Classification of Signals *» Note : Discussion will be Restricted to One Dimensional Single Valued only. Q Signals can be classified as Q Continuous-time and Discrete-time Signals O Even and Odd Signals Q Periodic and Non-periodic Signals Q Deterministic and Random Signals O Energy Signals and Power Signals Continuous-time and Discrete-time Signals Q Continuous-time signal A signal x(t) that is defined for all values of time t. x(t) 0 + > Arises naturally i.e. speech in voice, conversion of sound or light into electrical signal (by means of transducers, photocell) etc.Continuous-time and Discrete-time Signals cons O Discrete-time signal A signal that is defined only at discrete instants of time. > The independent variable only has discrete values which are usually equally placed >» Often derived from a continuous time- signal by sampling it at a uniform rate > Way of Representation x(n] = x(mt),n = 0,4+1,42,... m= Sampling interval Cosson Siro) Continuous-time and Discrete-time Signals cons Sampling x(n] x(t)Continuous-time and Discrete-time Signals cons Q Coding > Sampled values are converted to codes. 1 Example : Converting to binary numbers. Q Binary Coding > Number of bits for representing one sample value is at first decided e.g. 8 bit coding, 16 bit coding etc. > Assuming unsigned sampled values (non-negative values), an n-bit coding scheme can represent maximum of 2" number of distinct sampled values. 1 Example : 2 bit coding can represent 0,1,2 and 3, these 4 sampled values only. ae) 20 Continuous-time and Discrete-time Signals cons Quantization : Representing each sampled value to the nearest level selected from a finite number of amplitude levels. cation o Sip (6) 2EEE 311 Class: 3 October 4, 2015 Classification of Signals revises Signals can be classified as Q Continuous-time and Discrete-time Signals Q Even and Odd Signals Q Periodic and Non-periodic Signals Q Deterministic and Random Signals O Energy Signals and Power SignalsEven and Odd Signal Q for Continuous-time Signal > if x(-t)=x(t) for all t, it's an even signal > if x(-t)=-x(t) for all t, it's an odd signal oo «0 3A 8 a [wet Even Signal Odd Signal 088) Even and Odd Signal cons a Eegrvodd decomposition of a general signal x(t). Let x(t) be defined as Replacing t by -t in (1), AEA DENIED where x,(t) is even and x,(t) is Solving (1) and (2) odd, i.e., Xelt) = 2 x(t) + xC1)} x=) and XQ(-T) = = x(t) xQ(t) = & (x(t) -x(-t)} and is)Even/odd decomposition 0 aaeaa me “O- enn pa Even/odd decomposition conra a ax) axeEven and Odd Signal cons Q Complex Valued Signal Let x(t) = a(t) + jb(t) x(t) is conjugate symmetric, if x(-t) = x*(t) vie, a(-t) + jb(-t) = a(t) - jb(t) Which implies a(-t) = a(t), ie. a(t) is even and b(-t) = -b(t) , ie. b(t) is odd A complex signal is conjugate symmetric if its real part is even and imaginary part is odd. EEE 311 Class: 4 October 5, 2015Classification of Signals revisres Signals can be classified as Q Continuous-time and Discrete-time Signals Q Even and Odd Signals Q Periodic and Non-periodic Signals Q Deterministic and Random Signals O Energy Signals and Power Signals Covina (3) Periodic and Non-periodic Signals Q Periodic Signal > Continuous-time x(t) is periodic if x(t) = x(t+T) for all t, where Tis a positive constant. If the above condition is satisfied for T = To, it is also satisfied for T = 2T), T= 3To and so on. The smallest possible value of T is called fundamental riod or period of x(t) and the reciprocal of that T is nown as the fundamental frequency of x(t). ie. f = 1/T measured in hertz or cps. Angular frequency is measured in radians per second and is defined as we 2n/TPeriodic and Non-periodic Signals cons Q Periodic Signal > Discrete-time x{n] is periodic if x[n] = x[n+N] for all integer n, where N is a positive integer constant. Fundamental angular frequency is measured in radians per second and is defined as N= 2n/N Q Non-periodic or Aperiodic signal x(t) (or x[n]) is non-periodic/aperiodic if no value of T (or N) exists such that x(t) = x(t+T) (or x(n] = x[n*N}) 2 ann ip) Examples of Periodic and Non-periodic Signals 0 0 L L 7 a ae we A Periodic signal with a period of T ‘A/Non-periodic signal oo Frequency of this periodic signal is 5Hz 4Examples of Periodic and Non-periodic Signals coms x01 L lll Mt YX (~ Frequency of this) periedic signal is an/12 = n/6 radians \ J po fht-oedn= 201 Fo myo Siro) Classification of Signals revises Signals can be classified as Q Continuous-time and Discrete-time Signals Q Even and Odd Signals Q Periodic and Non-periodic Signals Deterministic and Random Signals O Energy Signals and Power SignalsDeterministic and Random Signals Q Deterministic Signal > Assignal about which there is no uncertainty with respect to its value at any time, ie. they are completely specified function of time. > Examples : All periodic signals. Q Random Signal » Asignal about which there is uncertainty before its actual occurrence. > They often belong to ensemble or group of signals of different waveforms. > Example : Noise generated in amplifier, wireless channel ECG signal etc. ovina Siro 8) Classification of Signals revises Signals can be classified as Q Continuous-time and Discrete-time Signals Q Even and Odd Signals Q Periodic and Non-periodic Signals Q Deterministic and Random Signals Q Energy Signals and Power SignalsEnergy Signals and Power Signals O Instantaneous Power p(t) = x?(t) QO Total Energy of a — hye Signal = Ix (dt Limitation of the definition of Total Energy: If the signal does not decay with time, or if it is a periodic signal, it means the signal has infinite energy. A signal having infinite energy has no meaning as far as comparing it with another signal is concerned, In these cases the concept of average power helps. Cassitication oF Signals (4) = Energy Signals and Power Signals ens O Average Power p-tim+ fea dt mT ap xo Aw a_/ VU Computing the energy for a specific unit of time, then allow that time te go to infinity. aA mm O Average Power of a r-1 eq dt Periodic signal T “ir (5) 8Energy Signals and Power Signals coms In Discrete-time approach Q Total Energy = Sx’In] O Average Power = =lin—= 5 xin] n] Noe 2N+1 2x O Average Power of a Periodic Signal Pp 1S It has infinite energy. > Examples : periodic signal, random signal Q Energy Signal A signal that have non-zero finite energy, ie, O< Exo > It has zero average power. > Example: both non-periodic and deterministic signal aEnergy Signals and Power Signals coms A, -T/2stsT/2 x 0 Otherwise ne Ta 8 uA E= fatdt aie =A*T, ‘An Energy Signal a2 anni of Sia 8) Energy Signals and Power Signals cons Avg, Power, pak “Peay dr L4VZ4 -1 pear ooo le A, =72 fx (dt A Power Signal aEnergy Signals and Power Signals Il i SIE lll: a Jf Power ? | L J