With the intensifying competition among global powers in the Indian Ocean, India’s strategic partnership with the Maldives is
poised to play a pivotal role in safeguarding maritime security and asserting regional influence. This relationship not only
serves as a bulwark against emerging threats but also enhances India’s ability to counterbalance the expanding footprint of
external actors in the region.

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