THE KENYA

POVERTY Based on the 2022

REPORT Kenya Continuous

Household Survey

B U I L D I N G B R I G H T E R F U T U R E S : DATA A N D E V I D E N C E T O TAC K L E P OV E R T Y I N K E N YA
2
 The
TheKenya
KenyaPoverty
PovertyReport
Report2022
2022 i

The Kenya Poverty Report

Based on the 2022 Kenya Continuous
Household Survey
B U I L D I N G B R I G H T E R F U T U R E S : DATA A N D E V I D E N C E T O TAC K L E P OV E R T Y I N K E N YA
 ii The Kenya Poverty Report 2022

Published by:
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Recommended citation: KNBS 2024. Poverty Report: Based on the 2022 Kenya Continuous Household Survey .
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 The Kenya Poverty Report 2022 iii

Table of Contents
Table of Contents iii
List of Tables iv
List of Figures v
List of Maps v
List of Annex Tables
Abbreviations vi
Preface vii
Executive Summary viii

Chapter 1: Introduction and Survey Methodology 1

1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Objectives of the KCHS 1
1.3 National Economic, Social and Political Environment 2
1.4 Sample Design and Selection 6
1.4.1 Sample Design 6
1.4.2 Sample Size and Allocation 6
1.4.3 Sampling Frame 7
1.4.4 Sampling 8
1.4.5 Sampling of Clusters 8
1.4.6 Sampling of Households 8
1.4.7 Survey Weights Computation 9
1.5 Survey Instruments 10
1.6 Management 10
1.7 Recruitment and Training of Staff 10
1.8 Survey Response Rates 10
1.9 Data Processing 11
1.10 Outline of the Report 11

Chapter 2: Poverty Measurement Approach 12

2.1 Definition and Construction of the Welfare Measure 13
2.1.1 Food Consumption Component 13
2.1.2 Non-Food Consumption Component 13
2.1.3 Adjusting for Differences in Needs 14
2.2 Computing Poverty Lines 15
2.2.1 The Food Poverty Line 15
2.2.2 The Overall Poverty Line 15
2.2.3 Adjusting for Spatial and Seasonal Price Variation 15
2.3 Poverty Measures 18
2.3.1 The Poverty Headcount Index 18
2.3.2 The Depth of Poverty (the Poverty Gap Index) 18
2.3.3 The Severity of Poverty (the Squared Poverty Gap Index) 18
2.4 Measure of Inequality 19

Chapter 3: Overview of Consumption Expenditure Patterns 20

3.1 Consumption Aggregates used in the Analysis 21
3.2 Food Expenditure by Source 21
3.3 Household Consumption Patterns 22
3.4 Quintiles Analysis 24
 iv The Kenya Poverty Report 2022

Chapter 4: Poverty Indicators 28

4.1 Poverty Lines 29
4.2 Summary of Poverty Measures 29
4.2.1 Food Poverty 30
4.2.2 Overall Poverty 30
4.2.3 Hardcore Poverty 30
4.3 Trends in Poverty Incidence between 2015/16 and 2022 30
4.4 Main County Level Poverty Estimates 31
4.4.1 Food Poverty Estimates, County Level 31
4.4.2 Overall Poverty Estimates, County Level 35
4.4.3 Hardcore Poverty Estimates, County Level 40
4.5 Depth and Severity of Overall Poverty: National and County Level 43
4.6 Inequality 43

Chapter 5: Basic Socioeconomic Poverty Profile 46

5.1 Poverty by Sex and Residence of Household Head 47
5.2 Poverty and Age of Household Head 47
5.3 Poverty and Marital Status of Household Head 47
5.4 Poverty and Household Size and Number of Children 47
5.5 Poverty and Education Level of Household Head 48
5.6 Child Poverty 49
5.6.1 Child Food Poverty 49
5.6.2 Overall Poverty among Children 52
5.7.3 Hardcore Child Poverty 55
5.8 Poverty among the Youth (Age 15-24 and 18-35 Years) 58
5.8.1 Youth Food Poverty 58
5.8.2 Youth Overall (Absolute) Poverty 61
5.8.3 Youth Hardcore Poverty 61
5.9 Poverty among the Elderly (Ages 60-69, 70+) 61
5.9.1 Food Poverty 61
5.9.2 Overall Poverty 61
5.9.3 Hardcore Poverty 61

Chapter 6: Conclusion and Recommendations 64

6.1 Conclusion 65
6.2 Recommendations 65
Glossary 67
References 69
8.2 Annex Tables 70

List of Tables
Table 1.1: Five-year series summary of macro and socio-economic statistics 4
Table 1.2: Sample allocation for the 2022 KCHS 6
Table 1.3: Response rates 10
Table 2.4:Summary details of the 2022 KCHS food and non-food consumption expenditure
module 14
Table 3.1: Share of total food consumed disaggregated by source (national, residence and counties),
2022 22
Table 3.2: Mean monthly food and non-food expenditure per adult equivalent, 2022 23
 The Kenya Poverty Report 2022 v

Table 3.3a: Mean and median per adult equivalent consumption expenditure (in KSh),
attributable to each quintile in rural areas, 2022 25
Table 3. 3b: Mean and median per adult equivalent consumption expenditure (in KSh),
attributable to each quintile in urban areas, 2022 27
Table 4.1: Summary of headcount poverty measures, 2022 29
Table 4.2: Trends in Poverty Incidence between 2015/16 and 2022 31
Table 4.3: Food poverty rates (individuals) by residence and county, 2022 32
Table 4.4: Overall poverty rates (individuals) by residence and county, 2022 36
Table 4.5: Hardcore poverty rates (individuals) by residence and county, 2022 41
Table 4.6: Gini index, 2015/16 - 2022 45
Table 5.1: Poverty measures and socioeconomic characteristics at household level, 2022 48
Table 5.2: Child food poverty by age group and residence, 2022 50
Table 5.3: Overall child poverty by various age groups and residence, 2022 53
Table 5.4: Child hardcore poverty by various age-groups and residence, 2022 56
Table 5.5: Youth food, overall and hardcore poverty by residence, 2022 59
Table 5.6: Food, overall and hardcore poverty among the elderly by residence, 2022 62
Annex Table A1: Overall poverty rates (individuals) by residence and county , 2022 70
Annex Table A2: Overall poverty rates (adulteq) by residence and county, 2022 72
Annex Table A3: Overall poverty rates (households) by residence and county, 2022 74
Annex Table B1: Food poverty rates (individuals) by residence and county , 2022 76
Annex Table B2: Food poverty rates (adulteq) by residence and county, 2022 78
Annex Table B3: Food poverty rates (households) by residence and county , 2022 80
Annex Table C1: Hardcore poverty rates (individual) by residence and county , 2022 82
Annex Table C2: Hardcore poverty rates (adulteq) by residence and county, 2022 84
Annex Table C3: Hardcore poverty rates (households) by residence and county , 2022 86
Annex Table E.1: Overall poverty by household characteristics, 2022 88
Annex Table E.2: Overall child poverty by age group, residence and county, 2022 90
Annex Table E.3: Child food poverty by age group and residence, 2022 92
Annex Table E.4: Overall poverty by all age groups and residence, 2022 94

List of Figures
Figure 1.1: Sectoral contribution to real GDP growth, percentage points 3
Figure 2.1: Seasonal variation in the average price deflator by county 17
Figure 2.2: Lorenz curve 19
Figure 4.1: Food poverty rates (individuals) incidence across counties, 202 33
Figure 4.2: Overall poverty rates (individuals) across counties, 2022 37
Figure 4.3: Contribution to overall poverty by county, 2022 38
Figure 4.4: Hardcore poverty rates (individuals) by county, 2022 42

List of Maps
Map 1.1: Distribution of sampled clusters for the 2022 KCHS 8
Map 4.1: Food poverty rates (individuals) at county level, 2022 34
Map 4.2: Overall poverty rates (individuals) at county level, 2022 39
Map 4.3: Number of overall poor at county level, 2022 40
Map 4.4: Overall poverty gap (individuals) at county level, 2022 44
 vi The Kenya Poverty Report 2022

List of Acronyms and Abbreviations

ASAL Arid and Semi-Arid Lands

BBI Building Bridges Initiative
CAPI Computer Assisted Personal Interviews
CBN Cost-of-Basic Needs
CD Compact Disc
COVID-19 Coronavirus disease 2019
CPI Consumer Price Index
DVD Digital Video Disc
EA Enumeration Areas
ERS Economic Recovery Strategy
FGT Foster, Greer and Thorbecke
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GoK Government of Kenya
HBS Household Budget Survey
KCHS Kenya Continuous Household Survey
KCHSP Kenya Continuous Household Survey Programme
KIHBS Kenya Integrated Household Budget Survey
KLMIS Kenya Labour Market Information System
KM Kilometre
KNBS Kenya National Bureau of Statistics
KSh Kenya Shilling
KSPforR Kenya Statistics Program-for-Results
LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas
MTP Medium Term Plan
NASSEP National Sample Survey and Evaluation Programme
NSS National Statistical System
OLS Ordinary Least Squares
PPS Probability Proportional to Size
PTA Parents Teachers Associations
RHBS Rural Household Budget Survey
SDGs Sustainable Development Goals
UHBS Urban Household Budget Surveys
WMS Welfare Monitoring Survey
 The Kenya Poverty Report 2022 vii

Preface

The Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS)

has been conducting household budget surveys
periodically to provide information on household
expenditure and income for updating national indi-
cators on welfare measures. The Kenya Continuous
Household Survey Programme (KCHSP) was started
in 2019 to provide updated indicators and address
existing data gaps on quarterly and annual basis and
provide high frequency data at both national and
county levels. The programme was designed with
particular emphasis on updating labour indicators
on a quarterly basis and household consumption ex-
penditure on an annual basis for poverty indicators.

This report provides the latest information on con-

sumption expenditure and welfare measures, based
on data collected in 2022 on a quarterly basis. The
indicators collected via the household budget sur-
veys are key in monitoring and evaluating progress
towards nationally and internationally set targets. I would like to express my appreciation to all those
This includes the long-term development blue- who participated in the preparation of this report.
print, Vision 2030, which seeks to enhance equity In particular, I commend the KNBS Director Ben-
and wealth creation opportunities for the poor and jamin Avusevwa for his leadership throughout the
emphasizes on the Government’s commitment to entire process. I recognize the tireless effort of the
eliminate poverty as enshrined in the Bottom-up technical team that participated in the preparation
Economic Transformation Agenda (BETA). In addi- of this report including Paul Samoei, Andrew Imb-
tion, the indicators help monitor progress towards waga, Silas Mulwa, Pius Ng’ang’a, George Magara,
the global development agenda under the Sus- David Ngesa, Prisca Mwangi, Katra Dahir and Dennis
tainable Development Goals (SDGs) which aims at Onchomba. I also wish to recognize the Bureau sup-
leaving no one behind in development and seeks port staff for providing administrative and logistical
to improve the general welfare of all citizens. services during the preparation of this report.

Special thanks go to the UNICEF and World Bank

for financial and technical support throughout the
entire exercise. In particular, I would like to express
my appreciation to Precious Zikhali (World Bank),
Godfrey Ndeng’e (UNICEF), Nduati Kariuki (World
Bank) and Vivian Nyakangi (UNICEF) for their sup-
port during report preparation and analysis.
The Kenya Continuous House-
hold Survey Programme I encourage all our stakeholders, policy makers and
(KCHSP) was started in 2019 to researchers to make use of the information con-
provide updated indicators and tained in this report to make informed decisions to
improve the welfare of the citizens of Kenya.
address existing data gaps on
quarterly and annual basis and
provide high frequency data at
MACDONALD G. OBUDHO, PhD, EBS, MBS
both national and county levels.
DIRECTOR GENERAL
KENYA NATIONAL BUREAU OF STATISTICS
 viii The Kenya Poverty Report 2022

Executive Summary

Background of purchased food items, as well as the quantities

of food consumed from other sources. For food
The government has been at the forefront of efforts
that is not purchased, a value is assigned based
to reduce poverty in all its forms, in alignment with
on representative prices from purchased items.
SDG Goal 1, which prioritizes poverty eradication.
An aggregate household food consumption value
The poverty report for 2022, like others before it,
is calculated by summing the value of food from
relies on data collected from household surveys.
each source. Data on non-food consumption is
To maintain up-to-date data, the Kenya National
collected in different sections of the questionnaire,
Bureau of Statistics has been conducting the quar-
depending on the frequency of purchase for each
terly Kenya Household Continuous Survey (KCHS)
item. Certain health expenditures, such as hospital
since 2019.
fees, are excluded from the survey as they are not
This survey comprises two main modules: the considered part of normal household spending. For
labor force and the other examining household urban households, housing rent costs are collected,
consumption expenditure. These modules provide and for those who do not report rent, rent is im-
insight and assessments into labor market trends puted based on the characteristics of the dwelling
and measure welfare, respectively. However, unlike and the household head.
previous KCHS surveys, the 2022 report included the
The poverty lines were derived from the 2015/16
Women Economic Empowerment (WEE) module
KIHBS data using the Cost-of-Basic Needs (CBN)
while the time-use module was excluded. The sur-
method. The food poverty line in monthly adult
vey covered a wide range of levels that are a total
equivalent terms was KSh 2,668 for rural areas
of 50 levels of estimation, namely national, urban,
and KSh 3,521 for urban areas. The overall poverty
rural, and 47 counties.
lines were KSh 4,358 for rural areas and KSh 8,006
The current survey had a sample size of 1,500 clus- for urban areas. The food poverty line for Kenya is
ters and 24,000 households. These clusters were estimated based on the cost of consuming 2,250
randomized into four quarters, with each quarter kilocalories per adult equivalent per day. The pov-
comprising 375 clusters and 6,000 households. The erty measures used are the headcount index, the
quarterly sample was then distributed across all 47 poverty gap index, and the poverty severity index.
counties using a power allocation method.
Main Results
Poverty: Concepts and Measurement
Overview of Expenditure Patterns
The welfare measure used in this report is based on
household consumption expenditure from the 2022 The findings reveal that the main source of food
KCHS. This aligns with previous poverty reports for consumed by households nationally was purchas-
Kenya (GoK, 1997, 2000, 2007, 2015/16, KCHS 2019, es/stock, accounting for 83.7 per cent of total food
KCHS 2020, and KCHS 2021) and international best consumption. This trend is also seen in rural areas,
practices. where more than three-quarters of food consumed
came from purchases, accounting for (78.4%) of
The Kenya Continuous Household Survey (KCHS) total consumption. Urban areas such as Momba-
collected data on both food and non-food con- sa and Nairobi City counties showed the highest
sumption by households in Kenya. The 2022 pov- share of food consumption from purchases, with
erty lines used were based on the methodology (97.8%)and (97.6%), respectively. The proportion of
employed for KIHBS 2015/16, determined using food consumed from own production in rural areas
the Cost-of-Basic Needs (CBN) method outlined decreased from (20.0%) in 2021 to (16.8%) in 2022.
in Ravallion (1994, 1998), and updated using the
2022 KCHS unit values. Food acquisition data is In terms of expenditure, there has been an increase
obtained from four sources: purchases, own pro- in average national food and non-food expendi-
duction, own stock, and gifts or other sources. The ture per month per adult equivalent, rising to KSh
survey utilizes a recall approach, collecting data over 8,030 from KSh 7,393 in 2021. Food's share in total
a 7-day period. It records the quantities and values consumption accounted for a significant portion,
at 59.1 percent. In regard to residence/County, more
 The Kenya Poverty Report 2022 ix

than two-thirds of food shared in total consumption The hardcore poverty headcount rate for individuals
was 65.4 percent in rural areas and 44.3 per cent in was 7.1 per cent in 2022, meaning that over 3.6 mil-
urban areas. Counties with lower mean expenditures lion individuals lived in conditions of abject poverty
were Turkana and Mandera, recording KSh 4,203 and were unable to afford the minimum required
and KSh 4,521 respectively. food consumption basket, even if they allocated all
their food and nonfood expenditures to food alone.
The data shows income disparities between the
poor and the rich. The poorest quintile accounted In 2022, the food poverty rate was more than 50 per
for 8.5 per cent of the total consumption expendi- cent in the following counties, which happen to be
ture in rural areas in 2022, while the richest quintile in Arid and Semi-Arid Areas (ASAL): Turkana (64.3%),
accounted for almost half of total consumption. Mandera (60.4%), Samburu (56.7%), and Marsabit
Similarly, in urban areas, the richest quintile had (54.4%). The counties with the lowest food poverty
the highest share in consumption. rates were Nairobi City (15.8%), Nyeri (18.2%), and
Kiambu (18.3%).
Distribution of Poverty
The seven counties with the highest overall pov-
Estimated at individual level, the national food erty rates in 2022 were the following: Turkana
poverty headcount rate in 2022 was 31.7 per cent, (82.7%), Mandera (72.9%), Samburu (71.9%), Garissa
translating to over 16 million people being unable (67.8%), Tana River (66.7%), Marsabit (66.1%), and
to meet the food poverty line threshold, while the Wajir (64.7%). The lowest overall poverty rates were
overall poverty headcount rate was at 39.8 per cent, in Nairobi City (16.5%), Kiambu (19.9%), Kirinyaga
implying that over 20 million individuals were un- (23.1%), Embu (24.3%), Nyeri (26.0%), and Narok
able to meet the overall poverty line threshold. The (26.2%) counties.
trends in the overall poverty headcount rate show
a decrease from 36.1 per cent in 2015/16 to 33.6 per In 2022, hardcore poverty rates were highest in the
cent in 2019. The trend then changes to an increase following six counties: Turkana (42.6%), Samburu
to 42.9 per cent in 2020 then decreases to 38.6 per (36.0%), Marsabit (26.2%), Mandera (24.8%), Tana
cent in 2021 followed by a slight increase to 39.8 River (22.7%), and Busia (18.4%).
per cent in 2022.
x The Kenya Poverty Report 2022
 The Kenya Poverty Report 2022 xi

Poverty by Characteristics of the Household been identified as poor based on the three poverty
lines. At the national level, 33.1 per cent (7.5 million)
Estimating the overall poverty rate at the household of children (age 0-17 years) were food poor. Food
level in 2022 suggests that about 3 in 10 households poverty is higher among children in rural areas com-
in Kenya are poor, with a poverty gap of 8 per cent. pared to children in urban areas, at 33.2 and 28.6
Household poverty is higher in rural areas compared per cent, respectively.
to urban areas with rates of 38 and 26 per cent,
respectively, across all age groups. At the county level, Mandera had the highest child
food poverty rate at 69 per cent, while Nairobi and
In terms of the age of household head, the overall Kiambu had the lowest child food poverty of 19 per
poverty rate ranges from a low of 9.6 per cent among cent each. Despite Nairobi City having the lowest
urban households with a head aged 15-19, to a high child poverty rates, it had the highest number of
of 46 percent among households headed by the food poor children, with 1.8 million children.
elderly age 70+ in rural areas.

Nationally, female-headed households have slightly Youth Poverty

higher poverty headcount rates (35.3%) compared The findings show that 4 out of 10 youth in the 15-
to male-headed households at (32.6%). 24-year category and 3 in 10 youth in the 18-35-year
category were food poor in 2022. This indicates that
Households with children had higher poverty rates they are unable to meet their daily food require-
(38%) compared to those with no children (24%). ments to attain at least the minimum 2,250 kilocalo-
Rural households with children had the highest ries for their daily energy requirements. This implies
poverty headcount rate of 41 per cent in this cate- that 4.0 million youth (15-24) and 4.4 million youth
gory. Poverty headcount rate increases with house- (18-35) are food poor. For both youth categories,
hold size across all domains of residence, ranging food poverty is higher in rural areas (41% and 34%)
from a low of 20 per cent of households with 1 to 3 than urban areas (37% and 2%).
members to 60 per cent among households with
7 or more members. The top five food-poor counties (among the 15-24-
year youth) are Mandera (with a food poverty rate
Results show that households with heads in polyg- of 86%), Turkana (74%), Marsabit (67%), Kilifi (61%),
amous marriages are one and a half times more Samburu (57%) and West Pokot (57%).
likely to be poor compared to their counterparts
with household heads in monogamous marriages
Poverty Among the Elderly
(48% vs 33%), respectively.
According to this survey, 31 per cent (479,000) of
Child Poverty adults aged 70+ were food poor nationally in 2022.
Elderly persons living in urban areas are poorer than
Estimates of food, overall, and hardcore child poverty their rural counterparts (39% against 30%).
for 2022 were analyzed. Children are considered to
be poor if they are living in households that have In terms of hardcore poverty, results show that ap-
proximately 169,000 individuals aged 60-69 years
and 172,000 individuals aged 70 and older live in
extreme poverty. The counties of Turkana, Mandera,
Marsabit, Tana River, and Samburu are the most
affected by hardcore poverty among the elderly.

35.3% Gini Index

Nationally, female-headed The results show that inequality, measured using
households have slightly higher the Gini Index, has been varying across the years,
poverty headcount rates (35.3%) with 2015/16 having an index of 39.1 per cent, 2019
compared to male-headed having an index of 40.9, 2020 having an index of
households at (32.6%). 35.9, 2021 having an index of 38.9, and 2022 having
an index of 38.4.
xii The Kenya Poverty Report 2022

01

Introduction and Survey

Methodology
 The Kenya Poverty Report 2022 1

The Kenya Integrated Household Budget Survey (KIHBS) provides comprehensive information on
household income and expenditures that are used for measuring poverty.

1.1 Introduction growing demand for data on women’s economic

empowerment, the Women Economic Empower-
In the pursuit of fostering sustainable development
ment (WEE) module was introduced in 2022.
and fostering inclusive societies, the global commu-
nity has committed itself to the goal of eradicating
poverty in all its forms by 2030, as outlined in the
1.2 Objectives of the KCHS
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Poverty Data from the KCHS is used to update various indi-
can take different forms, including economic, nutri- cators and address existing data gaps regularly i.e.,
tional, cultural, and multidimensional. To effectively quarterly, and annually. The labour module provides
tackle poverty and enhance livelihoods, policymak- labour market indicators and facilitates the moni-
ers rely on access to precise and timely data. By toring of trends and changes. The data produced is
understanding the unique economic, social and used to design, implement, and evaluate economic
nutritional needs and circumstances of individuals and social policies related to employment creation,
and/or communities, policymakers can develop income generation, and skills development, includ-
tailored strategies that address any constraints to ing vocational education and training, and related
enhancement of livelihoods. decent work policies. In addition, the data is crucial
in updating the Kenya Labour Market Information
Poverty is measured using data obtained from System (KLMIS).
household surveys. The Kenya Integrated Household
Budget Survey (KIHBS) provides comprehensive The household consumption module provides
information on household income and expenditures data which is used to derive poverty indicators on
that are used for measuring poverty. The 2022 Kenya an annual basis. These indicators are used for evi-
Continuous Household Survey (KCHS) is the fourth dence-based planning, monitoring living standards,
consecutive year of annual poverty measurement. and allocating national resources. The data is a cru-
To address this temporal gap and ensure availability cial component used in national account statistics
of up-to-date information on labour and poverty, to estimate private consumption.
the Bureau established the quarterly KCHS. The
2022 KCHS is an activity under the Eastern Africa
Regional Statistics Program-for-Results with support
provided by the World Bank. UNICEF supported
the analysis and writing of this poverty report. This
collaborative effort aims to enhance the quality and
accessibility of data, facilitating evidence-based pol- The data produced is used
icymaking and interventions that alleviate poverty to design, implement,
and enhance livelihoods. and evaluate economic
and social policies related
The two primary modules in KCHS namely, labour
to employment creation,
and household consumption modules provide in-
income generation, and skills
formation on labour market indicators and welfare
measures, respectively. Additionally, the survey col- development, including
lects data on household characteristics, housing, vocational education and
education and agricultural producer prices. One training, and related decent
of the key features of the KCHS is its adaptability, work policies.
allowing for the inclusion of additional modules to
meet evolving statistical needs. In response to the
 2 The Kenya Poverty Report 2022

Regular data produced through the KCHS is use- The Central Bank Rate (CBR) was raised from 7.00
ful in monitoring the progress of SDGs, poverty per cent in December 2021 to 8.75 per cent in De-
measures and other government development cember 2022. Lending interest rates for loans and
initiatives. Specifically, the KCHS provides Poverty advances also rose from 12.16 per cent in December
Statistics for: 2021 to 12.67 per cent in December 2022. The overall
credit advanced by commercial banks and non-
• Information to guide policy and programme for-
bank financial institutions surged to KSh 6,218.2
mulation targeting the poor;
billion by the end of December 2022. This growth
• Data to guide resource allocation to the devolved was primarily driven by credit advanced to private
system of government; enterprises.

• Estimates of private consumption for compilation Expenditure on merchandise imports increased by

of Gross Domestic Product (GDP); 17.5 per cent to KSh 2,490.8 billion while earnings
from exports of goods grew by 17.4 per cent to KSh
• Data for monitoring progress towards achieve-
873.1 billion in 2022. Despite the growth in total ex-
ment of SDGs 1, 2 and 10 on ending poverty and
ports, it was not sufficient to offset the growth in
hunger and, reducing inequality;
imports, leading to the widening of the balance of
• Annual micro-data for use in research by gov- trade deficit to KSh 1,617.6 billion in 2022.
ernments, academia, nonstate actors and the
public; and In 2022, the current account balance expanded to a
deficit of KSh 679.6 billion, driven by a rise in expen-
• Comprehensive information on an annual basis diture on imports of goods and services as well as
to inform planning and policy making. increased payouts in the primary income account.

The inflation rate increased from 6.1 per cent in 2021

to 7.7 per cent in 2022 mainly due to the increase in
1.3 National Economic, Social and the price of fuel and food items.
Political Environment
In 2022, overall growth of GDP at constant prices The national government revenue including grants
was recorded at 4.8%. All the economic activities was expected to grow by 14.9 per cent from KSh
recorded growth except Agriculture, forestry, and 2,230.8 billion in 2021/22 to KSh 2,562.1 billion in
fishing. Improved performances were recorded in 2022/23 while expenditure was expected to increase
accommodation and food service activities (26.2%), by 11.4 per cent from KSh 2,926.8 billion in 2021/22 to
administrative and support service activities (18.1%), KSh 3,260.7 billion in 2022/23. County governments’
arts, entertainment and recreation (17.9%), and fi- revenue was expected to increase by 2.4 per cent
nancial and insurance activities (12.8%). However, from KSh 445.8 billion in 2021/22 to KSh 456.4 billion
agriculture, forestry and fishing contracted by 1.6 in 2022/23.
per cent mainly attributed to the drought condi-
tions in the period. The amount of funds disbursed through cash trans-
fers for persons with severe disabilities was expect-
Gross domestic product per capita at current prices
ed to increase by 4.3 per cent to KSh 901.3 million
increased from KSh 237,861 in 2021 to KSh 260,024
while cash transfer to older persons was expected
in 2022. In the same period, Agriculture remained
to decrease by 1.2 per cent to KSh 18.0 billion during
the dominant sector, accounting for about 21.2 per
the same period. Similarly, disbursement of funds
cent of the overall GDP. Industry-related activities
accounted for 17.7 per cent, while service activities for the Hunger and Safety Net Programme (HSNP)
accounted for about 61.1 per cent of the total GDP was expected to increase by 42.6 per cent to KSh
in 2022 as shown in Figure 1.1. 4.6 billion in 2022/23.
 The Kenya Poverty Report 2022 3

Figure 1.1: Sectoral contribution to real GDP growth, percentage points

5
GDP % grrowth

0
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
-1
Years
 4 The Kenya Poverty Report 2022

Table 1.1: Five-year series summary of macro and socio-economic statistics

Calendar year 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Population (million) 44.2 45.4 45.3 46.4 47.6 48.8 49.7 50.6

GDP per capita (constant 168,295 171,472 174,036 179,474 183,969 179,891 188,976 194,602
prices)

Gross Domestic Product 5.0 4.2 3.8 5.6 5.1 -0.3 7.6 4.8
growth (%)

Agriculture growth (%) 4.4 1.4 -1.3 5.7 2.7 4.6 -0.4 -1.6

Manufacturing growth (%) 5.9 1.9 0.7 3.6 2.6 -0.3 7.3 2.7

Private Final Consumption 5,104,892 5,704,205 6,495,722 7,099,419 7,818,862 8,078,074 8,970,837 10,107,170
Expenditure (KSh million)

Government Final 876,145 957,594 1,046,434 1,153,406 1,246,013 1,336,990 1,460,983 1,640,545
Consumption Expenditure
(KSh million)

Gross Fixed Capital 1,520,817 1,472,621 1,687,833 1,783,811 1,941,234 2,070,321 2,367,797 2,502,314
Formation (KSh million)

Exports 1,041,510 1,006,194 1,080,501 1,171,457 1,169,967 1,032,976 1,295,882 1,632,975

Imports 1,734,755 1,641,478 1,973,102 2,042,985 2,081,480 1,885,418 2,395,321 2,876,106

Interest rate on commercial 17.44 13.67 13.64 12.51 12.24 12.02 12.16 12.67
bank loans and advances

Formal Employment sector 2,601 2,687 2,932 3,012 3,091 2,899 3,070 3,183
(000's)

Informal Employment 12,562 13,310 13,540 14,284 15,052 14,508 15,262 15,965
sector (000's)

Total employment 15,164 15,997 16,472 17,296 18,143 17,407 18,332 19,148

Primary School Enrolment 10,091 10,269 10,404 10,543 10,072 10,170 10,285 10,365
(000's)

Agricultural Production

Maize (million bags) 42.5 37.1 35.4 44.6 44.0 42.1 36.7 34.3

Beans (million bags) 8.5 8.1 9.4 9.3 8.3 8.6 7.4 5.7

Horticulture ('000 tons) 238.7 261.2 304.1 322.6 328.3 313.6 405.5 392.0

Tea ('000 tons) 399.1 473.0 439.9 493.0 458.9 569.5 537.8 535.0

Coffee ('000 tons) 42.0 46.1 38.7 41.4 45.0 36.9 34.5 51.9

Irish Potatoes (million tons) 2.0 1.3 1.5 1.9 2.0 1.9 2.1 1.8

Sorghum (million bags) 2.1 1.3 1.6 2.1 3.2 3.5 1.5 1.3

Milk Production (million 615.9 650.3 591.4 652.3 685.9 684.4 801.9 754.3
litres)

Fish Landed ('000 tons) 146.3 128.6 112.1 124.7 121.6 125.6 135.0 141.4

Annual Average Retail Prices (in KSh)

Product - Units of Measure

 The Kenya Poverty Report 2022 5

Table 1.1: Five-year series summary of macro and socio-economic statistics (Continued)

Calendar year 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Maize Flour 1 Kg 46.5 47.2 60.3 53.4 50.7 60.8 66.5 79.0

Maize Grain 1 Kg 43.1 42.8 57.7 49.2 47.2 55.5 55.2 67.7

Rice, grade II 1 Kg 98.8 105.2 115.5 120.8 126.6 .. .. ..

Sugar - Refined 1 Kg 109.2 118.2 137.8 132.6 116.2 113.9 115.3 138.1

Bread,White 400 Grams 48.9 49.2 49.6 50.2 48.4 48.3 52.7 59.4

Beef - with bones 1 Kg 392.5 399.6 410.3 439.0 426.7 436.8 474.5 514.1

Wheat Flour 2 Kg 129.1 124.3 131.3 122.3 121.9 119.4 131.4 174.5

Cooking Bananas 1 Kg 53.3 57.6 64.8 66.0 70.1 65.2 66.1 70.8

Dry beans 1 Kg 116.2 125.1 126.5 111.3 118.1 121.2 129.0 143.6

English Potatoes 1 Kg 63.0 77.0 81.1 67.9 71.1 67.3 70.2 85.2

Green Grams 1 Kg 154.2 156.4 161.4 160.2 176.0 139.7 146.2 135.2

Kales - Sukumawiki 1 Kg 38.4 40.1 52.8 50.8 44.2 49.1 54.5 60.4

Cabbages 1 Kg 42.9 59.1 66.5 40.8 43.0 38.5 45.3 51.6

Eggs (dozen) 12 Pieces 164.7 168.1 173.3 174.7 176.1 170.3 175.9 193.5

Tea leaves 100 Grams 48.2 50.2 51.3 52.8 54.3 47.1 48.6 50.2

Kerosene 1 Litre 58.4 54.6 67.0 90.1 103.0 84.6 99.9 127.1

Petrol Super 1 Litre 94.7 90.3 99.3 110.9 110.5 103.3 125.8 157.3

Fiscal Year 2015/16 2016/17 2017/18 2018/19 2019/20 2020/21 2021/22 2022/23

Government expenditure 2,047,352 2,496,108 2,576,065 2,414,078 2,595,756 2,731,664 2,989,648 3,362,917
(Ksh million)

Education Expenditure 313,377 342,348 412,455 455,080 465,687 446,598 474,054 563,052
(Ksh million)

Health Expenditure (Ksh 34,655 69,227 61,841 76,684 104,159 90,800 88,189 117,360
million)

Social services Expenditure 377,243 401,852 54,178.00 58,122 77,703 54,342 65,027 73,621
(Ksh million)

Education Expenditure (%) 15.3 13.7 16.0 15.5 15.5 14.4 14.4 16.7

Health Expenditure (%) 1.7 2.8 2.4 3.0 4.5 3.9 3.3 4.0

Social services Expenditure 18.4 16.1 2.1 2.0 2.6 2.0 1.5 2.2
(%)

Calendar Year 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

CPI Index (Feb 209=100) 81.5 86.7 93.6 98 103.1 108.7 115.3 124.2

Food & Non Alcoholic 78.3 86.2 97.7 99.1 107 116.7 126.7 143.3
Drinks(Feb 2019=100)

Annual Inflation (%) 6.6 6.3 8.0 4.7 5.2 5.4 6.1 7.7
 6 The Kenya Poverty Report 2022

1.4 Sample Design and Selection

1.4.1 Sample Design of the programme’s annual survey. The survey had
The KCHS Programme collects data on a quarterly a total of 50 study domains, namely, national, ur-
basis and analysis undertaken to provide quarterly ban, rural and 47 counties. In designing the sample,
national estimates of labour indicators. At the end the minimum sample size for anticipated integrat-
of each year (12 months), annual estimates at the ed surveys and relative sizes of the counties were
county level for both labour and poverty indicators considered. The sample size for the annual survey
are produced. The monitoring of labour indicators consisted of 1,500 clusters and 24,000 households.
on a quarterly basis allows for analysis of changes The clusters were randomized into 4 quarters each
over defined time frames to assess quarterly sea- comprising 375 clusters and 6,000 households. The
sonality on labour indicators and to keep track of quarterly sample was then distributed across all the
short-term trends. 47 counties using a power allocation method. The
2022 KCHS exclusively employed a cross-sectional
approach.
1.4.2 Sample Size and Allocation
The sample allocation for the 2022 KCHS is present-
The 2022 KCHS marked the fourth consecutive year
ed in Table 1.2.

Table 1.2: Sample allocation for the 2022 KCHS

Clusters Households
County name
Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total
Mombasa 0 32 32 0 512 512
Kwale 21 11 32 336 176 512
Kilifi 18 14 32 288 224 512
Tana river 17 11 28 272 176 448
Lamu 17 11 28 272 176 448
Taita-taveta 17 11 28 272 176 448
Garissa 20 12 32 320 192 512
Wajir 21 11 32 336 176 512
Mandera 19 13 32 304 208 512
Marsabit 18 10 28 288 160 448
Isiolo 14 14 28 224 224 448
Meru 23 9 32 368 144 512
Tharaka-nithi 24 8 32 384 128 512
Embu 22 10 32 352 160 512
Kitui 25 7 32 400 112 512
Machakos 18 14 32 288 224 512
Makueni 24 8 32 384 128 512
Nyandarua 23 9 32 368 144 512
Nyeri 21 11 32 336 176 512
Kirinyaga 20 12 32 320 192 512
Murang'a 23 9 32 368 144 512
 The Kenya Poverty Report 2022 7

Table 1.2: Sample allocation for the 2022 KCHS (Continued)

Clusters Households
County name
Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total
Turkana 22 10 32 352 160 512
West pokot 25 7 32 400 112 512
Samburu 19 9 28 304 144 448
Trans nzoia 21 11 32 336 176 512
Uasin gishu 15 17 32 240 272 512
Elgeyo-marakwet 22 6 28 352 96 448
Nandi 24 8 32 384 128 512
Baringo 22 10 32 352 160 512
Laikipia 19 13 32 304 208 512
Nakuru 17 19 36 272 304 576
Narok 23 9 32 368 144 512
Kajiado 13 19 32 208 304 512
Kericho 23 9 32 368 144 512
Bomet 26 6 32 416 96 512
Kakamega 23 9 32 368 144 512
Vihiga 24 8 32 384 128 512
Bungoma 23 9 32 368 144 512
Busia 22 10 32 352 160 512
Siaya 24 8 32 384 128 512
Kisumu 17 15 32 272 240 512
Homa bay 23 9 32 368 144 512
Migori 22 10 32 352 160 512
Kisii 23 9 32 368 144 512
Nyamira 24 8 32 384 128 512
Nairobi city 0 44 44 0 704 704
Total 936 564 1,500 14,976 9,024 24,000

1.4.3 Sampling Frame in 45 counties plus Nairobi and Mombasa counties

The survey sample was drawn from the newly that are purely urban. The counties formed the first
created Kenya Household Master Sample Frame level of stratification.
(K-HMSF) developed from the 2019 Kenya Popu-
The frame is further divided into four sub-samples
lation and Housing Census. The K-HMSF is com-
(C1, C2, C3 and C4) each composed of 2,500 clusters
posed of 10,000 clusters selected with Probabili-
that can each serve as independent sample frames.
ty Proportional to Size (PPS) from approximately
Whenever a larger sample size is required, any two
128,000 Enumeration Areas (EAs) created during
or more sub-samples can be combined. For the 2022
the 2019 Population and Housing Census. During
KCHS, the clusters were drawn from component 1
development of the frame, it was stratified into 92
(C1) of the frame.
sampling strata, comprising urban and rural strata
 8 The Kenya Poverty Report 2022

1.4.4 Sampling dependently from each of the 92 strata in K-HMSF

Two sets of units were sampled: clusters and house- frame. All the required clusters for the entire year
holds. The units were sampled without replacement were selected systematically with equal probabil-
and only those units that were preselected were ity. The selected clusters from each stratum were
visited for interviews. During the household inter- further randomized systematically into the four
views, it was anticipated that individuals would be quarters.
eligible for different modules of the survey; individ-
uals aged 15-64 years being eligible for the labour 1.4.6 Sampling of Households
module and women aged 18 years and above for Simple systematic sampling method (with a random
the WEE module. start) was applied to obtain a random sample of 16
households per cluster from the list of all households
1.4.5 Sampling of Clusters in each cluster. Sampling of the households was
The primary sampling units (PSU) for the survey done at the head office and interviews were only
were the clusters. The clusters were selected in- undertaken in the preselected households.

Map 1.1: Distribution of sampled clusters for the 2022 KCHS

 The Kenya Poverty Report 2022 9
1.4.7 Survey Weights Computation
1.4.7 Survey
Survey Weights
Weights Computation
1.4.7 the
Since sample for theComputation
2022 KCHS was not self-weighting due to non-proportional
Since
Since the
the sample
sample for
for the
the 2022
2022 KCHS
KCHS strata,was
was not not self-weighting due to non-proportional
allocation of the sample to the sampling theself-weighting
data was weighted due to toconform
non-proportional
to known
allocation
allocation of
of the
the sample
sample to
to the
the sampling
sampling strata,
strata, the
the data
data was
was weighted
weighted to
to conform
conform to
toknown
known
population distribution and adjust for non-response of some sampled households. The
population
population distribution
distribution 1.4.7and
and
Surveyadjust
adjust for
Weightsfor non-response
non-response
Computation of
of some
some sampled
sampled households.
households. The
The
weighted data is therefore representative ofKCHS the wastarget populationdue and provides reliable
weighted
Surveydata
weighted data is therefore
Since the representative of
sample for the 2022
of the the target
target population
not
population and
self-weighting
and provides
to
provides reliable
non-proportional
estimates
1.4.7 at theisnational
Weights therefore andrepresentative
Computation
allocation ofcounty
the samplelevel.
to the sampling strata, the data was weighted to conform to known
reliable
estimates
estimates at the
the national and county level.
Sampling atweights, national andKCHS county level.
Since the sample for the 2022 was notadjust reliable estimates ofat some
the national
sampled and county The level.
self-weighting W, are
population
due to non-proportional calculated
allocationas the inverse of the product of the selection
distribution and for non-response households.
Sampling
the sampleweights,
Sampling weights, W,
W, are
weighted
are calculated
data is therefore as
calculated as the
representative
the
Sampling inverse
inverse of
of weights,
the target
of the
the
W, product
population
areproduct of asthe
and provides
calculated of selection
thereliable
the selection
inverse
probabilities
of to at
theeach stage
sampling of
strata,
estimates at sampling.
the data was
the national and The
county probability
level. (P) of selecting
of the product of the selection probabilities at each
the 2022 KCHS
probabilities
probabilities
weighted to at
conformat each
each
to stage
stage
known of
of sampling.
sampling.
population distribu-The
The probability
probability (P)
(P) of
of selecting
selecting the
the 2022
2022 KCHS
KCHS
household
tion and adjust isforthe product
Sampling
non-response ofof3weights,
probabilities,
some sampled 𝑃𝑃
W, are calculated 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖:
stage as sampling.
of the inverse The
of the product of(P)the
probability of selection
selecting
household
householdThe
households. isis the
the product
product
weighted of
ofis33therefore
probabilities
data probabilities,
probabilities,
at each stage
rep- 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖:: 2022
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
the
of sampling. TheKCHS household
probability is the product
(P) of selecting the 2022ofKCHS
3 prob-
resentative of the target household
population and
is the provides
product abilities, 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖:
of 3 probabilities,

Where; Where;
Where;
Where;P11 = the probabilityP1 of
Where; = theselecting
probability the EA for
of selecting thethe K-HMSF
EA for the K-HMSF master sample
master sample amongamong
all all
PP111 == the
the probability
probability of
of selecting
selecting
the EAs the
the EA
EA for
for
in the 2019 Populationthe
the K-HMSF
K-HMSF
and Housing master
master
Census sample
sample
respectively; among
among all
all
the EAs in
P = the probability the 2019
of selecting thePopulation and Housing
EA for the K-HMSF Census
master sample respectively;
among all the EAs in the
1
the EAs in theP22019 Population
= theCensus
probability and Housing
of selecting the cluster Census respectively;
for the 2022 KCHS, among all the
2019 = the
the EAs
P22 Population andin Housing
the
probability 2019
of Population
selecting
clusters the and
respectively;
in the K-HMSF
Housing
cluster for the
master sample;
Census respectively;
and2022 KCHS, among all the
P22 the
P P=
== the
the probability
probability oftheselecting
=of selecting the
ofthe
cluster
cluster for
for the 2022
theamong KCHS,
2022allall
KCHS, among
among all
all the
the
2 clusters
probabilityinoftheP3 K-HMSF
selecting master
the cluster
probability forsample;
the the
selecting 2022 and
KCHS,
household among thethe clusters
households in the
listed in
K-HMSFclusters
clusters
master in
in the
the K-HMSF
sample; K-HMSF
and master
the cluster.master sample;
sample; and and
P33 = the probability of selecting the household among all the households listed in
PP 3
== the
P=333the the probability
probability
probability of
of
of selecting selecting
selecting the
the householdthe household
household
among all the among
among all
all the
households households
thelisted
households listed
listed in
in the cluster. in
the cluster.
The cluster weights were computed as the product of sample cluster design weight,
the
the cluster.
cluster.
household and cluster response adjustment factors as follows:

Thecluster
The cluster weights
weights were computed
were computed as the
as the product product
of sample of sample
cluster design weight,cluster designand
household weight,
The cluster
cluster
The responseweights
cluster adjustment
weights were
werefactors computed
as follows:as the product of sample cluster design weight,
computed as the product of sample cluster design weight,
household and cluster response adjustment factors as follows:
Where;
household
household and and cluster
cluster response
response adjustment
final clusterfactors
adjustment
𝑊𝑊𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = overall weight foras
factors as follows:
follows:
cluster i in stratum j;
𝐷𝐷𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = sample cluster design weight obtained from inverse of cluster selection
probabilities for cluster i in stratum j;
Where; 𝑆𝑆 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = number of listed households in cluster i in stratum j;

Where;
Where;
Where;𝑊𝑊𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = overall final 𝐼𝐼cluster 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = number of responding households to the consumption module in cluster i in
stratum j; weight for cluster i in stratum j;
𝑊𝑊
𝑊𝑊 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = overall
==overall
overall final
final
final cluster
clusterclusterweight weight
weight for
fori cluster
for cluster cluster
in stratum ii inj; stratum
in stratum j;j;
𝐷𝐷𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = sample cluster 𝐶𝐶𝑗𝑗 design
= numberweight
of clusters obtained
in stratum j; and from inverse of cluster selection
𝐷𝐷𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 =
𝐷𝐷 sample
==sample
sample cluster
cluster
cluster
probabilities 𝑐𝑐𝑗𝑗 design
design
for numberweight
design
=weight
cluster of clustersobtained
weight
obtained
i in obtained
selected
from
stratum fromfrom
inverse
j; from
stratum inverse
inverse
j. selection
of cluster of
of cluster
cluster selection
selection
probabilities for
cluster i in stratum j;
probabilities
probabilities for cluster
cluster ii in stratum j;j;
𝑆𝑆𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = number of listedfor
Additionally, households inweights
the sampling in
stratum
cluster in stratum
wereicalibrated so thatj; the aggregate matches the
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖===number
number
number of of
of listed
listedlisted
households
projected households
households
population number in
in
in cluster cluster
(as
icluster
in stratum
at ii in
mid-2022). inj; stratum
stratum j;j;
𝐼𝐼 = number of responding households to the consumption module in cluster i in
𝐼𝐼𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = number of responding households to the consumption module in cluster i in
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = number ofof responding households toto the
the consumption
module inmodule in cluster
clusterj; ii in
stratum j;==number number of responding
responding households
households consumption
to the consumption module
cluster i ininstratum in
stratum
stratum𝐶𝐶j;j; = number
𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 = number of clusters
of clusters in stratumin j;stratum
and j; and
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 == number
number of
of clusters
clusters in
in stratum
stratum j;j; and
and 23
𝑐𝑐𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 = number = number of clusters
of clusters selected
selected from from
stratum j. stratum j.
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 == number
number of of clusters
clusters selected
selected fromfrom stratum
stratum j.j.
Additionally, the sampling weights were calibrated so that the aggregate matches the
Additionally,
Additionally,
Additionally, the
the sampling
the sampling weightsweights
sampling were
were calibrated
were calibrated
calibrated soso that
that the
so that the aggregate
the aggregate
matches matches
the projected pop-the
projected
ulation numberpopulation numberweights
(as at mid-2022). (as at mid-2022). aggregate matches the
projected
projected population
population number
number (as
(as at
at mid-2022).
mid-2022).

23
23
23
 10 The Kenya Poverty Report 2022

1.5 Survey Instruments addition to the robust logistical arrangements that

covered the instrument preparation, identification
The questionnaire was programmed into the sur-
and training of field personnel, publicity, data col-
vey solutions software and data collection carried
lection, analysis, and data backup.
out using Computer Assisted Personal Interviews
(CAPI). To ensure consistency and standardization
in understanding concepts, a manual for the ques- 1.7 Recruitment and Training of Staff
tionnaire was developed and used during training The enumerators engaged during the 2021 KCHS
sessions. Additionally, a CAPI manual was developed continued with data collection for the 2022 KCHS up
to train the enumerators on how to navigate the to the month of December 2022. Prior to the com-
survey solution CAPI system as well as utilizing it for mencement of data collection, a refresher training
quality checks during the survey. The survey design and a debrief was conducted virtually to address
provided 4 cross-sectional survey estimates per the issues noted in the data collected during 2021
quarter, each analysed independently and provide KCHS and address the challenges encountered. The
national and urban/rural estimates independently training was also necessary since a new module
for each county. on time use was introduced to the 2022 KCHS. The
team was supervised by a team of 10 field super-
1.6 Management visors mainly drawn from KNBS headquarters and
where the county statistics officer was available, they
All the aspects of the survey from survey design,
were the supervisor. The entire field personnel were
data collection, processing and analysis were man-
made up of a total of 97 interviewers, 16 supervisors
aged by the KNBS. A steering committee compris-
and 5 Survey System Administrators.
ing of the KNBS directors was responsible for policy
direction and oversight of the survey implementa-
tion process. The steering committee constituted 1.8 Survey Response Rates
a secretariat responsible for the day-to-day admin- As shown in Table 1.3, a total of 24,000 households
istrative, logistical and technical operations of the were sampled for the survey out of which 20,887
survey. County field teams, consisting of enumera- households were found to be eligible for the house-
tors, supervisors and a driver were deployed for data hold consumption module. A household is eligible
collection. The field teams were assisted by National if the household responded to the consumption
Government Administrative Officers (NGAOs) who module. A household is ineligible if it was found to
helped in locating the sampled households and have no responses in the consumption module of
providing general security to the teams while in the the survey. Of the eligible households, 17,850 house-
selected clusters. Various levels of coordination were holds were successfully interviewed, resulting in a
employed to observe the data collection processes, response rate of 85.5 per cent. The response rate was
spot check the interviewed households and ensure higher, at 89.2 per cent, in rural areas compared to
smooth implementation of the survey. This was in that of urban areas at 78.9 per cent.

Table 1.3: Response rates

Residence
Response indicator Urban Rural Total
Households selected 9,024 14,976 24,000

Households eligible 7,612 13,275 20,887

Households interviewed 6,008 11,842 17,850

Household response rate 78.9 89.2 85.5

 The Kenya Poverty Report 2022 11

1.9 Data Processing

The 2022 KCHS data collection was undertak-
en using CAPI via the Survey Solutions system.
This involved programming and installing the
Survey Solutions data collection application
into mobile devices (tablets). Through the CAPI
system, the supervisors were able to assign
sampled clusters and households to the in-
terviewers.

The CAPI system was integrated with consis-

tency and validation checks to ensure collec-
tion of high-quality data. The collected data
was transmitted in real time to the central
server, where a team of quality assurance coor-
dinators monitored quality checks via a dash-
board. To further check the survey data for
errors, a script was developed using a STATA
package. On a daily basis, the quality assur-
ance coordinators would download the data
and cross-check all variables in the data to
ensure that all questions were administered
as per the questionnaire. Any data discovered
with errors was sent back to the teams, indi-
cating the nature of error and how to rectify
the errors. The teams would thereafter carry
out revisits to the households in order to make
corrections.

Data was relayed and stored in a locally se-

cured server with adequate firewall protection
to enhance data security. Furthermore, data
sent by the interviewers was secured through
end-to-end encryption. Upon completion of
the data collection exercise, the data was
downloaded, and the survey’s basic modules
(demographic characteristics, housing and
education modules) were cleaned and pre-
pared for weighting and analysis.

1.10 Outline of the report

The report is presented in six chapters as
follows: The first chapter presents the intro-
duction and survey methodology as well as
highlights of the prevailing macroeconomic
and socio-economic environment over the
past five years. Chapter two explains the pov-
erty concepts and measurement approach
while Chapter three outlines the findings on
consumption expenditure patterns. Chapter
four focuses on poverty and inequality indica-
tors while Chapter five presents the basic so-
cio-economic poverty profile. Finally, Chapter
six gives conclusions and recommendations
based on the survey findings.
12 The Kenya Poverty Report 2022

02

Poverty Measurement
Approach
 The Kenya Poverty Report 2022 13

The welfare measure used in this report is based on household consumption expenditure from
2022 KCHS. This aligns with previous poverty reports for Kenya (GoK, 1997, 2000, 2007, 2015/16,
KCHS 2019, KCHS 2020, and KCHS 2021) and international best practices.

This chapter provides an overview of welfare and collection were the same as those used in the 2019,
poverty concepts and description of the methods 2020, and 2021 rounds to collect household-level
employed for consumption and poverty mea- consumption expenditure. The survey gathered data
surement. Section 2.1 discusses the definition and on the quantities consumed from each of the four
construction of welfare measures used for poverty sources over a 7-day period using a recall approach.
estimation, including adjustments made for differ- The food consumption questionnaire collected in-
ences in household needs based on composition. formation on purchases and consumption of food,
Section 2.2 outlines the computation of poverty non-alcoholic, and alcoholic beverages during the
lines, while section 2.3 explains the adjustment of recall period. It recorded the quantities and amounts
nominal expenditures for spatial and temporal price paid for purchases made by the household, as well
differences. Section 2.4 introduces and defines the as the quantities of food items consumed from dif-
poverty indices and inequality measures used in ferent sources. For items that were consumed but
the report. not purchased, imputed unit values were calculated
using locally representative values from purchased
The nominal food consumption expenditur
items.
2.1 Definition and Construction of the h in each cluster c was computed using the
Welfare Measure The nominal food consumption expendi-
The welfare measure used in this report is based ture aggregate was computed as 𝑦𝑦!" #
=#
(&'(!")*+*)
, 𝑝𝑝̅!$ &𝑞𝑞!"$ +
on household consumption expenditure from 2022 for each household h in each cluster $67 c
The nominal food consumption expenditure aggregate was computed as , for each household
KCHS. This aligns with previous poverty reports for was computed using the formula below:
h in each cluster c was computed using the formula below: where, f, indexes the choice set of 216 for
Kenya (GoK, 1997, 2000, 2007, 2015/16, KCHS 2019, household, h, and the superscripts denote th
KCHS 2020, and KCHS 2021) and international best from: purchases;
+ 𝑞𝑞!"$own ) production; stocks; a
# (&'(!")*+*) (-./ &(-1'!23-/) (*2-!4*) (53$2*)
𝑦𝑦!" = # 𝑝𝑝̅!$ &𝑞𝑞!"$ + 𝑞𝑞!"$ + 𝑞𝑞!"$
practices. Research on the relationship between
$67
income and consumption has shown that where, con-f, indexes the choice set of 216 for different food items each source was valued using the median r
that could be consumed by each
sumption is not directly linked to short-term income
household, h, and the superscripts denote the four different sources of food consumed, respectively
fluctuations. Consumption expenditures are more from: purchases;
where,own production;
f, indexes stocks;
theandchoice set Wherever
gifts or other sources.
of 216 Theforcluster-level
quantity
different median
consumed fromunit values
stable and less variable than income. Therefore, a strata-level median followed by a coun
food items that could be consumed by each house-
each source was valued using the median reported cluster price, for each food item.
well-being rankings based on consumption are of- median with thediffer-
remaining cases valued us
hold, h, and the superscripts denote the four
ten more consistent for households with fluctuating
Wherever cluster-level medianofunitfood
valuesconsumed,
were not available, then consumption
The nominal food ent sources
consumption expenditure aggregate respectively
was computed as , was
for valued
from: using
each household
incomes, such as those in rural Kenya who rely on
a strata-level median followed by a county-level median unit value or an urban or rural level
purchases; own production; stocks;2.1.2
and Non-Food
gifts or other Consumption Compo
income from agricultural activitieshlike
in each
cropcluster
farmingc was
median withcomputed
the remainingusing
casesthe formula
valued below:
using national item-level unit value.
sources. The quantity consumedData from oneach
non-foodsource consumption by househ
and livestock rearing, which can be unpredictable.
2.1.2
was valued
Non-Food
using
Consumption
the median reported
Component
clusterwith
questionnaire, price, recall periods of one
Collecting income data from households is𝑦𝑦 #also (&'(!")*+*) (-./ &(-1'!23-/) (*2-!4*) (53$2*)
!" =
Data
# 𝑝𝑝̅!$ &𝑞𝑞
on non-food for
!"$each food
consumption
+ 𝑞𝑞item.
!"$
by households
+ 𝑞𝑞in
frequency
was collected !"$ of+purchases
different
𝑞𝑞!"$ of)ofthethe
sections item.
2022
challenging, as many people struggle to report it
questionnaire, $67
with recall periods of one month, three months, or one year, depending on the
accurately, especially those in the informal sector or
where, f, indexes
frequency ofWherever
the choice
purchasesset of of thecluster-level
216 for differentmedian
item. food items unit
Table values
could bewere
that2.4:Summary consumed
details of bythe each
2022 K
with seasonal jobs, or who simply refuse to disclose not available, then consumption was valued using respectively
household,
it. Nominal total household consumption expendi- h, and the superscripts denote the four different module
sources of food consumed,
a strata-level
Table 2.4:Summary details of the median
2022 KCHS followed
food and non-foodby a county-level
consumption expenditure
ture is calculated according to the from: purchases;
guidelines pro-
module own production; stocks; and gifts or other sources. The quantity consumed from
median unit value or an urban orSection rural level median
Description of C ontents
vided in Deaton and Zaidi (2002),each comprising
source was twovalued using
Section with
Description Cthe
of the median
remaining
ontents reported cases cluster
valued price, usingfor theeach food item.
national
main components: food consumption and non-food item-level unit value. F Food Consumption over the first One Week
consumption. F Food Consumption over the first One Week
G Consumption of Non-Food over the past One W
Wherever cluster-level
G median
Consumption unit values
of Non-Food were
over the past not(Fare,Airtime
One Week available, then
and Money consumption was valued using
transfer)
Expenditures on House Rent,Water,Electricity, G
a strata-level median
H 2.1.2
Expenditures on Non-Food
followed by a county-level median unit
House Consumption
Rent,Water,Electricity, Gas and Other Cooking
H Component
Fuels valueExpenditures
over the or
last Onean urban
Month or rural level
2.1.1 Food Consumption Component I
I
Expenditures on Health Care and Other Items (non durables) over the last One Month
on Health Care and Other Items (n
median with the remaining Data cases on valued
non-food usingconsumption
national item-level by households
unit value. was
The food consumption component comprisesJ four Expenditures collectedon Clothing and Footwear over the last 3 Months
in different sections of the 2022 ques-
J Expenditures on Clothing and Footwear over the
sub-components: purchases, own production,Kown , L ,M Expenditure on Household Goods, Furniture and Fittings over the last 12KMonths
tionnaire, with recall periods of one month, , L ,M three
Expenditure on Household Goods, Furniture and
2.1.2
stock, and gifts or other sources. The foodNon-Food
consump- Consumption Component
N
months, or one year, dependingNon theExpenditures
Expenditures on Communication, Recreation and Culture in the last 12 Months
frequency on Communication, Recreation and
tion questions used during the Data 2022on non-food
KCHS Odataconsumption
of purchases by Financial
Expenditure on Insurance, households
ofandthe wasItemscollected
item.
Miscellaneous over the last 12in different sections of the 2022
Months
O Expenditure on Insurance, Financial and Miscella
questionnaire, Pwith recall periods
Expendtures of one
on Motor Vehicles month,
and Accessories three
over the months, or one year, depending on the
last 12 Months
P Expendtures on Motor Vehicles and Accessories
frequency of purchases of the item.
Regarding health expenditures, regular purchases of certain healthcare and other health-related
items, such as over-the-counter medication (e.g., painkillers, de-worming,
Regarding health and anti-malaria regular pu
expenditures,
Table 2.4:Summary
medicine),details of thein 2022
are included KCHS consumption
the household food and non-food
aggregate. consumption
However, expenditure
other infrequent
items, such as over-the-counter medicat
module health-related expenditures, such as doctor and hospital fees, were excluded for the purpose of
medicine), are included in
poverty analysis. This exclusion follows the recommended best practice, which suggests including
the household
Section healthofexpenditures
Description C ontents only if they have high income elasticityhealth-related expenditures,
regarding their transitory variancesuch
or as docto
poverty analysis. This exclusion follows the
F Food Consumption over the first One Week 28 health expenditures only if they have high
 14 The Kenya Poverty Report 2022

Table 2.4: Summary details of the 2022 KCHS food and non-food consumption ex-
penditure module

Section Description of Contents

F Food Consumption over the first One Week
G Consumption of Non-Food over the past One Week (Fare,Airtime and Money transfer)
H Expenditures on House Rent,Water,Electricity, Gas and Other Cooking Fuels over the last One
Month
I Expenditures on Health Care and Other Items (non durables) over the last One Month
J Expenditures on Clothing and Footwear over the last 3 Months
K , L ,M Expenditure on Household Goods, Furniture and Fittings over the last 12 Months
N Expenditures on Communication, Recreation and Culture in the last 12 Months
O Expenditure on Insurance, Financial and Miscellaneous Items over the last 12 Months
P Expendtures on Motor Vehicles and Accessories over the last 12 Months

Regarding health expenditures, regular purchas- was imputed by estimating a stepwise log-linear
es of certain healthcare and other health-related Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression of reported
items, such as over-the-counter medication (e.g., rents on housing characteristic variables (including
painkillers, de-worming, and anti-malaria medi- location, number of rooms, construction materials,
cine), are included in the household consumption type of water supply and sanitation, and energy
aggregate. However, other infrequent health-related source for cooking), and household head employ-
expenditures, such as doctor and hospital fees, were ment and educational characteristics. The stepwise
excluded for the purpose of poverty analysis. This OLS regression explains 59.4 per cent of the reported
exclusion follows the recommended best practice, variation in rent expenditures. Actual rent values
which suggests including health expenditures only were used for those households reporting rent.
if they have high income elasticity regarding their
transitory variance or measurement error. Most 2.1.3 Adjusting for Differences in Needs
reported health expenditures, except for medica- The previous section described how the nominal
tion, were found to be lumpy and incidental. The measure of welfare (the total value of household
argument for exclusion is that such expenditure consumption) was calculated at the household level.
reflects a regrettable necessity that does not in- However, the ultimate goal is to obtain a measure
crease welfare. By including health expenditures of individual well-being. Equivalence scales are em-
for someone who has fallen sick, an increase in wel- ployed to convert household consumption aggre-
fare is registered when, in fact, the opposite has gates into money-metric measures of individual
occurred. The fundamental problem is that it is not welfare. Household size is the simplest factor that
possible to measure the loss of welfare associated can be used for this purpose. However, per capi-
with being sick, which is (presumably) lessened to ta expenditure measures will underestimate the
some extent by health expenditures. Including the welfare of individuals living in households with a
latter without accounting for the former would be high proportion of children. Children, up to a cer-
incorrect (Deaton and Zaidi, 2002). tain age, consume less than adults. To account for
intra-household differences in needs, the standard
Housing rental costs were also collected in the sur-
practice, starting with the earliest studies on poverty
vey. These expenditures are particularly crucial for
in Kenya (Greer and Thorbecke, 1986a, 1986b, 1986c),
households residing in urban areas; however, house-
has been to use the equivalence scales developed
holds that reside in housing structures that they
by Anzagi and Bernard (1977a, 1977b). These adult
own do not report rent. For urban households, rent
equivalence scales dictate that age groups 0-4 years
 The Kenya Poverty Report 2022 15

are weighted as 0.24 of an adult, children aged 5-14 the cost was updated to reflect changes in prices
years are weighted as 0.65, and all individuals aged over time. The 2022 poverty line was updated using
15 years and older are assigned a value of unity. The the unit values of food item from the 2022 KCHS.
Anzagi-Bernard equivalence scales are employed The resulting food poverty lines were KSh 2,668 and
in this report. KSh 3,521 for rural and urban areas, respectively.

2.2 Computing Poverty Lines

2.2.2 The Overall Poverty Line
The 2022 poverty lines used were based on the
The computation of the respective overall poverty
methodology employed for KIHBS 2015/16 deter-
lines is based on rural and urban food poverty lines.
mined using the Cost-of-Basic Needs (CBN) method
In addition to basic food needs, the overall poverty
outlined in Ravallion (1994, 1998) and updated using
line allows for basic non-food expenditures, such as
the 2022 unit values. This method specifies a con-
shelter, clothing, and personal care, which are es-
sumption bundle considered adequate for 'basic
sential for social participation. Like the food poverty
consumption needs' and then estimates the cost
line, the non-food Consumer Price Index (CPI) was
of this bundle using reference prices. The poverty
used to update the non-food allowance for the 2021
line can be seen as the minimum expenditure re-
and 2022 KCHS. The updated non-food allowance
quired by an individual to satisfy their basic food
was then added to the updated food poverty line
and non-food needs.
to determine the overall poverty line. The overall
The process for computing the poverty line is as poverty lines in monthly adult equivalent terms
follows: were calculated as KSh 4,358 and KSh 8,006 for
rural and urban areas, respectively.
i. Determine a nutritional requirement for good
health, this is employed as 2,250 calories per
2.2.3 Adjusting for Spatial and Seasonal Price
person per day, using 2015/16 KIHBS data. This
Variation
standard is widely accepted.
Field data collection for KCHS was conducted in
ii. Estimate the cost of meeting this food energy phases, with the first phase taking place in 2019. In
requirement using a diet (food basket) that the initial two phases (KCHS 2019 and 2020), data
reflects the consumption habits of households was collected for a 12-month period from January
near the poverty line (e.g., those in the lowest to December. However, in 2021, the data collection
or second-lowest quintile of the income dis- period changed from monthly to quarterly, meaning
tribution). This will be the food component zF. that field teams collected data once per quarter; this
A non-food component (zNF) is then added to was also applied in the 2022 KCHS data collection.
calculate the basic needs poverty line is given The number of days collected in a month or quarter
by: ZBN = zF+ zNF varied, ranging from 20 to 24 days, due to the entry
and exit of modules in the survey. In Kenya, prices
iii. The overall poverty line is used to determine vary geographically and by season, especially for
the proportion of the population that is unable certain food items. To account for these differences,
to meet the minimum overall basic consump- an index is constructed that adjusts for cost-of-living
tion needs (i.e., the absolute poor). variances over both space and time, leading to a
price index referenced to national median prices
2.2.1 The Food Poverty Line in urban and rural areas. This index is developed
The average daily per adult equivalent calorie re- to adjust each household's nominal consumption
quirement for the population sample enumerated aggregate. The median prices used for referencing
in the KIHBS 2015/16 is 2,250 Kcal. The sensitivity the price index are identical to those used for com-
analysis conducted using KIHBS 2015/16 data es- puting and valuing the rural and urban food basket
tablished that the nutritional anchor of 2,250 Kcal and poverty lines. The approach developed to adjust
used in previous poverty reports remains robust. The for cost-of-living differences is based on a Paasche
same food basket and food item shares based on price index with household-specific weights derived
the KIHBS 2015/16 basket were maintained; however, from unit prices collected by the KCHS.
 an index is constructed that adjusts for cost-of-living é æ p k öù over both space and time, l
variances
an index is constructed that adjusts for cost-of-living P h = ê å variancesw kç
ç c ÷÷úover , both space and time, lead
to a price index referenced to national median ê
ë prices
k Îh ( k ) è in p k øû ú
urban and rural areas. This in
to a16priceThe index Kenya referenced Povertyto national
Report 2022 median prices in urban and rural areas. This index
developed to adjust each household's nominal Where consumption
wk is the aggregate.
share of The
goodThekmedianin the prices u
househo
developed to adjust each household's nominal consumption aggregate. median prices used
referencing the price index are identical to those used for computing and valuing the ru
referencing the price index are identical toNational, those used rural,for or computing
urban median and valuing
price ofthe goodrural
k(
urban food basket and poverty lines. The approach developed to adjust for cost-of
urban food basket and poverty lines. The urban),approach pdeveloped
c
andhousehold-specific to adjust for cost-of-liv
differences is based on a Paasche price index with k is the cluster median weights unit price of
derived frog
an indexdifferences
cost-of-living variances
is constructed over both is adjusts
that based
space foron
and time, a leading
Paasche
cost-of-living priceover
variances index
both space withand household-specific
time, leading weights derived from
al median to a prices
price index inprices
urban collected
and
referenced ruraltoareas. byThis
national the KCHS.
index
median is
prices specific
rural areas.index
in urban anddifferences. This index thatis accounts for each household’s
prices For each collected item, anby the
un-weighted KCHS. national, urban, Following Deaton and Zaidi (2002), by
ominaldeveloped
consumption toand aggregate.
adjustruraleach The median
household's
median priceprices
nominal used
was calculated for
consumption aggregate.
across all and a temporal
The median
using prices used
logarithmic differences.
for
approximation Following
and without loss Deaton
al to those used for
referencing the computing
price index and are valuing
identical
households reporting consumption of the item. In the torural
thoseand used for computing and valuing the rural and
of generality, the index defined above can also be
s. Theurban approach For
developed each toeachitem,
adjust an
for un-weighted
acost-of-living
national, urban,
approximation and rural andmedianwithoutprice losswasofmore calculatedthe
generality, acr
Foraddition,
food each and
basket item,
for poverty an
item, un-weighted
lines. The approach
cluster-level national,
median price urban,
developed adjustand
toexpressed forinrural
a form median
cost-of-living price was calculated
that is computationally across
e indexdifferences ishouseholds
with household-specific
was based on a weights
computed. Paaschereporting
The derived
priceindex
price consumption
from
index for unit
witheach of theconvenient
household-specific
household item.that
form
weights Intois
derived addition,
from unit for each item,
computationally
implement: more aconvenient
cluster-levelto imm
households
prices collected h is defined
by the KCHS. reporting
as follows: consumption of the item. In addition, for each item, a cluster-level med
price was computed. The price index for each household hæ is pkcdefined
ö as follows:
price was computed. The price index for each ln Phousehold
h
» å across w h is
ln çdefined ÷ . as follows:
l, urban,Forandeach rural
item, median éprice was calculated
an un-weighted æ p k0-1öù urban,
national,
-1
across and all rural median price was calculated k ç p0 ÷
all
è kø
å
kÎh ( k )
he item. In addition,
households é =each
Phfor
reporting item,
ê consumption ç öof
kç
ùc the
æwapkcluster-level
0
÷÷ú item. ,median In addition, for each item, a cluster-level median
or eachprice wasPcomputed.
household h h=isêdefined
ê
å Îw
ëê-1kThe has
çç ècindex
)follows:
( kprice
p
÷÷púk for
ú
ø,ûú each household h is defined as Further,
follows: note that even though the index is based o
é æ pëk0 öù
k Î h ( k ) è k ø û because it is weighted
Further, note that even though the index is based
by the consumption shares 0o
Ph = ê å wWhere ç c ÷÷ú , w is the share of good k in the
kç on households’
median prices, the food index consumption
is household specific basket h(k ) ,0 p k
ëêkÎhWhere è p k øûúw is is k
the share of good in the basket.
households’ The use
food of a median
consumption rather
basket than ) , pavera
h(k the
k k is
(k )
Where the share of good k in the households’ because it is weighted by the consumption shares
k
he households’ food National,
consumption rural,
Where wk is the share of good k in the households’
food consumption basket or
basketh (k urban
) ,, p 0
k is
is median
the
the price
national, ru- of
food consumption good
outliers.
basket (depending
of goods in each household’s
k The
(k
huse
0
) ,ofpaPaasche on
is the rather whether
food consumption
price index the household
approach used isinr
of good
National,
k (depending ral, or
on urban rural, median or urban
price of median
good k price
(depending of goodbasket. k (depending
The k median
on whether than the
the household
average is rura
or whether the household
cprice of good is rural or
National, rural,
urban),
on
urban median
whether and p
thec household is theiscluster k (depending
median
rural or urban),
on whether
andunitThe
reduces
price
used
the sensitivity
the household
toofcompute
good is ruraloforthe price index to outliers.
This
k. poverty Paasche used inprice
estimates thisfromindex
theisKIHB
a hou
it priceurban),
of good urban),
and k. This c
and
isPaasche
p k is the
the cluster
cluster p kmedian
price k
isindex
median theunitiscluster
a price
unit household
price of median
good
of good k.unit
k. This price
Paasche
This
Paasche
priceof good
index is
price
a k. index
This
household
approach
Paasche price re-
index is a househ
specific index that accounts for each of adjusting for temporal
port is identical to the approach that was used to
household’s variation in pricesforduring
ousehold’s expenditure
specific index thatpattern
Paasche price
accounts andindex adjusts
for each is for both spatial
ahousehold’s
household specific
expenditure index
pattern compute
and adjusts forexpenditure
poverty bothestimates
spatial from pattern
the KIHBS and adjusts
2015/16. both
ng Deaton andspecificthat accounts
Zaidi index
(2002), by that
forusing accounts
each ahousehold’s
logarithmic for each
expenditurehousehold’s expenditure pattern
Figure 2.1 illustrates the importance of adjusting for and adjusts for both spa
and temporal and temporal
differences. Followingdifferences. Deaton and Following Zaidi (2002), by Deaton
temporal
using a and logarithmic
variation in prices Zaidi during(2002),
the surveyby using a logar
period.
erality,approximation
the index and defined temporal
patternabove and adjusts can differences.
also for
be both spatial
expressed in a Following
and temporal
and without loss of generality, the index defined above can also be expressed Deaton and Zaidi in a (2002), by using a logarith
venientform to implement: approximation and without loss of generality, the index defined above can also be express
thatapproximation
is computationally more andconvenient
withouttoloss of generality, the index defined above can also be expressed
implement:
form æ pthat
c
ö is computationally more convenient to implement:
ln P » form
h
å w ln k that
çç is
k
0
÷÷ . computationally more convenient to implement:
kÎh ( k ) èp ø
k æc pkc specific
ö
x is basedFurther, note ln
ion shares
on
of
median
ln
goods P h Peven
prices,
that
in »
each å
»though å
h the index is household
household’sw
wkæindex
the
ln çfood
pkçç öis 0based
ln
÷p .
consumption
÷÷ . on median prices, the index is household specific
because it is weighted by the consumption k Î h ( k
k ) è0 ÷ kshares
ç p price ø of goods in each household’s food consumption
n the average reduces theksensitivity h(k ) ofèthe k øtheindex to
basket. The use of aÎmedian rather than average reduces the sensitivity of the price index to
ach used in this report
outliers.Further,
Further,
The Paaschenote
is identical note
price that
to the that
index even
approacheven thatthough
was the index is based on median prices, the index is household s
approach though
used in this the index
report is based
is identical to theon median
approach that prices,
was the index is household spec
m the KIHBS 2015/16.
used to compute because poverty it
Figure 2.1 is weighted
illustrates
estimates
the importance
from the KIHBS by the2015/16. consumption sharesthe
Figure 2.1 illustrates ofimportance
goods in each household’s food consu
rices during thebecause survey period. it is variation
weighted by during the consumption shares of goods in each household’s food consump
of adjusting for basket.
temporal The useinofprices a median the rather than the average reduces the sensitivity of the price in
survey period.
basket. The use of a median rather than the average reduces the sensitivity of the price index
outliers. The Paasche price index approach used in this report is identical to the approach th
outliers. The Paasche price index approach used in this report is identical to the approach that
used to compute poverty estimates from the KIHBS 2015/16. Figure 2.1 illustrates the impo
used to compute poverty estimates from the KIHBS 2015/16. Figure 2.1 illustrates the importa
of adjusting for temporal variation in prices during the survey period. 31
of adjusting for temporal variation in prices during the survey period.

31
31

31
31
 The Kenya Poverty Report 2022 17

Figure 2.1: Seasonal variation in the average price deflator by county

 18 The Kenya Poverty Report 2022

2.3 Poverty Measures The poverty gap index measures the depth of
erty Measures 2.3 Poverty
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Depth ofThe Poverty (the distribution A33is (1,2,3,4) and distribution Bsois (2,2,2,4). ofFor a poverty line z=3, the h
poverty gap orPoverty
index Gap
isthe computed Index) by
distribution A is index
(1,2,3,4) and bysetting
distribution α=1
B isline. in the
(2,2,2,4). FGT measure
For that:
thea poverty
poverty line z=3,is the headcount
The poverty gap is computed setting ample, consider two distributions consumption
overty line.isThis shortfall,
measure gap,
captures for 33 poor relative to the poverty Intuitively, gap index
individual from theFGTpoverty so the
line. This
index
average measure expenditure
captures the average expenditure
gap index is index in the
computed
obtainedfor both measure
byadding
by distributions
setting up α=1
that:
all the thefor
is
inexpenditure 0.5 FGT both
and distributions
0.75
measure
shortfalls
1
9
respectively
of−
𝑧𝑧 so
the𝑦𝑦that:
poor is(ignoring
0.5while
expenditures andthe 0.75
for
the four respectively
people;
poverty
non-poor) gap remains
relative towhile the
distribution A
the poverty
same gap remains
is (1,2,3,4)
e to the poverty
gap, for the poortherelative line. Intuitively,to the the
poverty poverty line. gap
Intuitively,index is the 3poverty
and gap
distribution index B is is
(2,2,2,4). For a poverty line z=3,
for thepoverty two distributions for the𝑃𝑃(1) two =distributions
the # 0the poorest at 30.25.
𝐼𝐼(𝑦𝑦 3 However,
<the𝑧𝑧) the poorestAthe person inishalf
distribution A has only
−atof 𝑦𝑦0.25. However, person inindexdistribution has only the
line and dividing9 this total by population. This way, poverty gap measures
ure shortfalls
dding up all the ofpoverty
the poor
expenditure deficit (ignoring1shortfalls
of the
𝑧𝑧the
population, non-poor)
3the or poor
the 𝑁𝑁
relative
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resources thatto𝑧𝑧the
would
the headcount
non-poor)
be needed relative
to lift all
for both distributions
to
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0.5 and
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𝑧𝑧)367 person 0.75
poorest than
in the poorest
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respectively B. person
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for the two A andwhich 0.08 are
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B thus forindicating
A and 0.08 for B thus i
However, the
heitgap
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population,
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information lift all
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hindividual
rgh transfers
perfectly geared
targeted
shortfall, towards
or cash
gap, closing
transfers
for the thegeared
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relative to closing
theeasy poverty the gap. line. Intuitively,
isThe from the poverty
poverty severity measure, while not line. This
The measure
poverty captures
severity 33 measure, tothe average
interpret while not easythe
expenditure
intuitively, poverty
to interpret
has some clear gap index ishas some clear adv
intuitively,
advantages;
gap, for the obtained poor
for by
example, adding
relative totoassessuptheallpoverty the
the expenditure
forimpact line.ofIntuitively,
example, toshortfalls
policies assess and the
the of the poor
poverty
impact
programmes of gap (ignoring
policies
which index and
are the
isaimed non-poor)
programmes to reach relative
which to
are aimed to reach t
to poorest
adding upthe allof poverty
thethe expenditure
poor. line andshortfalls dividing of this
of
thethe total
poor. poor by(ignoring
the population. the non-poor) This way, the poverty
relative to gap measures the
ine and dividing poverty
33 deficit
this totalofbythethepopulation, population.
33 orThis the resources
way, the poverty that would gap be needed the
measures to lift all the poor out of
 The Kenya Poverty Report 2022 19

poorest person in distribution A has only half the The Lorenz curve (illustrated in Figure 2.2) sorts
consumption expenditures than the poorest person the population from poorest to richest and shows
in distribution B. These differences are borne out the cumulative proportion of the population on
by computing the poverty severity index which are the horizontal axis and the cumulative propor-
0.14 for A and 0.08 for B thus indicating poverty is tion of consumption per adult equivalent on the
more severe in distribution A. vertical axis. The diagonal line in a Lorenz curve
indicates the equality of a distribution. The Gini
The poverty severity measure, while not easy to in-
theindex
population on the
is defined as ahorizontal
ratio which axisranges
and the cumulative
from 0 proportio
terpret intuitively, has some clear advantages; for to 100: the enumerator is the area between the
example, to assess the impact of policies and pro-
equivalent on the vertical axis. The diagonal line in a Lorenz curv
actual Lorenz curve and the diagonal (or line of
grammes which are aimed at reaching to poorest distribution. The Gini index is defined as a ratio which ranges from 0
equality or uniform distribution); the denominator
of the poor. area between
is the the actual
total area underLorenz curve and
the diagonal. Thethe diagonal
Gini index (or line of equa
theequals
denominator
zero when all people have the same level The Gini index
is the total area under the diagonal.
2.4 Measure of Inequality have the sameorlevel
of income of income (perfect
consumption or consumption (perfect
equality). It equality). It
To understand the impact of policy changes on the equals
person a hundred
receives all thewhen one or
income person receives all
consumption, while everyone el
distribution of income or consumption expenditure the income or consumption, while everyone else
inequality).
requires a good understanding of their underlying has zero income (perfect inequality).
distributions. Various ways to accomplish this include The Gini index can be expressed as , 1

graphical and mathematical approaches and all of The Gini index can be expressed as1 ,
these can be used to provide a complete picture of
the concentration of income/consumption expen-
diture, to compare and rank different distributions,
and to examine the implications of alternative policy
options. Where:
Where:
Inequality refers to dispersion of the distribution over n is the number of people in the population
n is the number of people in the population
the entire consumption aggregate in this report. In
µ is the
µ ismean expenditure
the mean per adult
expenditure equivalence
per adult equivalence
this report, the Gini index, which is the most widely
used measure of inequality, is used. The Gini index yi andyiyjand yj are
are the the expenditure
expenditure per adultper adult equivalence of the
equivalence
can be defined by referring to the Lorenz curve. population.
of the ith and jth persons in the population.
100%

Figure 2.2: Lorenz curve

)
Cumulative share of income earned

rees
eg A
d
(45
ty
uali
eq
e of
Lin
e
c urv
renz
Lo
b

Cumulative share of people from lowest to highest incomes 100%

1
See Yitzhaki and Schechtman (2013). 1
F See Yitzhaki and Schechtman (2013).

35
20 The Kenya Poverty Report 2022

03

Overview of Consumption
Expenditure Patterns
 The Kenya Poverty Report 2022 21

Household consumption expenditure encompasses all goods and services (or ‘items’) that are
acquired or purchased for final consumption, including items received as gifts and consumed by
the household or its individual members.

The 2022 KCHS collected details on items purchased, furnishings, and rent (actual or imputed). Notably,
consumption derived from own production, stock, house rent is excluded for rural areas in poverty
and gifts. Information for each food item included analysis.
quantity, unit of measure, and amount paid for each
item. The source of food items was categorized as The expenditure patterns analysis excludes the value
purchase, own production, stocks, and gifts. Pur- of consumer durables, infrequent expenses such as
chases denote food items bought and consumed legal fees, home repair and improvements, as well
within the reference period of 7 days preceding as expenditure on social ceremonies, marriages and
the data collection day. Own production refers to funerals. Non-consumption expenditure items such
items produced by the households and consumed as insurance were also excluded.
within the reference period. Gifts/in kind are items
received by the household in the form of transfers 3.2 Food Expenditure by Source
from other households, the private sector, or the Table 3.1 presents the percentage share of total
government within the reference period. Stock per- food consumed in 2022 disaggregated by source.
tains to food items bought outside the reference Nationally, the main source of food consumed by
period which is consumed within it. The value of households was purchases/stock accounting for
total food consumption consists of the sum of the 83.7 per cent of total food consumption. In urban
value of consumption from each of the four sources. areas, nearly all food consumed was from purchas-
es representing 94.9 per cent of total consump-
3.1 Consumption Aggregates used in the tion. Conversely, in rural areas, this proportion was
Analysis slightly lower, accounting for 78.4 per cent of total
Household consumption expenditure encompasses consumption. Notably, Mombasa and Nairobi City
all goods and services (or ‘items’) that are acquired counties exhibited the highest share of food con-
or purchased for final consumption, including items sumption from purchases with 97.8 per cent and
received as gifts and consumed by the household 97.6 per cent, respectively. Elgeyo-Marakwet and
or its individual members. This definition excludes Migori counties reported the lowest share, consti-
goods and services used for business purpose or tuting approximately 62.1 per cent and 69.8 per cent,
wealth accumulation. The household consump- respectively, of food consumed from purchases.
tion expenditure includes food, health, education, Moreover, the proportion of food consumed from
personal services and consumer durables. More- own production in rural areas reported a reduction
over, income tax and other direct taxes, pension from 20.0 per cent in 2021 to 16.8 per cent in 2022.
and social security contributions and assimilated Marsabit and Turkana counties recorded the highest
insurance premiums, remittances, gifts and similar share of food consumed from gifts, at 15.1 per cent
transfers by the household as a whole and its indi- and 16.3 per cent, respectively.
vidual members are excluded from the aggregate.

The food component of consumption is catego-

rized into the following sub-groups: cereals, bread,
roots and tubers, poultry (chicken), meat, fish and
sea foods, dairy products and eggs, vegetable oil The expenditure patterns analysis
and animal fats, fruits, vegetables, pulses, sugar, excludes the value of consumer
non-alcoholic beverages, alcoholic beverages, food durables, infrequent expenses
eaten in restaurants and canteens, and spices and
such as legal fees, home repair
condiments.
and improvements, as well as
Non-food sub-groups covers education, health ex- expenditure on social ceremonies,
penditure (only include medication), tobacco, water, marriages and funerals. Non-
cooking and lighting fuel, household operation and consumption expenditure items such
personal care, transport, communication, refuse
as insurance were also excluded.
costs, domestic services (domestic workers), rec-
reation and entertainment, clothing and footwear,
 22 The Kenya Poverty Report 2022

Table 3.1: Share of total food consumed disaggregated by source (national, residence
and counties), 2022

Residence/ Purchase/ Own Gift Residence/ Purchase/ Own Gift

County Stock Production County Stock Production
National 83.7 12.3 4.1 Turkana 83.2 1.7 15.1
Rural 78.4 16.8 4.8 West Pokot 75.9 20.4 3.6
Urban 94.9 2.6 2.5 Samburu 89.0 5.1 5.9
Mombasa 97.8 1.0 1.2 Trans Nzoia 88.5 6.0 5.5
Kwale 80.2 9.3 10.5 Uasin Gishu 84.7 12.1 3.2
Kilifi 87.8 8.0 4.2 Elgeyo/Marakwet 62.1 28.0 9.8
Tana River 88.8 5.5 5.8 Nandi 71.0 25.7 3.3
Lamu 88.0 9.1 2.9 Baringo 77.2 16.0 6.8
Taita/Taveta 85.5 10.0 4.5 Laikipia 84.0 11.2 4.8
Garissa 91.5 3.9 4.6 Nakuru 85.1 12.4 2.5
Wajir 92.1 4.6 3.3 Narok 75.9 20.9 3.3
Mandera 95.6 2.3 2.0 Kajiado 97.0 1.5 1.5
Marsabit 76.9 6.9 16.3 Kericho 70.7 26.0 3.3
Isiolo 91.9 2.1 6.0 Bomet 70.1 24.9 5.0
Meru 80.5 16.0 3.4 Kakamega 79.5 15.4 5.1
Tharaka-Nithi 79.5 16.5 4.0 Vihiga 83.1 13.3 3.6
Embu 76.7 15.8 7.5 Bungoma 74.5 18.7 6.8
Kitui 88.3 8.2 3.5 Busia 77.5 19.0 3.5
Machakos 89.8 8.9 1.4 Siaya 73.2 23.3 3.5
Makueni 84.0 12.3 3.7 Kisumu 89.9 7.9 2.2
Nyandarua 72.3 24.9 2.8 Homa Bay 77.0 15.3 7.7
Nyeri 74.0 23.0 3.0 Migori 69.8 25.9 4.3
Kirinyaga 84.5 12.1 3.4 Kisii 75.7 21.2 3.1
Murang'a 79.5 17.9 2.6 Nyamira 72.2 24.4 3.4
Kiambu 91.3 5.5 3.1 Nairobi City 97.6 0.9 1.5

3.3 Household Consumption Patterns

Table 3.2 shows the mean food and non-food expen- %) and (44.8 %) in urban areas. Among the counties,
diture by residence/county in monthly adult equiva- households in Turkana and Siaya counties spend
lent terms. The average national food and non-food most of their income on food since they have the
expenditure per month per adult equivalent was highest food shares at (78.4 %) and (71.9%) respectively.
KSh. 8,030 up from KSh. 7,393 in year 2021. Food share Counties with the lowest mean expenditures were
in total consumption accounted for 59.1 percent. In Turkana and Mandera recording KSh. 4,203 and KSh.
regard to residence/County, about two thirds of con- 4,521 respectively.
sumption was attributable to food in rural areas (65.8
 The Kenya Poverty Report 2022 23

Table 3.2: Table 3.2: Mean monthly food and non-food expenditure per adult equivalent,
2022

County/ Expenditure Percentage Share

Residence Food Non-food Total Food Non-Food
National 3,936 4,094 8,030 59.1 40.9
Rural 3,423 2,289 5,712 65.8 34.2
Urban 5,030 7,949 12,978 44.8 55.2
Mombasa 4,843 7,229 12,072 43.7 56.3
Kwale 3,399 2,711 6,110 65.4 34.6
Kilifi 3,484 3,053 6,537 60.9 39.1
Tana River 3,194 2,096 5,290 67.9 32.1
Lamu 3,822 4,114 7,936 54.4 45.6
Taita/Taveta 3,632 4,383 8,015 53.0 47.0
Garissa 3,179 2,148 5,326 69.9 30.1
Wajir 3,033 2,292 5,325 65.1 34.9
Mandera 2,692 1,829 4,521 65.2 34.8
Marsabit 3,052 1,786 4,838 71.1 28.9
Isiolo 3,622 3,110 6,732 62.4 37.6
Meru 3,868 3,024 6,893 62.6 37.4
Tharaka-Nithi 3,720 3,793 7,513 57.9 42.1
Embu 4,038 3,448 7,486 58.0 42.0
Kitui 3,300 1,634 4,934 70.8 29.2
Machakos 3,581 3,843 7,424 56.1 43.9
Makueni 3,339 2,323 5,662 64.2 35.8
Nyandarua 3,408 2,802 6,211 59.4 40.6
Nyeri 4,317 3,332 7,649 63.4 36.6
Kirinyaga 4,475 4,472 8,947 56.9 43.1
Murang'a 3,787 3,085 6,872 59.6 40.4
Kiambu 4,936 6,423 11,359 49.6 50.4
Turkana 2,732 1,471 4,203 78.4 21.6
West Pokot 2,857 1,817 4,674 66.4 33.6
Samburu 2,870 2,185 5,055 71.4 28.6
Trans Nzoia 3,786 3,156 6,942 64.0 36.0
Uasin Gishu 4,153 4,467 8,620 54.6 45.4
Elgeyo/Marakwet 3,217 1,790 5,007 71.8 28.2
Nandi 3,434 2,879 6,312 62.1 37.9
Baringo 3,356 2,575 5,931 63.8 36.2
Laikipia 3,789 3,595 7,384 58.2 41.8
Nakuru 4,155 4,928 9,082 55.3 44.7
Narok 3,690 3,393 7,083 59.4 40.6
Kajiado 4,053 5,431 9,485 52.7 47.3
Kericho 3,420 3,267 6,687 62.4 37.6
Bomet 3,043 2,422 5,465 62.7 37.3
Kakamega 3,552 3,178 6,730 60.8 39.2
Vihiga 3,415 2,586 6,002 62.7 37.3
Bungoma 3,506 2,468 5,974 64.3 35.7
Busia 3,195 2,237 5,432 64.5 35.5
Siaya 4,246 1,940 6,186 71.9 28.1
Kisumu 3,952 4,299 8,251 55.6 44.4
Homa Bay 3,808 3,060 6,868 60.0 40.0
Migori 3,500 2,814 6,315 62.8 37.2
Kisii 3,912 3,553 7,465 59.5 40.5
Nyamira 3,757 2,706 6,463 64.4 35.6
Nairobi City 6,167 11,112 17,279 41.6 58.4
 24 The Kenya Poverty Report 2022

3.4 Quintiles Analysis

The population is divided into five equal groups of slightly above a third of the total consumption.
20 per cent each and the expenditure distribution
is ranked from the lowest to the highest. Each of The counties with highest mean expenditure Kiam-
the groups is expected to account for 20 per cent bu and Kirinyaga show a wide disparity where the
share of the total expenditure for the distribution individuals in the upper quintile spent more than
of income to be equal in all the groups. two thirds of total consumption at (66.2%) and
(64.8%) respectively. The lowest quintile for the two
The ratio between the mean and the median con- counties having a small share of (0.9%) and (1.0)
sumption expenditure can be a crude measure of respectively. Conversely, counties of Turkana and
inequality. The higher the ratio between the mean Mandera had the lowest mean expenditure and
and the median, the greater is the inequality. accounted for a biggest share of consumption for
the lowest quintile at (47.4%) and (41.1%) and (15.3%)
Table 3.3(a) shows the mean and median per equiv- and (0%) going to highest quintile respectively.
alent consumption expenditure and the share of
total expenditure attributable to each quintile for In rural areas, average median expenditure, it is
rural areas. The findings show that the poorest quin- notable that Kiambu county had the highest me-
tile accounts for 8.5 per cent of total consumption dian per month per adult expenditure of KSh 6,942
expenditure in rural areas while the richest quintile followed by Kirinyaga (KSh 66,57) while Turkana
accounts for slightly below half of total consump- and Mandera counties had the lowest median per
tion. The first 3 quintiles do not show significant month per adult expenditure (KSh 2,586) and (KSh
disparities and the three combined account for 2,765) respectively.
 The Kenya Poverty Report 2022 25

Table 3.3a: Mean and median per adult equivalent consumption expenditure (in KSh) and
the consumption attributable to each quintile in rural areas

< 3,341 3,342- 4,250 4,251 - 5,331 5,332 - 7,359 >7,360

Rural Mean Median
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5
National 5,712 4,881 8.5 11.4 14.4 20.4 45.3
Kwale 5,200 4,489 11.6 13.0 16.1 19.1 40.3
Kilifi 5,201 4,448 13.3 13.6 12.4 16.4 44.4
Tana River 4,792 3,983 18.7 16.6 13.9 13.0 37.8
Lamu 7,361 5,987 5.2 6.0 9.0 22.2 57.7
Taita/Taveta 6,672 5,134 5.1 13.6 11.2 16.9 53.1
Garissa 3,772 3,597 23.6 22.6 13.5 17.7 22.7
Wajir 4,526 3,551 23.3 23.1 18.2 13.4 22.1
Mandera 3,641 2,765 40.5 18.3 27.2 14.0
Marsabit 3,825 3,325 31.4 14.9 15.0 31.3 7.4
Isiolo 4,470 4,178 14.8 17.4 18.1 22.0 27.7
Meru 5,931 4,930 6.9 12.3 17.8 19.5 43.5
Tharaka-Nithi 6,822 5,394 6.2 8.4 10.3 18.4 56.7
Embu 7,050 6,117 1.6 7.3 12.5 21.0 57.7
Kitui 4,533 4,368 13.6 17.7 19.8 24.4 24.5
Machakos 5,830 5,004 4.9 11.3 19.4 19.7 44.7
Makueni 5,455 4,894 6.9 13.1 16.2 23.0 40.7
Nyandarua 5,907 5,300 5.6 10.8 17.1 25.8 40.7
Nyeri 6,732 6,413 1.6 4.0 12.1 21.6 60.7
Kirinyaga 7,990 6,657 1.0 6.1 8.6 19.5 64.8
Murang'a 6,437 5,710 3.7 9.4 13.2 23.2 50.5
Kiambu 7,434 6,942 0.9 5.9 9.4 17.6 66.2
Turkana 3,220 2,586 46.3 17.7 11.0 9.7 15.3
West Pokot 4,491 4,051 17.8 15.8 17.4 20.6 28.4
Samburu 3,739 3,260 27.8 13.8 15.0 16.4 26.9
Trans Nzoia 5,554 5,082 7.6 8.6 17.0 20.9 45.9
Uasin Gishu 6,841 5,491 6.8 7.3 9.9 20.3 55.8
Elgeyo/Marakwet 4,848 4,343 12.5 17.8 23.6 20.4 25.7
Nandi 6,076 5,014 5.5 11.4 18.2 16.8 48.1
Baringo 5,561 5,349 5.0 10.3 14.2 22.3 48.2
Laikipia 5,644 4,987 7.4 12.7 15.9 15.8 48.1
Nakuru 5,941 5,047 6.2 10.7 14.8 16.6 51.7
Narok 6,510 5,666 4.1 7.7 12.8 23.5 51.9
Kajiado 5,675 5,436 8.1 8.2 13.6 31.8 38.5
Kericho 5,839 4,732 7.2 16.3 14.5 19.3 42.7
Bomet 5,291 4,669 8.6 15.5 16.0 19.4 40.4
Kakamega 6,214 5,269 5.5 10.4 14.2 19.7 50.2
Vihiga 5,694 4,952 9.7 10.9 11.8 21.7 45.9
Bungoma 5,565 4,679 8.7 13.2 17.1 19.7 41.4
Busia 4,979 4,381 14.5 12.5 15.0 22.9 35.1
Siaya 5,865 5,658 5.6 8.9 11.7 21.1 52.7
Kisumu 5,742 4,722 7.4 15.4 16.5 21.3 39.4
Homa Bay 6,385 5,555 5.6 8.0 14.1 20.8 51.5
Migori 5,834 5,017 6.5 13.1 12.9 19.0 48.5
Kisii 6,677 5,327 7.3 7.3 13.2 19.3 52.9
Nyamira 5,902 5,132 6.6 12.1 13.7 23.4 44.2
 26 The Kenya Poverty Report 2022

In urban areas, the situation is same as rural areas, expenditure where the lowest quintile in Tana
where counties with highest mean expenditure River and Wajir accounted for (11.6%) and (49.3%)
had a higher share in consumption for richest of the total consumption expenditure.
individuals. The counties of Nairobi and Kericho
recorded (58.9%) and (10.2%) of the total expen- Urban areas of Nairobi (KSh 12,831 and Thara-
diture in upper quintile compared to (6.6%) and ka-Nithi (12,776) counties recorded highest me-
(9.6%) expenditure per adult equivalent share in dian per month per adult expenditure. Turkana
the lower quintile respectively. The case is differ- and Mandera, showed the lowest median per
ent for urban areas in counties with lowest mean month per adult equivalent expenditure at KSh
5,261 and KSh 5407 respectively.
 The Kenya Poverty Report 2022 27

Table 3.3b: Mean and median per adult equivalent consumption expenditure (in KSh) and
the consumption attributable to each quintile in urban areas

< 6,484 6,485 - 8,808 8,809 -11,689 11,690 -16,902 >16,903

Urban Mean Median
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5
National 12,978 9,433 3.7 11.5 15.9 25.5 43.4
Mombasa 12,072 11,597 7.2 13.2 9.5 18.4 51.7
Kwale 11,520 10,861 11.5 17.1 13.5 15.2 42.7
Kilifi 10,162 8,465 30.4 16.4 16.5 15.5 21.3
Tana River 6,893 6,040 11.6 17.9 17.6 15.3 37.7
Lamu 9,319 8,646 9.5 14.8 11.3 18.2 46.2
Taita/Taveta 11,516 10,130 26.7 28.2 15.4 20.7 9.0
Garissa 7,771 6,755 37.8 14.4 14.5 21.3 12.0
Wajir 7,167 5,995 49.3 28.9 16.9 2.9 2.0
Mandera 5,971 5,407 24.0 17.0 21.4 21.5 16.1
Marsabit 7,986 7,287 16.0 20.0 19.2 14.9 30.0
Isiolo 8,751 8,216 6.7 12.9 13.5 16.4 50.5
Meru 14,805 10,750 3.7 9.4 8.7 19.4 58.9
Tharaka-Nithi 15,216 12,776 6.4 13.9 22.5 26.2 30.9
Embu 10,538 10,896 12.6 19.6 12.6 24.9 30.4
Kitui 11,777 8,606 7.7 20.3 22.5 18.9 30.6
Machakos 10,657 9,659 18.3 17.8 21.9 30.2 11.9
Makueni 8,651 7,470 17.2 23.5 15.4 24.4 19.5
Nyandarua 8,578 7,680 7.7 21.4 16.0 17.7 37.3
Nyeri 11,185 8,560 7.0 12.0 14.1 14.4 52.5
Kirinyaga 12,068 10,326 8.4 18.1 15.5 23.9 34.1
Murang'a 10,230 9,141 4.2 10.2 17.0 27.1 41.5
Kiambu 13,241 11,682 31.8 11.3 6.0 15.3 35.7
Turkana 7,175 5,261 29.6 13.4 18.7 29.8 8.5
West Pokot 7,720 6,407 15.6 8.0 8.6 24.5 43.3
Samburu 10,488 7,985 5.3 11.2 14.7 21.5 47.3
Trans Nzoia 12,617 11,219 9.2 11.2 16.0 21.6 41.9
Uasin Gishu 10,680 9,857 13.4 23.3 14.1 17.8 31.3
Elgeyo/Marakwet 9,393 8,126 12.4 14.8 16.9 21.7 34.3
Nandi 9,781 9,073 14.5 20.7 9.3 34.5 20.9
Baringo 8,549 8,199 5.9 11.4 19.2 31.3 32.2
Laikipia 11,857 10,866 5.3 13.4 14.0 26.2 41.1
Nakuru 12,560 11,194 3.7 7.2 12.0 23.1 54.0
Narok 13,227 12,625 12.2 12.8 15.1 22.8 37.1
Kajiado 12,254 9,093 9.5 6.8 14.1 13.9 55.7
Kericho 15,500 10,255 9.6 18.1 22.4 39.8 10.2
Bomet 10,063 9,462 9.7 16.7 10.9 11.3 51.4
Kakamega 10,683 8,427 19.7 14.5 8.8 18.7 38.4
Vihiga 8,967 7,001 17.0 15.7 26.3 17.0 24.0
Bungoma 9,842 8,268 12.9 17.5 20.8 23.8 25.1
Busia 9,227 8,775 9.6 15.2 19.2 23.0 33.1
Siaya 9,610 9,428 6.8 15.1 10.6 15.4 52.1
Kisumu 12,056 9,182 7.2 11.3 15.3 21.6 44.6
Homa Bay 12,182 10,265 10.3 17.4 13.1 22.3 36.8
Migori 9,522 9,100 4.2 5.6 12.8 24.0 53.5
Kisii 13,701 14,025 7.5 9.3 20.5 16.9 45.8
Nyamira 13,496 9,904 2.0 4.7 14.7 19.9 58.7
Nairobi City 17,279 12,831 2.1 5.6 13.3 20.1 58.9
28 The Kenya Poverty Report 2022

04

Poverty Indicators
 The Kenya Poverty Report 2022 29

of the of the were unable to afford the

population population minimum required food
lived below the lived below the consumption basket even if
food poverty overall poverty they allocated all their food
line in 2022. line in 2022. and nonfood expenditures
to food alone.

This chapter presents the main findings on 2022 • Overall (absolute) poverty: All individuals (or
poverty levels based on the welfare indicator and households if estimated at household level)
poverty lines discussed in Chapter 2 and sum- whose total consumption per adult equiva-
marised in section 4.1. The poverty measures at lent was less than the overall poverty line of
national, rural, and urban levels are presented in KSh 4,358 per month in rural areas and less
section 4.2. The county poverty estimates are dis- than KSh 8,006 per month in urban areas were
cussed in sections 4.3. The depth and severity of
considered to be overall poor or live in “overall
overall poverty is discussed in section 4.4. Finally,
poverty”.
a measure of inequality based on the Gini index is
presented in section 4.5.
• Hardcore (extreme) poverty: All individuals
4.1 Poverty Lines (or households if estimated at household level)
whose total consumption per adult equivalent
Three headcount poverty estimates are presented
was less than the food poverty line of KSh 2,668
here based on two poverty lines: the food and overall
poverty lines. The poverty measures are defined as per month in rural areas and less than KSh
follows: 3,520 per month in urban areas were consid-
ered to be hardcore poor or live in “hardcore
• Food poverty: All individuals (or households poverty”.
if estimated at household level) whose food
consumption per adult equivalent was less 4.2 Summary of Poverty Measures
than the food poverty line of KSh 2,668 per
Table 4.1 shows the headcount poverty measures by
month in rural areas and KSh 3,520 per month
area of residence in terms of individuals, households
in urban area were considered to be food poor
and adult equivalent.
or live in “food poverty”.

Table 4.1: Summary of headcount poverty measures, 2022

Poor Individuals Poor Households Poor People (Adult

equivalent-Adulteq)
Headcount
Residence Poverty (% of (Number of (% of (Number of (% of (Number of
Measures Population) people in Households) households Adulteq) Adulteq in
thousands) in thousands)
thousands)
Food Poverty 31.7 16,062 26.5 3,449 32.1 12,975
National Overall Poverty 39.8 20,157 33.5 4,359 39.5 15,993
Hardcore Poverty 7.1 3,607 5.8 756 7.0 2,819
Food Poverty 33.2 11,450 28.2 2,232 33.8 9,151
Rural Overall Poverty 42.9 14,798 38.2 3,017 43.0 11,649
Hardcore Poverty 9.3 3,221 8.5 674 9.3 2,516
Food Poverty 28.6 4,613 23.8 1,217 28.6 3,824
Urban Overall Poverty 33.2 5,359 26.2 1,343 32.5 4,344
Hardcore Poverty 2.4 387 1.6 82 2.3 303
 30 The Kenya Poverty Report 2022

4.2.1 Food Poverty more hardcore poor households than urban areas.
The national food poverty headcount rate for indi-
viduals in 2022 was 31.7 per cent, meaning over 16 4.3 Trends in Poverty Incidence be-
million people were unable meet the food poverty tween 2015/16 and 2022
line threshold. The food poverty rate was higher in Table 4.2 summarizes the trends in poverty mea-
rural areas where 33.2 per cent of the rural popula-
sures for the years 2015/16, 2019, 2020, 2021 and
tion was living below the poverty line, that is over
2022. The trends show a decrease in the overall
11 million people rural areas. The food poverty rate
poverty rate from 36.1 per cent in 2015/16 to 33.6 per
in urban areas was 28.6 per cent, implying over 4
million individuals living in urban areas were food cent in 2019. It then increases to 42.9 per cent in
poor. The food poor households in rural areas were 2020 partly as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.
around 2.2 million and in urban areas they were Recovering from the pandemic, the poverty rate
1 .2 million. drops to 38.6 per cent in 2021. However, the recov-
ery stalled in 2022 as the poverty rate rose slightly
4.2.2 Overall Poverty to 39.8 per cent in 2022. The trend is seen in both
Nationally the overall poverty headcount rate for urban and the rural households, with urban areas
individuals was at 39.8 per cent in 2022, this implies experiencing larger increases in 2020. However,
that about 20.2 million individuals were unable to urban areas showed a stronger recovery. The table
meet the overall poverty line threshold. The overall also shows that majority of the poor live in rural
poverty rate was lower in urban areas compared to areas. Almost three quarters of the overall poor
rural areas, with urban areas having a rate of 33.2 were in rural areas.
per cent and 42.9 per cent in rural areas. This trans-
lates to about 5.4 million people in urban areas and The slight increase in poverty observed between
almost 15 million people in rural areas. The overall 2021 and 2022 can be attributed to several key
poor households in rural areas were slightly over 3 macroeconomic trends highlighted in Table 1.1.
million and in urban areas were around 1.3 million. First, there has been a notable contraction in the
agricultural sector, the major source of income
4.2.3 Hardcore Poverty and jobs for the poor. This is largely due to con-
The hardcore poverty headcount rate for individu- secutive below-average rainy seasons, notably in
als was 7.1 per cent in 2022, meaning that close to the Arid and Semi-Arid Lands (ASAL), resulting
3.6 million individuals lived in conditions of abject in the longest drought in over 40 years. Second,
poverty and were unable to afford the minimum employment growth has been slow, hindering in-
required food consumption basket even if they come generation and upward mobility. Third, the
allocated all their food and nonfood expenditures annual inflation rate increased between 2021 and
to food alone. In urban areas, 2.4 per cent of the
2022, indicating a rise in the cost of living. In sum-
population were living in hardcore poverty com-
mary, these macroeconomic trends—contraction
pared to 9.3 per cent in rural areas. This translates
in agriculture, slow employment growth, and rising
to around 0.4 million people in urban areas were
hardcore poor and around 3.2 million people in rural inflation—has collectively contributed to the slight
areas were hardcore poor. Rural areas had 10 times increase in poverty levels observed in 2022.

33.2% 28.6%
of the rural of the urban
population lived population lived
below the food below the food
poverty line, poverty line,
translating to translating to
about 11.4 million about 4.6 million
people. people.
 The Kenya Poverty Report 2022 31

Table 4.2: Trends in Poverty Incidence between 2015/16 and 2022

Indicator Place of Poor Poor Poor Poor Poor 1 year Change,

Residence Individuals Individuals Individuals Individuals Individuals Percentage
2015/16 Pα=1 2019 Pα=0 2020 Pα=0 2021 Pα= 0 2022 Pα= 0 Points

National 36.1 33.6 42.9 38.6 39.8 -1.4

Overall Poverty
Rate (%) Rural 38.8 37.0 43.5 40.7 42.9 -0.3

Urban 29.4 26.0 41.7 34.1 33.2 -3.8

National 32.0 30.5 34.4 30.5 31.7 -1.2

Food Poverty
Rural 35.0 34.0 35.1 32.2 33.2 -0.6
Rate (%)
Urban 24.4 22.5 33.0 26.8 28.6 -2.6

National 8.6 8.3 7.1 5.8 7.1 1.2

Hardcore Poverty
Rural 10.7 10.9 9.1 7.8 9.3 1.6
Rate (%)
Urban 3.4 2.7 2.8 1.5 2.4 0.3

National 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0

Distribution of the
Rural 76.8 76.1 69.2 68.6 73.4 5.4
Overall Poor (%)
Urban 23.2 23.9 30.8 31.4 26.6 -5.4

National 16.4 15.8 20.9 19.1 20.2 3.7

Population Living
in Overall Poverty Rural 12.6 12.1 14.5 13.7 14.8 3.1
(Millions)
Urban 3.8 3.7 6.4 5.4 5.4 0.6

National 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0

Population
Rural 71.6 69.1 68.3 68.0 68.1 0.1
Distribution (%)
Urban 28.4 30.9 31.7 32.0 31.9 -0.1

4.4 Main County Level Poverty Estimates

4.4.1 Food Poverty Estimates, County Level (46.3%), Tana River (46.3%), Wajir (45.6%), Busia (45.1%)
and Vihiga (41.3%). In some counties, less than two
Table 4.3 gives the summary of food poverty mea-
people in every ten were food poor. These are: Nai-
sures for individuals across counties. The findings
robi City (15.8%), Nyeri (18.2%) and Kiambu (18.3%).
are further presented by the corresponding visual-
izations in Figure 4.1. which ranks the food poverty Despite having the lowest food poverty rate, Nairobi
estimates at the county level in ascending order, City has some of the highest numbers of food poor
from the least to the highest poverty rate. Map 4.1 vi- given its large population. The distribution of the
sualizes county level variation in overall poverty rate. food poor people was high in Nairobi City (4.6%), Kilifi
(4.5%) and Turkana (4.0%). The three counties ac-
There is substantial variation in food poverty rate count for over an eighth of the total poor population.
across counties as visualized in Map 4.1. The follow-
ing counties, which happen to be in Arid and Semi- The national food poverty gap was 7.3 per cent, with
Arid Areas (ASAL), had food poverty rates which were rural areas having 7.5 per cent and urban areas 6.9
higher than 50 per cent: Turkana (64.3%), Mandera per cent. Counties with high poverty gaps include
(60.4%), Samburu (56.7%) and Marsabit (54.4%). In Samburu (20.6%), Turkana (20.4%), Mandera (17.9%),
some counties it was observed that for every ten Marsabit (15.2%) and West Pokot (14.3%). The coun-
people, more than four people are food poor, these ties with relatively low poverty gaps were Kirinyaga
include: Garissa (51.2%), West Pokot (49.3%), Kilifi (2.9%), Nyeri (3.0%), Embu (3.1%), and Kiambu (3.4%).
 32 The Kenya Poverty Report 2022

Table 4.3: Food poverty rates (individuals) by residence and county, 2022
Residence / Headcount Distribution of Poverty Gap Severity of Population Number of
County Rate (%) the Poor (%) (%) Poverty (%) (‘000) Poor (‘000)
National 31.7 100.0 7.3 2.7 50,623 16,062
Rural 33.2 71.3 7.5 2.7 34,476 11,450
Urban 28.6 28.7 6.9 2.6 16,147 4,613
Mombasa 25.9 2.1 6.4 2.4 1,278 331
Kwale 36.3 2.1 9.8 4.1 922 335
Kilifi 46.3 4.5 11.7 4.3 1,548 717
Tana River 46.3 1.0 13.8 5.7 337 156
Lamu 30.1 0.3 8.7 3.6 148 45
Taita/Taveta 34.6 0.8 7.4 2.4 359 124
Garissa 51.2 2.9 12.2 4.2 896 458
Wajir 45.6 2.4 11.5 4.5 832 380
Mandera 60.4 3.5 17.9 6.6 924 558
Marsabit 54.4 1.6 15.2 5.7 480 261
Isiolo 35.7 0.6 8.2 2.9 283 101
Meru 21.1 2.2 5.4 2.1 1,647 348
Tharaka-Nithi 32.5 0.8 8.3 3.4 420 136
Embu 23.7 1.0 3.1 0.7 650 154
Kitui 37.7 2.9 8.7 3.0 1,213 458
Machakos 31.8 3.0 5.8 1.5 1,516 482
Makueni 33.2 2.2 6.4 1.8 1,049 348
Nyandarua 26.5 1.1 5.7 1.7 682 181
Nyeri 18.2 0.9 3.0 0.8 805 147
Kirinyaga 20.3 0.8 2.9 0.6 650 132
Murang'a 26.3 1.9 4.6 1.4 1,131 297
Kiambu 18.3 2.9 3.4 1.0 2,579 472
Turkana 64.3 4.0 20.4 8.9 989 636
West Pokot 49.3 2.0 14.3 6.4 665 327
Samburu 56.7 1.2 20.6 9.9 329 186
Trans Nzoia 28.3 1.9 6.8 2.6 1,058 299
Uasin Gishu 35.3 2.7 8.4 3.0 1,235 436
Elgeyo/ 36.9 1.1 8.4 2.8 486 180
Marakwet
Nandi 32.2 1.9 6.9 2.5 949 306
Baringo 36.3 1.6 7.8 3.1 712 259
Laikipia 30.5 1.0 6.9 2.5 548 168
Nakuru 26.5 3.8 5.0 1.5 2,283 605
Narok 27.5 2.1 4.8 1.4 1,232 339
Kajiado 33.2 2.5 8.5 3.1 1,187 394
Kericho 31.5 1.9 4.7 1.2 964 304
Bomet 38.1 2.2 7.4 2.4 938 357
Kakamega 29.8 3.7 6.1 1.9 1,999 597
Vihiga 41.3 1.6 11.2 4.3 631 260
Bungoma 35.0 3.9 7.4 2.5 1,787 625
Busia 45.1 2.7 13.5 5.7 953 429
Siaya 24.6 1.6 5.2 1.8 1,062 261
Kisumu 31.5 2.4 5.9 2.0 1,226 386
Homa Bay 27.9 2.1 5.3 1.6 1,208 337
Migori 31.6 2.3 6.0 2.0 1,189 376
Kisii 32.3 2.7 7.2 2.6 1,353 437
Nyamira 31.6 1.3 6.7 2.2 648 205
Nairobi City 15.8 4.6 4.3 1.9 4,646 733
 The Kenya Poverty Report 2022 33

Figure 4.1: Food poverty rates (individuals) incidence across counties, 2022

Headcount Rate (%)

100
10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90
0
Nairobi City
Nyeri
Kiambu
Kirinyaga
Meru
Embu

15.8 - 20.3
21.1 - 26.5
27.5 - 31.8
32.2 - 35.0
35.3 - 38.1
41.3 - 51.2
54.4 - 64.3
Siaya
Mombasa
Muran g'a
Nakuru
Nyandarua
Narok
Homa Bay
Tran s Nzoia
Kakamega
Lamu
Laikipia

Lower Bound
Kisumu
Kericho
Migori
Nyamira
Machakos
Nandi
Kisii
County

Tharaka-Nithi
Makuen i
Kajiado
Point Estimate

Taita/Taveta
Bungoma
Uasin Gishu
Isiolo
Kwale
Baringo
Elgeyo/Marakwet
Kitui
Bomet
Upper Bound

Vihiga
Busia
Waji r
Tana River
Kilifi
West Pok ot
Garissa
Marsabit
Samburu
Man dera
Turkana
34 The Kenya Poverty Report 2022

Map 4.1: Food poverty rates (individuals) at county level, 2022

 The Kenya Poverty Report 2022 35

4.4.2 Overall Poverty Estimates, County Level

Table 4.4 summarizes the overall poverty measures and Wajir (64.7%). Conversely, the counties with the
for individuals by county, as well as the correspond- lowest poverty rates are Nairobi City (16.5%), Kiambu
ing visualizations in Figure 4.2 which ranks overall (19.9%), Kirinyaga (23.1%), Embu (24.3%), Nyeri (26.0%)
poverty rates at county level in ascending order. and Narok (26.2%).
Figure 4.3 ranks the contribution of each county
to to overall poverty from least to highest. Map 4.2 Despite having the lowest poverty rate, Nairobi City
visualizes county level variation in overall poverty has the fifth highest number of poor due to its large
rates. Map 4.3 shows the number of overall poor population. Bungoma, Nakuru, Kilifi, Turkana, Nairo-
people by county. bi City and Kakamega have the highest population
of overall poor people, which account for 24.4 per
The results show a significant variation in overall cent of all the poor individuals in the country.
poverty rates at county level, ranging from a low
of 16.5 per cent in Nairobi City to a high of 82.7 per The national overall poverty gap was 10.1 per cent,
cent in Turkana. Additionally, notable differences with rural areas having 10.8 per cent and urban areas
were observed between counties in ASAL areas 8.7 per cent. Counties with the highest poverty gaps
and counties in the rest of the country. The seven were Turkana (35.1%), Samburu (29.1%), Mandera
counties with the highest overall poverty rates were (24.9%) and Marsabit (24.7%). The counties with the
Turkana (82.7%), Mandera (72.9%), Samburu (71.9%), lowest poverty gaps were Kirinyaga (4.2%), Embu
Garissa (67.8%), Tana River (66.7%), Marsabit (66.1%) (4.1%), Kiambu (4.0%) and Nairobi city (3.9%).
 36 The Kenya Poverty Report 2022

Table 4.4: Overall poverty rates (individuals) by residence and county, 2022

Residence / County Headcount Distribution of Poverty Gap Severity of Population Number of

Rate (%) the Poor (%) (%) Poverty (%) (‘000) Poor (‘000)
National 39.8 100.0 10.1 3.8 50,623 20,157
Rural 42.9 73.4 10.8 4.1 34,476 14,798
Urban 33.2 26.6 8.7 3.3 16,147 5,359
Mombasa 27.0 1.7 5.7 1.8 1,278 345
Kwale 51.1 2.3 14.9 6.4 922 471
Kilifi 53.0 4.1 14.5 5.3 1,548 821
Tana River 66.7 1.1 22.1 9.8 337 225
Lamu 35.6 0.3 7.7 2.5 148 53
Taita/Taveta 39.3 0.7 7.6 2.2 359 141
Garissa 67.8 3.0 22.8 10.4 896 607
Wajir 64.7 2.7 19.2 7.7 832 539
Mandera 72.9 3.3 24.9 11.3 924 674
Marsabit 66.1 1.6 24.7 11.7 480 317
Isiolo 55.6 0.8 16.0 6.4 283 157
Meru 34.1 2.8 7.1 2.4 1,647 562
Tharaka-Nithi 36.1 0.8 9.1 3.6 420 151
Embu 24.3 0.8 4.1 1.0 650 158
Kitui 58.3 3.5 14.6 5.3 1,213 707
Machakos 38.3 2.9 7.0 1.9 1,516 580
Makueni 44.7 2.3 9.8 3.1 1,049 469
Nyandarua 34.5 1.2 7.1 2.2 682 235
Nyeri 26.0 1.0 5.5 1.7 805 210
Kirinyaga 23.1 0.7 4.2 1.1 650 150
Murang'a 30.1 1.7 5.6 1.7 1,131 340
Kiambu 19.9 2.5 4.0 1.1 2,579 513
Turkana 82.7 4.1 35.1 18.0 989 818
West Pokot 60.1 2.0 18.3 8.0 665 399
Samburu 71.9 1.2 29.1 15.3 329 236
Trans Nzoia 37.3 2.0 9.4 3.7 1,058 395
Uasin Gishu 39.9 2.4 10.5 3.9 1,235 492
Elgeyo/Marakwet 53.0 1.3 13.6 5.2 486 258
Nandi 39.1 1.8 8.0 2.6 949 371
Baringo 46.9 1.7 11.0 4.2 712 334
Laikipia 38.0 1.0 8.9 3.1 548 208
Nakuru 38.2 4.3 7.3 2.3 2,283 872
Narok 26.2 1.6 5.2 1.5 1,232 323
Kajiado 37.3 2.2 10.1 3.7 1,187 443
Kericho 47.8 2.3 9.7 2.7 964 461
Bomet 47.1 2.2 11.0 3.8 938 441
Kakamega 38.2 3.8 8.1 2.6 1,999 764
Vihiga 47.9 1.5 12.8 4.8 631 302
Bungoma 49.2 4.4 11.0 3.8 1,787 880
Busia 52.7 2.5 17.1 7.5 953 502
Siaya 38.3 2.0 9.7 3.6 1,062 407
Kisumu 39.0 2.4 7.4 2.1 1,226 478
Homa Bay 28.2 1.7 6.5 2.2 1,208 340
Migori 45.7 2.7 10.4 3.5 1,189 543
Kisii 32.9 2.2 8.3 3.0 1,353 445
Nyamira 38.8 1.2 9.1 3.1 648 252
Nairobi City 16.5 3.8 3.9 1.4 4,646 767
 The Kenya Poverty Report 2022 37

Headcount Rate (%)

100
10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90
0
Figure 4.2: Overall poverty rates (individuals) across counties, 2022
Nairobi City
Nyeri
Kiambu Headcount Rate (%)

100
10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90
Kirinyaga

0
Meru City
Nairobi
Embu Kiambu

15.8 - 20.3
21.1 - 26.5
27.5 - 31.8
32.2 - 35.0
35.3 - 38.1
41.3 - 51.2
54.4 - 64.3

Overall Poverty
Siaya
Kirinyaga
MombasaEmbu
Muran g'aNyeri

16.5 - 24.3
26.0 - 32.9
34.1 - 39.0
39.1 - 46.9
47.1 - 53.0
55.6 - 66.7
67.8 - 82.7
NakuruNarok
Mombasa
Nyandarua
Narok Bay
Homa
HomaMuranBay g'a
Tran s Nzoia Kisii
Meru
Kakamega
Nyandarua
Lamu
Lamu
Laikipia
Tharaka-Nithi

Lower Bound Lower Bound Point Estimate

Kisumu
Kajiado
Kericho
Tran s Nzoia
Migori
Laikipia
Nyamira Nakuru
Machakos
Kakamega
Nandi
Machakos
KisiiSiaya
County

Tharaka-Nithi Nyamira
Makuen i
Kisumu
KajiadoNandi
County

Taita/Taveta
Taita/Taveta
Bungoma
Uasin Gishu
Uasin GishuMakuen i
IsioloMigori
KwaleBaringo
Baringo Bomet
Elgeyo/Marakwet Kericho
KituiVihiga
Bungoma
Bomet
VihigaKwale
Upper Bound

Busia
Busia
Elgeyo/Marakwet
Waji r
Kilifi
Tana River
Isiolo
Kilifi
Kitui
West Pok ot
West Pok ot
Garissa
Waji r
MarsabitMarsabit
Samburu
Tana River
Man dera Garissa
TurkanaSamburu
Man dera
Turkana
38 The Kenya Poverty Report 2022

Figure 4.3: Contribution to overall poverty by county, 2022

Headcount Rate (%)

10
0

9
Lamu
Taita/Taveta
Kirinyaga

Contribution to
overall poverty
Tharaka-Nithi
Isiolo

0.3 - 0.8
1.0 - 1.3
1.5 - 1.8
2.0 - 2.2
2.3 - 2.7
2.8 - 3.8
4.1 - 4.6
Embu
Laikipia
Nyeri
Tana River
Nyandarua
Samburu
Nyamira
Elgeyo/Marakwet
Vihiga

Lower Bound
Marsabit
Narok
Baringo
Homa Bay
Muran g'a
Mombasa
Nandi
Tran s Nzoia
West Pok ot
Point Estimate
County

Siaya
Bomet
Kajiado
Kisii
Kericho
Makuen i
Kwale
Kisumu
Uasin Gishu
Upper Bound

Busia
Kiambu
Waji r
Migori
Meru
Machakos
Garissa
Man dera
Kitui
Kakamega
Nairobi City
Turkana
Kilifi
Nakuru
Bungoma
 The Kenya Poverty Report 2022 39

Map 4.2: Overall poverty rates (individuals) at county level, 2022

40 The Kenya Poverty Report 2022

Map 4.3: Number of overall poor at county level, 2022

4.4.3 Hardcore Poverty Estimates, County Level

Table 4.5 presents the hardcore poverty measures core poverty rates were Turkana (42.6%), Samburu
for individuals and counties. Figure 4.4 shows the (36.0%), Marsabit (26.2%), Mandera (24.8%), Tana
hardcore poverty rates at county level, which ranges River (22.7%) and Busia (18.4%). Among the total
from a low of 0.0 per cent in Kiambu county to a population living in hardcore poverty, more than
high of 42.6 per cent in Turkana county . half (50.4%) reside in the following ten counties:
Turkana, Mandera, Garissa, Busia, Kilifi, Kitui, Bun-
The six counties with the highest levels of hard- goma, Marsabit, Samburu and Kwale.
 The Kenya Poverty Report 2022 41

Table 4.5: Hardcore poverty rates (individuals) by residence and county, 2022

Residence/ County Headcount Distribution of Poverty Gap Severity of Population Number of

Rate (%) the Poor (%) (%) Poverty (%) Poor
National 7.1 100.0 1.5 0.5 50,623 3,607
Rural 9.3 89.3 2.0 0.7 34,476 3,221
Urban 2.4 10.7 0.4 0.1 16,147 387
Mombasa 1.0 0.3 0.1 0.0 1,278 13
Kwale 12.4 3.2 3.9 1.8 922 115
Kilifi 10.4 4.5 1.7 0.4 1,548 161
Tana River 22.7 2.1 4.4 1.1 337 77
Lamu 3.7 0.2 0.5 0.1 148 6
Taita/Taveta 1.7 0.2 0.3 0.1 359 6
Garissa 21.1 5.2 5.2 1.8 896 189
Wajir 10.6 2.5 2.6 0.9 832 88
Mandera 24.8 6.4 4.7 1.4 924 229
Marsabit 26.2 3.5 7.0 2.5 480 126
Isiolo 10.5 0.8 2.4 0.9 283 30
Meru 5.4 2.5 0.9 0.4 1,647 89
Tharaka-Nithi 7.7 0.9 2.0 0.9 420 32
Embu 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.0 650 3
Kitui 11.9 4.0 2.3 0.7 1,213 145
Machakos 2.2 0.9 0.2 0.0 1,516 34
Makueni 5.9 1.7 0.7 0.1 1,049 62
Nyandarua 2.8 0.5 0.4 0.1 682 19
Nyeri 2.4 0.5 0.2 0.0 805 19
Kirinyaga 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 650 2
Murang'a 2.5 0.8 0.3 0.1 1,131 29
Kiambu 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2,579 -
Turkana 42.6 11.7 11.2 4.5 989 421
West Pokot 16.8 3.1 4.7 2.2 665 111
Samburu 36.0 3.3 10.6 4.9 329 118
Trans Nzoia 10.0 2.9 1.8 0.4 1,058 106
Uasin Gishu 6.3 2.2 1.0 0.3 1,235 78
Elgeyo/Marakwet 13.5 1.8 2.4 0.6 486 66
Nandi 4.2 1.1 0.8 0.2 949 40
Baringo 6.1 1.2 2.0 1.2 712 43
Laikipia 6.2 0.9 1.2 0.3 548 34
Nakuru 3.7 2.3 0.6 0.1 2,283 84
Narok 2.2 0.8 0.3 0.1 1,232 27
Kajiado 4.5 1.5 0.9 0.3 1,187 54
Kericho 3.6 1.0 0.4 0.1 964 35
Bomet 8.2 2.1 1.7 0.5 938 77
Kakamega 3.8 2.1 0.5 0.1 1,999 75
Vihiga 9.5 1.7 1.6 0.4 631 60
Bungoma 7.9 3.9 1.4 0.4 1,787 141
Busia 18.4 4.9 4.2 1.5 953 175
Siaya 7.1 2.1 1.4 0.5 1,062 76
Kisumu 3.1 1.1 0.4 0.1 1,226 39
Homa Bay 4.2 1.4 0.7 0.1 1,208 51
Migori 5.3 1.7 1.2 0.5 1,189 62
Kisii 4.5 1.7 0.9 0.3 1,353 61
Nyamira 6.1 1.1 1.1 0.3 648 40
Nairobi City 1.3 1.7 0.1 0.0 4,646 61
42 The Kenya Poverty Report 2022

Figure 4.4: Hardcore poverty rates (individuals) by county, 2022

Headcount Rate (%)

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50
0

5
Kiambu
Kirinyaga
Embu

Hardcore poverty
Mombasa
Nairobi City
Taita/Taveta

0.0 - 1.0
1.3 - 2.5
2.8 - 4.5
5.3 - 7.1
7.7 - 10.6
11.9 - 22.7
24.8 - 42.6
Narok
Machakos
Nyeri
Muran g'a
Nyandarua
Kisumu
Kericho
Nakuru

Lower Bound
Lamu
Kakamega
Homa Bay
Nandi
Kisii
Kajiado
Migori
Meru
Makuen i
Point Estimate

Baringo
County

Nyamira
Laikipia
Uasin Gishu
Siaya
Tharaka-Nithi
Bungoma
Bomet
Vihiga
Upper Bound

Tran s Nzoia
Kilifi
Isiolo
Waji r
Kitui
Kwale
Elgeyo/Marakwet
West Pok ot
Busia
Garissa
Tana River
Man dera
Marsabit
Samburu
Turkana
 The Kenya Poverty Report 2022 43

4.5 Depth and Severity of Overall 4.6 Inequality

Poverty, National and County Level Inequality is measured using the Gini index. The
index measures the extent to which the distri-
Map 4.4 visualizes the depth of overall poverty at
bution of consumption expenditure deviates
the county level using the poverty gap (see Table
from a perfectly equal distribution. An index
4.4). The poverty gap measure conveys the con-
of 0 expresses perfect equality where every-
sumption shortfall from the poverty line.
one has the same consumption expenditure,
The severity of poverty assigns greater importance while an index of 100 expresses full inequality
to households that are farther from the poverty where only one person has all the consumption
line and is used to evaluate the effectiveness of expenditure. Table 4.6 shows that the national
policies and programmes targeting the poorest Gini Index for the years 2015/16 to 2022.
of the poor. The national severity rate was 3.8 The Gini index was 39.1 in 2015/16, increased
per cent, with rural areas experiencing a higher slightly to 40.9 in 2019. It was 35.9 in 2020; 38.9
severity rate than urban areas. The five counties in 2021 and 38.4 in 2022. The index varies across
with high severity indices were Turkana (18.0%), counties and place of residence, with inequality
Samburu (15.3%), Marsabit (11.7%), Mandera (11.3%) being lower in rural areas compared to urban
and Garissa (10.4%). areas.

Not only is the incidence of poverty

higher in rural Kenya, the rural
poor tend to be farther below the
poverty line.
44 The Kenya Poverty Report 2022

Map 4.4: Overall poverty gap (individuals) at county level, 2022

 The Kenya Poverty Report 2022 45

Table 4.6: Gini index, 2015/16 - 2022

Gini Index
Residence/County
2015/16 2019 2020 2021 2022
National 39.07 40.65 35.82 38.85 38.42
Rural 32.67 34.53 31.11 29.10 29.66
Urban 34.94 35.53 32.62 37.31 35.01
Mombasa 30.19 30.44 32.62 29.18 27.45
Kwale 34.53 34.07 31.87 30.43 36.78
Kilifi 39.58 35.63 36.59 31.13 35.43
Tana River 37.60 35.36 32.67 23.98 33.12
Lamu 33.08 35.10 35.35 24.96 30.83
Taita/Taveta 34.16 34.05 29.85 32.93 34.04
Garissa 35.71 38.32 33.35 28.49 32.83
Wajir 25.06 33.34 22.63 32.79 28.91
Mandera 34.49 36.83 27.33 33.13 25.26
Marsabit 34.81 36.19 25.94 32.76 33.85
Isiolo 33.69 35.91 27.29 29.08 31.35
Meru 31.67 33.77 30.60 35.08 31.61
Tharaka-Nithi 31.18 35.51 28.77 29.20 37.45
Embu 34.05 34.43 35.36 34.69 28.20
Kitui 33.57 31.01 30.45 35.72 27.92
Machakos 35.29 37.58 31.90 35.27 30.09
Makueni 31.37 31.75 23.68 22.63 26.54
Nyandarua 32.02 32.55 31.99 23.78 24.21
Nyeri 32.14 33.68 29.40 31.10 29.66
Kirinyaga 33.80 33.88 34.31 27.42 32.81
Murang'a 30.42 33.69 38.71 31.90 27.97
Kiambu 33.61 33.68 31.26 33.36 31.02
Turkana 52.24 47.09 32.95 39.86 37.78
West Pokot 31.20 30.99 30.53 24.32 28.80
Samburu 40.77 40.44 32.49 32.37 43.00
Trans Nzoia 35.53 34.47 30.12 27.35 34.63
Uasin Gishu 35.09 34.98 31.08 30.55 35.62
Nandi 29.17 32.42 35.11 36.80 29.80
Baringo 35.47 34.53 32.16 25.83 29.86
Laikipia 39.23 37.51 32.04 29.74 33.81
Nakuru 36.18 34.58 35.15 34.72 36.18
Narok 33.53 33.83 28.04 26.09 29.90
Kajiado 39.78 38.06 34.52 29.69 37.35
Kericho 29.54 34.31 30.45 30.32 35.62
Bomet 23.80 30.43 25.37 22.99 28.20
Kakamega 29.05 32.59 33.57 30.86 32.04
Vihiga 27.85 31.68 30.90 21.14 32.20
Bungoma 32.46 37.30 32.25 32.65 28.64
Busia 28.93 35.21 33.66 23.70 33.44
Siaya 30.46 32.71 25.21 25.12 29.11
Kisumu 43.31 35.18 30.44 29.79 35.09
Homa Bay 29.11 32.22 26.99 27.06 29.51
Migori 26.85 31.69 31.85 26.63 30.82
Kisii 34.82 32.86 31.68 26.73 36.04
Nyamira 31.86 32.77 32.13 27.21 31.80
Nairobi City 33.10 34.47 30.17 40.88 36.84
46 The Kenya Poverty Report 2022

05

Basic Socioeconomic
Poverty Profile
 The Kenya Poverty Report 2022 47

Composition and household size are factors of utmost importance that have a significant impact
on poverty. Large households, particularly those led by individuals with lower levels of education,
as well as households residing in arid areas and households with children, are all associated with
higher poverty rates.

This chapter presents poverty rates by selected so- As shown in Table 5.1, almost half of households
cioeconomic characteristics of households, focusing headed by an elderly person (70+ years), were over-
on 2022. Specifically, it looks at the sex, age, educa- all poor. Households headed by individuals in the
tion level and marital status of the household head lower age groups (15-19 and 20-29) have the lowest
and household size and composition, for the year poverty rates of 23.8 and 23.4 per cent respectively.
2022. It also presents poverty measures for children, Those in the 15-19 age group are in teenage popu-
youth and the elderly. For the survey, a household is lation group with negligible (less than 1%) number
defined as a person or group of persons living in the of households under their headship. The likelihood
same compound (fenced or unfenced); answerable of a household being poor increases with the age
to the same head and sharing a common source of the household head, from 23.4% (age 20-29) to
of food or cooking arrangement, and/or income as 46% (among those age 70+).
a single unit. The household members have com-
mon housekeeping arrangements (they share or Regardless of age of household head, poverty is
are supported by a common budget). A head of a higher among households in rural than urban ar-
household is defined as a usual household member eas, ranging from a low of 10% of urban heads (age
resident in the household, who makes critical day- 15-19) to a high of 46% (among the elderly age 70+)
to-day decisions about the household and whose in rural areas.
authority is acknowledged by all members of the
household. Further, children refer to those under 5.3 Poverty and Marital Status of House-
age 18, youth (15-24, UN) and 18-35 (Kenya's defina- hold Head
tion of youth); and the elderly are those aged 60 This section assesses the interplay between marital
plus (60-69 and 70+).
status and poverty levels of the household heads
among the surveyed population. Marital status has
5.1 Poverty by Sex and Residence of been classified into two major categories, monog-
Household Head amous and polygamous. Results show that house-
The incidence and depth of poverty by sex and holds headed by an individual in a polygamous
other characteristics of the household head are marriage are one and a half times likely to be poor
presented in Table 5.1. About 3 in 10 households in
compared to their monogamous counterparts (48%
Kenya are poor with a poverty gap of 8 per cent.
vs 33%). Poverty is higher among households headed
Household poverty is higher in rural areas, (38%)
by a widow compared to widowers by 9 percentage
than in urban areas(26%). Nationally, female headed
households have slightly higher poverty headcount points (45 compared to 36 % respectively).
rates (35.3%) compared to male headed households
(32.6%). Across the rural-urban divide, rural female 5.4 Poverty and Household Size and
headed households had highest incidence and Number of Children
depth of poverty at 40 per cent and 11 per cent, Nationally, households with children had higher
respectively. Urban male headed households have poverty rates (38%) compared to those with no chil-
the lowest poverty headcount rates and poverty gap dren (24%). Rural households with children had the
of 26 per cent and 6 per cent respectively. highest poverty headcount rate of 41 per cent in
this category. The poverty headcount rate increases
5.2 Poverty and Age of Household Head with household size across all domains of residence,
The structure of the population plays an important ranging from a low of 20 per cent of households
role in any society, for instance, the age structure with 1 to 3 members to 60 per cent in households
of a population forms for the diversity of roles and with 7 or more members. Urban households with 7
consumption needs and this variation can thus members or more had the highest rate while those
have far-reaching economic, social and political with 1 to 3 members had the lowest rate.
implications.
 48 The Kenya Poverty Report 2022

5.5 Poverty and Education Level of Household Head

Poverty is highest among households headed by rate of 71 per cent compared to their rural coun-
an individual with no education (61%) compared to terparts (59%).
other levels of education. Poverty decreases as the
Distribution of households by headship shows that
level of education increases, to a low of 5 per cent
slightly more than half (51%) of poor households
for those with tertiary level of education Table 5.1.
were headed by individuals with primary level of
Urban households headed by an individual with education compared to only one per cent headed
no education had the highest poverty headcount by those with tertiary level of education.

Table 5.1: Poverty measures and socioeconomic characteristics at household level, 2022
Background Poverty Headcount Rate Poverty Gap (%) Distribution of Distribution of poor
Characteristics (%) Households (%) Households (%)
Rural Urban National Rural Urban National Rural Urban National Rural Urban National
National 38.2 26.2 33.5 9.6 6.6 8.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Sex of Household - - - - - - - - - - - -
Head
Male 37.2 25.9 32.6 9.1 6.1 7.9 66.1 69.4 67.4 64.3 68.4 65.6
Female 40.2 27.0 35.3 10.7 7.6 9.5 33.9 30.7 32.6 35.7 31.6 34.4
Education level of household head
None 58.7 70.7 60.8 18.7 24.8 19.8 17.8 5.8 13.1 27.3 15.5 23.7
Primary 41.4 41.2 41.3 9.5 10.4 9.8 50.7 27.3 41.5 54.9 43.0 51.2
Secondary 22.6 19.3 20.8 4.9 4.0 4.4 29.1 53.7 38.8 17.2 39.5 24.1
Tertiary 8.0 4.0 4.9 2.1 0.9 1.2 2.4 13.2 6.7 0.5 2.0 1.0
Marital status of household head
Married 36.9 26.9 33.0 8.8 6.4 7.9 61.9 60.7 61.4 59.8 62.2 60.5
monogamous
Married 48.4 45.8 47.9 13.9 13.7 13.9 6.6 2.1 4.9 8.4 3.7 7.0
poligamous
Widower 39.1 26.9 35.8 11.4 7.6 10.4 2.9 1.5 2.3 3.0 1.6 2.6
Widow 44.4 46.1 44.7 11.7 14.9 12.2 45.2 14.9 34.0 49.9 25.3 43.0
Never married 26.1 14.9 18.3 10.3 9.4 9.9 5.9 20.8 11.8 4.1 11.9 6.5
Other 36.7 32.4 34.7 8.9 5.2 6.7 8.4 10.7 9.3 8.1 13.2 9.6
Child in household
Household 30.7 17.9 24.4 8.5 4.3 6.4 27.5 40.5 32.6 22.1 27.6 23.8
without children
Household with 41.0 31.9 37.9 10.1 8.1 9.4 72.6 59.5 67.4 77.9 72.5 76.2
children
Household size
1-3 members 30.5 20.4 25.6 9.6 6.6 8.4 40.5 60.3 48.3 32.3 46.9 36.8
4-6 members 40.2 31.1 37.1 9.7 8.1 9.1 43.4 34.3 39.8 45.7 40.7 44.2
7+ members 52.1 59.9 53.5 13.2 17.1 13.9 16.1 5.4 11.9 22.0 12.4 19.0
Age of household head (years)
15-19 40.4 9.6 23.8 7.3 1.7 4.3 0.4 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.4
20-29 30.3 19.2 23.4 8.2 4.2 5.7 10.5 26.1 16.6 8.3 19.1 11.6
30-39 33.4 24.8 29.3 8.0 5.9 7.0 23.0 33.0 27.0 20.1 31.3 23.5
40-49 37.7 30.3 34.9 9.0 7.7 8.5 22.7 21.3 22.1 22.4 24.6 23.1
50-59 40.5 31.8 37.9 10.4 8.7 9.9 17.0 11.0 14.6 18.0 13.3 16.6
60-69 42.7 36.0 41.3 10.9 11.1 11.0 13.1 5.2 10.0 14.7 7.1 12.3
70+ 46.0 42.1 45.6 12.5 12.8 12.5 13.4 2.7 9.2 16.1 4.3 12.5

*The number of households headed by the 15-19 year olds are too few (less than 1%) and these should be interpreted with caution.
 The Kenya Poverty Report 2022 49

5.6 Child Poverty children in urban areas, at 33.2 per cent and 28.6
This section provides estimates of food, overall and per cent respectively. Food poverty increases with
hardcore child poverty. Children are considered to the age of the child, with 26 per cent of children
be poor if they live in households that have been age 0-5 years, 34 per cent of children age 6-13 years
identified to be poor based on the three poverty and peaks at 42 per cent of children age 14-17 years
lines. Also presented in this sub-section is the con- reported to be food poor. For children age 0-5 and
tribution of each county/residence to the national 6-13, children in rural households had higher food
child poverty measures. poverty rates (27% and 23%) than those in the urban
areas (35% and 32%). However, food poverty rates
5.6.1 Child Food Poverty were higher in urban areas for the age group 14-17
The prevalence of food poverty among children re- years (45.1% against 41.6%). At county level, Mandera
fers to the percentage of all children living in house- had the highest child food poverty rate at 69 per
holds below the food poverty line. At the national cent while Nairobi and Kiambu had the lowest at 19
level, 33.1 per cent (7.5 million) of children (age 0-17 per cent each. Despite Nairobi City having the low-
years) were food poor in 2022. Food poverty was est child poverty rates, it had the highest number
higher among children in rural areas compared to of food poor children of 1.8 million children.
Table 5.2: Child food poverty by age group and residence, 2022
50

0-5 Years 6-13 Years 14-17 Years 0-17 Years Total population

Residence/County Poverty Population Poverty Population Poverty Poverty Population Poverty Population
Headcount Headcount Headcount Population Headcount Headcount
Estimate Estimate Estimate Estimate Estimate
National 25.8 7,395 33.9 10,180 42.1 5,002 33.1 22,577 31.7 50,623
Rural 27.3 4,872 34.7 7,437 41.0 3,750 33.9 16,059 33.2 34,476
Urban 23.0 2,523 32.0 2,744 45.4 1,252 31.1 6,518 28.6 16,147
Mombasa 21.1 186 28.1 267 37.2 108 27.5 561 25.9 1,278
Kwale 30.7 124 38.8 187 51.4 83 38.9 394 36.3 922
Kilifi 36.0 216 48.8 326 54.9 144 46.1 686 46.3 1,548
Tana River 36.4 71 55.3 79 53.5 35 47.8 185 46.3 337
Lamu 17.9 19 31.2 32 33.9 16 28.1 67 30.1 148
Taita/Taveta 26.5 57 39.0 65 41.6 34 35.0 156 34.6 359
Garissa 45.3 165 52.4 214 51.2 91 49.7 470 51.2 896
Wajir 40.7 141 50.6 195 59.0 92 49.1 428 45.6 832
The Kenya Poverty Report 2022

Mandera 57.1 197 71.9 270 83.2 119 69.2 586 60.4 924
Marsabit 45.2 89 58.2 117 61.0 44 54.1 251 54.4 480
Isiolo 27.3 47 32.6 61 52.9 27 34.8 135 35.7 283
Meru 16.1 232 21.7 321 24.1 159 20.4 713 21.1 1,647
Tharaka-Nithi 24.2 39 32.7 67 41.5 41 32.9 147 32.5 420
Embu 19.7 60 26.3 99 33.0 58 26.2 217 23.7 650
Kitui 35.3 163 38.4 227 41.6 140 38.3 531 37.7 1,213
Machakos 21.1 159 29.5 260 44.5 117 30.3 536 31.8 1,516
Makueni 25.8 120 34.9 211 43.9 116 34.8 447 33.2 1,049
Nyandarua 12.8 80 23.7 115 35.8 69 23.6 263 26.5 682
Nyeri 15.0 81 20.1 119 35.7 50 21.6 251 18.2 805
Kirinyaga 15.0 63 19.5 82 40.4 35 22.0 180 20.3 650
Murang'a 17.6 149 27.7 198 37.8 83 26.2 429 26.3 1,131
Kiambu 13.6 422 15.5 407 36.0 203 18.8 1,032 18.3 2,579
Turkana 54.6 190 60.7 213 66.6 64 59.0 467 64.3 989
West Pokot 38.7 137 48.1 189 58.6 80 47.0 406 49.3 665
Samburu 46.9 50 59.1 93 58.0 34 55.5 177 56.7 329
Table 5.2: Child food poverty by age group and residence, 2022 (Continued)

0-5 Years 6-13 Years 14-17 Years 0-17 Years Total population

Residence/County Poverty Population Poverty Population Poverty Poverty Population Poverty Population
Headcount Headcount Headcount Population Headcount Headcount
Estimate Estimate Estimate Estimate Estimate
Uasin Gishu 33.9 197 36.7 275 42.3 120 36.9 592 35.3 1,235
Elgeyo/Marakwet 32.7 77 38.2 114 46.9 50 38.2 242 36.9 486
Nandi 26.9 101 42.3 154 48.6 85 39.3 340 32.2 949
Baringo 23.8 95 43.1 116 51.4 68 38.5 279 36.3 712
Laikipia 30.2 74 35.3 99 30.1 60 32.4 233 30.5 548
Nakuru 16.6 361 30.0 450 35.8 226 26.6 1,037 26.5 2,283
Narok 15.5 219 25.6 324 41.6 126 25.3 668 27.5 1,232
Kajiado 28.7 159 29.7 193 41.4 64 31.1 416 33.2 1,187
Kericho 23.8 116 30.8 205 36.3 139 30.7 461 31.5 964
Bomet 31.6 119 35.2 192 45.2 107 36.7 419 38.1 938
Kakamega 22.4 277 29.6 463 35.1 254 29.0 993 29.8 1,999
Vihiga 33.3 67 49.6 102 45.1 65 43.7 233 41.3 631
Bungoma 23.8 303 30.7 445 44.6 242 32.0 989 35.0 1,787
Busia 38.5 130 44.9 217 57.0 110 46.0 457 45.1 953
Siaya 20.5 145 27.2 239 26.7 128 25.2 512 24.6 1,062
Kisumu 30.0 185 29.0 289 34.2 178 30.7 651 31.5 1,226
Homa Bay 25.1 179 28.3 280 35.3 173 29.3 631 27.9 1,208
Migori 21.6 182 32.3 248 50.2 118 32.6 549 31.6 1,189
Kisii 27.7 161 30.2 258 35.1 147 30.8 566 32.3 1,353
Nyamira 27.0 75 38.0 151 32.9 76 34.0 303 31.6 648
Nairobi City 12.5 766 18.0 741 37.9 305 19.1 1,812 15.8 4,646
The Kenya Poverty Report 2022
51
 52 The Kenya Poverty Report 2022

5.6.2 Overall Poverty among Children

Two in 5 children in Kenya live in absolute poverty.
Child poverty increases with age, with 36 per cent
of children aged 0-5 years, 44 per cent of children
aged 6-13 years and 47 per cent of children aged
14-17 years being poor. By rural-urban differenti-
ation, child poverty is higher among children in 2 in 5 children in Kenya live in absolute poverty
rural areas to urban areas at, 44 per cent and 38
per cent, respectively. At the county level, absolute Kirinyaga. Child poverty is highest in ASAL counties
child poverty ranges from a high of 81 per cent in with the top five counties being Turkana, Mandera,
Turkana to a low of 19 per cent each in Kiambu and Samburu, Garissa and Wajir (Table 5.3).

At county level, absolute child

poverty ranges from a high of 81 per
cent in Turkana to a low of 19 per cent
each in Kiambu and Kirinyaga.
Table 5.3: Overall child poverty by various age groups and residence, 2022

Overall Child Poverty by Age Groups and Area of Residence

0-5 Years 6-13 Years 14-17 Years 0-17 Years Total population
Residence/ Poverty Population Poverty Population Poverty Population Poverty Population Poverty Population
County Headcount ('000) Headcount ('000) Headcount ('000) Headcount ('000) Headcount ('000)
Rate (%) Rate (%) Rate (%) Rate (%) Rate (%)
National 36.4 7,395 44.4 10,180 47.4 5,002 42.4 22,577 39.8 50,623
Rural 39.2 4,872 46.0 7,437 47.5 3,750 44.3 16,059 42.9 34,476
Urban 30.9 2,523 40.0 2,744 47.2 1,252 37.9 6,518 33.2 16,147
Mombasa 24.9 186 32.0 267 32.5 108 29.7 561 27.0 1,278
Kwale 46.6 124 57.4 187 63.4 83 55.3 394 51.1 922
Kilifi 47.1 216 53.5 326 53.8 144 51.6 686 53.0 1,548
Tana River 59.6 71 74.8 79 74.3 35 68.9 185 66.7 337
Lamu 24.4 19 34.2 32 39.2 16 32.6 67 35.6 148
Taita/Taveta 29.8 57 44.1 65 51.1 34 40.4 156 39.3 359
Garissa 74.1 165 69.5 214 71.3 91 71.4 470 67.8 896
Wajir 61.1 141 70.6 195 81.0 92 69.7 428 64.7 832
Mandera 72.6 197 80.5 270 85.4 119 78.8 586 72.9 924
Marsabit 58.8 89 68.7 117 68.3 44 65.1 251 66.1 480
Isiolo 48.3 47 61.2 61 67.7 27 58.0 135 55.6 283
Meru 30.3 232 41.1 321 32.9 159 35.7 713 34.1 1,647
Tharaka-Nithi 26.6 39 37.2 67 41.1 41 35.5 147 36.1 420
Embu 23.7 60 29.8 99 29.7 58 28.1 217 24.3 650
Kitui 55.5 163 61.5 227 60.8 140 59.5 531 58.3 1,213
Machakos 29.3 159 40.2 260 49.0 117 38.9 536 38.3 1,516
Makueni 38.9 120 42.2 211 53.6 116 44.3 447 44.7 1,049
Nyandarua 28.9 80 35.4 115 39.3 69 34.5 263 34.5 682
Nyeri 26.4 81 31.6 119 35.9 50 30.8 251 26.0 805
The Kenya Poverty Report 2022

Kirinyaga 13.8 63 17.5 82 33.8 35 19.4 180 23.1 650

Murang'a 21.9 149 32.2 198 40.1 83 30.1 429 30.1 1,131
53
Table 5.3: Overall child poverty by various age groups and residence, 2022 (Continued)
54

Overall Child Poverty by Age Groups and Area of Residence

0-5 Years 6-13 Years 14-17 Years 0-17 Years Total population
Residence/ Poverty Population Poverty Population Poverty Population Poverty Population Poverty Population
County Headcount ('000) Headcount ('000) Headcount ('000) Headcount ('000) Headcount ('000)
Rate (%) Rate (%) Rate (%) Rate (%) Rate (%)
West Pokot 54.9 137 64.0 189 69.7 80 62.0 406 60.1 665
Samburu 65.1 50 76.9 93 75.4 34 73.3 177 71.9 329
Trans Nzoia 31.1 147 43.7 213 42.0 119 39.4 480 37.3 1,058
Uasin Gishu 37.3 197 44.2 275 44.2 120 41.9 592 39.9 1,235
Elgeyo/Marakwet 54.4 77 56.2 114 56.9 50 55.8 242 53.0 486
Nandi 28.8 101 46.1 154 44.6 85 40.6 340 39.1 949
Baringo 40.5 95 61.6 116 54.8 68 52.7 279 46.9 712
Laikipia 38.9 74 41.8 99 35.1 60 39.2 233 38.0 548
Nakuru 30.3 361 48.0 450 49.1 226 42.1 1,037 38.2 2,283
Narok 16.9 219 30.2 324 32.7 126 26.3 668 26.2 1,232
The Kenya Poverty Report 2022

Kajiado 35.3 159 31.9 193 49.4 64 35.9 416 37.3 1,187
Kericho 40.9 116 50.5 205 50.7 139 48.2 461 47.8 964
Bomet 43.9 119 47.8 192 50.4 107 47.4 419 47.1 938
Kakamega 33.1 277 39.7 463 40.2 254 38.0 993 38.2 1,999
Vihiga 42.1 67 52.2 102 51.4 65 49.1 233 47.9 631
Bungoma 43.9 303 47.2 445 53.3 242 47.7 989 49.2 1,787
Busia 47.2 130 54.1 217 63.7 110 54.4 457 52.7 953
Siaya 37.5 145 43.7 239 39.2 128 40.8 512 38.3 1,062
Kisumu 35.2 185 37.8 289 38.8 178 37.3 651 39.0 1,226
Homa Bay 28.2 179 28.1 280 29.3 173 28.5 631 28.2 1,208
Migori 35.1 182 46.5 248 63.5 118 46.3 549 45.7 1,189
Kisii 29.9 161 33.2 258 33.0 147 32.2 566 32.9 1,353
Nyamira 37.9 75 43.6 151 38.4 76 40.8 303 38.8 648
Nairobi City 14.6 766 20.3 741 37.6 305 20.8 1,812 16.5 4,646
 The Kenya Poverty Report 2022 55

5.7.3 Hardcore Child Poverty

About 8 per cent of children were hardcore poor in 2022. Hardcore poverty increases
with age, with six per cent of children aged 0-5 years, eight per cent of children
age 6-13 and 14-17 years being hardcore poor. In terms of rural and urban areas of
residence, child hardcore poverty is 3 times higher among children in rural areas
compared to urban areas at, 9 and 3 per cent respectively. At the county level,
child hardcore poverty ranges from a high of 38 per cent in Turkana County to a
low of less than one per cent in Kiambu, Kirinyaga and Embun counties.

At 44 per cent, child poverty was

higher in rural areas compared to 38
per cent in urban areas.
Table 5.4: Child hardcore poverty by various age-groups and residence, 2022
56

0-5 Years 6-13 Years 14-17 Years 0-17 Years Total

population
Residence/
Poverty Population Poverty Population Poverty Population Poverty Population Poverty Population
County
Headcount ('000) Headcount ('000) Headcount ('000) Headcount ('000) Headcount ('000)
Rate (%) Rate (%) Rate (%) Rate (%) Rate (%)
National 6.2 7,395 8.3 10,180 8.2 5,002 7.6 22,577 7.1 50,623
Rural 8.4 4,872 10.0 7,437 9.3 3,750 9.4 16,059 9.3 34,476
Urban 2.1 2,523 3.5 2,744 4.9 1,252 3.2 6,518 2.4 16,147
Mombasa - 186 2.2 267 1.6 108 1.3 561 1.0 1,278
Kwale 9.1 124 12.0 187 15.3 83 11.8 394 12.4 922
Kilifi 11.1 216 10.3 326 9.3 144 10.4 686 10.4 1,548
Tana River 18.3 71 25.2 79 33.2 35 24.1 185 22.7 337
Lamu 2.8 19 2.7 32 5.5 16 3.4 67 3.7 148
Taita/Taveta - 57 1.0 65 2.7 34 1.0 156 1.7 359
Garissa 22.5 165 22.9 214 25.8 91 23.3 470 21.1 896
The Kenya Poverty Report 2022

Wajir 9.7 141 15.2 195 13.7 92 13.1 428 10.6 832
Mandera 23.1 197 29.8 270 38.5 119 29.3 586 24.8 924
Marsabit 23.1 89 28.9 117 28.0 44 26.7 251 26.2 480
Isiolo 9.9 47 14.9 61 12.2 27 12.6 135 10.5 283
Meru 1.7 232 3.5 321 3.5 159 2.9 713 5.4 1,647
Tharaka-Nithi 5.3 39 6.4 67 11.8 41 7.6 147 7.7 420
Embu - 60 1.1 99 - 58 0.5 217 0.4 650
Kitui 11.1 163 10.8 227 7.7 140 10.1 531 11.9 1,213
Machakos 1.3 159 3.7 260 - 117 2.2 536 2.2 1,516
Makueni 6.9 120 3.5 211 5.8 116 5.0 447 5.9 1,049
Nyandarua 3.8 80 3.4 115 2.1 69 3.2 263 2.8 682
Nyeri 0.9 81 2.0 119 4.9 50 2.2 251 2.4 805
Kirinyaga - 63 0.4 82 - 35 0.2 180 0.3 650
Murang'a - 149 2.4 198 1.5 83 1.4 429 2.5 1,131
Kiambu - 422 - 407 - 203 - 1,032 - 2,579
Turkana 38.1 190 41.6 213 35.5 64 39.3 467 42.6 989
West Pokot 13.4 137 16.8 189 16.7 80 15.7 406 16.8 665
Table 5.4: Child hardcore poverty by various age-groups and residence, 2022 (Continued)

0-5 Years 6-13 Years 14-17 Years 0-17 Years Total

population
Residence/
Poverty Population Poverty Population Poverty Population Poverty Population Poverty Population
County
Headcount ('000) Headcount ('000) Headcount ('000) Headcount ('000) Headcount ('000)
Rate (%) Rate (%) Rate (%) Rate (%) Rate (%)
Uasin Gishu 7.7 197 7.0 275 6.3 120 7.1 592 6.3 1,235
Elgeyo/ 13.6 77 14.1 114 19.3 50 15.0 242 13.5 486
Marakwet
Nandi 4.3 101 6.9 154 4.1 85 5.4 340 4.2 949
Baringo 4.6 95 7.4 116 9.5 68 7.0 279 6.1 712
Laikipia 4.7 74 7.6 99 5.7 60 6.2 233 6.2 548
Nakuru 2.4 361 5.0 450 2.6 226 3.6 1,037 3.7 2,283
Narok 1.3 219 1.6 324 1.3 126 1.4 668 2.2 1,232
Kajiado 3.3 159 3.2 193 4.8 64 3.5 416 4.5 1,187
Kericho 3.1 116 3.8 205 4.4 139 3.8 461 3.6 964
Bomet 5.4 119 8.1 192 8.3 107 7.4 419 8.2 938
Kakamega 2.0 277 3.3 463 3.9 254 3.1 993 3.8 1,999
Vihiga 5.3 67 10.9 102 8.2 65 8.6 233 9.5 631
Bungoma 4.2 303 7.0 445 7.9 242 6.4 989 7.9 1,787
Busia 14.5 130 17.9 217 24.0 110 18.4 457 18.4 953
Siaya 3.9 145 8.3 239 8.1 128 7.0 512 7.1 1,062
Kisumu 2.0 185 3.0 289 2.2 178 2.5 651 3.1 1,226
Homa Bay 2.2 179 4.7 280 4.2 173 3.9 631 4.2 1,208
Migori 1.9 182 6.1 248 10.4 118 5.6 549 5.3 1,189
Kisii 4.4 161 4.8 258 4.8 147 4.7 566 4.5 1,353
Nyamira 6.8 75 7.5 151 3.0 76 6.2 303 6.1 648
Nairobi City 0.6 766 2.6 741 6.3 305 2.4 1,812 1.3 4,646
The Kenya Poverty Report 2022
57
 58 The Kenya Poverty Report 2022

5.8 Poverty among the Youth (Age

15-24 and 18-35 Years)
This section provides estimates of food, overall
and hardcore poverty prevalence among the
youth. Youth are categorized as those aged 15-
24 and 18-34 years. Youth are considered to be
poor if they live in households identified to be
poor using the three poverty lines. The section
also presents the contribution of each county
and residence to the national youth poverty
measures

5.8.1 Youth Food Poverty

The results show that 4 out of 10 of youth in the
15-24-year category and 3 in 10 of youth in the
18-35-year category are food poor. This indicates
that they are unable to meet their daily food re-
quirements to attain at least the minimum 2,250
kilocalories for their daily energy requirements.
This implies that 4.0 million youth (15-24) and
4.4 million youth (18-35) are food poor. For both
youth categories, food poverty is higher in rural
areas (41% and 34%) than urban (at 37% and 2%),
correspondingly.

The top five food poor counties among the 15-24

year youth were Mandera (86%), Turkana(74%),
Marsabit (67%), Kilifi (61%) and Samburu (57%)
and West Pokot (57%). Nairobi City (24%), Kiam-
bu (25%), Trans Nzoia (27%) Meru and Kirinyaga
(29% each) had the lowest rates. Among youth
under the Kenyan definition (age 18-35 years),
the same counties are leading with Mandera at
the apex with a poverty headcount rate of 77 per
cent and Nairobi with the least, at 14 per cent.
Table 5.5: Youth food, overall and hardcore poverty by residence, 2022

Food Poverty Overall Poverty Hardcore Poverty

15-24 Years 18-35 Years 15-24 Years 18-35 Years 15-24 Years 18-35 Years
Residence/
County Poverty Poverty Poverty Poverty Poverty Poverty Population
Population Population Population Population Population
Headcount Headcount Headcount Headcount Headcount Headcount ('000)
('000) ('000) ('000) ('000) ('000)
Rate (%) Rate (%) Rate (%) Rate (%) Rate (%) Rate (%)
National 40.1 9,868 30.7 14,281 44.0 9,868 36.7 14,281 7.8 9,868 6.4 14,281
Rural 41.4 6,696 34.2 8,333 46.5 6,696 41.7 8,333 9.9 6,696 9.5 8,333
Urban 37.3 3,172 25.8 5,948 38.6 3,172 29.6 5,948 3.2 3,172 1.9 5,948
Mombasa 35.3 279 26.0 526 36.5 279 28.9 526 2.3 279 0.9 526
Kwale 49.6 145 35.5 209 59.7 145 47.6 209 16.2 145 13.1 209
Kilifi 60.8 261 48.2 375 57.6 261 53.0 375 10.3 261 11.1 375
Tana River 52.6 74 47.6 109 69.7 74 65.0 109 32.2 74 27.4 109
Lamu 34.2 35 29.9 45 41.3 35 35.4 45 4.7 35 4.2 45
Taita/Taveta 35.5 68 31.7 100 44.9 68 32.9 100 1.9 68 0.9 100
Garissa 55.2 165 54.5 208 73.0 165 71.4 208 31.7 165 28.2 208
Wajir 55.7 139 46.7 170 74.7 139 60.7 170 11.4 139 11.2 170
Mandera 86.4 186 77.4 180 85.7 186 82.2 180 36.0 186 29.8 180
Marsabit 67.0 85 56.1 114 74.1 85 65.8 114 27.8 85 24.7 114
Isiolo 45.3 50 32.4 73 58.9 50 50.7 73 10.0 50 7.1 73
Meru 28.5 334 24.2 429 31.4 334 31.5 429 3.3 334 3.7 429
Tharaka- 40.4 81 31.8 107 41.3 81 34.1 107 8.4 81 7.3 107
Nithi
Embu 32.8 116 25.8 170 24.8 116 20.7 170 - 116 0.3 170
Kitui 43.2 271 39.4 310 60.3 271 56.9 310 10.0 271 13.0 310
Machakos 45.3 261 32.5 439 44.2 261 39.5 439 1.2 261 1.7 439
Makueni 40.7 226 33.3 282 50.6 226 42.9 282 8.6 226 7.4 282
Nyandarua 36.9 121 25.6 153 38.2 121 35.1 153 2.3 121 1.5 153
Nyeri 30.5 116 23.1 140 33.4 116 28.3 140 3.5 116 2.7 140
Kirinyaga 29.2 77 20.2 120 30.2 77 23.7 120 - 77 0.6 120
Murang'a 33.9 168 30.9 249 30.7 168 29.5 249 4.0 168 4.3 249
The Kenya Poverty Report 2022

Kiambu 24.5 481 15.0 883 20.8 481 16.4 883 - 481 - 883
Turkana 73.5 127 65.5 182 80.8 127 78.5 182 38.7 127 36.4 182
59
Table 5.5: Youth food, overall and hardcore poverty by residence, 2022 (Continued)
60

Food Poverty Overall Poverty Hardcore Poverty

15-24 Years 18-35 Years 15-24 Years 18-35 Years 15-24 Years 18-35 Years
Residence/
County Poverty Poverty Poverty Poverty Poverty Poverty Population
Population Population Population Population Population
Headcount Headcount Headcount Headcount Headcount Headcount ('000)
('000) ('000) ('000) ('000) ('000)
Rate (%) Rate (%) Rate (%) Rate (%) Rate (%) Rate (%)
Trans Nzoia 27.2 213 24.5 272 38.5 213 32.3 272 10.3 213 10.0 272
Uasin Gishu 36.7 294 32.7 455 39.5 294 35.3 455 3.9 294 4.9 455
Elgeyo/ 43.8 110 33.6 148 50.5 110 47.1 148 14.6 110 10.8 148
Marakwet
Nandi 47.6 150 34.4 208 43.6 150 39.9 208 5.8 150 5.7 208
Baringo 49.5 116 35.8 137 50.8 116 40.0 137 8.1 116 5.9 137
Laikipia 35.5 107 33.4 130 37.9 107 37.2 130 6.6 107 4.9 130
Nakuru 35.5 485 26.6 731 41.3 485 34.1 731 3.4 485 3.4 731
Narok 41.1 221 28.7 318 29.2 221 22.1 318 2.9 221 2.0 318
Kajiado 41.3 171 34.5 367 44.5 171 37.8 367 6.1 171 6.5 367
Kericho 37.6 257 32.4 310 50.5 257 46.0 310 2.8 257 2.3 310
The Kenya Poverty Report 2022

Bomet 47.4 178 37.3 246 50.5 178 47.5 246 10.2 178 7.3 246
Kakamega 42.3 448 32.4 543 44.2 448 39.6 543 5.3 448 4.4 543
Vihiga 48.2 111 43.9 126 52.4 111 48.4 126 8.5 111 7.8 126
Bungoma 43.8 473 37.2 534 55.1 473 50.5 534 7.3 473 8.3 534
Busia 55.0 198 45.8 251 59.9 198 50.6 251 23.2 198 19.1 251
Siaya 30.7 219 27.3 248 40.0 219 37.8 248 9.7 219 8.1 248
Kisumu 37.7 320 34.8 405 44.9 320 41.7 405 3.2 320 4.0 405
Homa Bay 30.0 301 24.9 334 25.8 301 25.5 334 4.4 301 3.8 334
Migori 42.0 211 29.1 282 50.8 211 39.4 282 8.5 211 4.9 282
Kisii 37.7 278 32.2 330 34.3 278 31.5 330 4.3 278 5.0 330
Nyamira 37.4 127 32.5 161 45.9 127 39.9 161 6.5 127 7.4 161
Nairobi City 23.5 810 14.0 1,910 23.8 810 16.6 1,910 2.7 810 1.2 1,910
 The Kenya Poverty Report 2022 61

5.8.2 Youth Overall (Absolute) Poverty povert measures among the elderly population,
Nationally, 4 in 10 (44%) and two-thirds (37%) of categorized in two groups of 60-69 years and 70+
youth age 15-24 and 18-35 years respectively, lived years. The measures are presented at national, ru-
in absolute poverty. This is equivalent to 4.3 million ral-urban and by county levels. Refer to Table 5.6.
and 5.2 million youths, respectively. Among the 18-
35 age group, there are more poor youth in rural 5.9.1 Food Poverty
areas (40%) than in urban areas (30%). The counties 60-69 years: Three out of 10 (550, 000) persons in
with the highest absolute poverty rates among this age group are food poor in Kenya. There is a
youth age 15-24 years are Mandera, Turkana, Wajir, slight variation in the food poverty rate based on
Marsabit, and Garissa, with rates exceeding 70 per rural-urban residence (Table 5.6). At the county level,
cent. Among youths age 18-35, poverty rates range Mandera County has the highest food poverty rate,
from a low of 16 per cent in Kiambu to a high of
with almost 9 out of 10 (86%) elders being food poor.
86% in Mandera.
This is followed by Turkana (82%), Wajir and Marsabit
(62% each), Kwale (55%) and Tana River (51%).
5.8.3 Youth Hardcore Poverty
70+ Years: According to this survey, 31 per cent
Eight per cent (770 thousand) and six per cent (914
thousand) of youth age 15-24 and 18-35 respectively (479,000) of adults aged 70+ were food poor na-
cannot afford the minimum basic food require- tionally in 2022. Elderly persons living in urban ar-
ments based on their total consumption aggre- eas were poorer than their rural counterparts (39%
gates. This means that the combined expenditure against 30%). Counties in the northern parts of Ken-
on food and non-food items for this population ya had the highest food poverty rates, with Mandera
group is below the food poverty line. Hardcore (ex- at 89 per cent and Turkana at 77 per cent ranking
treme poverty) is higher among the rural youth (for at the top-two. On the other hand, Nyeri (5%) and
both categories, 15-24 and 18-35) than their urban Kiambu (10%) had the least food poverty rates.
counterparts. Hardcore poverty among youth age
15-24 is three times higher in rural areas compared 5.9.2 Overall Poverty
to urban areas, at 10 and 3 percent respectively; it
Almost half of the individuals age 70 and older are
is five times higher for those age 18-35 years in the
living in absolute poverty, compared to 41 per cent
same rural-urban category. Embu, Kirinyaga and
of those age 60-69.
Kiambu had negligible poverty rates, each being
less than one percent. On the other hand, Turkana
5.9.3 Hardcore Poverty
(39%), Mandera (36%), Tana River and Garissa (32%
each), and Samburu (29%) recorded the highest The findings reveal that approximately 169, 000 in-
hardcore poverty rates (Table 5.5). dividuals age 60-69 and 172, 000 individuals age
70 and above were experiencing extreme poverty.
5.9 Poverty among the Elderly (Ages The counties of Turkana, Mandera, Marsabit, Tana
60-69, 70+) River, and Samburu were mostly affected by hard
This section presents food, overall and hardcore core poverty among the elderly population.

44% 70%

of youth aged 15-24 lived in The counties of Mandera, Turkana, Wajir, Marsabit,
absolute poverty in 2022. and Garissa had the highest absolute poverty rates
of over 70 per cent among youth 15-24 years.
Table 5.6: Food, overall and hardcore poverty among the elderly by residence, 2022
62

Food Poverty Overall Poverty HardCore Poverty

60-69 Years 70+ Years 60-69 Years 70+ Years 60-69 Years 70+ Years
Residence/
County Poverty Population Poverty Population Poverty Population Poverty Population Poverty Population Poverty Population
Headcount ('000) Headcount ('000) Headcount ('000) Headcount ('000) Headcount ('000) Headcount ('000)
Rate (%) Rate (%) Rate (%) Rate (%) Rate (%) Rate (%)
National 30.6 1,798 30.7 1,561 41.3 1,798 46.3 1,561 9.4 1,798 11.0 1,561
Rural 30.1 1,457 29.6 1,366 30.1 1,457 46.3 1,366 10.8 1,457 11.8 1,366
Urban 32.9 342 38.5 195 32.9 342 46.3 195 3.4 342 5.1 195
Mombasa 11.3 26 34.3 21 11.3 26 42.2 21 6.6 26 - 21
Kwale 55.1 25 16.0 22 55.1 25 44.9 22 24.3 25 7.0 22
Kilifi 46.4 46 39.0 27 46.4 46 65.4 27 14.3 46 10.0 27
Tana River 50.6 16 28.6 4 50.6 16 65.1 4 29.3 16 20.9 4
Lamu 34.2 7 22.8 6 34.2 7 35.9 6 6.6 7 11.7 6
Taita/ 33.1 20 33.2 18 33.1 20 36.7 18 4.4 20 5.6 18
Taveta
Garissa 46.6 16 63.9 16 46.6 16 81.8 16 19.1 16 26.9 16
The Kenya Poverty Report 2022

Wajir 62.4 19 55.2 23 62.4 19 77.9 23 12.0 19 22.0 23

Mandera 86.3 27 88.6 21 86.3 27 92.9 21 38.2 27 45.0 21
Marsabit 62.2 13 48.8 14 62.2 13 66.2 14 30.7 13 24.5 14
Isiolo 37.0 11 34.5 9 37.0 11 64.6 9 8.6 11 6.0 9
Meru 25.8 76 33.1 66 25.8 76 38.9 66 10.0 76 8.3 66
Tharaka- 25.7 22 26.1 20 25.7 22 44.9 20 9.7 22 11.1 20
Nithi
Embu 23.2 38 12.8 35 23.2 38 38.7 35 2.8 38 - 35
Kitui 43.6 51 39.1 61 43.6 51 65.5 61 23.4 51 14.4 61
Machakos 29.3 69 29.2 62 29.3 69 45.8 62 4.5 69 3.4 62
Makueni 29.6 58 28.4 70 29.6 58 47.8 70 8.2 58 9.2 70
Nyandarua 19.1 27 37.7 25 19.1 27 53.4 25 - 27 2.6 25
Nyeri 11.1 58 5.1 61 11.1 58 14.1 61 - 58 2.5 61
Kirinyaga 15.1 37 10.6 34 15.1 37 36.0 34 - 37 2.1 34
Murang'a 18.8 82 13.3 71 18.8 82 26.3 71 4.8 82 2.6 71
Kiambu 14.9 99 9.7 69 14.9 99 18.7 69 - 99 - 69
Table 5.6: Food, overall and hardcore poverty among the elderly by residence, 2022 (Continued)

Food Poverty Overall Poverty HardCore Poverty

60-69 Years 70+ Years 60-69 Years 70+ Years 60-69 Years 70+ Years
Residence/
County Poverty Population Poverty Population Poverty Population Poverty Population Poverty Population Poverty Population
Headcount ('000) Headcount ('000) Headcount ('000) Headcount ('000) Headcount ('000) Headcount ('000)
Rate (%) Rate (%) Rate (%) Rate (%) Rate (%) Rate (%)
Samburu 42.5 10 57.5 8 42.5 10 72.8 8 22.4 10 47.2 8
Trans Nzoia 26.7 54 30.1 34 26.7 54 36.2 34 14.2 54 14.4 34
Uasin Gishu 18.7 31 18.2 24 18.7 31 43.5 24 4.7 31 9.7 24
Elgeyo/ 22.3 18 32.1 14 22.3 18 64.5 14 6.2 18 20.7 14
Marakwet
Nandi 48.9 25 38.5 32 48.9 25 68.7 32 18.7 25 11.7 32
Baringo 24.2 22 22.6 26 24.2 22 35.7 26 - 22 5.0 26
Laikipia 25.8 19 31.6 23 25.8 19 49.9 23 7.8 19 12.7 23
Nakuru 30.5 70 40.2 74 30.5 70 53.0 74 3.9 70 11.9 74
Narok 42.5 22 32.8 24 42.5 22 49.8 24 2.6 22 8.7 24
Kajiado 33.7 21 31.1 10 33.7 21 22.9 10 4.3 21 - 10
Kericho 32.6 33 30.8 28 32.6 33 58.6 28 1.8 33 15.0 28
Bomet 42.1 28 43.1 34 42.1 28 56.0 34 9.3 28 19.3 34
Kakamega 41.6 79 28.0 58 41.6 79 43.4 58 9.2 79 8.1 58
Vihiga 27.9 39 36.8 40 27.9 39 47.4 40 9.7 39 18.3 40
Bungoma 38.0 67 45.5 54 38.0 67 64.9 54 13.7 67 21.2 54
Busia 39.2 39 29.7 33 39.2 39 52.6 33 24.7 39 14.5 33
Siaya 13.6 50 19.7 46 13.6 50 30.8 46 2.5 50 6.4 46
Kisumu 29.4 52 30.5 40 29.4 52 44.2 40 4.6 52 7.7 40
Homa Bay 27.4 37 30.8 48 27.4 37 42.3 48 11.6 37 14.6 48
Migori 22.7 38 30.7 29 22.7 38 48.7 29 7.9 38 10.3 29
Kisii 28.4 72 38.0 52 28.4 72 48.7 52 6.7 72 15.6 52
Nyamira 26.9 34 23.0 23 26.9 34 45.8 23 8.3 34 4.3 23
Nairobi City 5.6 49 15.2 20 5.6 49 - 20 - 49 - 20
The Kenya Poverty Report 2022
63
64 The Kenya Poverty Report 2022

06

Conclusion and
Recommendations
 The Kenya Poverty Report 2022 65

The recommendation is to improve poverty and inequality measurement by conducting a Market

Survey to collect information on non-standard units commonly used in the markets across the
country.

This report uses the 2022 KCHS as well as the three the counties with the highest number of poor were
series of KCHS 2019, 2020, and 2021 to provide an Bungoma (4.4% of the total number of the poor),
overview of levels and changes in poverty during Nakuru (4.3%), Turkana (4.1%), Nairobi City (3.8%)
this period. It also uses the 2015/16 KIHBS to measure and Kakamega (3.8%).
the changes since a major survey was conducted.
The estimates reported are at national level and 6.2. Recommendations
further disaggregated by residence (rural, urban Although the current methodology ensures maxi-
and county) mum comparability between the 2015/16 KIHBS 2019,
2020, 2021 and 2022 KCHS methodologies, there is
6.1. Conclusion need to continously improve the way consumption
The poverty line is a threshold below which an indi- and subsequently poverty is estimated in Kenya.
vidual or a household is considered poor. The food Two possible ways to do that include: first, includ-
poverty lines for rural areas were Kenya Shillings ing the monetary value of the flow of consumption
1,954 in 2019, 2,231 in 2020, 2,331 in 2021 and 2,668 from owned durable goods, and second, includ-
in 2022. In urban areas, the food poverty lines were ing the actual and imputed housing rents for rural
Kenya Shillings 2,551 in 2019, 2,796 in 2020, 2,905 in households depending on whether a household
2021 and 3,521 in 2022. lives in rented accommodation or in owner-occu-
pied housing. Any modification or improvement
The overall/absolute poverty lines for rural areas
in the definition of the consumption aggregate
were Kenya Shillings 3,252 in 2019, 3,783 in 2020,
as a measure of household welfare will have to be
3,947 in 2021 and 4,358 in 2022. In urban areas, the
accompanied by a re-estimation of the poverty line
overall poverty lines were Kenya Shillings 5,995 in
to ensure that the poverty line is appropriate for the
2019, 6,915 in 2020, 7,193 in 2021 and 8,006 in 2022.
modified consumption aggregate.
The 2021 KCHS data showed, that nationally, the
The Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS) has
main source of food consumed by households was
conducted several household budget surveys in the
purchases accounting for 83.7 per cent of total food
past. In the absence of a standard methodology for
consumption. There was an increase in food con-
collecting food quantities at KNBS, respondents
sumed from purchases as shown in this report while
were asked to estimate food items quantities con-
the proportion of food consumed from own pro-
duction declined in rural areas from 20.0 per cent
in 2021 to 16.8 per cent in 2022. Nationally, the food
poverty headcount rate was 31.5 per cent, implying
that 16 million individuals were living below the food
poverty line. The analysis by residence shows that
the proportion of food poor people was higher in
rural areas (33.2%) compared to urban areas (28.6%).
The overall poverty rate
The overall poverty rate increased slightly from 37.3 increased slightly from 37.3
per cent in 2021 to 39.8 per cent in 2022, indicating per cent in 2021 to 39.8 per
that 20.2 million people lived below the absolute
poverty line. The overall poverty incidence was con-
cent in 2022, indicating that
sistently higher in rural areas compared to urban 20.2 million people lived
areas. The seven counties with the highest over- below the absolute poverty
all poverty rates were Turkana (82.7%), Mandera line in 2022.
(72.9%), Samburu (71.9%), Garissa (67.8%), Tana River
(66.7%), Marsabit (66.1%) and Wajir (64.7%). In 2022,
 66 The Kenya Poverty Report 2022

sumed in standard or metric units, typically kilo- Most of these items were already consumed by
grams or litres. This method required respondents the households and hence could be obtained for
and the interviewers to convert from whatever unit measurement. These approaches in the survey
they actually consumed (e.g. a bowl of rice or a tin of implementation introduces errors in the analysis of
beans) to a standard unit. This conversion process is poverty and CPI indicators. The recommendation is
often an unfamiliar or difficult task for respondents to improve these measurements by conducting a
and interviewers and can introduce measurement Market Survey to collect information on non-stan-
errors. Allowing respondents to report quantities dard units commonly used in the markets across
directly in non-standard units (NSUs) places less the country to give the following:
of a burden on respondents and is expected to
ultimately improve the accuracy of the information 1. National and county conversion factors for all
they provide. item-unit combinations (cups of rice, heaps
of tomatoes, etc.) to standard units;
In other cases, the food items consumed by the
household using non-standard units, requires the 2. Reference photos of non-standard units’ sizes,
interviewer to measure the solid items using weigh- to generate a photo reference book guide of
ing scales and measuring cylinders for liquid items. the most commonly used NSUs;
 The Kenya Poverty Report 2022 67

Glossary
Commodity Classification Used in Poverty Analysis

Aggregation of Food Expenditure Sugar, jam, honey, chocolate and other confec-
Cereals, Grains, Bread and Cereals Product (rice, tionery (sugar, sugar cane, jaggery, sugar-icing, jam,
maize grain, green maize, maize flour, popcorn, honey, marmalade, honey, chocolate bar, sweets,
wheat grain, wheat flour, millet grain and flour, chewing gum, other sugar/confectionary)
cassava flour, sorghum grain and flour, porridge
Food products n.e.c. Spices & Miscellaneous
flour, soya and other grain flour, barley and other
(common salt, magadi, tomato/chilli sauce, food
cereals, cost of milling, breakfast cereal/oats, pasta,
seasoning, pilau masala, ginger-tangawizi, mustard,
cakes, Biscuits, bread, wheat buns /scones, Pasta
pickles, vinegar, crisps, baking powder, yeast, other
(spaghetti, macaroni, noodles))
food n.e.c /spices)
Pulses (Beans, green grams, dolicos, peas, ground-
Coffee, tea and cocoa (coffee, tea leaves, cocoa
nuts, macadamia, cashew nuts, cowpeas, chicken
and cocoa products, soya drink, other coffee, tea
peas, tinned foods)
and cocoa)
Meat (beef, minced meat, pork, mutton/goat meat,
Mineral water, soft drink, fruit and vegetable juic-
camel meat, chicken meat, Rabbit meat, sausages/
es (mineral water, squashes, sodas, energy/health
smokie/hot dog, offals, beef brawn, pork brawn/
drink, fruit juice, other drinks)
bacon, ham, canned beef/ham/Salami, tinned meat
soups, meat paste for hamburger, other meats prod- Restaurants, cafes and the like (hotels and restau-
ucts) rant prepared foods, cafe and take-away, hotel and
restaurant; beverages, cakes and snacks, other hotel
Fish and Sea Food (fish, fish fillet, prawns /other
food)
sea foods, tinned fish, omena)
Canteen/kiosks services (food from canteen/kiosks,
Milk, Cheese and Eggs (cow /goat/camel milk, con-
food from vendors, other kiosks/canteen expenses)
densed/powder milk, tinned baby milk, milk sour,
yoghurt, cheese, eggs) Spirits, wine and beer (vodka, whisky, rum, chang’aa,
other spirits, wine, beer, traditional beer, brandy)
Oils and Fats (butter, ghee, margarine, cooking fat,
cooking oil, lard, peanut butter, other oils and fats) Tobacco/stimulants (cigarettes/cigars, tobacco
pipe/raw(snuff), miraa, other stimulants)
Fruits (ripe banana, oranges, paw paws, avocado,
strawberries, melons, mangoes, pineapples, passion,
pears, peaches, plums, apples, lemons, grapefruit,
grapes, coconut, Guavas, Lime, loquats, tangerines, Aggregation of Non-Food Expenditure
tree tomato other fruits/berries)
Education (tuition fees, books & other materials,
Vegetables (onions, cabbages, carrots, tomatoes, uniform, boarding fees, transport, contribution for
spinach, kale/Sukuma-wiki, capsicums, cucum- school building or maintenance, extra tuition fees,
ber, French beans, runner/broad bean, peas (gar- examination fees, PTA & other related fees, pocket
den/snap/snow), lettuce/celery, courgette/squash/ money & shopping, other expenses)
marrow, traditional vegetables, beetroot, pepper,
Health expenditure only included medication
broccoli/Radish, baby and sweet corn, mushrooms,
(anti-worms, liver salts and other anti-acids, cold
cauliflower, aubergines, pumpkins/butter nut, tur-
tablets/cough syrup, balms, vaccines, contracep-
nips, coriander leaves, other vegetables, cooking
tives, multivitamin/other medicine, fever/pain killers,
bananas, tinned/packeted vegetable).
anti-malaria medicine, cod/halibut liver oil, ARVs,
Roots and Tubers (Potatoes, sweet potato, arrow epileptic drugs, insulin, hypertension, antidepres-
roots, cassava, yams, other roots and tubers) sant drugs, asthmatic drugs)
 68 The Kenya Poverty Report 2022

Fuel (non- transport) (electricity, other lighting, Refuse costs (refuse collection, sewage collection,
battery, firewood, animal waste/biomass residue, toilet emptying services)
straw or stalk/biomass residue, charcoal, kerosene/
paraffin, Gas/LPG) Domestic services (domestic workers)

Household Operation and Personal Care (soap, Recreation (video cassette hire, films purchase/de-
detergents, dish washing paste/liquid, insecticide, veloping, cinema entry fees, stadium entrance fees,
disinfectant, air freshener, floor polish, broom, mop/ national /game park entry fees, traditional dances,
duster, shoe polish /cream, match box, candles, laun- disco/night club entry fees, gambling/lottery tickets,
dry), haircut, sanitary pads, cotton wool, baby oil/, books, newspapers, magazines, blank cassette/CD/
baby powder, hair oil, perfume, massage, hair dress- DVD, records musical, photography service, pre-re-
ing, razor/blade, combs, toothbrush, toilet soap, toilet corded cassettes, toys and games, hotel accommo-
paper, toothpaste, after shave lotion, body lotion, dation, tour packages, club membership fees, sports/
hair cream, shampoo/conditioner, deodorant, tissue games charges, other recreation/entertainment)
paper/handkerchiefs, petroleum jelly, nail polish,
Clothing and footwear (men's clothing, women's
lipstick, eye make-ups, feeding bottle, and potty,
clothing, children's clothing, infant's clothing, dress
jewelry, belts, watches, purses/handbags, wallets,
/clothing material, men's footwear, women's foot-
suitcase/briefcase, travel bags, umbrellas, personal
wear, boy's footwear, girl's footwear)
torches, clock, smoke pipes, lighters)
Furnishings (glassware/tableware and utensils,
Transport (petrol, diesel, ferry/road tolls, taxi fare,
door mats, curtains and accessories, bed covers, bed
parking charges, city bus fares, country bus fare,
sheets, blankets, pillows, mattress, towels, tablecloth/
matatu fares, boda boda fares, train fares, local
mats, mosquito net, pillowcases)
flights, spark plugs/points, clutch plate, brake lining,
brake pads, fuel filter, oil filter, other car parts, car Rent (included only for urban households): actual
alarm, car insurance, driving lessons, international rent or imputed rent based on characteristics of
flights) the housing structure, tenure status, number of
habitable rooms, water and sanitation (main source
Communication (local calls, trunk calls, cell phone
of water, the main toilet facilities, garbage disposal,
airtime, internet costs, telephone installation, cellular
cooking and lighting fuel).
handset, fixed line telephone costs)
 The Kenya Poverty Report 2022 69

References
Anzagi, S.K. and F.K. bernard (1977a) Population Pressure in Kenya: A Preliminary
Report, Central Bureau of Statistics, Nairobi.

Anzagi, S.K. and F.K. bernard (1977b) “Population Pressure in Rural Kenya,” Geo-
forum 8(2).

Central Bureau of Statistics (Kenya). Kenya Welfare Monitoring Survey III 1997.
Nairobi, Kenya.

Deaton, A. and S. Zaidi (2002) Guidelines for Constructing Consumption Aggregates

for Welfare Analysis. LsMs Working Paper No. 135, Washington, DC: The World Bank.

Foster, J., J. Greer and E. Thorbecke (1984). “A Class of Decomposable Poverty Mea-
sures,” Econometrica, 52(3):761-66.

Greer, J. and E. Thorbecke (1986a). Food Poverty and Consumption Patterns in

Kenya, Geneva: ILO.

Greer, J. and E. Thorbecke (1986b). “Food Poverty Profile Applied to Kenyan small-
holders,” Economic Development and Cultural Change, 35(1).

Greer, J. and E. Thorbecke (1986c). “A Methodology for Measuring Food Poverty

Applied to Kenya,” Journal of Development Economics, 24:59-74.

Kenya National Bureau of Statistics. Kenya Welfare Monitoring Survey II 1994.

Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (2007), Ministry of Planning and National

Development. Basic Report on Well-being in Kenya based on Kenya Integrated
Household Budget Survey- 2005/06.

Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (2018), Basic Report on Well-being in Kenya

based on Kenya Integrated Household Budget Survey 2015/16.

National Public Health Laboratory Services (1993) National Food Composition Ta-
bles and the Planning of Satisfactory Diets in Kenya. Nairobi: Government Printer.

Ravallion, M. (1998) “Poverty Lines in Theory and Practice.” LSMS Working Paper
No. 133, Washington, D.C. The World Bank.

Yitzhaki S, Schechtman E. Social welfare, relative deprivation, and the Gini coeffi-
cient. Springer Ser Stat 2013.

Sitthiyot, T., Holasut, K. A simple method for estimating the Lorenz curve. Humanit
Soc Sci Commun 8, 268 (2021).
8.2 Annex Tables
70

Annex Table A1: Overall poverty rates (individuals) by residence and county , 2022

Contribution to Poverty
Head-
Poverty Severity Individu- (Std. Individu- (Std. Individu- (Std. Number
Residence / count (Std. (Std. (Std. Population
Gap (%) of Poverty errors) als Pα=1 errors) errors) of Poor
County Rate (%) errors) errors) errors) als Pα=0 als Pα=2 ('000)
Pα=1 (%) Pα=2 ('000)
Pα=0

National 39.8 (0.37) 10.1 (0.13) 3.8 (0.07) 100.0 0.00 100.0 0.00 100.0 0.00 50,623 20,157

Rural 42.9 (0.45) 10.8 (0.16) 4.1 (0.08) 73.4 (1.03) 72.5 (1.32) 72.2 (1.69) 34,476 14,798
Urban 33.2 (0.61) 8.7 (0.21) 3.3 (0.10) 26.6 (1.03) 27.5 (1.32) 27.8 (1.69) 16,147 5,359

Mombasa 27.0 (2.49) 5.7 (0.68) 1.8 (0.29) 1.7 (0.29) 1.4 (0.27) 1.2 (0.26) 1,278 345
Kwale 51.1 (2.53) 14.9 (1.04) 6.4 (0.65) 2.3 (0.34) 2.7 (0.53) 3.1 (0.85) 922 471
Kilifi 53.0 (2.79) 14.5 (1.00) 5.3 (0.51) 4.1 (0.46) 4.4 (0.57) 4.3 (0.67) 1,548 821
Tana River 66.7 (2.99) 22.1 (1.40) 9.8 (0.82) 1.1 (0.15) 1.5 (0.25) 1.7 (0.34) 337 225
Lamu 35.6 (2.79) 7.7 (0.81) 2.5 (0.34) 0.3 (0.05) 0.2 (0.05) 0.2 (0.05) 148 53
The Kenya Poverty Report 2022

Taita/Taveta 39.3 (2.70) 7.6 (0.70) 2.2 (0.29) 0.7 (0.09) 0.5 (0.08) 0.4 (0.07) 359 141
Annex

Garissa 67.8 (2.99) 22.8 (1.45) 10.4 (0.92) 3.0 (0.41) 4.0 (0.73) 4.8 (1.12) 896 607
Wajir 64.7 (2.63) 19.2 (1.10) 7.7 (0.65) 2.7 (0.34) 3.1 (0.44) 3.3 (0.55) 832 539
Mandera 72.9 (2.46) 24.9 (1.25) 11.3 (0.75) 3.3 (0.30) 4.5 (0.42) 5.4 (0.65) 924 674
Marsabit 66.1 (2.58) 24.7 (1.29) 11.7 (0.80) 1.6 (0.16) 2.3 (0.32) 2.9 (0.49) 480 317
Isiolo 55.6 (2.71) 16.0 (1.07) 6.4 (0.59) 0.8 (0.09) 0.9 (0.14) 0.9 (0.17) 283 157
Meru 34.1 (2.46) 7.1 (0.71) 2.4 (0.36) 2.8 (0.39) 2.3 (0.39) 2.0 (0.40) 1,647 562
Tharaka-Nithi 36.1 (2.31) 9.1 (0.80) 3.6 (0.47) 0.8 (0.15) 0.7 (0.18) 0.8 (0.23) 420 151
Embu 24.3 (2.04) 4.1 (0.44) 1.0 (0.15) 0.8 (0.12) 0.5 (0.09) 0.3 (0.07) 650 158
Kitui 58.3 (2.36) 14.6 (0.86) 5.3 (0.44) 3.5 (0.40) 3.5 (0.42) 3.3 (0.48) 1,213 707
Machakos 38.3 (2.44) 7.0 (0.59) 1.9 (0.21) 2.9 (0.31) 2.1 (0.28) 1.5 (0.24) 1,516 580
Makueni 44.7 (2.39) 9.8 (0.70) 3.1 (0.30) 2.3 (0.32) 2.0 (0.40) 1.7 (0.42) 1,049 469
Nyandarua 34.5 (2.47) 7.1 (0.69) 2.2 (0.31) 1.2 (0.15) 0.9 (0.15) 0.8 (0.15) 682 235
Nyeri 26.0 (2.27) 5.5 (0.61) 1.7 (0.24) 1.0 (0.20) 0.9 (0.19) 0.7 (0.16) 805 210
Kirinyaga 23.1 (2.03) 4.2 (0.47) 1.1 (0.18) 0.7 (0.14) 0.5 (0.11) 0.4 (0.08) 650 150
Murang'a 30.1 (2.37) 5.6 (0.60) 1.7 (0.25) 1.7 (0.21) 1.2 (0.21) 1.0 (0.20) 1,131 340
Kiambu 19.9 (2.03) 4.0 (0.50) 1.1 (0.19) 2.5 (0.43) 2.0 (0.41) 1.5 (0.36) 2,579 513
Annex Table A1: Overall poverty rates (individuals) by residence and county , 2022 (Continued)
Head- Contribution to Poverty
Poverty Severity Number
Residence / count (Std. (Std. (Std. Individu- (Std. Individu- (Std. Individu- (Std. Population
Gap (%) of Poverty of Poor
County Rate (%) errors) errors) errors) errors) als Pα=1 errors) errors) ('000)
Pα=1 (%) Pα=2 als Pα=0 als Pα=2 ('000)
Pα=0
West Pokot 60.1 (2.58) 18.3 (1.13) 8.0 (0.74) 2.0 (0.21) 2.4 (0.38) 2.7 (0.64) 665 399
Samburu 71.9 (2.72) 29.1 (1.58) 15.3 (1.14) 1.2 (0.13) 1.9 (0.24) 2.6 (0.40) 329 236
Trans Nzoia 37.3 (2.85) 9.4 (0.99) 3.7 (0.51) 2.0 (0.32) 1.9 (0.43) 2.0 (0.55) 1,058 395
Uasin Gishu 39.9 (2.44) 10.5 (0.83) 3.9 (0.42) 2.4 (0.38) 2.5 (0.40) 2.5 (0.44) 1,235 492
Elgeyo/Marakwet 53.0 (2.57) 13.6 (0.94) 5.2 (0.47) 1.3 (0.13) 1.3 (0.18) 1.3 (0.22) 486 258
Nandi 39.1 (2.44) 8.0 (0.69) 2.6 (0.31) 1.8 (0.31) 1.5 (0.28) 1.3 (0.28) 949 371
Baringo 46.9 (2.44) 11.0 (0.85) 4.2 (0.54) 1.7 (0.19) 1.5 (0.32) 1.5 (0.59) 712 334
Laikipia 38.0 (2.50) 8.9 (0.79) 3.1 (0.37) 1.0 (0.17) 1.0 (0.23) 0.9 (0.27) 548 208
Nakuru 38.2 (2.35) 7.3 (0.63) 2.3 (0.28) 4.3 (0.53) 3.3 (0.55) 2.7 (0.53) 2,283 872
Narok 26.2 (2.17) 5.2 (0.55) 1.5 (0.22) 1.6 (0.22) 1.3 (0.21) 1.0 (0.19) 1,232 323
Kajiado 37.3 (2.46) 10.1 (0.84) 3.7 (0.41) 2.2 (0.33) 2.3 (0.37) 2.3 (0.39) 1,187 443
Kericho 47.8 (2.46) 9.7 (0.66) 2.7 (0.26) 2.3 (0.22) 1.8 (0.23) 1.4 (0.21) 964 461
Bomet 47.1 (2.39) 11.0 (0.77) 3.8 (0.38) 2.2 (0.29) 2.0 (0.36) 1.8 (0.38) 938 441
Kakamega 38.2 (2.33) 8.1 (0.67) 2.6 (0.30) 3.8 (0.36) 3.2 (0.40) 2.7 (0.44) 1,999 764
Vihiga 47.9 (2.42) 12.8 (0.87) 4.8 (0.44) 1.5 (0.14) 1.6 (0.20) 1.6 (0.27) 631 302
Bungoma 49.2 (2.54) 11.0 (0.82) 3.8 (0.41) 4.4 (0.45) 3.8 (0.47) 3.5 (0.58) 1,787 880
Busia 52.7 (2.36) 17.1 (1.01) 7.5 (0.59) 2.5 (0.18) 3.2 (0.34) 3.7 (0.52) 953 502
Siaya 38.3 (2.27) 9.7 (0.76) 3.6 (0.38) 2.0 (0.18) 2.0 (0.29) 1.9 (0.40) 1,062 407
Kisumu 39.0 (2.42) 7.4 (0.63) 2.1 (0.27) 2.4 (0.25) 1.8 (0.19) 1.4 (0.17) 1,226 478
Homa Bay 28.2 (2.22) 6.5 (0.66) 2.2 (0.28) 1.7 (0.29) 1.5 (0.35) 1.4 (0.38) 1,208 340
Migori 45.7 (2.43) 10.4 (0.76) 3.5 (0.38) 2.7 (0.32) 2.4 (0.33) 2.1 (0.41) 1,189 543
Kisii 32.9 (2.42) 8.3 (0.78) 3.0 (0.37) 2.2 (0.34) 2.2 (0.40) 2.1 (0.43) 1,353 445
Nyamira 38.8 (2.42) 9.1 (0.74) 3.1 (0.35) 1.2 (0.15) 1.2 (0.16) 1.0 (0.16) 648 252
Nairobi City 16.5 (1.88) 3.9 (0.57) 1.4 (0.28) 3.8 (0.81) 3.5 (1.03) 3.4 (1.30) 4,646 767
The Kenya Poverty Report 2022
71
 72

Annex Table A2: Overall poverty rates (adulteq) by residence and county, 2022

Contribution to Poverty
Head-
Poverty Severity Individu- (Std. Individu- (Std. Individu- (Std. Number
Residence / count (Std. (Std. (Std. Population
Gap (%) of Poverty errors) als Pα=1 errors) errors) of Poor
County Rate (%) errors) errors) errors) als Pα=0 als Pα=2 ('000)
Pα=1 (%) Pα=2 ('000)
Pα=0

National 39.5 (0.37) 10.0 (0.12) 3.8 (0.07) 100.0 0.00 100.0 0.00 100.0 0.00 40,453 15,993

Rural 43.0 (0.45) 10.8 (0.16) 4.0 (0.08) 72.8 (1.05) 71.9 (1.33) 71.7 (1.69) 27,098 11,649
Urban 32.5 (0.60) 8.5 (0.20) 3.2 (0.10) 27.2 (1.05) 28.1 (1.33) 28.3 (1.69) 13,354 4,344

Mombasa 27.0 (2.49) 5.8 (0.68) 1.8 (0.29) 2.0 (0.33) 1.7 (0.32) 1.4 (0.31) 1,165 315
Kwale 51.3 (2.53) 15.4 (1.06) 6.8 (0.67) 2.0 (0.29) 2.4 (0.48) 2.8 (0.79) 622 319
Kilifi 53.7 (2.78) 14.8 (1.01) 5.5 (0.51) 3.6 (0.39) 4.0 (0.50) 3.9 (0.59) 1,081 580
Tana River 67.4 (2.97) 22.7 (1.40) 10.0 (0.81) 1.1 (0.15) 1.5 (0.24) 1.8 (0.33) 271 183
Lamu 36.5 (2.80) 7.9 (0.82) 2.6 (0.35) 0.3 (0.05) 0.3 (0.06) 0.2 (0.06) 130 48
The Kenya Poverty Report 2022

Taita/Taveta 39.9 (2.70) 7.7 (0.71) 2.2 (0.30) 0.8 (0.10) 0.6 (0.09) 0.5 (0.08) 307 122
Garissa 68.1 (2.98) 23.4 (1.48) 10.9 (0.95) 2.7 (0.36) 3.7 (0.70) 4.5 (1.12) 638 434
Wajir 65.9 (2.61) 19.6 (1.11) 7.9 (0.65) 2.4 (0.31) 2.9 (0.40) 3.1 (0.51) 594 391
Mandera 74.8 (2.40) 26.3 (1.26) 12.1 (0.77) 3.1 (0.27) 4.3 (0.40) 5.3 (0.63) 668 499
Marsabit 67.4 (2.56) 25.3 (1.29) 12.0 (0.80) 1.4 (0.14) 2.1 (0.29) 2.6 (0.44) 338 228
Isiolo 55.8 (2.71) 16.3 (1.08) 6.5 (0.60) 0.7 (0.08) 0.8 (0.13) 0.9 (0.16) 206 115
Meru 34.1 (2.46) 7.4 (0.74) 2.6 (0.38) 2.9 (0.39) 2.5 (0.41) 2.3 (0.44) 1,378 470
Tharaka-Nithi 36.6 (2.32) 9.3 (0.81) 3.7 (0.47) 0.8 (0.15) 0.8 (0.18) 0.8 (0.23) 334 122
Embu 24.1 (2.04) 4.0 (0.44) 1.0 (0.15) 0.8 (0.12) 0.5 (0.09) 0.3 (0.07) 524 126
Kitui 58.5 (2.35) 14.8 (0.86) 5.4 (0.45) 3.5 (0.39) 3.5 (0.42) 3.4 (0.50) 969 566
Machakos 39.1 (2.45) 7.2 (0.60) 1.9 (0.22) 3.1 (0.32) 2.2 (0.29) 1.6 (0.25) 1,258 491
Makueni 45.4 (2.39) 10.0 (0.70) 3.1 (0.30) 2.6 (0.36) 2.3 (0.45) 1.9 (0.48) 912 414
Nyandarua 35.1 (2.48) 7.2 (0.69) 2.3 (0.31) 1.2 (0.16) 1.0 (0.16) 0.8 (0.16) 547 192
Nyeri 25.5 (2.25) 5.4 (0.61) 1.7 (0.24) 1.0 (0.19) 0.8 (0.18) 0.7 (0.16) 630 161
Kirinyaga 24.2 (2.06) 4.4 (0.47) 1.2 (0.18) 0.7 (0.13) 0.5 (0.10) 0.4 (0.08) 471 114
Murang'a 30.8 (2.38) 5.9 (0.62) 1.8 (0.26) 1.8 (0.21) 1.4 (0.22) 1.1 (0.22) 937 289
Annex Table A2: Overall poverty rates (adulteq) by residence and county, 2022 (Continued)

Head- Contribution to Poverty

Poverty Severity Number
Residence / count (Std. (Std. (Std. Individu- (Std. Individu- (Std. Individu- (Std. Population
Gap (%) of Poverty of Poor
County Rate (%) errors) errors) errors) errors) als Pα=1 errors) errors) ('000)
Pα=1 (%) Pα=2 als Pα=0 als Pα=2 ('000)
Pα=0
Turkana 83.5 (1.99) 35.8 (1.27) 18.5 (0.92) 3.2 (0.36) 5.5 (0.72) 7.5 (1.10) 620 517
West Pokot 60.4 (2.57) 18.3 (1.13) 8.0 (0.74) 2.0 (0.21) 2.4 (0.38) 2.8 (0.62) 538 325
Samburu 72.0 (2.72) 29.1 (1.59) 15.4 (1.14) 1.0 (0.12) 1.7 (0.22) 2.3 (0.37) 232 167
Trans Nzoia 37.1 (2.84) 9.6 (1.00) 3.8 (0.52) 2.0 (0.32) 2.0 (0.45) 2.1 (0.58) 845 313
Uasin Gishu 39.6 (2.44) 10.2 (0.81) 3.7 (0.41) 2.8 (0.44) 2.8 (0.44) 2.7 (0.48) 1,125 445
Elgeyo/Marakwet 52.3 (2.57) 13.4 (0.93) 5.1 (0.47) 1.3 (0.13) 1.4 (0.18) 1.4 (0.22) 410 214
Nandi 39.9 (2.45) 8.3 (0.70) 2.6 (0.32) 1.6 (0.26) 1.3 (0.24) 1.1 (0.24) 629 251
Baringo 46.8 (2.44) 11.2 (0.86) 4.4 (0.56) 1.3 (0.14) 1.2 (0.25) 1.3 (0.49) 438 205
Laikipia 37.4 (2.49) 8.9 (0.80) 3.2 (0.38) 1.0 (0.17) 1.0 (0.23) 0.9 (0.27) 435 163
Nakuru 38.6 (2.35) 7.5 (0.65) 2.3 (0.29) 4.6 (0.56) 3.5 (0.59) 2.9 (0.58) 1,918 741
Narok 27.3 (2.20) 5.5 (0.57) 1.6 (0.23) 1.5 (0.22) 1.2 (0.21) 1.0 (0.19) 904 246
Kajiado 37.7 (2.46) 10.4 (0.85) 3.9 (0.43) 2.0 (0.28) 2.1 (0.33) 2.1 (0.36) 834 314
Kericho 48.0 (2.46) 9.7 (0.66) 2.7 (0.26) 2.6 (0.25) 2.0 (0.26) 1.5 (0.23) 851 408
Bomet 47.5 (2.39) 11.3 (0.78) 4.0 (0.39) 2.1 (0.27) 2.0 (0.35) 1.9 (0.39) 715 339
Kakamega 38.8 (2.34) 8.4 (0.68) 2.7 (0.31) 4.0 (0.37) 3.4 (0.42) 2.9 (0.47) 1,640 636
Vihiga 48.4 (2.42) 13.1 (0.88) 5.0 (0.45) 1.4 (0.12) 1.5 (0.18) 1.5 (0.25) 455 220
Bungoma 50.2 (2.54) 11.5 (0.83) 4.0 (0.42) 4.9 (0.50) 4.4 (0.53) 4.1 (0.65) 1,569 788
Busia 53.2 (2.36) 17.4 (1.02) 7.6 (0.59) 2.5 (0.17) 3.3 (0.34) 3.8 (0.54) 760 404
Siaya 37.9 (2.27) 9.8 (0.77) 3.6 (0.39) 2.0 (0.17) 2.0 (0.29) 2.0 (0.41) 825 313
Kisumu 39.7 (2.43) 7.7 (0.64) 2.3 (0.28) 2.7 (0.29) 2.1 (0.23) 1.6 (0.22) 1,108 439
Homa Bay 28.4 (2.23) 6.6 (0.67) 2.3 (0.29) 1.8 (0.30) 1.7 (0.38) 1.5 (0.41) 1,033 294
Migori 46.8 (2.43) 10.8 (0.77) 3.7 (0.39) 2.5 (0.29) 2.3 (0.31) 2.0 (0.39) 851 399
Kisii 33.2 (2.43) 8.5 (0.79) 3.0 (0.37) 2.2 (0.32) 2.2 (0.38) 2.1 (0.42) 1,046 347
Nyamira 38.8 (2.42) 9.1 (0.74) 3.1 (0.35) 1.3 (0.16) 1.2 (0.17) 1.1 (0.17) 547 212
Nairobi City 16.9 (1.90) 4.0 (0.58) 1.5 (0.29) 4.1 (0.84) 3.8 (1.11) 3.8 (1.41) 3,901 659
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Annex Table A3: Overall poverty rates (households) by residence and county, 2022

Contribution to Poverty
Head-
Poverty Severity Individu- (Std. Individu- (Std. Individu- (Std. Number
Residence / count (Std. (Std. (Std. Population
Gap (%) of Poverty errors) als Pα=1 errors) errors) of Poor
County Rate (%) errors) errors) errors) als Pα=0 als Pα=2 ('000)
Pα=1 (%) Pα=2 ('000)
Pα=0

National 33.5 (0.35) 8.4 (0.12) 3.2 (0.06) 100.0 0.00 100.0 0.00 100.0 0.00 13,019 4,359

Rural 38.2 (0.45) 9.6 (0.15) 3.7 (0.08) 64.7 (1.13) 63.1 (1.62) 61.2 (2.34) 7,901 3,017
Urban 26.2 (0.57) 6.6 (0.18) 2.4 (0.09) 35.3 (1.13) 36.9 (1.62) 38.8 (2.34) 5,118 1,343

Mombasa 21.4 (2.30) 4.3 (0.60) 1.3 (0.25) 2.5 (0.38) 2.8 (0.51) 3.1 (0.68) 406 87
Kwale 40.3 (2.48) 11.5 (0.96) 4.9 (0.58) 1.4 (0.21) 1.6 (0.34) 1.8 (0.56) 186 75
Kilifi 48.5 (2.79) 13.0 (0.98) 4.8 (0.51) 3.6 (0.39) 3.9 (0.55) 3.8 (0.69) 321 155
Tana River 60.5 (3.10) 19.3 (1.35) 8.3 (0.76) 0.9 (0.14) 1.1 (0.22) 1.2 (0.28) 73 44
Lamu 30.2 (2.67) 6.8 (0.78) 2.3 (0.33) 0.3 (0.05) 0.4 (0.07) 0.5 (0.10) 40 12
The Kenya Poverty Report 2022

Taita/Taveta 39.1 (2.69) 8.4 (0.79) 2.7 (0.36) 1.1 (0.12) 1.1 (0.13) 1.1 (0.18) 103 40
Garissa 66.4 (3.02) 22.0 (1.45) 10.0 (0.91) 2.2 (0.37) 2.3 (0.46) 2.3 (0.51) 152 101
Wajir 62.3 (2.66) 18.3 (1.12) 7.5 (0.65) 1.7 (0.24) 2.1 (0.40) 2.3 (0.54) 137 86
Mandera 73.9 (2.43) 25.3 (1.26) 11.6 (0.77) 2.4 (0.19) 3.0 (0.26) 3.0 (0.33) 135 100
Marsabit 66.4 (2.58) 25.0 (1.31) 12.0 (0.81) 1.3 (0.16) 1.6 (0.29) 1.6 (0.39) 83 55
Isiolo 48.6 (2.73) 13.8 (1.04) 5.6 (0.58) 0.6 (0.08) 0.6 (0.11) 0.5 (0.13) 61 30
Meru 33.7 (2.45) 8.1 (0.81) 3.1 (0.47) 2.9 (0.46) 3.6 (0.67) 4.4 (1.20) 457 154
Tharaka-Nithi 33.2 (2.27) 8.6 (0.79) 3.4 (0.44) 1.0 (0.17) 1.0 (0.23) 1.1 (0.29) 118 39
Embu 21.4 (1.96) 3.5 (0.42) 0.9 (0.15) 1.1 (0.16) 0.7 (0.14) 0.4 (0.11) 196 42
Kitui 49.9 (2.39) 13.0 (0.85) 4.9 (0.44) 2.6 (0.31) 2.6 (0.43) 2.5 (0.52) 282 141
Machakos 33.0 (2.36) 5.9 (0.56) 1.6 (0.20) 3.6 (0.39) 2.7 (0.39) 1.9 (0.39) 432 142
Makueni 38.5 (2.34) 8.1 (0.64) 2.5 (0.26) 2.0 (0.30) 1.6 (0.33) 1.2 (0.31) 263 101
Nyandarua 34.1 (2.46) 7.4 (0.72) 2.5 (0.33) 1.4 (0.21) 1.3 (0.22) 1.1 (0.23) 193 66
Nyeri 18.6 (2.01) 3.9 (0.54) 1.2 (0.22) 0.9 (0.17) 0.7 (0.15) 0.6 (0.17) 265 49
Kirinyaga 22.7 (2.02) 3.9 (0.45) 1.0 (0.17) 1.0 (0.22) 0.6 (0.16) 0.3 (0.10) 219 50
Murang'a 28.2 (2.32) 5.7 (0.63) 1.8 (0.29) 2.2 (0.24) 2.0 (0.39) 2.0 (0.74) 342 96
Annex Table A3: Overall poverty rates (households) by residence and county, 2022 (Continued)

Head- Contribution to Poverty

Poverty Severity Number
Residence / count (Std. (Std. (Std. Individu- (Std. Individu- (Std. Individu- (Std. Population
Gap (%) of Poverty of Poor
County Rate (%) errors) errors) α=2 errors) errors) als Pα=1 errors) errors) ('000)
Pα=1 (%) P als Pα=0 als Pα=2 ('000)
Pα=0
Turkana 82.4 (2.04) 35.5 (1.29) 18.4 (0.93) 3.3 (0.39) 4.5 (0.61) 5.3 (0.82) 176 145
West Pokot 55.2 (2.62) 17.5 (1.16) 7.9 (0.78) 1.7 (0.19) 2.1 (0.39) 2.5 (0.67) 125 69
Samburu 64.1 (2.90) 25.8 (1.60) 13.6 (1.15) 1.0 (0.12) 1.5 (0.21) 2.0 (0.33) 70 45
Trans Nzoia 33.5 (2.78) 8.5 (0.96) 3.4 (0.50) 1.8 (0.34) 1.8 (0.47) 1.8 (0.63) 240 80
Uasin Gishu 36.2 (2.40) 9.9 (0.84) 3.8 (0.46) 3.0 (0.44) 3.2 (0.47) 3.3 (0.59) 327 118
Elgeyo/Marakwet 50.5 (2.57) 12.4 (0.89) 4.5 (0.44) 0.9 (0.09) 0.9 (0.11) 0.7 (0.11) 107 54
Nandi 35.2 (2.39) 7.4 (0.68) 2.4 (0.31) 1.6 (0.24) 1.4 (0.40) 1.3 (0.53) 214 76
Baringo 34.3 (2.32) 7.9 (0.76) 3.0 (0.49) 1.1 (0.14) 1.0 (0.26) 1.0 (0.53) 153 52
Laikipia 32.5 (2.41) 7.6 (0.75) 2.7 (0.36) 1.2 (0.13) 1.2 (0.20) 1.2 (0.28) 159 52
Nakuru 30.1 (2.21) 6.1 (0.62) 2.0 (0.30) 4.4 (0.49) 4.0 (0.63) 4.1 (1.15) 656 198
Narok 23.9 (2.11) 5.3 (0.59) 1.7 (0.28) 1.8 (0.23) 1.3 (0.24) 1.0 (0.26) 258 62
Kajiado 35.3 (2.43) 10.2 (0.89) 4.1 (0.48) 3.2 (0.27) 3.8 (0.49) 4.3 (0.87) 339 120
Kericho 44.0 (2.45) 9.3 (0.68) 2.7 (0.27) 1.9 (0.19) 1.3 (0.14) 0.9 (0.15) 221 97
Bomet 42.8 (2.37) 10.1 (0.75) 3.5 (0.37) 2.0 (0.23) 1.5 (0.24) 1.2 (0.24) 202 86
Kakamega 34.9 (2.28) 7.7 (0.68) 2.6 (0.31) 3.5 (0.38) 3.0 (0.46) 2.6 (0.53) 465 162
Vihiga 43.8 (2.41) 11.9 (0.87) 4.6 (0.45) 1.6 (0.16) 1.8 (0.25) 1.8 (0.31) 154 67
Bungoma 47.5 (2.54) 11.8 (0.89) 4.5 (0.47) 4.0 (0.42) 3.7 (0.58) 3.4 (0.73) 385 183
Busia 47.1 (2.36) 15.2 (0.99) 6.7 (0.58) 2.4 (0.22) 2.9 (0.41) 3.2 (0.64) 213 100
Siaya 31.0 (2.16) 7.8 (0.70) 2.8 (0.34) 1.5 (0.20) 1.3 (0.27) 1.1 (0.31) 269 83
Kisumu 38.2 (2.41) 8.1 (0.70) 2.6 (0.35) 3.1 (0.22) 3.0 (0.32) 3.1 (0.49) 322 123
Homa Bay 29.4 (2.25) 6.6 (0.65) 2.2 (0.28) 2.1 (0.30) 1.7 (0.32) 1.5 (0.41) 281 83
Migori 38.7 (2.37) 8.4 (0.69) 2.7 (0.33) 1.8 (0.21) 1.5 (0.28) 1.2 (0.35) 258 100
Kisii 31.8 (2.40) 8.5 (0.81) 3.2 (0.39) 2.9 (0.34) 2.7 (0.40) 2.6 (0.49) 331 105
Nyamira 36.4 (2.39) 8.6 (0.74) 3.0 (0.37) 1.3 (0.15) 1.2 (0.15) 1.1 (0.16) 162 59
Nairobi City 13.4 (1.72) 3.0 (0.52) 1.1 (0.26) 6.3 (0.96) 7.3 (1.62) 8.6 (2.38) 1,614 216
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Annex Table B1: Food poverty rates (individuals) by residence and county , 2022

Contribution to Poverty
Head-
Poverty Severity Individu- (Std. Individu- (Std. Individu- (Std. Number
Residence / count (Std. (Std. (Std. Population
Gap (%) of Poverty errors) als Pα=1 errors) errors) of Poor
County Rate (%) errors) errors) α=2 errors) als Pα=0 als Pα=2 ('000)
Pα=1 (%) P ('000)
Pα=0

National 31.7 (0.35) 7.3 (0.11) 2.7 (0.06) 100.0 0.00 100.0 0.00 100.0 0.00 50,623 16,062

Rural 33.2 (0.43) 7.5 (0.13) 2.7 (0.07) 71.3 (1.14) 69.9 (1.56) 69.3 (2.17) 34,476 11,450
Urban 28.6 (0.58) 6.9 (0.19) 2.6 (0.10) 28.7 (1.14) 30.1 (1.56) 30.7 (2.17) 16,147 4,613

Mombasa 25.9 (2.46) 6.4 (0.79) 2.4 (0.40) 2.1 (0.34) 2.2 (0.41) 2.3 (0.46) 1,278 331
Kwale 36.3 (2.43) 9.8 (0.89) 4.1 (0.53) 2.1 (0.32) 2.4 (0.54) 2.8 (0.90) 922 335
Kilifi 46.3 (2.78) 11.7 (0.95) 4.3 (0.47) 4.5 (0.53) 4.9 (0.76) 4.9 (0.95) 1,548 717
Tana River 46.3 (3.16) 13.8 (1.24) 5.7 (0.70) 1.0 (0.15) 1.2 (0.26) 1.4 (0.35) 337 156
Lamu 30.1 (2.67) 8.7 (0.98) 3.6 (0.55) 0.3 (0.05) 0.3 (0.08) 0.4 (0.11) 148 45
The Kenya Poverty Report 2022

Taita/Taveta 34.6 (2.63) 7.4 (0.75) 2.4 (0.36) 0.8 (0.11) 0.7 (0.10) 0.6 (0.10) 359 124
Garissa 51.2 (3.20) 12.2 (1.05) 4.2 (0.51) 2.9 (0.48) 2.9 (0.61) 2.8 (0.64) 896 458
Wajir 45.6 (2.74) 11.5 (0.98) 4.5 (0.52) 2.4 (0.32) 2.6 (0.43) 2.8 (0.59) 832 380
Mandera 60.4 (2.70) 17.9 (1.03) 6.6 (0.52) 3.5 (0.28) 4.4 (0.41) 4.6 (0.53) 924 558
Marsabit 54.4 (2.72) 15.2 (1.01) 5.7 (0.51) 1.6 (0.19) 2.0 (0.31) 2.0 (0.42) 480 261
Isiolo 35.7 (2.62) 8.2 (0.82) 2.9 (0.44) 0.6 (0.09) 0.6 (0.12) 0.6 (0.16) 283 101
Meru 21.1 (2.12) 5.4 (0.70) 2.1 (0.41) 2.2 (0.31) 2.4 (0.38) 2.6 (0.52) 1,647 348
Tharaka-Nithi 32.5 (2.25) 8.3 (0.80) 3.4 (0.49) 0.8 (0.18) 0.9 (0.27) 1.1 (0.36) 420 136
Embu 23.7 (2.03) 3.1 (0.38) 0.7 (0.13) 1.0 (0.14) 0.5 (0.11) 0.3 (0.09) 650 154
Kitui 37.7 (2.32) 8.7 (0.72) 3.0 (0.35) 2.9 (0.33) 2.8 (0.43) 2.7 (0.57) 1,213 458
Machakos 31.8 (2.34) 5.8 (0.55) 1.5 (0.20) 3.0 (0.36) 2.4 (0.39) 1.7 (0.35) 1,516 482
Makueni 33.2 (2.26) 6.4 (0.57) 1.8 (0.21) 2.2 (0.40) 1.8 (0.48) 1.4 (0.47) 1,049 348
Nyandarua 26.5 (2.29) 5.7 (0.61) 1.7 (0.25) 1.1 (0.19) 1.1 (0.19) 0.9 (0.18) 682 181
Nyeri 18.2 (1.99) 3.0 (0.44) 0.8 (0.19) 0.9 (0.19) 0.7 (0.13) 0.5 (0.10) 805 147
Kirinyaga 20.3 (1.94) 2.9 (0.36) 0.6 (0.11) 0.8 (0.19) 0.5 (0.15) 0.3 (0.10) 650 132
Murang'a 26.3 (2.27) 4.6 (0.56) 1.4 (0.29) 1.9 (0.23) 1.4 (0.25) 1.2 (0.30) 1,131 297
Annex Table B1: Food poverty rates (individuals) by residence and county , 2022 (Continued)

Head- Contribution to Poverty

Poverty Severity Number
Residence / count (Std. (Std. (Std. Individu- (Std. Individu- (Std. Individu- (Std. Population
Gap (%) of Poverty of Poor
County Rate (%) errors) errors) errors) errors) als Pα=1 errors) errors) ('000)
Pα=1 (%) Pα=2 als Pα=0 als Pα=2 ('000)
Pα=0
Turkana 64.3 (2.56) 20.4 (1.17) 8.9 (0.73) 4.0 (0.51) 5.4 (0.78) 6.5 (1.05) 989 636
West Pokot 49.3 (2.63) 14.3 (1.10) 6.4 (0.74) 2.0 (0.27) 2.6 (0.54) 3.1 (0.99) 665 327
Samburu 56.7 (3.00) 20.6 (1.44) 9.9 (0.95) 1.2 (0.14) 1.8 (0.26) 2.4 (0.40) 329 186
Trans Nzoia 28.3 (2.65) 6.8 (0.86) 2.6 (0.51) 1.9 (0.38) 1.9 (0.54) 2.1 (0.79) 1,058 299
Uasin Gishu 35.3 (2.38) 8.4 (0.76) 3.0 (0.38) 2.7 (0.43) 2.8 (0.45) 2.8 (0.49) 1,235 436
Elgeyo/Marakwet 36.9 (2.48) 8.4 (0.74) 2.8 (0.30) 1.1 (0.11) 1.1 (0.16) 1.0 (0.19) 486 180
Nandi 32.2 (2.34) 6.9 (0.72) 2.5 (0.40) 1.9 (0.32) 1.7 (0.54) 1.8 (0.80) 949 306
Baringo 36.3 (2.36) 7.8 (0.77) 3.1 (0.53) 1.6 (0.20) 1.5 (0.39) 1.6 (0.82) 712 259
Laikipia 30.5 (2.37) 6.9 (0.73) 2.5 (0.40) 1.0 (0.17) 1.0 (0.22) 1.0 (0.27) 548 168
Nakuru 26.5 (2.13) 5.0 (0.54) 1.5 (0.27) 3.8 (0.53) 3.1 (0.48) 2.5 (0.52) 2,283 605
Narok 27.5 (2.21) 4.8 (0.53) 1.4 (0.21) 2.1 (0.29) 1.6 (0.31) 1.2 (0.32) 1,232 339
Kajiado 33.2 (2.39) 8.5 (0.78) 3.1 (0.40) 2.5 (0.30) 2.7 (0.36) 2.7 (0.43) 1,187 394
Kericho 31.5 (2.29) 4.7 (0.48) 1.2 (0.19) 1.9 (0.21) 1.2 (0.15) 0.8 (0.13) 964 304
Bomet 38.1 (2.33) 7.4 (0.65) 2.4 (0.29) 2.2 (0.31) 1.9 (0.34) 1.7 (0.36) 938 357
Kakamega 29.8 (2.19) 6.1 (0.60) 1.9 (0.27) 3.7 (0.48) 3.3 (0.53) 2.9 (0.64) 1,999 597
Vihiga 41.3 (2.39) 11.2 (0.85) 4.3 (0.44) 1.6 (0.17) 1.9 (0.28) 2.0 (0.37) 631 260
Bungoma 35.0 (2.42) 7.4 (0.72) 2.5 (0.34) 3.9 (0.41) 3.6 (0.55) 3.4 (0.74) 1,787 625
Busia 45.1 (2.36) 13.5 (0.94) 5.7 (0.55) 2.7 (0.24) 3.5 (0.44) 4.1 (0.72) 953 429
Siaya 24.6 (2.02) 5.2 (0.58) 1.8 (0.26) 1.6 (0.24) 1.5 (0.35) 1.4 (0.45) 1,062 261
Kisumu 31.5 (2.31) 5.9 (0.63) 2.0 (0.32) 2.4 (0.19) 2.0 (0.18) 1.8 (0.23) 1,226 386
Homa Bay 27.9 (2.22) 5.3 (0.58) 1.6 (0.28) 2.1 (0.33) 1.7 (0.35) 1.5 (0.39) 1,208 337
Migori 31.6 (2.27) 6.0 (0.62) 2.0 (0.31) 2.3 (0.32) 1.9 (0.37) 1.7 (0.47) 1,189 376
Kisii 32.3 (2.41) 7.2 (0.75) 2.6 (0.39) 2.7 (0.38) 2.6 (0.47) 2.6 (0.57) 1,353 437
Nyamira 31.6 (2.31) 6.7 (0.65) 2.2 (0.30) 1.3 (0.17) 1.2 (0.16) 1.0 (0.16) 648 205
Nairobi City 15.8 (1.85) 4.3 (0.66) 1.9 (0.38) 4.6 (0.85) 5.4 (1.44) 6.5 (2.21) 4,646 733
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Annex Table B2: Food poverty rates (adulteq) by residence and county, 2022

Contribution to Poverty
Head-
Poverty Severity Individu- (Std. Individu- (Std. Individu- (Std. Number
Residence / count (Std. (Std. (Std. Population
Gap (%) of Poverty errors) als Pα=1 errors) errors) of Poor
County Rate (%) errors) errors) α=2 errors) als Pα=0 als Pα=2 ('000)
Pα=1 (%) P ('000)
Pα=0

National 32.1 (0.35) 7.5 (0.11) 2.7 (0.06) 100.0 0.00 100.0 0.00 100.0 0.00 40,453 12,975

Rural 33.8 (0.43) 7.7 (0.13) 2.7 (0.07) 70.5 (1.16) 69.0 (1.59) 68.0 (2.20) 27,098 9,151
Urban 28.6 (0.58) 7.0 (0.19) 2.6 (0.10) 29.5 (1.16) 31.0 (1.59) 32.0 (2.20) 13,354 3,824

Mombasa 26.1 (2.47) 6.6 (0.81) 2.5 (0.41) 2.3 (0.39) 2.6 (0.47) 2.7 (0.55) 1,165 304
Kwale 37.1 (2.44) 10.3 (0.92) 4.3 (0.55) 1.8 (0.28) 2.1 (0.48) 2.5 (0.82) 622 231
Kilifi 47.7 (2.79) 12.2 (0.97) 4.5 (0.49) 4.0 (0.46) 4.4 (0.68) 4.4 (0.86) 1,081 515
Tana River 47.5 (3.16) 14.2 (1.24) 5.8 (0.70) 1.0 (0.15) 1.3 (0.25) 1.5 (0.34) 271 129
Lamu 31.1 (2.70) 9.0 (0.99) 3.7 (0.57) 0.3 (0.06) 0.4 (0.09) 0.4 (0.12) 130 41
The Kenya Poverty Report 2022

Taita/Taveta 35.0 (2.63) 7.5 (0.76) 2.5 (0.38) 0.8 (0.11) 0.8 (0.10) 0.7 (0.11) 307 107
Garissa 53.0 (3.20) 13.2 (1.09) 4.7 (0.55) 2.6 (0.44) 2.8 (0.59) 2.7 (0.63) 638 338
Wajir 47.1 (2.74) 12.0 (1.00) 4.7 (0.52) 2.2 (0.30) 2.4 (0.39) 2.6 (0.53) 594 279
Mandera 64.2 (2.65) 19.6 (1.04) 7.4 (0.54) 3.3 (0.27) 4.3 (0.40) 4.5 (0.52) 668 429
Marsabit 56.4 (2.71) 15.7 (1.01) 5.9 (0.51) 1.5 (0.16) 1.8 (0.27) 1.8 (0.36) 338 191
Isiolo 37.0 (2.64) 8.4 (0.83) 3.0 (0.45) 0.6 (0.08) 0.6 (0.11) 0.6 (0.14) 206 76
Meru 21.9 (2.14) 5.7 (0.73) 2.3 (0.44) 2.3 (0.34) 2.6 (0.42) 2.9 (0.60) 1,378 302
Tharaka-Nithi 33.0 (2.26) 8.4 (0.80) 3.5 (0.49) 0.8 (0.18) 0.9 (0.27) 1.1 (0.35) 334 110
Embu 23.8 (2.03) 3.1 (0.38) 0.7 (0.13) 1.0 (0.14) 0.5 (0.11) 0.3 (0.09) 524 125
Kitui 38.1 (2.32) 8.9 (0.73) 3.1 (0.36) 2.8 (0.32) 2.8 (0.44) 2.8 (0.58) 969 369
Machakos 33.0 (2.36) 6.0 (0.55) 1.6 (0.21) 3.2 (0.37) 2.5 (0.41) 1.8 (0.36) 1,258 415
Makueni 33.7 (2.27) 6.6 (0.57) 1.8 (0.21) 2.4 (0.44) 2.0 (0.53) 1.5 (0.51) 912 308
Nyandarua 28.1 (2.34) 6.1 (0.63) 1.8 (0.25) 1.2 (0.20) 1.1 (0.20) 0.9 (0.18) 547 154
Nyeri 18.3 (2.00) 3.1 (0.45) 0.9 (0.20) 0.9 (0.19) 0.6 (0.13) 0.5 (0.10) 630 115
Kirinyaga 20.5 (1.95) 3.0 (0.36) 0.7 (0.11) 0.7 (0.17) 0.5 (0.13) 0.3 (0.10) 471 97
Murang'a 27.0 (2.29) 4.8 (0.59) 1.5 (0.31) 2.0 (0.24) 1.5 (0.27) 1.3 (0.34) 937 253
Annex Table B2: Food poverty rates (adulteq) by residence and county, 2022 (Continued)

Head- Contribution to Poverty

Poverty Severity Number
Residence / count (Std. (Std. (Std. Individu- (Std. Individu- (Std. Individu- (Std. Population
Gap (%) of Poverty of Poor
County Rate (%) errors) errors) errors) errors) als Pα=1 errors) errors) ('000)
Pα=1 (%) Pα=2 als Pα=0 als Pα=2 ('000)
Pα=0
Turkana 66.6 (2.53) 21.3 (1.17) 9.3 (0.73) 3.2 (0.42) 4.4 (0.60) 5.3 (0.80) 620 412
West Pokot 51.1 (2.63) 14.9 (1.10) 6.6 (0.74) 2.1 (0.28) 2.7 (0.53) 3.2 (0.96) 538 274
Samburu 57.1 (3.00) 20.8 (1.45) 10.1 (0.96) 1.0 (0.13) 1.6 (0.23) 2.1 (0.36) 232 133
Trans Nzoia 28.3 (2.65) 6.7 (0.86) 2.6 (0.49) 1.8 (0.38) 1.9 (0.54) 2.0 (0.75) 845 239
Uasin Gishu 35.2 (2.38) 8.3 (0.75) 2.9 (0.38) 3.1 (0.49) 3.1 (0.51) 3.0 (0.54) 1,125 396
Elgeyo/Marakwet 37.1 (2.48) 8.4 (0.73) 2.7 (0.30) 1.2 (0.12) 1.1 (0.16) 1.0 (0.19) 410 152
Nandi 33.1 (2.36) 7.0 (0.73) 2.6 (0.41) 1.6 (0.26) 1.5 (0.45) 1.5 (0.68) 629 208
Baringo 38.0 (2.38) 8.3 (0.79) 3.3 (0.54) 1.3 (0.16) 1.2 (0.32) 1.3 (0.66) 438 167
Laikipia 30.4 (2.37) 7.1 (0.74) 2.6 (0.40) 1.0 (0.16) 1.0 (0.21) 1.0 (0.26) 435 132
Nakuru 27.9 (2.16) 5.3 (0.56) 1.6 (0.29) 4.1 (0.56) 3.4 (0.52) 2.8 (0.57) 1,918 534
Narok 29.7 (2.26) 5.3 (0.55) 1.5 (0.22) 2.1 (0.29) 1.6 (0.30) 1.2 (0.32) 904 268
Kajiado 34.3 (2.41) 8.9 (0.81) 3.3 (0.43) 2.2 (0.25) 2.5 (0.32) 2.5 (0.40) 834 286
Kericho 32.2 (2.31) 4.8 (0.48) 1.2 (0.19) 2.1 (0.24) 1.4 (0.17) 0.9 (0.15) 851 275
Bomet 39.1 (2.34) 7.8 (0.67) 2.5 (0.30) 2.2 (0.30) 1.8 (0.34) 1.7 (0.36) 715 280
Kakamega 30.9 (2.22) 6.4 (0.62) 2.1 (0.28) 3.9 (0.49) 3.5 (0.56) 3.1 (0.67) 1,640 507
Vihiga 41.7 (2.39) 11.4 (0.86) 4.4 (0.45) 1.5 (0.15) 1.7 (0.25) 1.9 (0.33) 455 190
Bungoma 37.0 (2.45) 7.9 (0.73) 2.7 (0.35) 4.5 (0.46) 4.1 (0.62) 3.9 (0.82) 1,569 580
Busia 45.8 (2.36) 13.8 (0.94) 5.9 (0.56) 2.7 (0.23) 3.5 (0.43) 4.1 (0.72) 760 348
Siaya 24.9 (2.02) 5.4 (0.59) 1.9 (0.27) 1.6 (0.23) 1.5 (0.35) 1.4 (0.46) 825 206
Kisumu 32.2 (2.32) 6.2 (0.65) 2.1 (0.33) 2.7 (0.21) 2.3 (0.22) 2.1 (0.29) 1,108 356
Homa Bay 28.3 (2.23) 5.4 (0.58) 1.7 (0.28) 2.3 (0.34) 1.9 (0.37) 1.6 (0.42) 1,033 293
Migori 33.0 (2.29) 6.3 (0.63) 2.1 (0.32) 2.2 (0.30) 1.8 (0.34) 1.6 (0.43) 851 281
Kisii 33.0 (2.42) 7.3 (0.74) 2.6 (0.39) 2.7 (0.35) 2.5 (0.45) 2.5 (0.54) 1,046 345
Nyamira 31.6 (2.31) 6.7 (0.66) 2.2 (0.31) 1.3 (0.17) 1.2 (0.16) 1.1 (0.16) 547 173
Nairobi City 16.2 (1.86) 4.5 (0.67) 2.0 (0.39) 4.9 (0.90) 5.8 (1.53) 7.0 (2.31) 3,901 631
The Kenya Poverty Report 2022
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Annex Table B3: Food poverty rates (households) by residence and county , 2022

Contribution to Poverty
Head-
Poverty Severity Individu- (Std. Individu- (Std. Individu- (Std. Number
Residence / count (Std. (Std. (Std. Population
Gap (%) of Poverty errors) als Pα=1 errors) errors) of Poor
County Rate (%) errors) errors) errors) als Pα=0 als Pα=2 ('000)
Pα=1 (%) Pα=2 ('000)
Pα=0

National 26.5 (0.33) 6.3 (0.11) 2.4 (0.06) 100.0 0.00 100.0 0.00 100.0 0.00 13,019 3,449

Rural 28.2 (0.41) 6.5 (0.13) 2.4 (0.07) 64.7 (1.13) 63.1 (1.62) 61.2 (2.34) 7,901 2,232
Urban 23.8 (0.55) 5.9 (0.18) 2.4 (0.11) 35.3 (1.13) 36.9 (1.62) 38.8 (2.34) 5,118 1,217

Mombasa 20.9 (2.28) 5.7 (0.81) 2.4 (0.48) 2.5 (0.38) 2.8 (0.51) 3.1 (0.68) 406 85
Kwale 26.3 (2.23) 7.2 (0.81) 3.1 (0.48) 1.4 (0.21) 1.6 (0.34) 1.8 (0.56) 186 49
Kilifi 38.5 (2.72) 9.9 (0.92) 3.7 (0.48) 3.6 (0.39) 3.9 (0.55) 3.8 (0.69) 321 123
Tana River 43.7 (3.14) 12.1 (1.20) 5.0 (0.70) 0.9 (0.14) 1.1 (0.22) 1.2 (0.28) 73 32
Lamu 26.7 (2.58) 8.2 (1.02) 3.7 (0.66) 0.3 (0.05) 0.4 (0.07) 0.5 (0.10) 40 11
The Kenya Poverty Report 2022

Taita/Taveta 35.7 (2.65) 8.7 (0.89) 3.4 (0.50) 1.1 (0.12) 1.1 (0.13) 1.1 (0.18) 103 37
Garissa 50.9 (3.20) 12.7 (1.13) 4.7 (0.64) 2.2 (0.37) 2.3 (0.46) 2.3 (0.51) 152 77
Wajir 43.3 (2.72) 12.6 (1.05) 5.2 (0.55) 1.7 (0.24) 2.1 (0.40) 2.3 (0.54) 137 59
Mandera 61.0 (2.70) 18.3 (1.05) 6.9 (0.54) 2.4 (0.19) 3.0 (0.26) 3.0 (0.33) 135 82
Marsabit 54.2 (2.72) 15.8 (1.05) 6.2 (0.54) 1.3 (0.16) 1.6 (0.29) 1.6 (0.39) 83 45
Isiolo 31.7 (2.54) 7.5 (0.82) 2.8 (0.45) 0.6 (0.08) 0.6 (0.11) 0.5 (0.13) 61 19
Meru 22.0 (2.15) 6.4 (0.84) 3.1 (0.60) 2.9 (0.46) 3.6 (0.67) 4.4 (1.20) 457 100
Tharaka-Nithi 27.8 (2.16) 7.1 (0.77) 3.1 (0.48) 1.0 (0.17) 1.0 (0.23) 1.1 (0.29) 118 33
Embu 19.6 (1.89) 2.7 (0.36) 0.7 (0.12) 1.1 (0.16) 0.7 (0.14) 0.4 (0.11) 196 39
Kitui 31.3 (2.22) 7.5 (0.71) 2.7 (0.35) 2.6 (0.31) 2.6 (0.43) 2.5 (0.52) 282 88
Machakos 29.1 (2.28) 5.1 (0.54) 1.4 (0.25) 3.6 (0.39) 2.7 (0.39) 1.9 (0.39) 432 126
Makueni 26.7 (2.13) 5.0 (0.51) 1.4 (0.19) 2.0 (0.30) 1.6 (0.33) 1.2 (0.31) 263 70
Nyandarua 24.3 (2.23) 5.4 (0.63) 1.8 (0.28) 1.4 (0.21) 1.3 (0.22) 1.1 (0.23) 193 47
Nyeri 11.6 (1.66) 2.2 (0.43) 0.7 (0.23) 0.9 (0.17) 0.7 (0.15) 0.6 (0.17) 265 31
Kirinyaga 16.3 (1.78) 2.3 (0.32) 0.5 (0.09) 1.0 (0.22) 0.6 (0.16) 0.3 (0.10) 219 36
Murang'a 22.5 (2.15) 4.7 (0.67) 1.9 (0.44) 2.2 (0.24) 2.0 (0.39) 2.0 (0.74) 342 77
Annex Table B3: Food poverty rates (households) by residence and county , 2022 (Continued)

Head- Contribution to Poverty

Poverty Severity Number
Residence / count (Std. (Std. (Std. Individu- (Std. Individu- (Std. Individu- (Std. Population
Gap (%) of Poverty of Poor
County Rate (%) errors) errors) α=2 errors) errors) als Pα=1 errors) errors) ('000)
Pα=1 (%) P als Pα=0 als Pα=2 ('000)
Pα=0
Turkana 65.0 (2.55) 21.1 (1.19) 9.4 (0.75) 3.3 (0.39) 4.5 (0.61) 5.3 (0.82) 176 115
West Pokot 46.0 (2.62) 13.6 (1.10) 6.2 (0.74) 1.7 (0.19) 2.1 (0.39) 2.5 (0.67) 125 57
Samburu 48.0 (3.02) 17.9 (1.45) 9.0 (0.99) 1.0 (0.12) 1.5 (0.21) 2.0 (0.33) 70 34
Trans Nzoia 25.6 (2.57) 6.0 (0.83) 2.3 (0.47) 1.8 (0.34) 1.8 (0.47) 1.8 (0.63) 240 61
Uasin Gishu 31.7 (2.32) 8.0 (0.80) 3.2 (0.46) 3.0 (0.44) 3.2 (0.47) 3.3 (0.59) 327 103
Elgeyo/Marakwet 30.3 (2.36) 6.5 (0.66) 2.1 (0.26) 0.9 (0.09) 0.9 (0.11) 0.7 (0.11) 107 32
Nandi 25.4 (2.18) 5.3 (0.64) 1.9 (0.34) 1.6 (0.24) 1.4 (0.40) 1.3 (0.53) 214 54
Baringo 25.2 (2.12) 5.1 (0.65) 2.0 (0.45) 1.1 (0.14) 1.0 (0.26) 1.0 (0.53) 153 38
Laikipia 26.4 (2.27) 6.2 (0.74) 2.4 (0.44) 1.2 (0.13) 1.2 (0.20) 1.2 (0.28) 159 42
Nakuru 23.1 (2.04) 5.0 (0.63) 2.0 (0.42) 4.4 (0.49) 4.0 (0.63) 4.1 (1.15) 656 152
Narok 23.6 (2.10) 4.2 (0.51) 1.3 (0.24) 1.8 (0.23) 1.3 (0.24) 1.0 (0.26) 258 61
Kajiado 32.6 (2.38) 9.2 (0.90) 4.0 (0.55) 3.2 (0.27) 3.8 (0.49) 4.3 (0.87) 339 110
Kericho 29.4 (2.25) 4.7 (0.51) 1.3 (0.24) 1.9 (0.19) 1.3 (0.14) 0.9 (0.15) 221 65
Bomet 33.8 (2.27) 6.1 (0.59) 1.9 (0.26) 2.0 (0.23) 1.5 (0.24) 1.2 (0.24) 202 68
Kakamega 25.9 (2.10) 5.4 (0.58) 1.8 (0.27) 3.5 (0.38) 3.0 (0.46) 2.6 (0.53) 465 121
Vihiga 35.0 (2.31) 9.4 (0.80) 3.6 (0.41) 1.6 (0.16) 1.8 (0.25) 1.8 (0.31) 154 54
Bungoma 35.6 (2.43) 8.0 (0.75) 2.8 (0.36) 4.0 (0.42) 3.7 (0.58) 3.4 (0.73) 385 137
Busia 38.9 (2.31) 11.3 (0.88) 4.8 (0.51) 2.4 (0.22) 2.9 (0.41) 3.2 (0.64) 213 83
Siaya 18.8 (1.83) 3.9 (0.50) 1.3 (0.22) 1.5 (0.20) 1.3 (0.27) 1.1 (0.31) 269 50
Kisumu 32.9 (2.33) 7.5 (0.78) 3.0 (0.48) 3.1 (0.22) 3.0 (0.32) 3.1 (0.49) 322 106
Homa Bay 26.3 (2.18) 5.1 (0.58) 1.6 (0.31) 2.1 (0.30) 1.7 (0.32) 1.5 (0.41) 281 74
Migori 23.8 (2.08) 4.6 (0.56) 1.5 (0.27) 1.8 (0.21) 1.5 (0.28) 1.2 (0.35) 258 61
Kisii 30.7 (2.38) 6.8 (0.74) 2.5 (0.39) 2.9 (0.34) 2.7 (0.40) 2.6 (0.49) 331 102
Nyamira 28.2 (2.23) 6.3 (0.67) 2.2 (0.36) 1.3 (0.15) 1.2 (0.15) 1.1 (0.16) 162 46
Nairobi City 13.4 (1.73) 3.7 (0.63) 1.7 (0.37) 6.3 (0.96) 7.3 (1.62) 8.6 (2.38) 1,614 217
The Kenya Poverty Report 2022
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Annex Table C1: Hardcore poverty rates (individual) by residence and county , 2022

Contribution to Poverty
Head-
Poverty Severity Individu- (Std. Individu- (Std. Individu- (Std. Number
Residence / count (Std. (Std. (Std. Population
Gap (%) of Poverty errors) als Pα=1 errors) errors) of Poor
County Rate (%) errors) errors) errors) als Pα=0 als Pα=2 ('000)
Pα=1 (%) Pα=2 ('000)
Pα=0

National 7.1 (0.19) 1.5 (0.05) 0.5 (0.03) 100.0 0.00 100.0 0.00 100.0 0.00 50,623 3,607

Rural 9.3 (0.27) 2.0 (0.08) 0.7 (0.04) 89.3 (1.78) 92.1 (1.50) 94.0 (1.39) 34,476 3,221
Urban 2.4 (0.20) 0.4 (0.04) 0.1 (0.02) 10.7 (1.78) 7.9 (1.50) 6.0 (1.39) 16,147 387

Mombasa 1.0 (0.55) 0.1 (0.05) 0.0 (0.01) 0.3 (0.25) 0.1 (0.10) 0.0 (0.04) 1,278 13
Kwale 12.4 (1.67) 3.9 (0.65) 1.8 (0.36) 3.2 (0.98) 4.8 (2.06) 6.3 (3.45) 922 115
Kilifi 10.4 (1.71) 1.7 (0.36) 0.4 (0.14) 4.5 (1.12) 3.5 (1.02) 2.7 (1.00) 1,548 161
Tana River 22.7 (2.66) 4.4 (0.61) 1.1 (0.20) 2.1 (0.56) 2.0 (0.61) 1.5 (0.50) 337 77
Lamu 3.7 (1.10) 0.5 (0.16) 0.1 (0.03) 0.2 (0.08) 0.1 (0.05) 0.0 (0.02) 148 6
The Kenya Poverty Report 2022

Taita/Taveta 1.7 (0.72) 0.3 (0.17) 0.1 (0.06) 0.2 (0.07) 0.2 (0.07) 0.1 (0.06) 359 6
Garissa 21.1 (2.61) 5.2 (0.79) 1.8 (0.36) 5.2 (1.60) 6.1 (2.17) 6.1 (2.42) 896 189
Wajir 10.6 (1.69) 2.6 (0.51) 0.9 (0.25) 2.5 (0.58) 2.9 (0.90) 3.0 (1.28) 832 88
Mandera 24.8 (2.39) 4.7 (0.61) 1.4 (0.27) 6.4 (1.17) 5.8 (1.41) 5.1 (1.58) 924 229
Marsabit 26.2 (2.40) 7.0 (0.77) 2.5 (0.34) 3.5 (0.74) 4.5 (1.11) 4.5 (1.24) 480 126
Isiolo 10.5 (1.67) 2.4 (0.49) 0.9 (0.24) 0.8 (0.24) 0.9 (0.28) 0.9 (0.34) 283 30
Meru 5.4 (1.17) 0.9 (0.31) 0.4 (0.18) 2.5 (0.94) 2.0 (0.61) 2.3 (0.82) 1,647 89
Tharaka-Nithi 7.7 (1.28) 2.0 (0.44) 0.9 (0.25) 0.9 (0.31) 1.1 (0.44) 1.4 (0.65) 420 32
Embu 0.4 (0.30) 0.1 (0.06) 0.0 (0.01) 0.1 (0.06) 0.1 (0.05) 0.0 (0.03) 650 3
Kitui 11.9 (1.55) 2.3 (0.38) 0.7 (0.16) 4.0 (0.82) 3.7 (0.90) 3.1 (1.15) 1,213 145
Machakos 2.2 (0.74) 0.2 (0.09) 0.0 (0.02) 0.9 (0.37) 0.4 (0.23) 0.2 (0.12) 1,516 34
Makueni 5.9 (1.14) 0.7 (0.18) 0.1 (0.05) 1.7 (0.86) 1.0 (0.53) 0.6 (0.36) 1,049 62
Nyandarua 2.8 (0.86) 0.4 (0.18) 0.1 (0.06) 0.5 (0.21) 0.4 (0.18) 0.3 (0.18) 682 19
Nyeri 2.4 (0.79) 0.2 (0.07) 0.0 (0.01) 0.5 (0.26) 0.2 (0.10) 0.1 (0.04) 805 19
Kirinyaga 0.3 (0.26) 0.0 (0.03) 0.0 (0.01) 0.1 (0.04) 0.0 (0.02) 0.0 (0.01) 650 2
Murang'a 2.5 (0.81) 0.3 (0.12) 0.1 (0.06) 0.8 (0.32) 0.4 (0.18) 0.3 (0.17) 1,131 29
Annex Table C1: Hardcore poverty rates (individual) by residence and county , 2022 (Continued)

Head- Contribution to Poverty

Poverty Severity Number
Residence / count (Std. (Std. (Std. Individu- (Std. Individu- (Std. Individu- (Std. Population
Gap (%) of Poverty of Poor
County Rate (%) errors) errors) errors) errors) als Pα=1 errors) errors) ('000)
Pα=1 (%) Pα=2 als Pα=0 als Pα=2 ('000)
Pα=0
Turkana 42.6 (2.65) 11.2 (0.96) 4.5 (0.57) 11.7 (1.73) 14.8 (2.79) 17.1 (3.76) 989 421
West Pokot 16.8 (1.97) 4.7 (0.74) 2.2 (0.46) 3.1 (0.86) 4.2 (1.56) 5.6 (2.43) 665 111
Samburu 36.0 (2.91) 10.6 (1.17) 4.9 (0.75) 3.3 (0.60) 4.6 (0.96) 6.1 (1.63) 329 118
Trans Nzoia 10.0 (1.77) 1.8 (0.38) 0.4 (0.15) 2.9 (0.98) 2.5 (0.89) 1.8 (0.72) 1,058 106
Uasin Gishu 6.3 (1.22) 1.0 (0.27) 0.3 (0.12) 2.2 (0.62) 1.7 (0.47) 1.4 (0.50) 1,235 78
Elgeyo/Marakwet 13.5 (1.76) 2.4 (0.38) 0.6 (0.12) 1.8 (0.36) 1.6 (0.42) 1.1 (0.36) 486 66
Nandi 4.2 (1.01) 0.8 (0.24) 0.2 (0.09) 1.1 (0.37) 1.0 (0.40) 0.9 (0.39) 949 40
Baringo 6.1 (1.17) 2.0 (0.53) 1.2 (0.38) 1.2 (0.57) 1.9 (1.54) 3.3 (3.04) 712 43
Laikipia 6.2 (1.24) 1.2 (0.27) 0.3 (0.07) 0.9 (0.45) 0.9 (0.46) 0.6 (0.33) 548 34
Nakuru 3.7 (0.91) 0.6 (0.18) 0.1 (0.08) 2.3 (0.87) 1.8 (0.62) 1.3 (0.53) 2,283 84
Narok 2.2 (0.73) 0.3 (0.14) 0.1 (0.07) 0.8 (0.36) 0.5 (0.22) 0.4 (0.17) 1,232 27
Kajiado 4.5 (1.06) 0.9 (0.28) 0.3 (0.13) 1.5 (0.38) 1.5 (0.54) 1.4 (0.71) 1,187 54
Kericho 3.6 (0.92) 0.4 (0.15) 0.1 (0.04) 1.0 (0.30) 0.6 (0.20) 0.4 (0.16) 964 35
Bomet 8.2 (1.31) 1.7 (0.32) 0.5 (0.12) 2.1 (0.57) 2.1 (0.57) 1.7 (0.50) 938 77
Kakamega 3.8 (0.91) 0.5 (0.17) 0.1 (0.07) 2.1 (0.58) 1.3 (0.45) 1.0 (0.45) 1,999 75
Vihiga 9.5 (1.42) 1.6 (0.31) 0.4 (0.10) 1.7 (0.42) 1.3 (0.47) 1.0 (0.46) 631 60
Bungoma 7.9 (1.37) 1.4 (0.33) 0.4 (0.13) 3.9 (0.90) 3.4 (1.17) 3.0 (1.39) 1,787 141
Busia 18.4 (1.83) 4.2 (0.54) 1.5 (0.27) 4.9 (0.74) 5.3 (1.22) 5.4 (1.74) 953 175
Siaya 7.1 (1.20) 1.4 (0.31) 0.5 (0.16) 2.1 (0.69) 1.9 (0.81) 1.9 (1.01) 1,062 76
Kisumu 3.1 (0.87) 0.4 (0.18) 0.1 (0.10) 1.1 (0.23) 0.7 (0.19) 0.6 (0.23) 1,226 39
Homa Bay 4.2 (0.99) 0.7 (0.18) 0.1 (0.04) 1.4 (0.56) 1.1 (0.49) 0.6 (0.30) 1,208 51
Migori 5.3 (1.09) 1.2 (0.32) 0.5 (0.16) 1.7 (0.51) 1.8 (0.81) 2.1 (1.14) 1,189 62
Kisii 4.5 (1.07) 0.9 (0.28) 0.3 (0.14) 1.7 (0.41) 1.6 (0.66) 1.6 (0.96) 1,353 61
Nyamira 6.1 (1.19) 1.1 (0.27) 0.3 (0.11) 1.1 (0.26) 0.9 (0.29) 0.8 (0.25) 648 40
Nairobi City 1.3 (0.58) 0.1 (0.07) 0.0 (0.01) 1.7 (1.32) 0.9 (0.78) 0.4 (0.34) 4,646 61
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Annex Table C2: Hardcore poverty rates (adulteq) by residence and county, 2022

Contribution to Poverty
Head-
Poverty Severity Individu- (Std. Individu- (Std. Individu- (Std. Number
Residence / count (Std. (Std. (Std. Population
Gap (%) of Poverty errors) als Pα=1 errors) errors) of Poor
County Rate (%) errors) errors) errors) als Pα=0 als Pα=2 ('000)
Pα=1 (%) Pα=2 ('000)
Pα=0

National 7.0 (0.19) 1.4 (0.05) 0.5 (0.03) 100.0 0.00 100.0 0.00 100.0 0.00 40,453 2,819

Rural 9.3 (0.27) 2.0 (0.07) 0.7 (0.04) 89.3 (1.77) 92.1 (1.45) 94.0 (1.32) 27,098 2,516
Urban 2.3 (0.19) 0.3 (0.04) 0.1 (0.01) 10.7 (1.77) 7.9 (1.45) 6.0 (1.32) 13,354 303

Mombasa 1.0 (0.57) 0.1 (0.05) 0.0 (0.01) 0.4 (0.32) 0.2 (0.12) 0.1 (0.04) 1,165 12
Kwale 13.1 (1.71) 4.2 (0.67) 2.0 (0.38) 2.9 (0.91) 4.5 (1.96) 6.0 (3.32) 622 81
Kilifi 10.5 (1.71) 1.8 (0.37) 0.5 (0.15) 4.0 (0.96) 3.3 (0.94) 2.6 (0.99) 1,081 113
Tana River 23.5 (2.69) 4.5 (0.61) 1.1 (0.19) 2.3 (0.56) 2.1 (0.61) 1.5 (0.50) 271 64
Lamu 3.8 (1.12) 0.5 (0.16) 0.1 (0.03) 0.2 (0.09) 0.1 (0.05) 0.1 (0.03) 130 5
The Kenya Poverty Report 2022

Taita/Taveta 2.0 (0.77) 0.4 (0.18) 0.1 (0.06) 0.2 (0.09) 0.2 (0.08) 0.2 (0.07) 307 6
Garissa 22.2 (2.66) 5.7 (0.84) 2.0 (0.39) 5.0 (1.61) 6.3 (2.38) 6.5 (2.71) 638 141
Wajir 11.1 (1.72) 2.6 (0.51) 0.9 (0.24) 2.3 (0.55) 2.7 (0.81) 2.7 (1.09) 594 66
Mandera 26.5 (2.44) 5.1 (0.63) 1.6 (0.28) 6.3 (1.11) 5.8 (1.40) 5.2 (1.59) 668 177
Marsabit 26.7 (2.41) 7.2 (0.77) 2.5 (0.34) 3.2 (0.66) 4.2 (1.03) 4.3 (1.16) 338 90
Isiolo 10.2 (1.66) 2.4 (0.50) 0.9 (0.25) 0.7 (0.21) 0.8 (0.26) 0.9 (0.33) 206 21
Meru 5.8 (1.21) 1.1 (0.33) 0.4 (0.20) 2.8 (1.03) 2.5 (0.75) 2.9 (1.05) 1,378 80
Tharaka-Nithi 7.9 (1.30) 2.0 (0.44) 0.9 (0.25) 0.9 (0.31) 1.1 (0.44) 1.5 (0.65) 334 26
Embu 0.4 (0.29) 0.1 (0.06) 0.0 (0.01) 0.1 (0.06) 0.1 (0.05) 0.0 (0.03) 524 2
Kitui 12.1 (1.56) 2.4 (0.39) 0.7 (0.17) 4.1 (0.84) 4.0 (0.97) 3.5 (1.29) 969 117
Machakos 2.3 (0.75) 0.2 (0.09) 0.0 (0.02) 1.0 (0.40) 0.5 (0.23) 0.2 (0.12) 1,258 29
Makueni 6.0 (1.14) 0.7 (0.18) 0.1 (0.05) 1.9 (0.97) 1.1 (0.63) 0.7 (0.43) 912 55
Nyandarua 2.8 (0.86) 0.4 (0.17) 0.1 (0.06) 0.5 (0.21) 0.4 (0.18) 0.3 (0.18) 547 15
Nyeri 2.5 (0.81) 0.2 (0.08) 0.0 (0.01) 0.6 (0.27) 0.2 (0.11) 0.1 (0.04) 630 16
Kirinyaga 0.3 (0.27) 0.0 (0.04) 0.0 (0.01) 0.1 (0.04) 0.0 (0.02) 0.0 (0.01) 471 2
Murang'a 2.9 (0.86) 0.3 (0.13) 0.1 (0.07) 0.9 (0.37) 0.5 (0.22) 0.3 (0.22) 937 27
Annex Table C2: Hardcore poverty rates (adulteq) by residence and county, 2022 (Continued)

Contribution to Poverty
Head-
Poverty Severity Number
Residence / count (Std. (Std. (Std. Individu- (Std. Individu- (Std. Individu- (Std. Population
Gap (%) of Poverty of Poor
County Rate (%) errors) errors) errors) als Pα=0 errors) als Pα=1 errors) als Pα=2 errors) ('000)
Pα=1 (%) Pα=2 ('000)
Pα=0

Turkana 43.2 (2.65) 11.5 (0.97) 4.6 (0.57) 9.5 (1.32) 12.2 (2.17) 14.2 (3.00) 620 268
West Pokot 16.7 (1.96) 4.7 (0.74) 2.2 (0.46) 3.2 (0.85) 4.3 (1.54) 5.8 (2.38) 538 90
Samburu 36.1 (2.91) 10.6 (1.17) 4.9 (0.75) 3.0 (0.53) 4.2 (0.87) 5.6 (1.47) 232 84
Trans Nzoia 10.3 (1.79) 1.9 (0.39) 0.5 (0.16) 3.1 (1.02) 2.7 (0.96) 2.0 (0.83) 845 87
Uasin Gishu 6.0 (1.19) 1.0 (0.26) 0.3 (0.12) 2.4 (0.72) 1.8 (0.53) 1.6 (0.56) 1,125 68
Elgeyo/Marakwet 13.4 (1.75) 2.3 (0.38) 0.6 (0.12) 1.9 (0.37) 1.7 (0.44) 1.2 (0.38) 410 55
Nandi 4.2 (1.00) 0.8 (0.24) 0.2 (0.09) 0.9 (0.31) 0.9 (0.34) 0.8 (0.33) 629 26
Baringo 6.3 (1.19) 2.1 (0.54) 1.3 (0.39) 1.0 (0.46) 1.6 (1.28) 2.8 (2.57) 438 28
Laikipia 6.4 (1.26) 1.3 (0.27) 0.3 (0.07) 1.0 (0.46) 1.0 (0.48) 0.6 (0.34) 435 28
Nakuru 3.8 (0.92) 0.6 (0.20) 0.2 (0.09) 2.6 (0.95) 2.1 (0.72) 1.6 (0.67) 1,918 72
Narok 2.4 (0.76) 0.4 (0.15) 0.1 (0.08) 0.8 (0.35) 0.5 (0.23) 0.4 (0.20) 904 22
Kajiado 4.8 (1.09) 1.1 (0.30) 0.4 (0.14) 1.4 (0.37) 1.5 (0.57) 1.5 (0.77) 834 40
Kericho 3.6 (0.92) 0.4 (0.15) 0.1 (0.04) 1.1 (0.33) 0.6 (0.22) 0.4 (0.18) 851 31
Bomet 8.6 (1.34) 1.8 (0.33) 0.5 (0.12) 2.2 (0.57) 2.2 (0.59) 1.8 (0.53) 715 61
Kakamega 4.0 (0.94) 0.5 (0.18) 0.1 (0.08) 2.3 (0.65) 1.5 (0.52) 1.2 (0.56) 1,640 66
Vihiga 9.8 (1.44) 1.7 (0.32) 0.5 (0.11) 1.6 (0.40) 1.3 (0.45) 1.0 (0.45) 455 45
Bungoma 8.4 (1.41) 1.5 (0.34) 0.5 (0.14) 4.7 (1.06) 4.1 (1.31) 3.6 (1.55) 1,569 132
Busia 19.1 (1.86) 4.3 (0.55) 1.5 (0.27) 5.1 (0.77) 5.6 (1.27) 5.8 (1.85) 760 145
Siaya 7.5 (1.23) 1.5 (0.32) 0.5 (0.16) 2.2 (0.70) 2.1 (0.87) 2.1 (1.12) 825 62
Kisumu 3.3 (0.89) 0.5 (0.19) 0.1 (0.11) 1.3 (0.27) 0.9 (0.23) 0.8 (0.32) 1,108 37
Homa Bay 4.4 (1.02) 0.7 (0.18) 0.1 (0.04) 1.6 (0.64) 1.2 (0.56) 0.7 (0.35) 1,033 46
Migori 5.7 (1.13) 1.2 (0.33) 0.5 (0.16) 1.7 (0.50) 1.8 (0.78) 2.0 (1.08) 851 48
Kisii 4.5 (1.07) 0.9 (0.29) 0.3 (0.14) 1.7 (0.41) 1.6 (0.67) 1.6 (0.97) 1,046 47
Nyamira 6.0 (1.18) 1.1 (0.27) 0.3 (0.11) 1.2 (0.26) 1.0 (0.29) 0.9 (0.27) 547 33
Nairobi City 1.4 (0.59) 0.1 (0.07) 0.0 (0.01) 1.9 (1.40) 1.0 (0.81) 0.4 (0.35) 3,901 53
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Annex Table C3: Hardcore poverty rates (households) by residence and county , 2022

Contribution to Poverty
Head-
Poverty Severity Individu- (Std. Individu- (Std. Individu- (Std. Number
Residence / count (Std. (Std. (Std. Population
Gap (%) of Poverty errors) als Pα=1 errors) errors) of Poor
County Rate (%) errors) errors) errors) als Pα=0 als Pα=2 ('000)
Pα=1 (%) Pα=2 ('000)
Pα=0

National 5.8 (0.18) 1.2 (0.05) 0.4 (0.03) 100.0 0.00 100.0 0.00 100.0 0.00 13,019 756

Rural 8.5 (0.26) 1.9 (0.07) 0.7 (0.04) 89.1 (1.74) 92.5 (1.34) 94.7 (1.09) 7,901 674
Urban 1.6 (0.16) 0.2 (0.03) 0.1 (0.01) 10.9 (1.74) 7.5 (1.34) 5.3 (1.09) 5,118 82

Mombasa 0.6 (0.42) 0.1 (0.05) 0.0 (0.01) 0.3 (0.21) 0.1 (0.11) 0.0 (0.04) 406 2
Kwale 9.5 (1.48) 2.9 (0.57) 1.4 (0.32) 2.3 (0.63) 3.4 (1.38) 4.3 (2.29) 186 18
Kilifi 8.5 (1.55) 1.6 (0.40) 0.5 (0.22) 3.6 (0.80) 3.1 (0.92) 2.9 (1.31) 321 27
Tana River 18.0 (2.44) 3.3 (0.53) 0.8 (0.17) 1.7 (0.44) 1.5 (0.43) 1.0 (0.33) 73 13
Lamu 3.8 (1.11) 0.4 (0.15) 0.1 (0.03) 0.2 (0.08) 0.1 (0.04) 0.0 (0.02) 40 2
The Kenya Poverty Report 2022

Taita/Taveta 4.0 (1.08) 0.8 (0.25) 0.2 (0.08) 0.5 (0.18) 0.5 (0.17) 0.4 (0.14) 103 4
Garissa 20.9 (2.60) 5.1 (0.78) 1.7 (0.35) 4.2 (1.26) 4.8 (1.79) 4.5 (1.92) 152 32
Wajir 10.8 (1.71) 2.6 (0.50) 0.9 (0.24) 2.0 (0.46) 2.2 (0.66) 2.1 (0.85) 137 15
Mandera 25.1 (2.40) 5.1 (0.65) 1.6 (0.29) 4.5 (0.76) 4.2 (0.94) 3.7 (1.04) 135 34
Marsabit 28.0 (2.45) 7.5 (0.79) 2.6 (0.35) 3.1 (0.71) 3.8 (1.03) 3.8 (1.11) 83 23
Isiolo 8.2 (1.50) 2.1 (0.48) 0.8 (0.24) 0.7 (0.18) 0.8 (0.25) 0.9 (0.30) 61 5
Meru 7.6 (1.37) 1.6 (0.43) 0.7 (0.29) 4.6 (1.45) 4.4 (1.21) 5.5 (2.15) 457 35
Tharaka-Nithi 7.6 (1.27) 1.8 (0.41) 0.7 (0.22) 1.2 (0.27) 1.3 (0.36) 1.5 (0.50) 118 9
Embu 0.5 (0.33) 0.1 (0.07) 0.0 (0.02) 0.1 (0.09) 0.1 (0.08) 0.1 (0.05) 196 1
Kitui 11.6 (1.53) 2.2 (0.37) 0.6 (0.15) 4.3 (0.94) 3.9 (0.90) 3.1 (0.94) 282 33
Machakos 1.8 (0.66) 0.2 (0.08) 0.0 (0.02) 1.0 (0.37) 0.5 (0.22) 0.2 (0.11) 432 8
Makueni 4.3 (0.97) 0.5 (0.15) 0.1 (0.04) 1.5 (0.67) 0.8 (0.43) 0.4 (0.27) 263 11
Nyandarua 3.4 (0.95) 0.6 (0.20) 0.2 (0.07) 0.9 (0.32) 0.7 (0.32) 0.5 (0.29) 193 7
Nyeri 2.1 (0.75) 0.2 (0.10) 0.0 (0.02) 0.7 (0.31) 0.3 (0.18) 0.2 (0.11) 265 6
Kirinyaga 0.4 (0.31) 0.1 (0.05) 0.0 (0.01) 0.1 (0.09) 0.1 (0.06) 0.0 (0.03) 219 1
Murang'a 2.9 (0.86) 0.4 (0.19) 0.1 (0.11) 1.3 (0.39) 0.9 (0.50) 0.8 (0.72) 342 10
Annex Table C3: Hardcore poverty rates (households) by residence and county , 2022 (Continued)

Head- Contribution to Poverty

Poverty Severity Number
Residence / count (Std. (Std. (Std. Individu- (Std. Individu- (Std. Individu- (Std. Population
Gap (%) of Poverty of Poor
County Rate (%) errors) errors) errors) errors) als Pα=1 errors) ('000)
Pα=1 (%) Pα=2 als Pα=0 errors) als Pα=2 ('000)
Pα=0
Kiambu 0.0 0.00 0.0 0.00 0.0 0.00 0.0 0.00 0.0 0.00 0.0 0.00 853 -
Turkana 42.9 (2.65) 11.7 (0.99) 4.8 (0.59) 10.0 (1.41) 12.8 (2.29) 14.4 (3.08) 176 76
West Pokot 16.1 (1.94) 4.7 (0.77) 2.4 (0.50) 2.7 (0.66) 3.6 (1.26) 5.0 (2.00) 125 20
Samburu 31.0 (2.80) 9.5 (1.16) 4.6 (0.77) 2.9 (0.50) 4.1 (0.83) 5.5 (1.43) 70 22
Trans Nzoia 8.8 (1.67) 1.6 (0.39) 0.5 (0.17) 2.8 (0.88) 2.4 (0.88) 1.9 (0.84) 240 21
Uasin Gishu 5.8 (1.17) 1.3 (0.34) 0.5 (0.18) 2.5 (0.66) 2.6 (0.84) 2.7 (1.08) 327 19
Elgeyo/Marakwet 11.2 (1.62) 1.9 (0.35) 0.5 (0.11) 1.6 (0.26) 1.3 (0.27) 0.9 (0.23) 107 12
Nandi 3.6 (0.94) 0.8 (0.24) 0.2 (0.09) 1.0 (0.38) 1.0 (0.42) 0.9 (0.36) 214 8
Baringo 4.4 (1.00) 1.4 (0.46) 0.9 (0.36) 0.9 (0.41) 1.4 (1.13) 2.4 (2.28) 153 7
Laikipia 4.9 (1.11) 1.0 (0.24) 0.2 (0.07) 1.0 (0.34) 0.9 (0.34) 0.6 (0.26) 159 8
Nakuru 2.7 (0.78) 0.6 (0.22) 0.2 (0.11) 2.3 (0.77) 2.4 (0.82) 2.4 (1.12) 656 17
Narok 3.1 (0.85) 0.5 (0.21) 0.2 (0.14) 1.1 (0.44) 0.8 (0.37) 0.8 (0.61) 258 8
Kajiado 5.0 (1.11) 1.3 (0.36) 0.5 (0.19) 2.2 (0.61) 2.7 (1.30) 3.1 (2.00) 339 17
Kericho 3.9 (0.95) 0.5 (0.16) 0.1 (0.05) 1.1 (0.30) 0.7 (0.24) 0.4 (0.18) 221 9
Bomet 7.5 (1.26) 1.5 (0.31) 0.4 (0.12) 2.0 (0.47) 1.8 (0.46) 1.5 (0.44) 202 15
Kakamega 3.6 (0.90) 0.6 (0.20) 0.2 (0.10) 2.2 (0.50) 1.6 (0.57) 1.4 (0.78) 465 17
Vihiga 10.0 (1.45) 1.8 (0.33) 0.5 (0.11) 2.0 (0.43) 1.7 (0.49) 1.3 (0.48) 154 15
Bungoma 10.1 (1.53) 2.1 (0.41) 0.7 (0.17) 5.2 (1.01) 4.9 (1.45) 4.5 (1.77) 385 39
Busia 16.3 (1.75) 3.8 (0.53) 1.4 (0.27) 4.6 (0.70) 5.1 (1.25) 5.2 (1.75) 213 35
Siaya 5.5 (1.07) 1.1 (0.27) 0.3 (0.13) 2.0 (0.61) 1.8 (0.72) 1.6 (0.75) 269 15
Kisumu 4.6 (1.04) 0.8 (0.28) 0.3 (0.20) 2.0 (0.37) 1.6 (0.46) 1.8 (0.99) 322 15
Homa Bay 3.9 (0.96) 0.6 (0.18) 0.1 (0.04) 1.5 (0.49) 1.1 (0.46) 0.6 (0.30) 281 11
Migori 3.9 (0.94) 0.9 (0.28) 0.3 (0.14) 1.3 (0.41) 1.4 (0.64) 1.5 (0.84) 258 10
Kisii 5.9 (1.21) 1.1 (0.30) 0.4 (0.15) 2.6 (0.52) 2.3 (0.68) 2.0 (0.88) 331 19
Nyamira 5.8 (1.16) 1.1 (0.31) 0.4 (0.18) 1.2 (0.25) 1.1 (0.30) 1.1 (0.49) 162 9
Nairobi City 1.1 (0.54) 0.1 (0.07) 0.0 (0.01) 2.4 (1.56) 1.2 (0.95) 0.5 (0.44) 1,614 18
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Annex Table E.1: Overall poverty by household characteristics, 2022

Poverty Headcount Rate (%) Poverty Gap (%) Distribution of Households (%) Distribution of poor Households (%)
Rural Urban National Rural Urban National Rural Urban National Rural Urban National
National 38.2 26.2 33.5 9.6 6.6 8.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Std. Error (0.4) (0.6) (0.4) (0.2) (0.2) (0.1) (0.5) (1.1) - (0.8) (1.9) -
Sex of Household
Male 37.2 25.9 32.6 9.1 6.1 7.9 66.1 69.4 67.4 64.3 68.4 65.6
Std. Error (0.8) (1.3) (0.7) (0.3) (0.4) (0.2) (0.5) (1.1) (0.5) (0.8) (1.9) (0.8)
Female 40.2 27.0 35.3 10.7 7.6 9.5 33.9 30.7 32.6 35.7 31.6 34.4
Std. Error (1.0) (2.1) (1.0) (0.4) (0.8) (0.4) (0.5) (1.1) (0.5) (0.8) (1.9) (0.8)
Education level of Household head
None 58.7 70.7 60.8 18.7 24.8 19.8 17.8 5.8 13.1 27.3 15.5 23.7
Std. Error (1.5) (3.1) (1.4) (0.8) (1.6) (0.7) (0.5) (0.4) (0.4) (0.9) (1.2) (0.7)
Primary 41.4 41.2 41.3 9.5 10.4 9.8 50.7 27.3 41.5 54.9 43.0 51.2
Std. Error (0.9) (2.0) (0.9) (0.3) (0.8) (0.3) (0.7) (1.3) (0.7) (1.0) (1.9) (0.9)
The Kenya Poverty Report 2022

Secondary 22.6 19.3 20.8 4.9 4.0 4.4 29.1 53.7 38.8 17.2 39.5 24.1
Std. Error (0.9) (1.3) (0.9) (0.3) (0.4) (0.2) (0.6) (1.3) (0.7) (0.7) (1.9) (0.8)
Tertiary 8.0 4.0 4.9 2.1 0.9 1.2 2.4 13.2 6.7 0.5 2.0 1.0
Std. Error (1.8) (0.9) (0.8) (0.8) (0.2) (0.2) (0.2) (1.4) (0.6) (0.1) (0.4) (0.1)
Marital Status of Household Head
Married monogamous 36.9 26.9 33.0 8.8 6.4 7.9 61.9 60.7 61.4 59.8 62.2 60.5
Std. Error (0.8) (1.4) (0.8) (0.3) (0.4) (0.2) (0.5) (1.3) (0.6) (0.9) (2.0) (0.9)
Married poligamous 48.4 45.8 47.9 13.9 13.7 13.9 6.6 2.1 4.9 8.4 3.7 7.0
Std. Error (2.0) (5.2) (1.9) (0.9) (1.8) (0.8) (0.3) (0.3) (0.2) (0.5) (0.5) (0.4)
Widower 39.1 26.9 35.8 11.4 7.6 10.4 2.9 1.5 2.3 3.0 1.6 2.6
Std. Error (3.6) (7.4) (3.4) (1.4) (2.6) (1.3) (0.2) (0.3) (0.2) (0.4) (0.5) (0.3)
Widow 44.4 46.1 44.7 11.7 14.9 12.2 45.2 14.9 34.0 49.9 25.3 43.0
Std. Error (1.4) (4.3) (1.3) (0.5) (2.0) (0.5) (1.0) (1.2) (0.9) (1.4) (2.4) (1.3)
Never married 26.1 14.9 18.3 10.3 9.4 9.9 5.9 20.8 11.8 4.1 11.9 6.5
Std. Error (2.0) (1.6) (1.4) (0.7) (1.2) (0.7) (0.3) (1.2) (0.5) (0.3) (1.1) (0.4)
Other 36.7 32.4 34.7 8.9 5.2 6.7 8.4 10.7 9.3 8.1 13.2 9.6
Annex Table E.1: Overall poverty by household characteristics, 2022 (Continued)

Poverty Headcount Rate (%) Poverty Gap (%) Distribution of Households (%) Distribution of poor Households (%)
Rural Urban National Rural Urban National Rural Urban National Rural Urban National
Std. Error (1.9) (3.3) (1.8) (0.5) (0.6) (0.4) (0.3) (0.7) (0.3) (0.5) (1.3) (0.6)
Child in Household
Household without children 30.7 17.9 24.4 8.5 4.3 6.4 27.5 40.5 32.6 22.1 27.6 23.8
Std. errors (1.1) (1.4) (0.9) (0.4) (0.4) (0.3) (0.6) (1.3) (0.6) (0.7) (1.7) (0.7)
Household with children 41.0 31.9 37.9 10.1 8.1 9.4 72.6 59.5 67.4 77.9 72.5 76.2
Std. errors (0.8) (1.6) (0.8) (0.3) (0.5) (0.3) (0.6) (1.3) (0.6) (0.7) (1.7) (0.7)
Household Size
1-3 members 30.5 20.4 25.6 9.6 6.6 8.4 40.5 60.3 48.3 32.3 46.9 36.8
Std. Error (0.9) (1.4) (0.9) (0.3) (0.4) (0.2) (0.6) (1.2) (0.6) (0.8) (1.8) (0.8)
4-6 members 40.2 31.1 37.1 9.7 8.1 9.1 43.4 34.3 39.8 45.7 40.7 44.2
Std. Error (0.9) (1.8) (0.9) (0.3) (0.6) (0.3) (0.6) (1.1) (0.6) (0.8) (1.7) (0.8)
7+ members 52.1 59.9 53.5 13.2 17.1 13.9 16.1 5.4 11.9 22.0 12.4 19.0
Std. Error (1.4) (3.3) (1.3) (0.5) (1.3) (0.5) (0.5) (0.4) (0.3) (0.7) (1.0) (0.6)
Age of Household Head (Years)
15-19 40.4 9.6 23.8 7.3 1.7 4.3 0.4 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.4
Std. Error (8.0) (4.2) (5.2) (1.8) (0.8) (1.1) (0.1) (0.2) (0.1) (0.1) (0.1) (0.1)
20-29 30.3 19.2 23.4 8.2 4.2 5.7 10.5 26.1 16.6 8.3 19.1 11.6
Std. Error (1.6) (1.8) (1.4) (0.6) (0.5) (0.4) (0.4) (1.2) (0.6) (0.4) (1.4) (0.5)
30-39 33.4 24.8 29.3 8.0 5.9 7.0 23.0 33.0 27.0 20.1 31.3 23.5
Std. Error (1.2) (1.7) (1.1) (0.4) (0.5) (0.3) (0.5) (1.0) (0.5) (0.7) (1.6) (0.7)
40-49 37.7 30.3 34.9 9.0 7.7 8.5 22.7 21.3 22.1 22.4 24.6 23.1
Std. Error (1.2) (2.2) (1.1) (0.4) (0.7) (0.4) (0.5) (0.8) (0.4) (0.7) (1.5) (0.7)
50-59 40.5 31.8 37.9 10.4 8.7 9.9 17.0 11.0 14.6 18.0 13.3 16.6
Std. Error (1.4) (2.6) (1.3) (0.5) (0.8) (0.4) (0.4) (0.7) (0.4) (0.7) (1.1) (0.6)
60-69 42.7 36.0 41.3 10.9 11.1 11.0 13.1 5.2 10.0 14.7 7.1 12.3
Std. Error (1.5) (3.4) (1.4) (0.5) (1.1) (0.5) (0.4) (0.5) (0.3) (0.6) (0.8) (0.5)
70+ 46.0 42.1 45.6 12.5 12.8 12.5 13.4 2.7 9.2 16.1 4.3 12.5
The Kenya Poverty Report 2022

Std. Error (1.5) (5.1) (1.5) (0.5) (1.7) (0.5) (0.4) (0.3) (0.3) (0.6) (0.5) (0.5)
89
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Annex Table E.2: Overall child poverty by age group, residence and county, 2022

Residence/ Total population 0-5 Years 6-13 Years 14-17 Years 0-17 Years
County
Poverty Head- Population Poverty Head- Population Poverty Head- Population Poverty Head- Population Poverty Head- Population
count ('000) count ('000) count ('000) count ('000) count ('000)
Rate Std. Rate Std. Rate Std. Rate Std. Rate Std.
(%) Error (%) Error (%) Error (%) Error (%) Error
National 39.8 0.37 50,623 36.4 0.56 7,395 44.4 0.53 10,180 47.4 0.67 5,002 42.4 0.44 22,577
Rural 42.9 0.45 34,476 39.2 0.68 4,872 46.0 0.62 7,437 47.5 0.77 3,750 44.3 0.53 16,059
Urban 33.2 0.61 16,147 30.9 0.97 2,523 40.0 1.02 2,744 47.2 1.36 1,252 37.9 0.80 6,518
Mombasa 27.0 2.49 1,278 24.9 4.20 186 32.0 4.28 267 32.5 5.77 108 29.7 3.38 561
Kwale 51.1 2.53 922 46.6 3.81 124 57.4 3.64 187 63.4 4.36 83 55.3 3.08 394
Kilifi 53.0 2.79 1,548 47.1 4.09 216 53.5 3.84 326 53.8 5.09 144 51.6 3.25 686
Tana River 66.7 2.99 337 59.6 4.16 71 74.8 3.58 79 74.3 4.66 35 68.9 3.23 185
Lamu 35.6 2.79 148 24.4 4.17 19 34.2 3.95 32 39.2 5.09 16 32.6 3.32 67
Taita/Taveta 39.3 2.70 359 29.8 4.04 57 44.1 4.32 65 51.1 5.42 34 40.4 3.45 156
The Kenya Poverty Report 2022

Garissa 67.8 2.99 896 74.1 3.65 165 69.5 3.64 214 71.3 4.40 91 71.4 3.02 470
Wajir 64.7 2.63 832 61.1 3.52 141 70.6 3.18 195 81.0 3.26 92 69.7 2.68 428
Mandera 72.9 2.46 924 72.6 3.06 197 80.5 2.52 270 85.4 2.72 119 78.8 2.32 586
Marsabit 66.1 2.58 480 58.8 3.45 89 68.7 3.05 117 68.3 3.99 44 65.1 2.73 251
Isiolo 55.6 2.71 283 48.3 3.81 47 61.2 3.53 61 67.7 4.52 27 58.0 3.06 135
Meru 34.1 2.46 1,647 30.3 3.82 232 41.1 3.72 321 32.9 4.48 159 35.7 3.00 713
Tharaka-Nithi 36.1 2.31 420 26.6 3.95 39 37.2 3.59 67 41.1 4.53 41 35.5 2.97 147
Embu 24.3 2.04 650 23.7 4.02 60 29.8 3.65 99 29.7 4.64 58 28.1 2.93 217
Kitui 58.3 2.36 1,213 55.5 3.78 163 61.5 3.53 227 60.8 3.99 140 59.5 2.85 531
Machakos 38.3 2.44 1,516 29.3 4.23 159 40.2 3.79 260 49.0 5.33 117 38.9 3.15 536
Makueni 44.7 2.39 1,049 38.9 3.97 120 42.2 3.54 211 53.6 4.37 116 44.3 2.94 447
Nyandarua 34.5 2.47 682 28.9 4.25 80 35.4 3.87 115 39.3 4.96 69 34.5 3.17 263
Nyeri 26.0 2.27 805 26.4 4.50 81 31.6 4.34 119 35.9 6.00 50 30.8 3.43 251
Kirinyaga 23.1 2.03 650 13.8 3.33 63 17.5 3.37 82 33.8 6.11 35 19.4 2.74 180
Murang'a 30.1 2.37 1,131 21.9 3.71 149 32.2 3.84 198 40.1 5.59 83 30.1 3.21 429
Kiambu 19.9 2.03 2,579 17.3 3.11 422 19.6 3.37 407 22.0 4.58 203 19.1 2.58 1,032
Annex Table E.2: Overall child poverty by age group, residence and county, 2022 (Continued)

Residence/ Total population 0-5 Years 6-13 Years 14-17 Years 0-17 Years
County
Poverty Head- Population Poverty Head- Population Poverty Head- Population Poverty Head- Population Poverty Head- Population
count ('000) count ('000) count ('000) count ('000) count ('000)
Rate Std. Rate Std. Rate Std. Rate Std. Rate Std.
(%) Error (%) Error (%) Error (%) Error (%) Error
Turkana 82.7 2.03 989 78.5 2.80 190 82.2 2.54 213 83.8 3.58 64 80.9 2.29 467
West Pokot 60.1 2.58 665 54.9 3.32 137 64.0 3.15 189 69.7 3.78 80 62.0 2.73 406
Samburu 71.9 2.72 329 65.1 4.39 50 76.9 3.22 93 75.4 4.37 34 73.3 3.02 177
Trans Nzoia 37.3 2.85 1,058 31.1 4.11 147 43.7 3.97 213 42.0 4.79 119 39.4 3.37 480
Uasin Gishu 39.9 2.44 1,235 37.3 3.68 197 44.2 3.53 275 44.2 4.53 120 41.9 2.92 592
Elgeyo/Marak- 53.0 2.57 486 54.4 3.88 77 56.2 3.51 114 56.9 4.39 50 55.8 3.03 242
wet
Nandi 39.1 2.44 949 28.8 3.70 101 46.1 3.82 154 44.6 4.76 85 40.6 3.06 340
Baringo 46.9 2.44 712 40.5 4.05 95 61.6 3.80 116 54.8 4.77 68 52.7 3.11 279
Laikipia 38.0 2.50 548 38.9 4.06 74 41.8 4.03 99 35.1 4.51 60 39.2 3.20 233
Nakuru 38.2 2.35 2,283 30.3 3.51 361 48.0 3.68 450 49.1 4.51 226 42.1 2.93 1,037
Narok 26.2 2.17 1,232 16.9 2.69 219 30.2 3.12 324 32.7 4.23 126 26.3 2.56 668
Kajiado 37.3 2.46 1,187 35.3 3.97 159 31.9 3.69 193 49.4 5.89 64 35.9 3.13 416
Kericho 47.8 2.46 964 40.9 3.92 116 50.5 3.39 205 50.7 3.88 139 48.2 2.85 461
Bomet 47.1 2.39 938 43.9 3.65 119 47.8 3.30 192 50.4 4.12 107 47.4 2.79 419
Kakamega 38.2 2.33 1,999 33.1 3.53 277 39.7 3.21 463 40.2 3.75 254 38.0 2.70 993
Vihiga 47.9 2.42 631 42.1 4.35 67 52.2 3.85 102 51.4 4.54 65 49.1 3.09 233
Bungoma 49.2 2.54 1,787 43.9 3.49 303 47.2 3.27 445 53.3 4.02 242 47.7 2.80 989
Busia 52.7 2.36 953 47.2 3.63 130 54.1 3.16 217 63.7 3.79 110 54.4 2.73 457
Siaya 38.3 2.27 1,062 37.5 3.78 145 43.7 3.40 239 39.2 3.95 128 40.8 2.88 512
Kisumu 39.0 2.42 1,226 35.2 3.70 185 37.8 3.31 289 38.8 3.88 178 37.3 2.81 651
Homa Bay 28.2 2.22 1,208 28.2 3.31 179 28.1 3.04 280 29.3 3.58 173 28.5 2.60 631
Migori 45.7 2.43 1,189 35.1 3.44 182 46.5 3.36 248 63.5 4.13 118 46.3 2.85 549
Kisii 32.9 2.42 1,353 29.9 3.96 161 33.2 3.53 258 33.0 4.24 147 32.2 2.90 566
The Kenya Poverty Report 2022

Nyamira 38.8 2.42 648 37.9 3.96 75 43.6 3.28 151 38.4 4.04 76 40.8 2.81 303
Nairobi City 16.5 1.88 4,646 14.6 2.92 766 20.3 3.46 741 37.6 6.25 305 20.8 2.67 1,812
91
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Annex Table E.3: Child food poverty by age group and residence, 2022

Residence/ Total population 0-5 Years 6-13 Years 14-17 Years 0-17 Years
County
Poverty Head- Population Poverty Head- Population Poverty Head- Population Poverty Head- Population Poverty Head- Population
count ('000) count ('000) count ('000) count ('000) count ('000)
Rate Std. Rate Std. Rate Std. Rate Std. Rate Std.
(%) Error (%) Error (%) Error (%) Error (%) Error
National 25.8 (0.5) 7,395 33.9 (0.5) 10,180 42.1 (0.7) 5,002 33.1 (0.4) 22,577 31.7 (0.3) 50,623
Rural 27.3 (0.6) 4,872 34.7 (0.6) 7,437 41.0 (0.8) 3,750 33.9 (0.5) 16,059 33.2 (0.4) 34,476
Urban 23.0 (0.9) 2,523 32.0 (1.0) 2,744 45.4 (1.4) 1,252 31.1 (0.8) 6,518 28.6 (0.6) 16,147
Mombasa 21.1 (4.0) 186 28.1 (4.1) 267 37.2 (5.9) 108 27.5 (3.3) 561 25.9 (2.5) 1,278
Kwale 30.7 (3.5) 124 38.8 (3.6) 187 51.4 (4.5) 83 38.9 (3.0) 394 36.3 (2.4) 922
Kilifi 36.0 (3.9) 216 48.8 (3.8) 326 54.9 (5.1) 144 46.1 (3.2) 686 46.3 (2.8) 1,548
Tana River 36.4 (4.1) 71 55.3 (4.1) 79 53.5 (5.3) 35 47.8 (3.5) 185 46.3 (3.2) 337
Lamu 17.9 (3.7) 19 31.2 (3.9) 32 33.9 (4.9) 16 28.1 (3.2) 67 30.1 (2.7) 148
Taita/Taveta 26.5 (3.9) 57 39.0 (4.2) 65 41.6 (5.3) 34 35.0 (3.4) 156 34.6 (2.6) 359
The Kenya Poverty Report 2022

Garissa 45.3 (4.1) 165 52.4 (3.9) 214 51.2 (4.9) 91 49.7 (3.3) 470 51.2 (3.2) 896
Wajir 40.7 (3.5) 141 50.6 (3.5) 195 59.0 (4.1) 92 49.1 (2.9) 428 45.6 (2.7) 832
Mandera 57.1 (3.4) 197 71.9 (2.9) 270 83.2 (2.9) 119 69.2 (2.6) 586 60.4 (2.7) 924
Marsabit 45.2 (3.5) 89 58.2 (3.2) 117 61.0 (4.2) 44 54.1 (2.9) 251 54.4 (2.7) 480
Isiolo 27.3 (3.4) 47 32.6 (3.4) 61 52.9 (4.8) 27 34.8 (3.0) 135 35.7 (2.6) 283
Meru 16.1 (3.0) 232 21.7 (3.1) 321 24.1 (4.1) 159 20.4 (2.5) 713 21.1 (2.1) 1,647
Tharaka-Nithi 24.2 (3.8) 39 32.7 (3.5) 67 41.5 (4.5) 41 32.9 (2.9) 147 32.5 (2.3) 420
Embu 19.7 (3.8) 60 26.3 (3.5) 99 33.0 (4.8) 58 26.2 (2.9) 217 23.7 (2.0) 650
Kitui 35.3 (3.6) 163 38.4 (3.5) 227 41.6 (4.0) 140 38.3 (2.8) 531 37.7 (2.3) 1,213
Machakos 21.1 (3.8) 159 29.5 (3.5) 260 44.5 (5.3) 117 30.3 (3.0) 536 31.8 (2.3) 1,516
Makueni 25.8 (3.6) 120 34.9 (3.4) 211 43.9 (4.4) 116 34.8 (2.8) 447 33.2 (2.3) 1,049
Nyandarua 12.8 (3.1) 80 23.7 (3.4) 115 35.8 (4.9) 69 23.6 (2.8) 263 26.5 (2.3) 682
Nyeri 15.0 (3.6) 81 20.1 (3.7) 119 35.7 (6.0) 50 21.6 (3.1) 251 18.2 (2.0) 805
Kirinyaga 15.0 (3.5) 63 19.5 (3.5) 82 40.4 (6.3) 35 22.0 (2.9) 180 20.3 (1.9) 650
Murang'a 17.6 (3.4) 149 27.7 (3.7) 198 37.8 (5.5) 83 26.2 (3.1) 429 26.3 (2.3) 1,131
Kiambu 13.6 (2.8) 422 15.5 (3.1) 407 36.0 (5.3) 203 18.8 (2.6) 1,032 18.3 (2.0) 2,579
Annex Table E.3: Child food poverty by age group and residence, 2022 (Continued)

Residence/ Total population 0-5 Years 6-13 Years 14-17 Years 0-17 Years
County
Poverty Head- Population Poverty Head- Population Poverty Head- Population Poverty Head- Population Poverty Head- Population
count ('000) count ('000) count ('000) count ('000) count ('000)
Rate Std. Rate Std. Rate Std. Rate Std. Rate Std.
(%) Error (%) Error (%) Error (%) Error (%) Error
Turkana 54.6 (3.4) 190 60.7 (3.2) 213 66.6 (4.6) 64 59.0 (2.9) 467 64.3 (2.6) 989
West Pokot 38.7 (3.3) 137 48.1 (3.3) 189 58.6 (4.0) 80 47.0 (2.8) 406 49.3 (2.6) 665
Samburu 46.9 (4.6) 50 59.1 (3.8) 93 58.0 (5.0) 34 55.5 (3.4) 177 56.7 (3.0) 329
Trans Nzoia 21.2 (3.6) 147 29.3 (3.6) 213 28.8 (4.4) 119 26.7 (3.1) 480 28.3 (2.6) 1,058
Uasin Gishu 33.9 (3.6) 197 36.7 (3.4) 275 42.3 (4.5) 120 36.9 (2.9) 592 35.3 (2.4) 1,235
Elgeyo/Marak- 32.7 (3.7) 77 38.2 (3.4) 114 46.9 (4.4) 50 38.2 (3.0) 242 36.9 (2.5) 486
wet
Nandi 26.9 (3.6) 101 42.3 (3.8) 154 48.6 (4.8) 85 39.3 (3.0) 340 32.2 (2.3) 949
Baringo 23.8 (3.5) 95 43.1 (3.9) 116 51.4 (4.8) 68 38.5 (3.0) 279 36.3 (2.4) 712
Laikipia 30.2 (3.8) 74 35.3 (3.9) 99 30.1 (4.3) 60 32.4 (3.1) 233 30.5 (2.4) 548
Nakuru 16.6 (2.8) 361 30.0 (3.4) 450 35.8 (4.3) 226 26.6 (2.6) 1,037 26.5 (2.1) 2,283
Narok 15.5 (2.6) 219 25.6 (3.0) 324 41.6 (4.4) 126 25.3 (2.5) 668 27.5 (2.2) 1,232
Kajiado 28.7 (3.8) 159 29.7 (3.6) 193 41.4 (5.8) 64 31.1 (3.0) 416 33.2 (2.4) 1,187
Kericho 23.8 (3.4) 116 30.8 (3.1) 205 36.3 (3.7) 139 30.7 (2.6) 461 31.5 (2.3) 964
Bomet 31.6 (3.4) 119 35.2 (3.2) 192 45.2 (4.1) 107 36.7 (2.7) 419 38.1 (2.3) 938
Kakamega 22.4 (3.1) 277 29.6 (3.0) 463 35.1 (3.6) 254 29.0 (2.5) 993 29.8 (2.2) 1,999
Vihiga 33.3 (4.1) 67 49.6 (3.9) 102 45.1 (4.5) 65 43.7 (3.1) 233 41.3 (2.4) 631
Bungoma 23.8 (3.0) 303 30.7 (3.0) 445 44.6 (4.0) 242 32.0 (2.6) 989 35.0 (2.4) 1,787
Busia 38.5 (3.5) 130 44.9 (3.2) 217 57.0 (3.9) 110 46.0 (2.7) 457 45.1 (2.4) 953
Siaya 20.5 (3.2) 145 27.2 (3.0) 239 26.7 (3.6) 128 25.2 (2.5) 512 24.6 (2.0) 1,062
Kisumu 30.0 (3.5) 185 29.0 (3.1) 289 34.2 (3.8) 178 30.7 (2.7) 651 31.5 (2.3) 1,226
Homa Bay 25.1 (3.2) 179 28.3 (3.0) 280 35.3 (3.8) 173 29.3 (2.6) 631 27.9 (2.2) 1,208
Migori 21.6 (3.0) 182 32.3 (3.2) 248 50.2 (4.3) 118 32.6 (2.7) 549 31.6 (2.3) 1,189
Kisii 27.7 (3.9) 161 30.2 (3.4) 258 35.1 (4.3) 147 30.8 (2.9) 566 32.3 (2.4) 1,353
The Kenya Poverty Report 2022

Nyamira 27.0 (3.6) 75 38.0 (3.2) 151 32.9 (3.9) 76 34.0 (2.7) 303 31.6 (2.3) 648
Nairobi City 12.5 (2.7) 766 18.0 (3.3) 741 37.9 (6.3) 305 19.1 (2.6) 1,812 15.8 (1.8) 4,646
93
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Annex Table E.4: Overall poverty by all age groups and residence, 2022

Residence/ Total population 0-17 Years 15-24 Years 18-35 Years 36-59 Years 60-69 Years 70+ Years
County
Poverty Head- Popula- Poverty Head- Popula- Poverty Popula- Poverty Popula- Poverty Head- Popula- Poverty Head- Popula- Poverty Head- Popula-
count tion count tion Headcount tion Headcount tion count tion count tion count tion
Rate Std. Rate Std. Rate Std. Rate Std. Rate Std. Rate Std. Rate Std.
(%) Error (%) Error (%) Error (%) Error (%) Error (%) Error (%) Error
National 39.8 (0.4) 50,623 42.4 (0.4) 22,577 44.0 (0.5) 9,868 36.7 (0.4) 14,281 37.0 (0.5) 9,516 41.3 (1.0) 1,798 46.3 (1.1) 1,561
Rural 42.9 (0.5) 34,476 44.3 (0.5) 16,059 46.5 (0.6) 6,696 41.7 (0.6) 8,333 40.0 (0.6) 6,277 30.1 (1.0) 1,457 46.3 (1.2) 1,366
Urban 33.2 (0.6) 16,147 37.9 (0.8) 6,518 38.6 (0.9) 3,172 29.6 (0.7) 5,948 31.1 (0.9) 3,238 32.9 (2.1) 342 46.3 (2.9) 195
Mombasa 27.0 (2.5) 1,278 29.7 (3.4) 561 36.5 (4.3) 279 28.9 (2.9) 526 24.2 (3.2) 313 11.3 (7.7) 26 42.2 (14.3) 21
Kwale 51.1 (2.5) 922 55.3 (3.1) 394 59.7 (3.7) 145 47.6 (3.0) 209 48.7 (3.4) 131 55.1 (7.6) 25 44.9 (8.2) 22
Kilifi 53.0 (2.8) 1,548 51.6 (3.3) 686 57.6 (3.9) 261 53.0 (3.3) 375 51.0 (3.9) 227 46.4 (7.6) 46 65.4 (9.7) 27
Tana River 66.7 (3.0) 337 68.9 (3.2) 185 69.7 (3.9) 74 65.0 (3.4) 109 70.5 (3.9) 49 50.6 (7.7) 16 65.1 (12.7) 4
Lamu 35.6 (2.8) 148 32.6 (3.3) 67 41.3 (4.1) 35 35.4 (3.4) 45 37.8 (3.6) 33 34.2 (7.2) 7 35.9 (8.3) 6
Taita/Taveta 39.3 (2.7) 359 40.4 (3.5) 156 44.9 (4.2) 68 32.9 (3.2) 100 45.3 (3.7) 76 33.1 (6.5) 20 36.7 (7.3) 18
The Kenya Poverty Report 2022

Garissa 67.8 (3.0) 896 71.4 (3.0) 470 73.0 (3.6) 165 71.4 (3.2) 208 74.3 (3.6) 131 46.6 (9.6) 16 81.8 (7.4) 16
Wajir 64.7 (2.6) 832 69.7 (2.7) 428 74.7 (3.2) 139 60.7 (3.1) 170 73.1 (3.3) 103 62.4 (7.2) 19 77.9 (5.8) 23
Mandera 72.9 (2.5) 924 78.8 (2.3) 586 85.7 (2.5) 186 82.2 (2.4) 180 81.9 (2.7) 115 86.3 (4.2) 27 92.9 (3.6) 21
Marsabit 66.1 (2.6) 480 65.1 (2.7) 251 74.1 (3.2) 85 65.8 (2.9) 114 71.3 (3.5) 53 62.2 (6.7) 13 66.2 (6.3) 14
Isiolo 55.6 (2.7) 283 58.0 (3.1) 135 58.9 (3.8) 50 50.7 (3.2) 73 56.0 (3.9) 36 37.0 (6.3) 11 64.6 (7.1) 9
Meru 34.1 (2.5) 1,647 35.7 (3.0) 713 31.4 (3.4) 334 31.5 (3.0) 429 33.0 (3.2) 371 25.8 (6.1) 76 38.9 (7.4) 66
Tharaka-Nithi 36.1 (2.3) 420 35.5 (3.0) 147 41.3 (3.4) 81 34.1 (2.9) 107 32.5 (3.0) 90 25.7 (5.3) 22 44.9 (6.4) 20
Embu 24.3 (2.0) 650 28.1 (2.9) 217 24.8 (3.2) 116 20.7 (2.5) 170 21.6 (2.6) 152 23.2 (5.2) 38 38.7 (6.6) 35
Kitui 58.3 (2.4) 1,213 59.5 (2.9) 531 60.3 (3.2) 271 56.9 (2.9) 310 53.0 (3.1) 230 43.6 (6.2) 51 65.5 (5.5) 61
Machakos 38.3 (2.4) 1,516 38.9 (3.1) 536 44.2 (3.8) 261 39.5 (3.0) 439 36.9 (3.2) 363 29.3 (6.1) 69 45.8 (7.2) 62
Makueni 44.7 (2.4) 1,049 44.3 (2.9) 447 50.6 (3.3) 226 42.9 (2.8) 282 46.8 (3.1) 225 29.6 (5.4) 58 47.8 (5.2) 70
Nyandarua 34.5 (2.5) 682 34.5 (3.2) 263 38.2 (3.9) 121 35.1 (3.3) 153 33.0 (3.1) 179 19.1 (6.1) 27 53.4 (7.7) 25
Nyeri 26.0 (2.3) 805 30.8 (3.4) 251 33.4 (4.3) 116 28.3 (3.6) 140 22.0 (2.8) 220 11.1 (3.8) 58 14.1 (4.3) 61
Kirinyaga 23.1 (2.0) 650 19.4 (2.7) 180 30.2 (4.1) 77 23.7 (3.1) 120 21.1 (2.6) 173 15.1 (4.7) 37 36.0 (6.7) 34
Murang'a 30.1 (2.4) 1,131 30.1 (3.2) 429 30.7 (4.0) 168 29.5 (3.2) 249 31.5 (3.1) 275 18.8 (4.5) 82 26.3 (5.6) 71
Kiambu 19.9 (2.0) 2,579 19.1 (2.6) 1,032 20.8 (3.2) 481 16.4 (2.3) 883 20.5 (2.7) 683 14.9 (5.6) 99 18.7 (7.0) 69
Turkana 82.7 (2.0) 989 80.9 (2.3) 467 80.8 (3.1) 127 78.5 (2.7) 182 84.7 (2.7) 110 81.9 (5.2) 27 94.5 (3.9) 18
Annex Table E.4: Overall poverty by all age groups and residence, 2022 (Continued)

Residence/ Total population 0-17 Years 15-24 Years 18-35 Years 36-59 Years 60-69 Years 70+ Years
County
Poverty Head- Popula- Poverty Head- Popula- Poverty Popula- Poverty Popula- Poverty Head- Popula- Poverty Head- Popula- Poverty Head- Popula-
count tion count tion Headcount tion Headcount tion count tion count tion count tion
Rate Std. Rate Std. Rate Std. Rate Std. Rate Std. Rate Std. Rate Std.
(%) Error (%) Error (%) Error (%) Error (%) Error (%) Error (%) Error
West Pokot 60.1 (2.6) 665 62.0 (2.7) 406 61.0 (3.3) 152 55.4 (2.9) 192 61.3 (3.8) 83 47.7 (7.8) 16 64.7 (8.9) 11
Samburu 71.9 (2.7) 329 73.3 (3.0) 177 68.1 (4.1) 53 66.1 (3.4) 70 70.2 (4.0) 39 42.5 (8.4) 10 72.8 (8.3) 8
Trans Nzoia 37.3 (2.8) 1,058 39.4 (3.4) 480 38.5 (4.0) 213 32.3 (3.2) 272 32.3 (3.7) 181 26.7 (6.3) 54 36.2 (8.5) 34
Uasin Gishu 39.9 (2.4) 1,235 41.9 (2.9) 592 39.5 (3.3) 294 35.3 (2.7) 455 39.0 (3.3) 247 18.7 (6.7) 31 43.5 (9.9) 24
Elgeyo/Marak- 53.0 (2.6) 486 55.8 (3.0) 242 50.5 (3.7) 110 47.1 (3.0) 148 52.4 (3.6) 84 22.3 (5.8) 18 64.5 (7.9) 14
wet
Nandi 39.1 (2.4) 949 40.6 (3.1) 340 43.6 (3.8) 150 39.9 (3.0) 208 37.9 (3.3) 166 48.9 (8.1) 25 68.7 (7.1) 32
Baringo 46.9 (2.4) 712 52.7 (3.1) 279 50.8 (3.8) 116 40.0 (3.1) 137 49.1 (3.7) 94 24.2 (5.9) 22 35.7 (6.8) 26
Laikipia 38.0 (2.5) 548 39.2 (3.2) 233 37.9 (3.7) 107 37.2 (3.2) 130 27.8 (3.1) 107 25.8 (6.7) 19 49.9 (7.5) 23
Nakuru 38.2 (2.3) 2,283 42.1 (2.9) 1,037 41.3 (3.4) 485 34.1 (2.7) 731 38.2 (3.2) 435 30.5 (7.1) 70 53.0 (7.8) 74
Narok 26.2 (2.2) 1,232 26.3 (2.6) 668 29.2 (3.2) 221 22.1 (2.3) 318 26.2 (3.1) 162 42.5 (9.5) 22 49.8 (9.1) 24
Kajiado 37.3 (2.5) 1,187 35.9 (3.1) 416 44.5 (4.0) 171 37.8 (2.8) 367 39.7 (3.7) 191 33.7 (9.5) 21 22.9 (12.7) 10
Kericho 47.8 (2.5) 964 48.2 (2.8) 461 50.5 (3.2) 257 46.0 (2.7) 310 44.3 (3.2) 183 32.6 (7.0) 33 58.6 (8.1) 28
Bomet 47.1 (2.4) 938 47.4 (2.8) 419 50.5 (3.5) 178 47.5 (2.8) 246 45.2 (3.2) 149 42.1 (6.8) 28 56.0 (6.6) 34
Kakamega 38.2 (2.3) 1,999 38.0 (2.7) 993 44.2 (3.3) 448 39.6 (2.8) 543 32.3 (3.0) 360 41.6 (6.2) 79 43.4 (7.7) 58
Vihiga 47.9 (2.4) 631 49.1 (3.1) 233 52.4 (3.6) 111 48.4 (3.3) 126 46.6 (3.4) 103 27.9 (4.7) 39 47.4 (5.2) 40
Bungoma 49.2 (2.5) 1,787 47.7 (2.8) 989 55.1 (3.3) 473 50.5 (2.9) 534 52.0 (3.4) 307 38.0 (6.6) 67 64.9 (7.5) 54
Busia 52.7 (2.4) 953 54.4 (2.7) 457 59.9 (3.3) 198 50.6 (2.8) 251 51.6 (3.1) 157 39.2 (6.0) 39 52.6 (6.6) 33
Siaya 38.3 (2.3) 1,062 40.8 (2.9) 512 40.0 (3.4) 219 37.8 (3.0) 248 37.5 (3.1) 198 13.6 (4.2) 50 30.8 (5.9) 46
Kisumu 39.0 (2.4) 1,226 37.3 (2.8) 651 44.9 (3.3) 320 41.7 (2.9) 405 39.6 (3.3) 216 29.4 (5.9) 52 44.2 (7.4) 40
Homa Bay 28.2 (2.2) 1,208 28.5 (2.6) 631 25.8 (2.9) 301 25.5 (2.5) 334 30.0 (3.0) 219 27.4 (6.8) 37 42.3 (6.9) 48
Migori 45.7 (2.4) 1,189 46.3 (2.9) 549 50.8 (3.4) 211 39.4 (2.8) 282 47.8 (3.4) 174 22.7 (5.9) 38 48.7 (7.9) 29
Kisii 32.9 (2.4) 1,353 32.2 (2.9) 566 34.3 (3.5) 278 31.5 (3.0) 330 33.5 (3.3) 243 28.4 (5.4) 72 48.7 (7.3) 52
Nyamira 38.8 (2.4) 648 40.8 (2.8) 303 45.9 (3.5) 127 39.9 (3.0) 161 38.3 (3.2) 131 26.9 (5.3) 34 45.8 (7.2) 23
The Kenya Poverty Report 2022

Nairobi City 16.5 (1.9) 4,646 20.8 (2.7) 1,812 23.8 (3.5) 810 16.6 (2.2) 1,910 16.1 (2.7) 949 5.6 (6.9) 49 - - 20
95
96 Poverty Report 2022
 Kenya National Bureau of Statistics
Real Towers, Upper Hill
P.O. Box 30266 - 00100 Nairobi, Kenya

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