Adv. Civil Eng. Environ. Sci., 2024, 2(1). DOI:10.22034/acees.2025.488106.

1013

Advances in Civil Engineering and Environmental Science

Homepage: www.aceesjr.com
Online ISSN: 3060-6780

Artificial Intelligence Impacts on Architecture and Smart Built Environments:

A Comprehensive Review
Shima Talebian1, Alireza Golkarieh2 , Sanli Eshraghi3, Majid Naseri4, Sajjad Naseri5
1
Department of Interior Architecture, University of North Carolina at Greensboro (UNCG), Greensboro, NC 27412,
United States.
2
PhD Student in Computer Science and Informatics, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Oakland
University, Rochester, MI 48309, United States.
3
Department of Geomorphology, Faculty of Planning and Environmental Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
4
Department of Geography and Regional Research, University of Vienna, Wien, Austria.
5
Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental, and Materials Engineering – DICAM, Alma Mater Studiorum -
Università di Bologna, Italy.

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Paper Type: Review Paper This study explores the transformative role of artificial intelligence (AI) in
designing and managing sustainable urban environments. Through a
Received: 10 November 2024 comprehensive literature review, we examined topics such as AI, sustainable
Revised: 05 January 2025 architecture, smart cities, urban planning, and energy efficiency, selecting articles
Accepted: 06 January 2025 that provide significant insights into AI's influence on the built environment. The
Published: 03 March 2025 research highlights how AI-driven innovations, including data-driven decision-
making, energy optimization, and predictive maintenance, enhance urban
Keywords infrastructures' efficacy, resilience, and sustainability. Case studies demonstrate
Intelligent design AI's impact on energy-efficient building design, smart materials selection, and
Sustainable cities intelligent urban systems such as traffic management, water distribution, and waste
Urban planning management. AI-powered tools, such as generative design and predictive analytics,
Sustainability enable architects and urban planners to create adaptive, resource-efficient solutions
Green building that address global urbanization and climate challenges. However, challenges such
as data interoperability, ethical concerns, and computational demands remain.
Corresponding author: Despite these limitations, AI is poised to set new benchmarks for sustainable urban
S. Naseri development, promoting flexible, ecologically friendly ecosystems. AI holds

[email protected] immense potential to redefine urban design and management, fostering innovative,
sustainable solutions to global urban challenges.
How to cite this paper:
Talebian, S. , Golkarieh, A. , Eshraghi, S. , Naseri, M. and Naseri, S. (2025). Artificial Intelligence impacts
on architecture and smart built environments: a comprehensive review. Advances in Civil Engineering and
Environmental Science, 2(1), 45-56. doi: 10.22034/acees.2025.488106.1013

1. Introduction Intelligence (AI) impacts the creation and study of intelligent

built environments. The use of AI in design is demonstrated
1.1. Significance of AI in the built environment by the study undertaken by As et al. (2018), who explore the
Artificial intelligence increasingly transforms building design use of learning for creating conceptual designs. Their research
and urban planning, with widespread applications in modern demonstrates how AI can assist architects in developing design
practices. AI introduces innovative applications that help solutions that enhance form and function. Based on their
design and optimize sustainable, intelligently built studies, deep learning algorithms can scrutinize data to
environments. The present study delves into how Artificial generate design ideas that fulfil requirements such as energy
efficiency and visual attractiveness (As et al., 2018).
Talebian et al., 2025: Artificial Intelligence Impacts on Architecture and Smart Built Environments …

Chaillou (2020) explores the relationship between AI and health, and they highlight the importance of considering health
architecture through the Archigan project. This effort factors in city design. They suggest that AI can identify critical
illustrates how artificial intelligence may enhance design and elements of cities that affect public health. They suggest the
robotic manufacturing processes. Caillou’s research creation of better city planning and policy. Finally, Luusua et
emphasizes how AI can revolutionize practices by simplifying al. (2023) analyze the growing importance of artificial
activities and encouraging innovative and practical design intelligence (AI) in intelligent cities, emphasizing how AI
solutions. According to their study, tools based on AI can might improve quality of life, sustainability, and efficiency in
notably cut down on the time and energy needed to formulate urban areas. Their research explores the potential of AI to
and refine ideas, resulting in inventive and environmentally address urban challenges such as waste management, energy
friendly results. Ganin et al. (2021) offer a unique perspective consumption, and traffic congestion. They highlight that AI
on how computer-aided design functions as a form of could play a crucial role in creating more intelligent, more
communication, stressing the role of artificial intelligence in sustainable cities by optimizing urban systems and enabling
enhancing exchange and teamwork in design. Their research more flexible and adaptive strategies for urban governance.
points out that AI has the capability to support more efficient
design workflows by converting complex design ideas into These studies demonstrate AI's significant impact on the built
clear and usable forms. They state, "Tools powered by AI can environment, highlighting its potential to enhance efficiency,
close the divide among various participants in the design sustainability, and urban quality of life. This analysis aims to
journey, facilitating smoother teamwork and more accurate provide readers with a comprehensive understanding of these
choices". Liao et al. (2022) presented an innovative approach advancements while identifying areas that require further
to structural design with Generative Adversarial exploration to drive future innovation.
Networks, GANs. They used shear wall constructions to 1.2. Definition of key terms
implement this technique. Their work shows AI can advance
structural design by generating innovative solutions that Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the term used to describe the
satisfy performance standards. The research shows that GAN- simulation of human intellect in machines and learning
based design methods can produce highly optimized structural applications. AI in the built environment includes technologies
designs that enhance building performance while reducing that can assess data, make judgments, and improve over time,
material use and construction costs. Tarabishy et al. (2021) such as machine learning and neural networks. Sustainability
Investigated the effects of AI on the built environment within in the built environment is about planning buildings and
the industry context. Their research demonstrates how AI can metropolitan areas. It is thinking about meeting present needs
revolutionize urban planning, intelligent building without negatively affecting future resources. The primary
management, and construction automation. They assert that AI objectives are to reduce environmental effects and maximize
technologies can significantly enhance the efficiency and resource use. Intelligent Built Spaces is the process of making
sustainability of built environments through real-time computers think like people. Neural networks and machine
monitoring, predictive maintenance, and informed decision- learning are two examples of the technology involved. These
making based on data analysis. are employed for data analysis to make decisions about
enhancing the built environment. Table 1 defines key terms to
Collecting data from Google Street View, Chen et al. (2024) clarify concepts central to AI, sustainability, and smart built
explored the influence of urban characteristics on heart environments.
disease. They found that artificial intelligence (AI) could
provide valuable insights into how urban planning impacts
Table 1 Definition of key terms in AI, sustainability, and smart built
Term Definition
AI is the simulation of human intelligence in machines programmed to think and learn. It
Artificial
includes technologies like machine learning, deep learning, and neural networks used to
Intelligence
analyze data and make decisions and optimizations in the built environment.
Creating buildings and urban spaces that meet present needs without compromising the
Sustainability ability of future generations to meet their own needs. This approach focuses on minimizing
environmental impact and optimizing resources, which enhances quality of life.
Integrating advanced technologies, such as AI, the Internet of Things (IoT), and data
Smart Built analytics, to create intelligent systems that enhance the efficiency, sustainability, and
Environments livability of buildings and cities. These environments are designed to be adaptive and
responsive.

2. Methodology research were included to balance key ideas and current

advancements. Additional literature containing data, case
2.1. Literature selection criteria studies, or reviews on AI's effects on the built environment
was included to provide an extensive understanding of the
This study aimed to investigate the use of AI in sustainable subject.
built environments. AI in the built environment is the main
topic of the study. Important earlier studies and more recent 2.2. Databases and sources used for literature search

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The IEEE Xplore, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, and Web of use of available resources (Osuizugbo et al., 2021). Architects
Science were notable sources of peer-reviewed articles and are using AI to develop tools to rapidly test various design
conference proceedings in engineering, technology, and concepts while consuming less energy and causing less
environmental sciences. Various publications, including environmental damage (Chew et al., 2024).
reports from reputable organizations and grey literature, were
also gathered using Google Scholar. A large number of 3.2. Energy-efficient building design
publications are used to assess the most critical research. AI is crucial to the success of sustainable design, which
2.3. Inclusion and exclusion criteria heavily emphasizes energy efficiency. AI-powered energy
modelling and simulation technologies assist architects in
Inclusion criteria for this review were established to focus on creating energy-efficient, livable, and practical structures.
high-quality, peer-reviewed studies published within the last Machine learning algorithms can forecast a building's energy
decade to reflect the latest advancements in AI and its consumption and adjust to reduce it and save gas. Artificial
applications in the built environment. Articles mainly neural networks are one standard AI technology that enhances
discussed AI technology in smart cities and sustainable building energy systems. It may improve the heating,
building design or similar disciplines were chosen. Research ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system performance
published in non-peer-reviewed journals or beyond the and ensure it operates correctly to react to changing
purview of AI applications in the built environment was circumstances instantly (Tarabishy et al., 2021). Furthermore,
disqualified. data from various building systems is integrated via AI-driven
building information modelling (BIM) to provide an extensive
2.4. Summary of the literature review process energy use model. AI-enhanced BIM systems can simulate a
To begin with, we looked for papers for the literature review. building's energy performance in various situations to assist
Artificial intelligence, sustainable architecture, smart cities, engineers and architects in determining and implementing the
urban planning, and energy efficiency are some of the terms best energy-efficient solutions (Awuzie et al., 2024).
we utilized. We looked through many articles to determine AI also makes implementing renewable energy systems within
what should be included and what shouldn't. After thoroughly buildings possible. Machine learning algorithms may be used
examining abstracts and full texts, a final selection of articles to optimize their location and operation to maximize the
focused on those that provided notable insights into the impact efficiency of solar panels, wind turbines, and other renewable
of AI on the built environment. The foundation for this energy sources. AI can accurately adjust building energy
investigation was created by combining the key ideas and systems to produce a steady and sustainable supply by
findings from the carefully selected literature. estimating energy production from several sources based on
weather trends (Osuizugbo et al., 2021).
3. AI in Sustainable Building Design Furthermore, generative design tools utilize AI algorithms to
create building designs that naturally reduce energy
3.1. Sustainable architecture consumption. By optimizing natural lighting, ventilation, and
insulation, these techniques may provide designs that
AI contributes to sustainable design by developing green
minimize the need for artificial lighting, heating, and cooling
solutions in various ways. To make buildings more
(Chew et al., 2024). Architects can construct structures that are
environmentally and energy-efficiently friendly, it is possible
sustainable and energy-efficient for the environment by using
to predict energy use patterns better and maximize the use of
AI approaches. Table 2 illustrates how using AI in sustainable
renewable energy sources. Artificial intelligence (AI)
architecture has significantly increased energy efficiency in
empowers architects to estimate the environmental impacts of
several case studies.
multiple designs and, thereafter, simulate the outcomes of
these models to realize more green and sustainable buildings 3.3. AI-driven materials selection
by implementing AI into sustainability (Tarabishy et al.,
2021). Reducing the environmental effects of buildings requires the
Artificial intelligence is being used widely in sustainable use of sustainable materials. AI helps significantly with this.
design, one key use being the analysis of large datasets about AI-powered systems examine massive databases, including
building efficiency using machine learning algorithms. These information on environmental conditions and material
algorithms can identify patterns that help design decisions, like qualities. Next, they recommend the most environmentally
which way a structure should face and which materials to friendly choices. These instruments account for material life,
employ that save energy. AI systems can predict a building's recyclable nature, energy use during production, and carbon
energy needs by analyzing variables such as occupancy and footprint. This ensures that the materials utilized help the
weather. It allows for more accurate energy management plans building achieve its sustainability goals. Machines can identify
(Awuzie et al., 2024). the most environmentally friendly materials and recommend
AI also facilitates the integration of intelligent systems within their use in construction projects (Tarabishy et al., 2021).
buildings and enhances their sustainability. Artificial AI can help engineers and architects identify new materials
intelligence (AI)- powered bright lighting, heating, and that improve building performance while being
cooling systems adapt automatically to changing environmentally friendly. AI is also helping to discover new,
circumstances, saving energy and enhancing occupant more sustainable materials. In materials science, AI and
comfort. AI solutions reduce waste and assist in making better machine learning models create materials with specific

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properties (Awuzie et al., 2024). It can produce materials that materials to make them environmentally friendly. This
require less energy. AI aims to increase the durability of innovation in materials science is essential for advancing
sustainable architecture and construction practices.
Table 2 AI Techniques for Energy-Efficient Building Design
AI Technique Description Example Application
Use historical data to forecast future energy Optimizing HVAC systems based
Predictive Modeling usage patterns and optimize building on occupancy patterns and weather
performance. data.
Artificial neural networks that learn from data Predicting energy consumption and
Neural Networks
to predict energy needs and optimize systems. adjusting systems in real-time.
AI-Enhanced Building
Integrate data from various building systems to Simulating energy performance
Information Modeling
create comprehensive models of energy usage. under different design scenarios.
(BIM)
Designing buildings with more
Generative Design Uses algorithms to generate design alternatives
natural lighting can also increase air
that meet specific sustainability criteria.
ventilation.
AI-powered systems that adjust lighting, Implementing smart thermostats
Smart Systems
heating and cooling automatically based on and lighting controls to reduce
Integration
real-time conditions. energy use.

AI also aids in assessing the lifecycle impact of materials, topic that focuses on generating and carrying out AI algorithms
ensuring that their use aligns with sustainability goals. that can analyze data and its characteristics to decide what to
Osuizugbo et al. (2021) emphasize the importance of lifecycle do without the need for explicit programming. In contrast to
assessment (LCA) in materials selection, which AI tools can traditional programming, machine learning algorithms use
automate and enhance. By assessing materials' environmental statistical methods to interpret and learn from data. This
effects at every stage of their life cycle, including extraction, enables them to improve and adapt as new data becomes
manufacture, use, and disposal, artificial intelligence (AI) available constantly. The basis of machine learning (ML) is
supports architects in making well-informed decisions that the idea of "learning," which enables algorithms to see
lower the ecological footprint of their designs. In addition to patterns, anticipate outcomes, and make sensible decisions.
materials selection, AI-driven generative design tools The ML algorithms may be roughly divided into three types:
contribute to materials innovation by exploring reinforcement learning, unsupervised learning, and supervised
unconventional materials and construction methods. These learning. Each type of algorithm has a distinct function. These
resources can recommend more economically and many ML algorithm categories offer a compelling toolset for
environmentally friendly products and methods (Chew et al., handling challenging issues, streamlining procedures, and
2024). extracting valuable insights from data (Badini et al., 2023). As
shown in Fig. 1, they create a complete framework that allows
3.3.1. AI algorithms and machine learning models AI systems to evaluate and comprehend data, promoting
AI and ML have changed the way we approach problem- automation and wise decision-making in various fields.
solving and decision-making. Machine learning (ML) is a

Fig. 1 AI Algorithms and ML

Models: a) A schematic of the materials
design workflow using machine
learning models and b) An overview of
machine learning methodologies
(Frydrych et al., 2021).

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Figure (1a) shows the schematic representation of the enabling more efficient and sustainable urban planning. Its
materials design workflow using AI, featuring three key technologies enable the smooth management of resources and
elements: a material dataset, machine learning models that services by facilitating the integration of urban systems. Using
learn and interpret representations for specific tasks, and an artificial intelligence (AI), algorithmic urban planners can
output that optimizes and enhances material properties for analyze huge amounts of data from several urban sectors,
advanced materials. Figure (1b) is an overview of machine including energy, public services, and transportation, to
learning methodologies, highlighting the three primary improve city operations and planning (Son et al., 2023). AI's
categories: supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement big data processing and analysis capabilities allow city
learning (Frydrych et al., 2021). planners to make well-informed decisions based on up-to-date
information. In Australia, for example, AI technologies
3.4. Key studies and findings in this area enhance urban planning procedures by predicting urban
growth patterns, identifying ideal sites for infrastructure
Numerous studies show that AI is transforming architectural development, and evaluating new projects' environmental
design and saving time. By optimizing energy consumption impact. This prediction capacity guarantees effective and
sustainable urban development, reducing adverse
and encouraging sustainable materials, artificial intelligence
environmental effects and improving locals' living standards
can play an essential role in improving energy and material
(Yigitcanlar et al., 2021). By utilizing AI-based methods, city
efficiency performance in the built environment. To meet the
planners can engage with the community more effectively,
challenges of reducing carbon emissions in the built
environment, it can emphasize the necessity of ongoing gathering input and feedback through digital platforms
research and development in AI applications (Awuzie et al., (Koumetio et al., 2023).
2024). 4.2. Traffic and transportation management

Osuizugbo et al. (2021) show what experts think about using Artificial intelligence is changing traffic and transportation
AI in construction. Their research showed that while people management by providing creative ways to reduce traffic,
are starting to see the potential of AI, there are still significant improve security, and promote the general effectiveness of
challenges. Things like not enough knowledge and resistance urban mobility systems. Intelligent traffic management system
to change are holding it back. They conclude that more development is one of the significant contributions of AI in
education and training are needed to utilize AI fully in this field. The AI-driven traffic control systems can evaluate
sustainable architecture. The application of generative design real-time traffic data gathered from sensors, cameras, and GPS
in the built environment shows how AI algorithms can produce devices to predict traffic jams, improve traffic signal
creative and sustainable design solutions. These tools can sequences, and provide other routes to vehicles (Nikitas et al.,
increase creativity and make the design process more efficient, 2020). This real-time adaptability helps reduce traffic jams,
which results in more sustainable buildings. Several case lower emissions from idling vehicles, and improve traffic flow
studies demonstrate how AI-driven generative design has in urban areas.
produced environmentally sustainable buildings (Chew et al., It is also essential to develop smart cars with AI capabilities,
2024). advanced sensors, and machine learning algorithms that can
AI can be used to evaluate how the built environment impacts facilitate their safe navigation of complicated metropolitan
public health. Data from Google Street View and medical areas. These vehicles may interact with traffic infrastructure to
records are used to show how AI can offer analysis of the coordinate movements and prevent collisions. AI is also
connection between health outcomes and urban design. It utilized in predictive maintenance, where machine learning
emphasizes how important it is for sustainable architecture to models evaluate data from sensors incorporated into roads and
take health into account, and in addition, AI-based assessments bridges to predict maintenance requirements, averting
can identify important urban features that affect public health malfunctions and prolonging the life of vital infrastructure (Lv
to support the creation of more health-conscious urban et al., 2020). AI also enhances public transportation systems
planning and design (Chew et al., 2024). by improving the efficiency and reliability of services. To
All of these studies demonstrate how AI has greatly influenced guarantee that services are offered where and when most
the design of sustainable buildings. They show how AI required, AI systems can improve public transportation like
technology may improve a building's overall quality, bus and train schedules in response to passenger demand
sustainability, and efficiency while giving engineers, patterns (Bharadiya, 2023). Also, by facilitating a quick
architects, and urban planners useful new tools. The built response from transportation authorities, AI-driven predictive
environment may be made more robust and sustainable by analytics can minimize public transit problems, such as delays.
utilizing AI, which helps solve the urgent issues of Cities may develop more sustainable urban mobility systems
urbanization and climate change worldwide. that respond to the demands of their citizens by including AI
in traffic and transportation management systems. Figure 2
4. Smart Infrastructure and Urban Planning shows the innovative influence of AI in traffic and
transportation management by highlighting major applications
4.1. Smart city development that lead to increased sustainability and efficiency in urban
AI plays a crucial role in the development of smart cities by environments.

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Fig. 2 AI Applications in traffic

and transportation management

4.3. Water and waste management systems efficacy of waste collection and recycling operations in waste
management (Reza et al., 2023). AI can also anticipate the
Artificial intelligence makes waste and water management effects of catastrophic weather events on waste and water
systems more innovative and sustainable. These AI-powered infrastructure. Deep learning's ability to predict floods and
solutions can predict when maintenance is required. It can other climate-related disasters allows for preventative
monitor water quality and enhance water distribution. To measures to safeguard infrastructure and guarantee service
ensure adequate water utilization and minimize waste, AI continuity (Fu et al., 2022). The integration of AI in water and
algorithms are employed to analyze data from sensors installed waste management is depicted in Fig. 3, showcasing how these
in water infrastructure (Xiang et al., 2021). By studying technologies optimize resource usage and enhance
garbage formation trends and optimizing collection routes, environmental sustainability.
artificial intelligence (AI) can reduce operating costs and
associate negative environmental effects while increasing the

Fig. 3 AI Applications in water

and waste management

4.4. Case studies improve water quality and distribution to guarantee that
inhabitants have a consistent supply of clean drinking water
Numerous case studies show how effective AI is in innovative (Xiang et al., 2021). These AI-driven solutions have
infrastructure development and urban planning. Yigitcanlar et significantly reduced costs and improved water management
al.'s (2021) research offers details on several projects that have techniques.
improved urban planning procedures using AI; as an example, Amsterdam has created an AI-based waste management
the City of Melbourne has managed its public transportation system to optimize garbage collection routes. The initiative's
system with AI-driven solutions, which has decreased traffic effectiveness resulted in lowering operating expenses and its
and increased service effectiveness (Yigitcanlar et al., 2020). impact on the environment. By analyzing data on garbage
Singapore's use of AI to manage its water supplies is another creation trends, the AI system makes it possible to create more
noteworthy example. AI technologies have been used to effective collection schedules and routes (Reza et al., 2023).
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Table 3 contains an overview of several real-world case studies that show these technologies' efficacy and
applications of AI in urban planning, highlighting essential influence in enhancing urban environments.

Table 3 Case Studies of AI Applications in Urban Planning

Case Study AI Application Outcomes
AI-driven public transportation Reduced congestion, improved service
City of Melbourne
management efficiency

Singapore AI for water distribution and quality Cost savings, reliable water supply
monitoring
Reduced operational costs, environmental
Amsterdam AI-based waste collection optimization
impact

5. Enhancing Building Operations and Maintenance to look for unusual trends and anticipate potential problems.
By doing this, maintenance workers can address problems
5.1. Predictive maintenance before they occur. This method also increases the life of the
equipment and avoids costly failures.
AI is changing building maintenance and management to
optimize processes, decrease expenses, and increase building Predictive maintenance systems driven by AI can also manage
system efficiency. AI supports smart grids, predictive resources effectively and prioritize tasks for repair according
maintenance, energy management, and air quality monitoring. to the equipment's priority. This is particularly important for
AI technologies have a positive impact on building large commercial buildings where it's necessary to maintain
performance. operating efficiency. The accuracy of AI systems' forecasts is
predicted to increase as they develop, improving building
One effective AI technique for building operations is operations' reliability and effectiveness even more. Figure 4
predictive maintenance, in which building systems may illustrates how AI is applied in predictive maintenance. It
anticipate problems with equipment before they occur by details a comprehensive process where AI enhances
utilizing AI and machine learning techniques. This lowers maintenance efficiency by using real-time monitoring to detect
maintenance costs and delays. Artificial intelligence anomalies and applying predictive analytics to
technologies instantly take information from construction foresee potential issues.
equipment sensors to track conditions. They analyze the data

Fig. 4 Predictive maintenance workflow using

AI

5.2. AI-based energy management systems and smart grids Facilitating local energy generation and dynamic demand
response, like smart grids, which include AI in the energy
AI greatly supports building innovative grid development and distribution network, further improves energy efficiency.
energy management system advancement. AI-driven energy Real-time energy demand forecasting using AI algorithms is
management systems (EMS) optimize energy use by possible, and energy storage devices could be used to balance
evaluating data from several sources, including energy pricing, energy supply from renewable sources like solar panels. This
occupancy trends, and weather forecasts. By estimating energy lowers building owners' energy costs and their reliance on
use and appropriately modifying heating, ventilation, and air fossil fuels. Integrating AI with smart grids, which promote
conditioning (HVAC) systems, these systems may ensure sustainable energy methods, makes integrating electric cars
efficient energy usage without reducing comfort (Aguilar et and other energy-consuming equipment into the energy
al., 2021). network easier.
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5.3. Air quality monitoring and improvement enterprises to rely on third-party suppliers, increasing issues
about data security and availability (Chaillou, 2020).
One of the most critical aspects of ensuring building occupants Another major problem is the interoperability between AI
are comfortable and healthy is indoor air quality, IAQ. AI- technologies and current software design. Since many
driven systems use advanced sensors and machine learning architecture businesses use well-known software like
algorithms for IAQ monitoring and improvement to evaluate AutoCAD or Revit, it might be challenging to integrate AI
air quality factors, including humidity, CO2 levels, and features into these programs without interfering with the
organic pollutants (VOCs). AI systems can specify patterns in processes. AI systems must work with current tools to be
IAQ data that may not be apparent through manual monitoring quickly adopted. Developing APIs and infrastructure to enable
to allow for more precise interventions (Verma et al., 2023). this connection is imperative, yet doing so calls for significant
AI-based IAQ systems can additionally link with HVAC financial and technical commitments (Ganin et al., 2021).
systems to automatically modify ventilation rates and air
purification procedures in response to changes in air quality. 6.2. Ethical and private concerns
This real-time adjustment optimizes energy consumption Deploying AI in architecture and urban planning raises
while maintaining a safe and comfortable home environment. essential ethical and privacy concerns. Large information sets,
AI can forecast possible problems with air quality based on which may contain sensitive data like building layouts,
factors like building occupancy and external pollution levels, occupancy patterns, and energy usage statistics, are frequently
which allows preventative action to be taken before IAQ used by AI systems. There are serious privacy risks linked with
worsens. 5.4. Successful implementations and technologies the potential use of this data, whether by illegal access or
Several successful applications in building operations and insufficient security measures. These kinds of data can be
maintenance have shown the benefits of AI advancements. For analyzed to provide insights into the wrong hands that could
example, many commercial and industrial buildings have harm people's and organizations' privacy (Liao et al., 2022).
implemented AI-driven predictive maintenance, significantly The potential biases in AI systems raise ethical concerns, and
lowering maintenance costs and equipment downtime. Case these biases can come from the data used to train AI models or
studies show how AI has improved smart building energy use, from the algorithms themselves. Decisions that harm specific
resulting in significant energy savings and decreased carbon already-existing disparity groups may be made. AI in urban
footprints (Fu et al., 2020). planning could also increase social inequality by giving
Also, improved accuracy and efficiency in construction preference to the requirements of wealthy regions over those
management have been made possible by integrating AI with of less developed areas. The transparency of AI systems and
Building Information Modeling and BIM (Rane, 2023). This the ability to review their decision-making procedures to
integration makes better project planning, cost prediction, and reduce biases must be maintained (Tarabishy et al., 2021). In
quality control possible, resulting in more substantial and addition, concerns over the displacement of human labour are
sustainable structures. AI technologies are considered to raised by the growing dependence on AI in urban planning and
become more widely used in building operations and architecture. AI systems are beginning to replace human
maintenance as they develop, which is leading to more architects and planners in more and more activities, which is
advancements in occupant well-being, sustainability, and raising concerns about job displacement and the need to retrain
efficiency. the workforce.

6. Challenges and Limitations 6.3. Summary of gaps in current research

6.1. Technical challenges in AI implementation Even with all of the advancements in AI for architecture and
urban planning, there are still significant research gaps. One of
Integrating AI into architecture and the built environment the major difficulties is a lack of thorough research into the
presents various technological challenges preventing long-term impacts of employing AI in the built environment.
widespread adoption. One of the most significant challenges is Most recent research has focused on AI-driven designs'
training AI models with diverse data sources. Large amounts immediate benefits and problems rather than the more
of high-quality data are necessary for AI systems to function considerable societal and ecological consequences. This
accurately, especially for those engaged in design creation and emphasizes the importance of long-term research to
predictive modelling. However, gathering such statistics in understand how AI-generated structures perform over time
this field can be difficult because architectural projects are and how sustainable they are. The lack of research on AI's
different and sometimes non-standardized. When AI models potential to meet the requirements of developing nations is
perform well on training data but cannot generalize to new another gap. Since industrialized nations have more access to
data, variability can result in overfitting (As et al., 2018). the infrastructure and resources needed for AI implementation,
Another technical challenge is the computational power most current research is focused on applications in these
required for AI processes. Deep learning models are essential nations. Further study is required to determine how AI may be
for developing complicated architectural designs and adapted to address issues emerging nations confront, like
performing simulations, but they demand significant resource shortages and the need for solutions for cheap
processing power. This typically results in high prices and housing.
energy consumption, which many companies cannot afford. Finally, there is a gap in interdisciplinary research that
Cloud computing provides a solution, but it also requires combines AI with other emerging technologies, such as

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blockchain and the IoT, in the built environment. Also, there understandable and ensuring AI systems are built with equity
is growing interest in these technologies because little is and inclusion.
known about their combined potential. According to Chew et Furthermore, more multidisciplinary research is required to
al. (2024), investigating the connections between AI and other close the gap between AI technology and human-centred
technologies can produce innovative solutions to the design. This ensures AI improves rather than reduces human
challenging issues related to urban development (Chew et al., well-being, which is essential as technology becomes more
2024). incorporated into urban contexts. This involves researching
how AI-driven settings affect people individually and in
7. Future Directions and Opportunities groups on a social and psychological level.
7.1. Emerging AI trends and research opportunities 8. Case Studies and Real-World Applications
AI is quickly changing the built environment and introducing 8.1. Detailed analysis of prominent
new ideas that have the potential to alter the built environment.
One trend is combining AI with generative design, which uses Various case studies highlight AI's transformational potential
algorithms to produce intricate and efficient designs. It isn't and show how it has been incorporated into practical
easy to investigate several design choices quickly using applications within the built environment. The architecture for
traditional approaches, but it helps architects and engineers to COVID-19 analysis is one well-known example. This project
do so. One example is the development of intelligent uses big data, AI, and sophisticated data architectures to
generative design methodologies for shear wall constructions analyze large datasets, which makes it easier to identify and
using generative adversarial networks. These AI techniques analyze COVID-19 trends in real time. This technology gave
provide innovative and productive designs to save material use immediate and accurate insights into the virus's progress by
and increase sustainability (Liao et al., 2022). utilizing AI-powered machine learning algorithms, essential
Another significant trend is using AI for real-time for managing public health and making decisions during the
environmental analysis and decision-making in urban epidemic. The project's success showed AI's vital role in
planning. AI gives tools to evaluate and successfully manage improving crisis management capacities in urban settings,
the growing difficulties that metropolitan areas face, from especially in situations that are changing quickly, like global
pollution, climate change, and population increase. Urban AI's health problems (Alghamdi et al., 2024). Another case study is
place in smart cities with a focus on how it may optimize the Mobility Digital Twin (MDT) initiative, detailed by Wang
resource management, increase public services, and improve et al. (2022). This project aimed to digitally recreate
urban residents' quality of life (Luusua et al., 2023). metropolitan transportation networks so traffic patterns may
Furthermore, the application of AI-driven carbon-reduction be analyzed and monitored in real time. The MDT system
strategies in the built environment is expanding the utilization constantly modifies urban transportation plans by gathering
of AI in enhancing the energy efficiency of materials, which is and analyzing massive volumes of data from IoT devices and
crucial in achieving sustainability goals (Awuzie et al., 2024). AI algorithms. As a result, there is a decrease in improvement
These patterns indicate crucial areas for future study, in the general effectiveness of urban transportation. The MDT
particularly in merging AI with new technologies such as case study is an example of how AI may be used to improve
blockchain and the Internet of Things. There is also an the functioning of urban infrastructure, ultimately improving
increasing need to investigate the social implications of AI in city people's quality of life.
the built environment, such as its influence on job security, Another noteworthy case study highlighted AI-powered data
privacy, and justice. As AI advances, academics are motivated processing on cloud-edge coordination for the IoT. The
to investigate how technology may contribute to creating more advantages of dividing up computing work between cloud and
resilient, sustainable, and inclusive urban environments. edge devices are demonstrated by this project, which makes
data processing and administration in smart cities more
7.2. Recommendations for future studies effective. More responsive and adaptable urban services, such
Even though advances in AI for the built environment appear as energy distribution and traffic control, are made possible by
promising, further study is required to realize their full the AI-driven integration system (Wu, 2020). Wu et al. (2022)
potential. One primary concern is a lack of standards, which investigate the environmental effects of AI in the context of
may slow down the widespread use of AI technology. Future sustainability by using a case study on sustainable AI systems.
research should focus on developing standardized frameworks The focus of this work is on energy-efficient hardware and
for using AI in built environments (Chaillou, 2020). algorithms as a means of minimizing the environmental effect
Architects, engineers, legislators, and software developers can of AI design and implementation. The research delves deeply
integrate and collaborate more easily if common standards are into the challenges and prospects for developing AI systems
established. Another critical area for future research is the that are both powerful and ecologically sustainable. The
ethical implications of AI in the built environment. As AI findings emphasize the necessity of considering sustainability
systems become more autonomous, questions surrounding while developing and implementing AI technology,
data privacy, surveillance, and algorithmic bias become particularly in metropolitan regions where energy
increasingly pertinent. It is essential to address these worries consumption is a significant concern. Finally, a thorough case
to avoid AI applications worsening existing social disparities study on incorporating AI in intelligent building systems can
or having unforeseen adverse effects. Researchers must look be found in AI-big data analytics for building automation and
at ways to reduce these dangers, such as making AI models management systems. The research examines how AI may
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improve occupant comfort, optimize energy use, and simplify significance of user-friendly interfaces for building occupants
building operations. The system uses machine learning and is an essential lesson from this case study. To maximize the
sophisticated analytics to estimate energy consumption, find advantages of these technologies and meet long-term
ineffectiveness, and make real-time changes (Himeur et al., sustainability goals, it is essential to ensure users are involved
2023). This case study highlights how AI can significantly and aware of the AI systems in place.
reduce the environmental impact of urban structures while
improving their operational effectiveness, supporting the more 8.3. Impact on sustainability and urban living
general objectives of sustainable urban development. These case studies of the effective use of AI offer valuable
8.2. Success stories and lessons learned information and lessons that can direct similar initiatives in the
future. The system's ability to process massive amounts of data
These case studies' practical application of AI provides in real-time and provide insightful analysis was essential to
insightful information and valuable lessons for upcoming stop the pandemic's spread. Two significant takeaways from
initiatives. Alghamdi and colleagues' architecture for COVID- this case study are the value of precise data and the ethical
19 detection shows how AI can be applied to address public management of personal health information. The study also
health issues in 2024. The system's capacity to process massive showed how AI might improve urban emergency management
volumes of data in real time and provide insightful analysis is while emphasizing the need for robust data architectures and
essential to control the pandemic's spread. This case study ethical AI methods (Alghamdi et al., 2024).
emphasizes the importance of precise data collection and Global sustainability goals are aligned with the more effective
cautious handling of private health information. Also, it use of transportation resources made possible by the AI-driven
highlights the significance of data systems and moral AI MDT system. The project's achievement in lowering pollutants
practices while demonstrating how AI might improve crisis and traffic illustrates AI's potential to build more intelligent,
response in urban areas. (Alghamdi et al., 2024). Wang et al. sustainable cities. AI supports the shift to sustainable urban
(2022) 's transportation The Digital Twin project is a good living by increasing the effectiveness and environmental
example of how AI could benefit urban transportation. The performance of urban transportation systems, which in turn
MDT system effectively decreased traffic jams and increased helps to achieve the larger objective of lowering the carbon
transportation effectiveness, highlighting the valuable footprint (Wang et al., 2022). By managing data processing
advantages of AI-driven urban planning. The project's more efficiently, the AI-powered system lowers energy usage
accomplishments highlight how important it is to analyze data and enhances service delivery. This case study illustrates how
in real-time and integrate AI with IoT technology. The MDT AI can improve the resilience of city services and optimize
case study also highlights the importance of multidisciplinary resource utilization to assist the development of sustainable
cooperation between data scientists, engineers, and urban urban infrastructure. Effective resource management is
planners to properly utilize AI's potential in urban essential to achieving sustainability in highly populated
infrastructure construction. metropolitan settings, where the environmental advantages of
Another success story is Wu's (2020) cloud-edge orchestration these systems are most evident (Wu, 2020).
for IoT, which stands out in particular for its capacity to Efficient AI algorithms and sustainable hardware choices,
improve the effectiveness of urban services. The effectiveness emphasizing that the environmental impact of AI must be
of hybrid AI techniques in managing complex urban systems considered at every development and deployment stage. This
is demonstrated by how well the system distributes computing case study illustrates that sustainability in AI is not just about
tasks between cloud and edge devices. A key takeaway from the direct applications of AI in urban environments but also
this case study is the importance of flexibility in AI system about the underlying technologies that power these systems.
design, which allows for adaptive responses to changing urban By emphasizing sustainable AI development, cities can ensure
environments. This strategy improves urban infrastructure's their technological progress doesn't harm the environment.
resilience against problems while improving service delivery. This approach supports long-term sustainability in urban areas.
Wu et al. (2022) case study on sustainable AI from 2022 The notable reduction in energy usage achieved by AI-driven
provides valuable details on the environmental effects of AI building management systems has improved the overall
technology. The experiment showed how AI systems may be sustainability of urban infrastructure. These technologies
made to be both strong and energy-efficient, supporting larger minimize energy usage without sacrificing comfort and
objectives related to sustainability. The necessity of giving improve the quality of life for the building's inhabitants. AI
sustainability a top priority in AI development is one of the must be integrated into building management to create
case study's key takeaways, especially in metropolitan settings sustainable urban settings where efficiency and occupant well-
where energy consumption is a significant problem and needs being are valued.
to be addressed. This includes choosing technology that
supports sustainable practices and developing algorithms for 9. Conclusion
energy efficiency. This assessment highlights the substantial advancements in
Research conducted in 2023 by Himeur et al. (2023) on AI-big artificial intelligence (AI) that have transformed the built
data analytics in building management systems offers new environment. A key finding is AI's application in sustainable
information on how well AI works to support sustainable building design, enhancing material selection, energy
urban environments. The project's accomplishments in efficiency, and environmental impact evaluations. AI also
reducing energy use and raising occupant comfort levels show plays a crucial role in intelligent transportation systems and
the valuable advantages of AI in smart buildings. The
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Talebian et al., 2025: Artificial Intelligence Impacts on Architecture and Smart Built Environments …

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