Numbers

Natural Numbers:
Numbers that are used for counting purpose are called natural numbers.
Examples:
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6……………., 121, …….
Whole Numbers:
Natural numbers including 0 are called Whole Numbers.
Examples:
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ………… 105, …….
Integers:
Positive natural numbers, negative natural numbers along with 0 are called
integers.
Examples:
…………………, -5, -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ……………
Rational Numbers:
𝑝
Numbers which can be written in the form of , where (q ≠ 0) and p and q are
𝑞
positive or negative whole numbers are called rational numbers. The exact value
of rational number can be written.
Examples:
1 5 −3 7
, , ,
4 12 10 −100

Irrational Numbers:
Numbers that cannot be expressed as rational numbers. These types of numbers
are called irrational numbers. The exact value of an irrational number
cannot be written.
Examples:

𝜋 , √11, √5

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Real Numbers:
Real numbers are made up of all possible rational and irrational numbers.
Examples:
−3 7
, , 𝜋 , √11,
10 −100

Terminating Decimals:
A number that has certain/ definite decimal places are called terminating
decimals.
3
= 0.6 is a terminating decimal because it terminates after 1 decimal place.
5
11
= 0.55 is a terminating decimal because it terminates after 2 decimal place.
20

Recurring Decimals:
These are decimal numbers, which keep repeating a digit or group of digits
Examples:
5
=0.714285714285 is recurring decimal. The six digits 714285 will repeat in same
7
order.
Prime Numbers:
A prime number is divisible only by itself and 1.
1 is not a prime number. 2 is the only even prime number.
Examples:
7, 23, 37, 93
Square Numbers:
A square number is the resultant number of multiplying a number by itself.
Examples
4, 16, 36, 81
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Cube Numbers:
A cube number is the result of multiplying a number by itself three times.
Examples:
23, 53, 73 i.e 8,25, 343
Factors:
The factors of a number are the numbers, which exactly divides a number.
Examples:
Factors of 24 are:
1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24
Even numbers:
Numbers which are divisible by 2.
Examples:
2, 4, 6, 8, 10…
Odd numbers:
Numbers which are not divisible by 2.
Examples:
1, 3, 5, 7, 9 …
Standard Form:
The number written in the form of Zx10n.
Examples:
3x104, 7.8x107, 0.7x10-5

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 Conversion Factors

Lengths
mm÷10 Cm ÷ 2.54 Inches
÷
100

Feet ÷ 3 Yards ÷ 1.1 Meters÷1000 KM

÷1760

Miles x 1.6

Quantities
Milligram ÷ 1000 = Gram ÷ 1000 = Kilogram ÷ 1000 = Tonne
Millilitre ÷ 1000 = Litre
1 Dozen = 12
Time
1 hour = 60 minutes = 3600 seconds
1 minute = 60 seconds.
1 day = 24 hours
1 week = 7 days
1 leap year = 366 days
1 light year = 9.46 × 1012 km.
1 year = 12 months = 52 weeks = 365.25 days.

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 Percentages

• To express one quantity as a percentage of another, first write the first

quantity as a fraction of the second and then multiply by 100.
• Profit = Sale Price – Cost Price
• Loss = Cost Price – Sale Price
• Discount = Marked Price – Sale Price

Interest

P = Principle / Invested / borrowed

I = Interest

t = Time in years

r = Rate of interest

A= Amount

Simple Interest: Compound Interest

𝑝𝑡𝑟 𝑟
I= 100 A=𝑝 (1 + 𝑛)n

A= P+I n= Number of years

Speed Distance and Time

Units

• Distance = Speed x Time D km , m

𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
• Speed = km/hr, m/sec
𝑻𝒊𝒎𝒆
𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
• Time = S T hour , second
𝑺𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
• Average Speed = km/hr, m/sec
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑻𝒊𝒎𝒆

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 Algebra

Quadratic Equations:

An equation in which highest power of variable is 2.

ax2+bx+c is a quadratic equation where a, b, c are constant & a≠0

Methods of solving a quadratic equation:

• Factorization
−𝑏±√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐
• Using quadratic formula i.e. 𝑥 = 2𝑎
• Completing the square
Expansion of algebraic expressions:

• a(b+c) = ab + ac
• (a+b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
• (a-b)2 = a2 - 2ab + b2
• (a+b) (a-b) = a2 – b2

Ordering

= is equal to ≠ is not equal to

< is smaller than > is greater than

≤ is smaller than equal to ≥ is greater than equal to

Variation

Direct variation

y is directly proportion to x y is directly proportion to x

yx y  1𝑥
𝑘
y = kx y=𝑥

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 Mensuration
Pythagoras Theorem:
Used only in right-angled triangles.

height Hyp2 = base2 + height2

base
Trigonometry Ratios
Used only in right-angled triangles.

opposite

adjacent
𝑂𝑝𝑝
Sin θ= 𝐻𝑦𝑝

𝐴𝑑𝑗
Cos θ= 𝐻𝑦𝑝 SOH CAH TOA
𝑂𝑝𝑝
Tan θ= 𝐴𝑑𝑗

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 Area and Perimeter

Name Shape Area Perimeter

L L+L+W+W
Rectangle Lxw or
w 2L+2W

Square a axa a+a+a+a

or or
a a2 4a

Parallelogram a h bxh
θ or 2 (a+b)
b ab Sin θ
1
bxh
2
Triangle a Or a+b+c
h c 𝑏×ℎ
2
b
a
1
Trapezium h xbxh Sum of all sides
2

b
Circumference
2
Circle r d=2r 𝜋𝑟 2𝜋r

1 2 1
Semi Circle 2𝜋r+d
𝑑 𝜋𝑟 2
d r=2 2
r
𝑎 𝑎
Sector 𝜋𝑟 2 x 360 x2𝜋r+d
360
a

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 Surface Area & Volume

Name Shape Volume Surface Area

L
Cube L LxLxL 6L2
or
L L3

Cuboid l lxwxh 2(lw + wh + lh)

h
w

h
Cylinder 𝜋𝑟 2 h Curved = 2 𝜋rh
r Total = 2 𝜋 r h (h + r)

Cone Curved = 𝜋r l
h 1 Total = 𝜋𝑟 (𝑙 + 𝑟)
𝜋𝑟 2 h
3
r l =√(𝒓𝟐 + 𝒉𝟐 )

4
𝜋𝑟 3 4 𝜋𝑟 2
3
Sphere r

Pyramid
Base area + Area of the Sides
h 1
x base area x h
3

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 Matrix

• Order = Rows X Columns

Addition and Subtraction

• Only matrices with SAME order can be added or subtracted.

Multiplication

Scalar:

• Multiplying whole matrix with a single unit.

• Multiply 2 Matrices

We can multiply two matrices only if:

Number of Columns of 1st Matrix = Number of Rows of 2nd Matrix

Order of Matrix A Order of Matrix B Order of Resulting Matrix

ax b b xc axc

How to Multiply:

Multiply Row with Column

𝑎 𝑏 𝑤 𝑥 (𝑎 × 𝑤) + (𝑏 × 𝑦) (𝑎 × 𝑥) + (𝑏 × 𝑧)
( ) × (𝑦 𝑧 ) = ( )
𝑐 𝑑 (𝑐 × 𝑤) + (𝑑 × 𝑦) (𝑐 × 𝑥) + (𝑑 × 𝑧)

Inverse of Matrix

Determinant (d) of a Matrix 2x2

𝒂 𝒃
A= ( ) Determinant (d) of A = ad-bc
𝒄 𝒅
𝟏 𝒅 −𝒃
A’= 𝒅 ( )
−𝒄 𝒂

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 Reflection
Original Reflected Matrix
Vertical Line, Y-axis, X,Y -X,Y −1 0
( )xOriginal
X=0 0 1
Horizontal Line, X-axis, X,Y X, -Y 1 0
( )xOriginal
Y=0 0 −1
Reflection Y=X (X,Y) (Y,X) 0 1
()xOriginal
1 0
Reflection Y=-X (X,Y) (-Y, -X) 0 −1
( )xOriginal
−1 0

𝒙+𝒙′ 𝒚+𝒚′
Reflection in Co-ordinate (x=a)= reflation in Same Co-ordinate (y=a)=
𝟐 𝟐

Invariant Points = Same Points

Rotation

Determine the center of rotation* , direction.

How to Draw

0 −1
90 Anticlockwise Transformation Matrix origin (0, 0) = ( )X Original
1 0

Rotation
Original Reflected Matrix
90ACW/270CW Origin (0,0) X,Y -Y, X 0 −1
( )X Original
1 0
90CW/270ACW Origin (0,0) X,Y Y, -X 0 1
( )X Original
−1 0

Draw Perpendicular Bisectors of two points, Centre of rotation is te point where two bisectors meet.

Enlargement

Centre of origin:

Draw lines joining both images, meeting point is the Centre.

𝑳𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝑰𝒎𝒂𝒈𝒆
Scale Factor= 𝑳𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝑶𝒃𝒋𝒆𝒄𝒕

If Shape is turned over or faces are flipped put – sign with scale factor.

𝑆𝐹 0
Transformation Matrix= ( ) or SF X (X,Y)
0 𝑆𝐹

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 A

C b

B a C

Sine Rule:
𝒂 𝒃 𝒄
= 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝑩 = 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝑪
𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝑨

Cosine Rule:

To find the length of side:

• a2 = b2 + c 2 - 2bc Cos A
• b2= a2 + c2 – 2ac Cos B
• c2 = a2 + b2 – 2 ab Cos C

To find angle when all three sides are given:

𝑏2 + 𝑐 2 − 𝑎2
• Cos A = 2𝑏𝑐
𝑎 2 + 𝑐 2 − 𝑏2
• Cos B = 2𝑎𝑐
𝑎 2 + 𝑏2 − 𝑐 2
• Cos C = 2𝑎𝑏

Equation of graph: y= mx+c

𝑦2 − 𝑦1
m= and c is Y=intercept
𝑥2 − 𝑥1

𝑥1 + 𝑥2 𝑦1 + 𝑦2
Midpoint of line = ,
2 2

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