OUR ENVIRONMENT

SMART CARD
FLOW CHART
 VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS [1 Mark]
Q 1.How the environment will be effected if we kill all the
organisms in one trophic level?

2. United Nations act to control the production of

chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) used in refrigerators. Give reason

3. Name the compounds responsible for the depletion of ozone

layer?
4. Define ‘trophic level’.
5.Draw various steps in a food chain ?
6. Give the important function of presence of ozone in earth’s
atmosphere?
7. Give an example to illustrate that indiscriminate use of
pesticides may result-in the degradation of the environment.

8.It is necessary to conserve our environment. Justify.

9. Define biodegradable waste?
10.How decomposers help in the ecosystem?
 SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTION [2 Marks]

11. Write meaning of the term ‘Biomass.

12. Bacteria and fungi are called decomposers. Explain.

13 .In a food chain, if 10,000 joules of energy is available to the producer, how
much energy will be available to the secondary consumer to transfer it to the
tertiary consumer?

14.Consider the following food chain which occurs in a forest:

Grass → Deer → Lion
If 10000 J of solar energy is available to the grass, how much energy would be
available to the deer to transfer it to the lion? (Foreign 2012)

15.Define biological magnification?

16.Give an example to illustrate that indiscriminate use of pesticides may

result in the degradation of the environment.

17 .List two important roles decomposers play in the environment.

18 .List two reasons to show that the existence of decomposers is essential in

an ecosystem.

.19.State with reason any two possible consequences of elimination of

decomposers from the earth.

20.State the position of autotrophs and herbivores in a food chain.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTION [3 Marks]

21. (a) Describe ‘environmental pollution’? (b) Distinguish

between biodegradable and non-biodegradable pollutants. (c)
Choose the biodegradable pollutants from the list given below:
Sewage, DDT, radioactive waste, agricultural waste.
22.Bacteria and fungi called decomposers.Give reason. List any
two advantages of decomposers to the environment.
23. Explain the phenomenon of “biological magnification” How
does it affect organisms belonging to different trophic levels
particularly the tertiary consumers?
24. How is ozone formed in the upper atmosphere? Why is the
damage of ozone layer a cause of concern to us? State a cause of
this damage.
25. . Explain ‘biological magnification’ with the help of an
example.
26. Describe how decomposers facilitate recycling of matter in
order to maintain balance in the ecosystem.
27.Define biodiversity? If biodiversity of an area is not
preserved .Mention its effect.
28. Energy flow in the biosphere is unidirectional.Explain.
29. How can we help in reducing the problem of waste disposal?
Give any two methods.
30. Damage to the ozone layer is a cause for concern.” Justify this
statement. Suggest any two steps to limit this damage.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS [5 MARKS]

31. A non-biodegradable toxic chemical has entered into the food chain. Which
type of food habit will you suggest to a man, vegetarian or non-vegetarian?
Explain with the help of a food chain. The food chain which you would
suggest, is advantageous in an another aspect. How?
32. Explain producers, consumers and decomposers of the biotic environment
with examples of each.
33. List down the Functions of an Ecosystem .

34. Define food chain. Write Significance of Food Chain .

35. Explain 10 percent law with the help of an example .

Case Study Type questions

Case Study – 1
1.) Waste management is essential in today’s society. Due to an increase in population,
the generation of waste is getting doubled day by day. Moreover, the increase in waste
is affecting the lives of many people. Waste management is the managing of waste by
disposal and recycling of it. Moreover, waste management needs proper techniques
keeping in mind the environmental situations. For instance, there are various methods
and techniques by which the waste is disposed of. You must have come across 5 R’s to
save the environment: refuse, reduce, reuse, repurpose and recycle.
1) Recycling of paper is a good practice but recycled paper should not be used as
food packaging because
a) recycled papers take lots of space
b) recycled papers can’t cover food properly
c) recycled papers can cause infection
d) recycled papers are costly
 2) Effective segregation of wastes at the point of generation is very important.
Select the appropriate statements giving the importance of waste segregation.
● i) less waste goes to the landfills
● ii) better for public health and the environment
● iii) help in reducing the waste
● iv) resulting in deterioration of a waste picker’s health
a) both i) and ii)
b) both i) and iii)
c) both ii) and iii)
d) both i) and iv)
Case Study – 2
1.) Food chains are very important for the survival of most species. When only one
element is removed from the food chain it can result in extinction of a species in some
cases. The foundation of the food chain consists of primary producers. Primary
producers, or autotrophs, can use either solar energy or chemical energy to create
complex organic compounds, whereas species at higher trophic levels cannot and so
must consume producers or other life that itself consumes producers. Because the sun’s
light is necessary for photosynthesis, most life could not exist if the sun disappeared.
Even so, it has recently been discovered that there are some forms of life, chemotrophs,
that appear to gain all their metabolic energy from chemosynthesis driven by
hydrothermal vents, thus showing that some life may not require solar energy to thrive.

1) If 10,000 J solar energy falls on green plants in a terrestrial ecosystem, what

percentage of solar energy will be converted into food energy?
● a) 10,000 J
● b) 100 J
● c) 1000 J
● d) It will depend on the type of the terrestrial plant.

2) Matter and energy are two fundamental inputs of an ecosystem. Movement of

● a) Energy is bidirectional and matter is repeatedly circulating.
● b) Energy is repeatedly circulation and matter is unidirectional.
● c) Energy is unidirectional and matter is repeatedly circulating.
● d) Energy is multidirectional and matter is bidirectional.

3) Mr. X is eating curd/yogurt. For this food intake in a food chain he should be
considered as occupying
● a) First trophic level
● b) Second trophic level
● c) Third trophic level
● d) Fourth trophic level
 4. The number of trophic levels in a food chain is limited because of:
● a) Decrease in energy at higher trophic levels
● b) Less availability of food
● c) Polluted air
● d) Water

5) The decomposers are not included in the food chain. The correct reason for the
same is because decomposers:
● a) Act at every trophic level of the food chain
● b) Do not breakdown organic compounds
● c) Convert organic material to inorganic forms
● d) Release enzymes outside their body to convert organic material to inorganic forms

Case study – 3
In Kunjpura village, located in Karnal district, Haryana, Aditya Aggarwal and his older
brother Amit Aggarwal run Tee Cee Industries, a steel plant set up by their ancestors in
1984. Along with this, they also run a gaushala that houses 1,200 cows that can no
longer produce milk. The cow shelter was manageable but running the steel plant was
turning out to be expensive because they spent a whopping Rs 5 lakh every month on
electricity. The brothers struck upon an idea. Why not run the factory with the biogas
produced from cow dung from the shelter and other gaushalas, along with bio and agri
led Aditya and Amit to start Amrit Fertilizers, a biogas project, in 2014, without any
government support.
1) Raw material used in bio gas plant is
● (a) Animal dung
● (b) crop residue
● (c) Food waste
● (d) All of the above
2) Biogas is a better fuel than animal dung cake because
● (i) Biogas has lower calorific value.
● (ii) Animal dung cake has higher calorific value.
● (iii) Biogas has high heating capacity.
● (iv) Biogas burns without smoke.
(a) (i) only
(b) (ii) only
(c) (iii) and (iv)
(d) (i) and (ii)
3) Biogas is formed in the
(a) presence of air only.
(b) presence of water only.
(c) absence of air only.
(d) presence of water and absence of air.
4) Biogas is a mixture of the following gases.
(a) Ethane,Carbon monoxide, Nitrogen and Butane
(b) Methane,Hydrogen,Carbon dioxide and Nitrogen
(c) Butane,Carbon monoxide,Propane and Hydrogen
(d) Carbon monoxide,Sulphur dioxide and Hydrogen

ASSERTION REASON TYPE QUESTIONS

Following questions consist of two statements – Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Answer
these questions selecting the appropriate option given below:

(a) Both ‘A’ and ‘R’ are true and ‘R’ is correct explanation of the Assertion.
(b) Both ‘A’ and ‘R’ are true but ‘R’ is not correct explanation of the Assertion.
(c) ‘A’ is true but ‘R’ is false.
(d) ‘A’ is false but ‘R’ is true.

Q.1. Assertion: Polythene bags and plastic containers are non-biodegradable substances.
Reason: They can be broken down by microorganisms in natural simple harmless substances.

Q.2. Assertion: The concentration of harmful chemicals is least in human beings.

Reason: Man is at the apex of the food chain.

Q.3. Assertion: Ozone is formed in upper atmosphere by O2 in presence of UV radiations.

Reason: Ozone depletion will lead to UV rays reaching earth which may cause skin cancer.

Q.4. Assertion: Aquarium needs regular cleaning

Reason: There are no microbes to clean water in aquarium, therefore, it needs to be regularly
cleaned.

Q 5 ) Assertion: Accumulation of harmful chemicals is higher in case of

organisms at higher trophic level.
Reason: Food chain normally can’t reduce beyond 3 or 4 trophic level.
Q 6 ) Assertion: Vegetarian food habit is more beneficial to organisms.
Reason: Only 10% energy is available as food from one trophic level to next.
Q 7 ) Assertion: Autotrophs can produce food on its own.
Reason: Green plants can absorb 1% energy of sunlight that fall on the leaves.
Q 8 ) Assertion: Ozone layer is getting depleted at upper atmosphere and it is a
serious cause of concern.
Reason: CFC reacts with ozone and breaks it.
Q 9 ) Assertion : The crown fires are most destructive as they burn the tree top.
Reason : Due to crown fire the temperature of that area may rise upto 700 degree celcius .

Q 10) ). Assertion : Tropical rain forests are disappearing fast from developing countries such as
India.

Reason : No value is attached to these forests because these are poor in biodiversity.

MCQ ( 1 MARK EACH )

1. Sulphur dioxide affects

(a) haemoglobin of blood (b) Arteries (c) Alveoli of lungs (d) Nerves
2. Identify the non- functional component of an ecosystem.
(a) Communities (b) Decomposers (c) Sunlight (d) Energy flow
3. Free services provided to humans by ecosystems include
(a) control of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration (b) prevention of soil erosion (c)
filtering of pollutants from water and air (d) all of the above
4.Scientists think that human-induced global warming will be more harmful to plants and
animals than were past, natural climate fluctuations.Choose the correct reason
(a) because temperatures will change faster (b) because the temperature changes will be
larger (c) because species now are less adaptable than species in the past (d) because
ecosystems are now more complicated than they used to be
5. As energy is passed from one trophic level to another, the amount of usable energy
(a) increases (b) decreases (c) remains the same (d) energy is not passed from one trophic
level to another
6. Each step in a food chain is called a
(a) trophic level (b) consumer level (c) food web (d) producer
7. CO2 absorbs some of the ......... that radiates from the surface of earth to space
(a) ozone (b) heat (c) food web (d) producer
8. The biological process by which carbon is returned to its reservoir is
(a) photosynthesis (b) de-nitrification (c) carbon fixation (d) cellular respiration
9. For corrosion of metals, there should be
(a) Exposed surface of metal (b) Moisture (c) Air (d) All of the above
10. The last chain of food is
(a) producers (b) decomposers (c) parasites (d) none of the above
11. Every food chain in the ecosystem begins with………. which are the original source of
food.

(a) Saprophytes

(b) Parasites

(c) Producers

(d) Herbivores

12. We should reduce the use of the plastic bags, bottles etc. because:
(a) They are not durable

(b) They are non-biodegradable

(c) They are made of toxic materials

(d) They react with the atmospheric gases

13. Among the following choose the correct option which contains only
biodegradable items?
i. Wood, paper, PVC

ii. Paper, seeds, detergent,

iii. Paper, animal excreta, wood

iv. Wool, leaves, paper

(a) (i), (ii) and (iii)

(b) (i) and (iii)

(c) (ii), (iii) and (iv)

(d) (iii) and (iv)

14. Identify the in incorrect statement in view of the plants.

(a) They convert the solar energy into mechanical energy

(b) They prepare their food from organic compounds

(c) They are also called producers

(d) They are the initial source of energy in a food chain

15. In a food chain the second trophic level is occupied by:

(a) Carnivores

(b) Autotrophs

(c) Herbivores

(d) Producers

16. Green plants utilize ……… percent of sun’s energy to prepare their food by the
process of photosynthesis?
(a) 1 percent

(b) 10 percent

(c) 20 percent

(d) 99 percent

17. The process of accumulation of harmful chemical substances like pesticides, in

the body of living organisms at each trophic level of a food chain is known as:
(a) Biological magnification

(b) Biological accumulation

(c) Chemical magnification

(d) Chemical accumulation

18. Choose the correct conclusion of the excessive exposure of humans to sun’s
ultraviolet rays?
i. Peptic ulcers

ii. Eye disease like cataract

iii. Damage to lungs

iv. Skin cancer

(a) (i) and (iv)

(b) (ii), (iii) and (iv)

(c) (ii) and (iv)

(d) Only (iv)

19.Identify the correct full form for DDT.
(a) Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane

(b) Dichlorodiphenyltetrachloroethane

(c) Dichlorodecaphenyltrichloroethane

(d) Dichlorodiethyltrichloroethane

20. If 100 J energy is available at the producer level in a food chain then the energy
available to the secondary consumer will be:
(a) 10 J

(b) 0.1 J

(c) 1 J

(d) 0.01 J

ANSWERS
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS [1 Mark]

1. If we kill all the organisms in one trophic level, the following

effects will take place: ∙ The population of organisms in previous
trophi’c level will increase. ∙ The organisms in next trophic level
will not be able to get the food, so they will migrate to some
other ecosystem or die. ∙ It will cause an ecological imbalance in
the food chain.

2. CFCs deplete the ozone layer around the earth, hence their
production is controlled by United Nations.
3. The compounds responsible for the depletion of ozone layer
are chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).
4. Trophic level is the position that an organism occupies in a
food chain, where transfer of food or energy takes place.
5. The various steps in a food chain are called trophic levels.
6. The important function of presence of ozone in earth’s
atmosphere is that it shields the surface of the earth from
ultraviolet (UV) radiations of the sun.
7. The pesticides used in crop field are washed down into the
water bodies. From water bodies, these are absorbed by aquatic
plants and animals of a food chain and thereby degrades the
environment.
8. It is necessary to conserve our environment to prevent
depletion of natural resources and environmental damage,
thereby sustaining life.
9.Biodegradable wastes are those substances which are broken
down into simpler, harmless substances in nature in due course
of time by the biological processes such as action of micro
organisms like certain bacteria. Examples: Urine and faecal
matter, sewage, agricultural residue, paper, wood, cloth and
cattle dung.
10. Role of decomposers in the environment: ∙ They return the
nutrients to the nutrient pool. ∙ They help in completing the
different bio-geochemical cycles, thus they maintain the balance
in the ecosystem.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTION [2 Marks]

11..Answer:Biomass is the total amount of living or organic matter in an

ecosystem at any time.

12. Answer:Bacteria and fungi are called decomposers because these

microorganisms break down the complex organic matter present in dead
plants and animals into simpler substances.

13 Answer:
According to ten percent law, 10% of the energy of producer will be available
to primary consumer, and 10% of this energy will be available to secondary
consumer and so on.

Hence, 100 J of energy will be available to the secondary consumer to transfer

it to tertiary consumer.
14.Answer: The energy available to the deer is 1000 J to transfer it to the lion.
This can be depicted as follows:

15.Answer: Biological magnification or biomagnification refers to the process

of accumulation of non- biodegradable chemicals (pesticides, etc.) into the
body of organisms through the food chain which go on increasing in its
concentration at each trophic level.
16.Answer: Pesticides are the chemicals used to kill plant and animal pests.
They are non-biodegradable and toxicants. For example, excessive use of DDT
resulted in reduced population of fish eating birds. DDT accumulated in such
birds through the food chain. It interfered with the egg shell formation. The
shell being thin broke due to weight of the bird during incubation. Hence, their
population declined.

.
17 .Answer: Decomposers are microorganisms including bacteria and fungi
which decompose or break-down the complex organic compound present in
dead plants and animals into simpler substances. Role of decomposers in
environment are-

 They help in decomposing dead bodies of plants and animals and hence
act as cleansing agents of environmcnl.
 ‘They help in recycling of materials in the ecosystem lo maintain its
stability.
.
18 .Answer: The existence of decomposers in an ecosystem is essential
because:
(i) If there were no decomposers, then the dead bodies of plants and animals
would keep lying as such and the elements constituting plant and animal
bodies would never be returned to their original pools like soil, air and water.
In such case the organic waste go on accumulating and the cyclic process of
life and death would be disrupted.

(ii) Decomposers make the soil fertile by providing/replenishing nutrients to it,

thus forming the integral part of ecosystem.

19 .Answer: Consequences of elimination of decomposers are:

(i) There would be no recycling of nutrients and therefore, raw materials to
produce food will not be available to producers. Hence, the food chains will
get affected.
(ii) The dead bodies of plants and animals will go on accumulating in the
absence of decomposition thereby polluting the environment.
20. Answer:. The position of producers (or autotrophs) in a food chain
constitute the first trophic level. They fix up sun’s energy and make it available
for consumers. The herbivores or primary consumers (which feed upon plants)
constitute the second trophic level in a food chain.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTION [3

Marks]

21 (a) Environmental pollution is an undesirable change in the

physical, chemical or biological characteristics of the natural
environment, brought about by man’s activities. This pollution
may affect the soil, rivers, seas or the atmosphere. (b)
Biodegradable pollutants Non-biodegradable pollutants (i) These
pollutants can be broken-down into non poisonous substances in
nature by the action of microorganisms. (i) These pollutants
cannot be brokendown into non-poisonous substances by
microorganisms. (ii) They get recycled thus, do not need any
dumping sites. (ii) They cannot be recycled thus, require dumping
sites. (iii) These are obtained from living things. (iii) These are
obtained from non-living things. (iv) They cause minimum
environmental pollution. (iv) They cause environmental pollution.
(c) Biodegradable pollutants are sewage and agricultural waste.

22 .Answer. Bacteria and fungi breakdown the dead remains and

waste products of organisms. These micro organisms are called
the decomposers as they breakdown the complex organic
substances into simple inorganic substances that go into the soil
and are used up once more by the plants. Two advantages of
decomposers to the environment are as follows: Decomposers
feed, on the dead bodies of plants and animals. They return the
simple components to soil and help in making the steady state of
ecosystem by recycling of nutrients. They, therefore, create a
balance in the environment. They also act as scavengers or
cleansing agents of the atmosphere.

23 Answer. The process in which harmful chemicals enter a food

chain and get accumulated progressively at each trophic level is
called biological magnification. Harmful and toxic chemicals enter
our bodies when they are added to soil and water. Use of
pesticides to protect the food crops from diseases and pests and
chemical wastes of factories are dumped in open or disposed off
into rivers. These chemicals are washed down into the soil and
ultimately to water table or get absorbed or taken up from the
soil by the plants along with water and minerals and in this way
harmful chemicals enter the food chain. The quantity of these
harmful chemicals increase with increase in trophic level of the
food chain because these substances are not degradable. Man is
at the top of the food chain, so concentration is maximum in
human beings. Thus, accumulation of DDT has been maximum in
man as DDT is used to destroy pests. DDT is accumulated in the
following way in this food chain.. This is the reason why our food
grains such as wheat and rice, vegetables and fruits and even
meat contain varying amounts of pesticides residues. So, the
highest trophic level at the extreme right of food chain has the
maximum concentration of harmful chemicals in a food chain.

24. Ozone is formed in upper atmosphere by the reaction of

ultraviolet (UV) radiations on oxygen (02) molecule. The damage
to ozone layer is a cause of concern to us as due to its damage,
more ultraviolet rays reach the earth’s surface causing various
health hazards. A cause of this damage is the presence of large
amount of chlorofluorocarbons in the atmosphere.

25.. Pesticides used in crops are washed down .into the soil. From
soil these are absorbed by plants along with water and minerals
and thus, they enter the food chain. While consuming the crops,
human beings also consume these pesticides which get
accumulated in our bodies. This phenomenon is known as
biological magnification.

26. Decomposers are micro organisms that obtain energy from

the chemical breakdown of dead organisms of animals or plants.
These micro organisms breakdown the complex organic
substances of dead organisms into simple inorganic substances
that go into the soil and are used up once more by the plants.
Decomposers thus, help in recycling of matter.

27. Biodiversity is the existence of a wide variety of species of

plants, animals and microorganisms in a natural habitat within a
particular environment or existence of genetic variation within a
species. Biodiversity of an area is the number of species or range
of different life forms found there. Forests are ‘biodiversity
hotspots’. Every living being is dependent on another living
being. It is a chain. If biodiversity is not maintained, the links of
the chain go missing. If one organism goes missing, this will
affect all the living beings who are dependent on it.

28. The energy flow through different steps in the food chain is
unidirectional. This means that energy captured by autotrophs
does not revert back to the solar input and it passes to the
herbivores, i.e. it moves progressively through various trophic
levels. Thus, energy flow from the sun through producers to
consumers is in single direction only.
29. Problem of waste disposal can be solved by following
methods: (i) by disposing biodegradable and non-biodegradable
waster separately. (ii) by reusing materials as much as possible.

30. Ozone layer prevents the harmful ultraviolet radiation to

enter the atmosphere and reach the earth’s surface. Depletion of
ozone layer has become a cause for concern because it can cause
serious effects on human body and other organisms of the
environment like fatal diseases such as skin cancer, changes in
genetic material DNA, eye damage, etc. Two steps to limit this
damage are as follows - Judicious use of aerosol spray propellants
such as fluorocarbon and chlorofluorocarbons which cause
depletion or hole in ozone layer. Control over large scale nuclear
explosions and limited use of supersonic planes.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS [5 MARKS]

31. Vegetarian food chain will be suggested in case of entry of

non-biodegradable toxic chemical into the food chain. Non-
biodegradable chemical gets concentrated at every trophic level
by the process of biological magnification. As the concentration
increases with the number of trophic level in a food chain, man
will get high concentration of the chemical in a non-vegetarian
food chain than in a vegetarian food chain, e.g. Vegetarian food
chain: Non-vegetarian food chain: Vegetarian food chain is
advantageous in terms of energy available to man because it has
less number of trophic levels. As 90% of energy is lost to the
enviornment, at every trophic level, lesser number of trophic
levels will result in lesser energy loss.

32..Producers: Those organisms which produce food by

photosynthesis, i.e. organisms which can make organic
compounds like sugar and starch from inorganic substances using
the radiant energy of the sun in the presence of chlorophyll.
Producers, therefore are considered as a source of energy for
those above it in a food chain. Examples: All green plants also
called autotrophs and certain blue-green algae. Consumers:
Those organisms which depend upon the producers for food,
either directly or indirectly by feeding on other consumers for
their sustenance.
Consumers, therefore, feed upon those below it in a food chain
and are called heterotrophs. These can be classified into primary
consumers or herbivores, secondary consumers or small
carnivores, omnivores and parasites, e.g. cows, humans.
Examples of consumers: Herbivores are the animals that consume
or eat vegetation or plants, e.g. cows, horses. Carnivores are the
animals that eat flesh of other animals, e.g. tigers, wolves.
Omnivores are the animals that eat both plants and animals, e.g.
humans, cockroaches.
33 .Functions of an Ecosystem

● Ecosystem indicates available solar energy and the efficiency of an

ecosystem to trap the same.
● It gives information about the available essential minerals and their
recycling periods.
● It provides knowledge about the web of interactions and inter-
relationship among the various population as well as between the
population and the abiotic environment.
● It helps human beings to know about conservation of resources,
protection from pollution and inputs required for maximizing
productivity.
● In the ecosystem, two processes of energy flow and biogeochemical
cycles (nutrients movement) proceed side by side. The energy flow is
unidirectional while the movement of nutrients is cyclic.

34.. The sequence of living organisms in a community in which one

organism consumes another organism to transfer food energy, is called a food
chain.

Significance of Food Chains

● The study of food chains helps in understanding food relationships and

interactions among the various organisms in an ecosystem. The food
chains, transfer energy and materials between various living components
of an ecosystem.
● The food chains transfer energy and materials between various living
components in an ecosystem or biosphere.
● The food chains give dynamicity to an ecosystem or biosphere.
● The movement of toxic substances like pesticides, weedicides, etc.,
through food chains, can prove very harmful.

35.. Ten percent law: Ten percent law states that only 10 percent of the energy
entering a particular trophic level of organisms is available for transfer to the next
higher trophic level.

For example, Suppose 1000 J of solar energy is received by green plants, then only
1% of solar energy available on earth is utilized by plants. So only 10 J (1% of 1000 J)
is trapped by plants and the rest 990 J of energy is lost to the environment. So, plants
utilizes only 10 J of energy. Next, only 10% of the 10 J energy of plant, that is, 1 J, is
available to the herbivore animal while 9 J is lost to the environment. Again, just 10%
of the 1 J of energy of herbivore animals is utilized by carnivore animals. Thus,
carnivore animals have only 0.1 J of energy while 0.9 J is lost to the environment.
case Study Type questions

Case Study – 1
1 Answer – c) recycled papers can cause infection

2) Answer – a) both i) and ii)

Case Study – 2
1 Answer – b) 100 J

2 Answer – c) Energy is unidirectional and matter is repeatedly circulating

3) Answer – c) Third Trophic level

4 .Answer – a) Decrease in energy at higher trophic level

5) Answer – a) Act at every trophic level of the food chain

Case study – 3
1 Answer – (d) All of the above
2) Answer – (c) (iii) and (iv)
3) Answer – (d) presence of water and absence of air.
4) Answer – (b) Methane, Hydrogen, Carbon dioxide and Nitrogen

ASSERTION REASON TYPE QUESTIONS

.

1 Answer: (c) ‘A’ is true but ‘R’ is false.

Q.2. Answer: (d) ‘A’ is false but ‘R’ is true.

Q.3 Answer: (b) Both ‘A’ and ‘R’ are true but ‘R’ is not correct explanation of
the assertion.
Q.4. Answer : (a) Both ‘A’ and ‘R’ are true and ‘R’ is correct explanation of the
assertion.

Q 5 )Ans. (b) The Assertion and the Reason are correct but the Reason is not
the correct explanation of the Assertion.
Q 6 ) Ans. (a) Both the Assertion and the Reason are correct and the Reason
is the correct explanation of the Assertion.
Q 7 ) Ans. (b) The Assertion and the Reason are correct but the Reason is not
the correct explanation of the Assertion.
Q 8 Ans. (a) both the Assertion and the Reason are correct and the Reason is
the correct explanation of the Assertion.
Q 9 ) Ans : (a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the
correct explanation of assertion (A
Q 10) Ans : (c) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.

MCQ

1 .Ans : (c) Alveoli of lungs

2. Ans : (d) Energy flow The flow of energy is not a functional
component of an ecosystem.
3. Ans : (d) all of the above
4. Ans : (a) because temperatures will change faster
5. Ans : (b) decreases
6. Ans : (a) trophic level
7 Ans : (b) heat
8. Ans : (d) cellular respiration
9. Ans : (d) All of the above
10. Ans : (b) decomposers
11. Answer: (c) Producers
12. Answer: (b) They are non-biodegradable
13. Answer: (d) (iii) and (iv)
14 Answer: (b) They prepare their food from organic compounds
15. Answer: (c) Herbivores
16. Answer: (a) 1 percent
17. Answer: (a) Biological magnification
18. Answer: (c) (ii) and (iv)
19. Answer: (a) Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
20. Answer: (c) 1 J