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Agricultural Engineering

ISSN: 1809-4430 (online)

www.engenhariaagricola.org.br

Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-4430-Eng.Agric.v40n3p322-333/2020

VEGETATION INDICES FOR IRRIGATED CORN MONITORING

Francisco CG Alvino1* , Catariny C. Aleman1, Roberto Filgueiras1 , Daniel Althoff1 ,

Fernando F. da Cunha1

1*Corresponding author. Federal University of Viçosa/ Viçosa - MG, Brazil.

Email: [email protected] | ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6047-9111

KEYWORDS ABSTRACT

vegetation Monitoring of large agricultural lands is often hampered by data collection logistics
cover, decision- at field level. To solve such a problem, remote sensing techniques have been used
making, remote sensing.to estimate vegetation indices, which can subsidize crop management decision-making.
Therefore, this study aimed to select vegetation indices to detect variability in
irrigated corn crops. Data were collected in São Desidério, Bahia State (Brazil), using
an OLI sensor (Operational Land Imager) embedded to a Landsat-8 satellite platform.
Five corn growing plots under central pivot irrigation were assessed. The following
vegetation indices were tested: NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), EVI
(Enhanced Vegetation Index), SAVI (Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index), GNDVI (Green
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), SR (Simple Ratio), NDWI (Normalized
Difference Water Index), and MSI (Moisture Stress Index). Among the tested indices,
SR was more sensitive to high corn biomass, while GNDVI, NDVI, EVI, and SAVI were
more sensitive to low values. Overall, all indices were found to be concordant with
each other, with high correlations among them. Despite this, the use of a set of these
indices is advisable since some respond better to certain peculiarities than others.

INTRODUCTION observed in the field (Ponzoni et al., 2012; Zhang et al., 2012).
Vegetation indices are based on algebraic operations between
Conventional crop monitoring, mainly of large areas, is
different spectral reflectances of sensors; they aim to enhance
costly and ineffective. It is often done by surveying, at site, the
responses of interest of targets, enabling detection of further
entire area to find trouble spots, that is, with biotic and abiotic
problems in vegetation monitoring (Ribeiro et al., 2017). Among
stresses. If observed late, these spots may cause irreversible
several indices cited in the literature, there is no consensus on
impacts to crops, impairing production and increasing losses
which is more suitable for crop monitoring. This is because some
(Aggarwal, 2004; Mulianga et al., 2013).
Remote sensing has stood out as an alternative for of them are more sensitive to low biomass, while others have

monitoring crop fields. The technique can reduce time and costs, greater sensitivity to high biomass (Bertolin et al., 2017; Kross et
facilitating accurate and large-scale decision-making (Teixeira et al., 2015; Jensen & Epiphanio, 2011).
al., 2009). It comprises a set of tools to obtain information on
targets within the Earth's surface using distant or remote sensors, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) reports
without physical contact, recording their interactions with near-infrared and red bands and has a positive correlation with
biomass. Studies have shown that such index is more sensitive to
electromagnetic radiation (Jensen & Epiphanio, 2011; Formaggio
& Sanches, 2017). early plant growth stages (Jensen & Epiphanio, 2011). Furthermore,
This favors identification of problems in the field, especially in Green Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (GNDVI) is able to
large farming areas (Bernardi et al., 2017). report directly to photoactive pigments in plants and is
Radiation reflected from surface targets at varied distinguished from NDVI by using the green band instead of the
electromagnetic spectrum amplitudes has been used to interpret red one (Gitelson et al., 1996).
crop vegetative vigor and guide management decisions. This
reflected radiation is also used to establish relationships between Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) has been proposed for
vegetation indices and crop characteristics vegetation biomass estimation, minimizing

1 Federal University of Viçosa/ Viçosa - MG, Brazil.

Area Editor: Edna Maria Bonfim-Silva
Received in: 10-24-2018
Accepted in: 3-15-2020
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Francisco C. G. Alvino, Catariny C. Aleman, Roberto Filgueiras, et al. 323

soil reflectance effects and atmospheric influences. Yet, combination thereof could make satellite crop monitoring
Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI) is an index designed more efficient in terms of changes occurring in the field
to consider soil effects on analyzed images if the land (Huete, 1988; Mulla, 2013; Tillack et al., 2014). In this
surface is not fully covered by vegetation. context, this study aimed to analyze different vegetation
Moisture Stress Index (MSI) and Normalized indices to select one or a set of them that are responsive
Difference Water Index (NDWI) quantify plant physiological to irrigated corn crop changes.
stress due to water loss, detecting changes in relative water
content in leaves (Hunt JR & Rock, 1989. MATERIAL AND METHODS
These indices are good predictors of water potential in
vegetation canopy through spectral data (Rallo et al., 2014). The study area is located in the city of São Desidério,
Given the widely varied indices, there is an urgent Bahia Sate (Brazil). It is located at the geographical
need to find one or a method that is sensitive to crop coordinates of 12º27'14” S and 45º41'16” W, in the WGS84
changes in the field, for all phenological stages. Identifying one or reference system (Figure 1).

FIGURE 1. Study area location and central pivot identification.

According to Köppen's classification, the climate is of 1.55 g/cm2 . Central pivots were implanted on the area
characterized as Aw (tropical climate), with annual with corn crop sowing (cultivar Status Viptera 3). To
temperatures from 17 to 37 ºC, and mean annual rainfall of facilitate management, the pivots were identified as 12A,
1056 mm (Barbosa et al., 2018; Soares Neto et al. 2013). 13A, 14A, 15A, and 16A (Bertolin et al., 2017). Table 1 shows
The soil has the following physical-hydric traits: field the planting dates, harvest date, cycle duration, and
capacity of 0.13 cm3 /cm3 ; wilt point of, and
0.07apparent
cm3 /cm3density accumulated irrigation depth for each central pivot in the 2015 harvest

TABLE 1. Corn cycle dates and information for each center pivot.

Pivot Sowing date Harvest date Cumulative irrigation depth (mm) Cycle duration (days)
12A 09/05/2015 09/24/2015 710.8 139
13A 12/05/2015 09/24/2015 708.4 136
14A 05/13/2015 09/24/2015 750.7 135
15A 05/15/2015 09/24/2015 678.9 133
16A 05/16/2015 09/24/2015 737.0 132

Monitoring was done using multispectral images After this procedure, images were redesigned for
from the OLI sensor (Operational Land Imager), which is the southern hemisphere, in the WGS84 reference system
embedded in the Landsat-8 satellite platform. This satellite and UTM Zone 23S projection. After being selected, images
provides images with 30-m spatial resolution for visible and
were corrected for atmospheric effects by DOS1 method
infrared short-wave spectra, and 16-day temporal resolution
(Chavez, 1996); then, digital numbers were converted to a
(Ariza, 2013; Roy et al., 2014). Images were acquired on a
USGS (United States Geological Survey) portal, known as physical basis, ie, reflectance. Radiometric image
Earth Explorer. Then, they were selected for cloud conversion was performed following the method used by
interference. Vegetation indices were then estimated using Ariza (2013), for bands 2 to 7, as in [eq. (1)], using the QGIS
seven cloud-free images for the entire cycle of irrigated corn. 2.8 software (QGIS Development Team, 2017).

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Vegetation indices for irrigated corn monitoring 324

L = MQ + A (1) ××
ÿ= (2)
×
Where:
Where:
is the radiance at the top of the atmosphere;
Lÿ is the radiance of each band, in Wm-2.sr-1.ÿm-1;
is the specific scale multiplication factor (gain),
ESUNÿ is the spectral irradiance at the top of the
is the specific additive scale factor (offset). atmosphere, in Wm-2.sr-1.ÿm-1;
Both gain and offset are provided in the metadata Z is the zenith angle (rad), and
file (MLT.txt).
d is the Earth-Sun distance, in astronomical
units, provided by the Landsat-8 image metadata file.
Radiance of each band was converted into reflectance at
the top of the atmosphere, in images from the OLI sensor, using Figure 2 is an explanatory flowchart of the method
[eq. (2)]. used in this study.

FIGURE 2. Methodological process for obtaining vegetation indices for analysis of irrigated corn crop behavior.

After image selection and pre-processing, SR, NDWI, and MSI. Each of them has special features
vegetation indices were calculated according to that set it apart from the others, which instigates
Equations 3 to 9. The adopted indices were: NDVI, EVI, SAVI, GNDVI,
analysis of its use in monitoring irrigated corn crops.

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Francisco C. G. Alvino, Catariny C. Aleman, Roberto Filgueiras, et al. 325

TABLE 2. Algebraic and authorial descriptions of the indices used in the study.
Index Author Equation n°
ÿNIR ÿ ÿRED
NDVI = (Rouse JR et al., 1974) (3)
ÿNIR + ÿRED

EVI = G × (1 + L) (Liu & Huete, 1995) (4)

× ×

(NIR ÿ Red)(1 + L)
SAVI = (Huete, 1988) (5)
NIR + Red + L
ÿ

GNDVI = (Gitelson et al., 1996) (6)

+

ÿNIR
SR = (Birth & Mcvey, 1968) (7)
ÿRED

ÿSWIR1
MSI = (Hunt JR & Rock, 1989) (8)

ÿNIR ÿ SWIR1
NDWI = (Gao, 1996) (9)
ÿNIR + SWIR1

Where: ÿGreen - green-band reflectance; ÿRed - red-band reflectance; ÿNIR = near-infrared reflectance; ÿNIR = short-wave infrared
reflectance; L = adjustment factor in equations 4 and 5, which may vary from 0 to 1; C1 and C2 are adjustment coefficients for aerosol
effects in the atmosphere; and G adjusted gain. Coefficients in Eq. 4 are in accordance with the literature, namely, L = 0.5, C1 = 6, C2 = 7.5,
and G = 2.5 (Huete, 1988; Justice et al., 2002; Ponzoni et al., 2012).

Data for processing indices were extracted from Figure 3 shows the results of NDVI, which ranged
all central pivots (Figure 1). After calculating indices in between 0.14 and 0.93, in which, the acquired image
each central pivot, for different dates of image displayed lower values on the first date (May 25, 2015).
acquisition, phenological behavior of corn crops was Therefore, on this date, there was a predominance of
assessed over a cycle, for each index, qualitatively and quantitatively.
exposed soil in the study areas, that is, plants were in
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION emergency or germination stages, as exhibited in Table 1.
NDVI ranges from -1.0 to 1.0, wherein the closest
Figures 3 to 9 show the vegetation indices used to the unity, the highest the vegetation cover density.
for monitoring of irrigated corn crops in five central pivots. Negative values are mostly associated with water bodies
These figures depict the phenological stages of corn or clouds (Ponzoni et al., 2012). For Souza et al. (2009),
cropping, from germination to senescence. Between NDVI is related to irrigated-corn phenological stages
July 28, 2015 and August 29, 2015, crop reached the
and increases as plants grow.
highest vegetative vigor according to a holistic analysis
Studies by Gameiro et al. (2017) showed high
of all indices. Within these dates, crop had been sown
NDVI in vegetation with greater biomass and good water
for 73 and 105 days in pivot 16A; 74 and 106 days in
pivot 15A; 76 and 108 days in pivot 14A; 77 and 109 days availability in the soil, while in less dense vegetation
in pivot 13A; and 80 and 112 days in pivot 12A. For all and with exposed soil, NDVI is lower.
five central pivots, corn crop was spread over the entire NDVI low sensitivity between July 10, 2015 and
area, highlighting vegetative (VT)/reproductive (R1) August 29, 2015 is mainly due to its saturation in high-
stages on July 28, 2015 and reproductive R4/R5 on August 29, 2015.biomass conditions (Jensen & Epiphanio, 2011). It tends
Regarding the sensitivity of all indices on different to occur during flowering and grain-filling stages, when
dates, the descriptive boxplot analysis in Figures 3 to 9 corn crops reach greater biomass. Under these
show that EVI (Figure 4) and SR (Figure 6) were more conditions, NDVI tends to vary less along agricultural
effective in discriminating differences from July 10, 2015 plots, as shown in Figure 3.
to August 29, 2015. This was confirmed by a greater From September 14 to 30, 2015, there was a
range of the boxplots referring to the SR when compared
significant drop in NDVI, that is, vegetation lost its vigor,
to the other indices, in addition to the differentiation
indicating that crop had started its maturation process
observed on August 13, 2015 and August 29, 2015 for
EVI. Conversely, the other indices were more sensitive and hence senescence. This corroborates with the
in early crop stages, on May 25, 2015 and June 10, 2015, finding of Risso et al. (2012), who observed low NDVIs
during senescence of soybeans.
showing an increased capacity for differentiating low-biomass vegetation.

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Vegetation indices for irrigated corn monitoring 326

FIGURE 3. NDVI for five different irrigation pivots on seven different dates during irrigated corn cycle in 2015, followed by descriptive statistics
(Boxplot) of vegetation indices of the studied farm for the dates of acquired images.

Figure 4 displays EVI index response, which were similar data is required, which makes the method complex. By contrast,
to that of NDVI. However, EVI had a slight decrease between values between 0.25 and 1.0, depending on the amount of crop
August 13 and 29, 2015. Thus, this index was more sensitive to biomass (Boratto & Gomide, 2013) may be subjective.
high-biomass crops since corn was no longer in full vegetative
vigor (R4/R5) on August 29, 2015. For Latorre et al. (2003), EVI is a As in our study, Rosendo (2005) observed similarities
vegetation developed index to improve sensitivity in areas with between EVI and SAVI indices for agricultural crop monitoring,
higher biomass density values and smooth influence of signals using MODIS/TERRA images. This author followed monthly and
from soil. seasonal changes in these indices in various crops (pasture,
Figure 5 shows SAVI temporal dynamics. This index has irrigated crops, and coffee) and at different phenological stages.
an adjustment factor to attenuate soil effects on crop spectral
responses. Like EVI (Figure 4), SAVI decreased between August When monitoring forest plantations and native forests by
13 and 29, 2015. Therefore, such adjustment factor (L) is important NDVI and SAVI, Leite et al. (2017) found that both indices are able
in the equation since it differentiates SAVI from NDVI. to detect forest cover changes. These authors also concluded that
both indices had similar results; however, in high vegetation
A suitable adjustment of the L factor in SAVI index could density sites, NDVI proved to be more suitable if compared to SAVI.
improve even more results. However, for this, more

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Francisco C. G. Alvino, Catariny C. Aleman, Roberto Filgueiras, et al. 327

FIGURE 4. EVI for five different irrigation pivots on seven different dates during irrigated corn cycle in 2015, followed by descriptive statistics
(Boxplot) of vegetation indices of the studied farm for the dates of acquired images.

Between July 28 and August 13, 2015, corn crop was reproductive stage (Figure 5). Likewise, Gameiro et al. (2017)
between vegetative and grain-filling stages, respectively, wherein observed SAVI of 0.7 during fruiting in irrigated fruit trees.
SAVI reached the highest value (0.73) during

FIGURE 5. SAVI for five different irrigation pivots on seven different dates during irrigated corn cycle in 2015, followed by descriptive statistics
(Boxplot) of vegetation indices of the studied farm for the dates of acquired images.

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Vegetation indices for irrigated corn monitoring 328

Figure 6 presents the results of SR. Based on less sensitive to low amounts.
image and boxplot analyses, we observed that such SR could discriminate crops in each central pivot
index could discriminate changes in crop phenological on August 29, 2015 (Figure 6). It can be evidenced by a
stage, in addition to being more sensitive to high darker shade of green in pivots 14A, 15A, and 16A when
biomass (between July 28 and August 29, 2015). Jensen compared to those in 12A and 13A. It is noteworthy
& Epiphanio (2011) also pointed out SR as more sensitive to highmentioning
biomass but that this finding was not made for the other indices.

FIGURE 6. SR for five different irrigation pivots on seven different dates during irrigated corn cycle in 2015, followed by
descriptive statistics (Boxplot) of vegetation indices of the studied farm for the dates of acquired images.

The behavior of GNDVI on all analyzed dates and the red wavelength spectrum.
central pivots can be seen in Figure 7. This index is a Regarding phenological changes, GNDVI also
modification of NDVI where the red band is replaced showed less sensitivity compared to NDVI between
with the green band. If compared to NDVI, this index had August 29 and September 14, 2015. During this period,
a lower sensitivity on May 25, 2015 for pivots 15A and 16A. NDVI decreases (Figure 3) were more abrupt than those
On that date, corn had only 10 DAS, that is, in initial of GNDVI (Figure 7). This is because of the green band,
emergence, which shows the lower capacity of this which corresponds less to plant physiological changes
index to differentiate surfaces. Such lower sensitivity is and more to small changes in plant vigor. Furthermore,
related to a greater similarity of the green spectral Silva Júnior et al. (2008) verified that GNDVI was more
response to exposed soils and vegetation, which does not occursensitive
with than NDVI to identify chlorophyll concentration in forage

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Francisco C. G. Alvino, Catariny C. Aleman, Roberto Filgueiras, et al. 329

FIGURE 7. GNDVI for five different irrigation pivots on seven different dates during irrigated corn cycle in 2015, followed by descriptive statistics
(Boxplot) of vegetation indices of the studied farm for the dates of acquired images.

MSI had a high sensitivity to water content changes in beginning of the vegetative period (May 25, 2015), when soil is
corn canopy since as crop stage changed, irrigation demand more exposed. During tasseling (July 28, 2015) and grain filling
increased and hence MSI decreased (Figure 8). (August 13, 2015), MSI was around 0.27, as seen in the third and
Such sensitivity can be explained through MSI equation, in which fourth images in Figure 8. Overall, irrigated corn behavior was well
it is the ratio between short-wave infrared spectral and near-
evidenced by this index, as it varied with crop water demand.
infrared spectral responses.
Short-wave infrared has a higher absorption behavior
The first and second images in Figure 8 show the presence
when leaf water content increases, while near infrared does not
of exposed soil, which corresponds to crop germination and the
tend to show absorption directly related to leaf water contents
(Hunt JR & Rock, 1989). This fact warns that higher MSI values onset of the third and seventh fully developed leaves, when corn

indicate lower water contents in crop canopy. The same was seen requires less water.
in the study of Elhag & Bahrawi (2017), who noted that plants Benabdelouahab et al. (2015) found good correlations between
under water stress have high MSI indices. MSI and water content in wheat canopy during growth and grain
filling. By using multiple data from time series and MSI index, Yu
The high MSI values in Figure 8 are not indicative of lower et al. (2018) could detect disturbances in forest species due to
canopy water content since plants were in the water stress.

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FIGURE 8. MSI for five different irrigation pivots on seven different dates during irrigated corn cycle in 2015,
followed by descriptive statistics (Boxplot) of vegetation indices of the studied farm for the dates of acquired images.
Another index with direct correspondence to A high NDWI, green color, corresponds to high water
corn canopy water content was NDWI (Figure 9). This content in vegetation and wider vegetation cover,
index is important for analysis in irrigated areas. The whereas negative NDWI, red color, corresponds to
results in irrigated corn showed its ability to monitor low vegetation biomass and more exposed soil, as
and report significantly to water contents in corn crops in central pivots are subjected to irrigation
canopy. The index increased from –0.34 to 0.61, as management. Gu et al. (2013) achieved significant
crop water demand increased. Between May 25 and results when using NDWI to detect and monitor
June 10, 2015, this index may show negative values canopy moisture in plants grown in large farming
in corn as a result of low vegetation biomass and due areas. Our findings on MSI and NDWI, along with
to exposed soil areas. As for Gao (1996), Ceccato et those of the above-mentioned studies, demonstrate
al. (2001), and Gu et al. (2013), NDWI ranges between the ability of these indices to monitor changes in
-1 and +1, depending on crop water content, vegetation species,
vegetation
ground cover
water and
content,
bottom
andeffect.
thus can be used to improve irrig

FIGURE 9. NDWI for five different irrigation pivots on seven different dates during irrigated corn cycle in 2015,
followed by descriptive statistics (Boxplot) of vegetation indices of the studied farm for the dates of acquired images.

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Francisco C. G. Alvino, Catariny C. Aleman, Roberto Filgueiras, et al. 331

Figure 10 shows that all vegetation indices had correlations they showed slight differences, among which EVI was more
with each other, which can be seen by the scatter plots, wherein sensitive than GNDVI, NDVI, and SAVI.
some indices are more sensitive to biomass than are others. The The indices that showed correspondence with leaf water
correlation coefficients were positive among all indices except for content (MSI and NDWI) also showed high correlation between
those involving MSI. each other. What justifies their similar behavior and sensitivity to
Although correlations of the other indices with MSI were negative, changes in plant water content.
these were extremely high. Nonetheless, NDWI was more sensitive during the end of the crop
When correlated with NDVI, the indices GNDVI, SAVI, and cycle, which can be observed by its greater values compared to
EVI showed high correlations, with coefficients of 0.996, 0.983, and those of MSI, between September 14 and 30, 2015. Zhang et al.
0.974, respectively. Such correlations indicate similarities and (2018) also observed that estimation of water content in wheat
strong relationships among them, all being good indicators of canopy using such indices, based on the Sentinel-2 band
biomass in vegetation. But, when these indices were analyzed reflectance, was feasible and can be used to support irrigation
during corn reproductive stage, decision-making.

FIGURE 10. Correlation between the studied vegetation indices, wherein the blue line represents the fitted linear model and the red line the
fitted local regression model.

CONCLUSIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

All the indices studied are suitable tools for irrigated corn This study was financed in part by the Coordination for
management and monitoring since they detect vegetation cover the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel - Brazil
changes quickly and at low operational cost. (CAPES) - Finance Code 001

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