GEDEE PUBLIC SCHOOL

COIMBATORE

GRADE – XII

AUTOMOTIVE [804]
PROJECT LOGBOOK 2024-2025
TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for

AISSCE Examinations for the year 2024-2025.

Name: S. Siva Rigil

Register No.:

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 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the following candidates have successfully

completed the project work entitled “TRANSMISSION SYSTEM” in

the subject Automotive (804) laid down in the regulations of CBSE

for the purpose of Practical Examination for Class XII to be held in

GEDEE PUBLIC SCHOOL, COIMBATORE on __________

S.NO REG NO. NAME GRADE

Staff In-charge

Internal Examiner External Examiner

Principal

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 DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this project report entitled
“TRANSMISSION SYSTEM” is an Authentic record of
the original work by S.Siva Rigil under the
supervision of Mr. AKHILESH.S

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The successful completion of any task would be incomplete
without mentioning the names of those persons who
helped to make it possible. I take this opportunity to
acknowledge all those who helped us in the completion of
this project.
I would like to express my gratitude to our Correspondent,
Dr. Shantha Jayakumar and Principal, Ms. Deepa Menon,
for their support and constant encouragement that has
helped us in successfully completing this project.
I would also like to acknowledge and thank our automotive
teacher Mr. AKHILESH.S, for rendering her invaluable
guidance and immense patience throughout the
proceeding of my work. I would also like to express our
gratitude to friends and family for encouraging us during
the course of this project. Last, but not the least, we would
like to thank CBSE for giving us the opportunity to
undertake this project.

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 AUTOMOTIVE PROJECT LOGBOOK

PROJECT NAME: Transmission System

SCHOOL NAME: GEDEE PUBLIC SCHOOL
YEAR/CLASS: 2024-2025 / XII
TEACHER NAME: Akhilesh. S
TEACHER EMAIL: [email protected]

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 TABLE OF CONTENT
Serial no. Heading/Topic Page no.
1. Transmission System 7
2. Components of a Transmission System 7
2.1) Clutch 8
2.2) Gearbox 10
2.3) Drive shaft 10
2.4) Differential 11
2.5) Live axle 11
3. Types of Transmission System 12
4. Working of Transmission System in automobile 17
5. Function of Transmission System in automobile 18
6. Requirement of Transmission System in automobile 19
7. Advantage of Transmission System in automobile 19
8. Disadvantage of Transmission System in automobile 20

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 Automotive project
Transmission System
Transmission System:

The transmission system in automobile is a vital system of any vehicle,

serving as the bridge between the
engine's power and the wheels that
drive the vehicle forward/backward. This
system enables seamless control over
the speed and direction of the
automobile, allowing it to navigate
various road conditions and terrains. This
technology has evolved significantly over
the years, enhancing driving comfort,
fuel efficiency, and overall performance
from manual to automatic transmissions.

Components of a Transmission System:

A transmission system is a vital component in a vehicle, transferring power from

the engine to the wheels. It
consists of a clutch, gearbox,
propeller shaft, universal
joints, differential, axle
shafts, flywheel, hydraulic
system, and transmission
fluid. The clutch engages and
disengages power from the
engine, while the gearbox provides torque and speed variations. The propeller
shaft transmits power to the differential, allowing the wheels to rotate at
different speeds. The hydraulic system controls gear shifting and clutch operation

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in automatic transmissions. The transmission fluid lubricates and cools the
transmission system.

Clutch:
At its core, a car clutch is
essentially a mechanical device that
connects and disconnects the
engine's power from the
transmission, allowing you to
change gears smoothly. It's an
essential component of manual
transmissions, serving as the intermediary between the engine and the wheels.
In essence, it acts as a bridge between the engine and the wheels, and its primary
purpose is to enable the vehicle to start from a standstill, accelerate, decelerate,
and shift gears without damaging the transmission or causing the engine to stall.
For gear cars, a car clutch is what helps the smooth transition between gears.
It is a basic and primary component in the functioning of any vehicle. The car
clutch has 7 main functions that are imperative for the vehicle to run smoothly.

1. Engagement and Disengagement:

The primary function of the clutch is to engage and disengage the
connection between the engine and the transmission. When the clutch
pedal is pressed down, the clutch disengages, separating the engine's
power from the transmission. Releasing the clutch pedal engages the
clutch, allowing power to flow from the engine to the transmission and
ultimately to the wheels.
2. Smooth Gear Changes:
The clutch enables smooth and seamless gear changes. When you
shift gears in a manual transmission vehicle, the clutch temporarily
disconnects the engine from the transmission, allowing you to select the
desired gear without grinding or damaging the transmission.
3. Starting From a Standstill:
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 The clutch allows the vehicle to start from a standstill. When you
release the clutch pedal gradually while applying throttle, it allows power
from the engine to be transferred to the wheels, enabling the vehicle to
move forward.
4. Control Over Power:
The clutch provides the driver with precise control over the power
transfer from the engine to the wheels. By modulating the clutch pedal,
the driver can control the vehicle's speed and prevent stalling.
5. Engine Protection:
The clutch acts as a protective barrier between the engine and the
transmission. It absorbs shock and vibrations, preventing damage to the
transmission and the engine when the vehicle is in motion.
6. Neutral State:
When the clutch is fully disengaged (the clutch pedal is fully
depressed), the transmission is in a neutral state. This means that power
from the engine is completely disconnected from the wheels, allowing the
engine to run without affecting the vehicle's movement. This is useful
when the vehicle is idling or being started.
7. Safety:
The clutch can be used as a safety feature in emergencies. By
depressing the clutch pedal, the driver can quickly disengage the power
from the wheels, which can help regain control or prevent the vehicle from
lurching forward in certain situations.

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Gear-box:
A gearbox, also known as
transmission, is a mechanical
component that helps to transfer
power from the engine to the wheels
by using different gear ratios. It is
usually located between the engine
and the wheels, consisting of several gears, shafts and bearings.
The gearbox is connected to the engine’s crankshaft through a clutch,
which allows the motor and gearbox to be temporarily disengaged when
changing gears. Its primary role is to churn out the right amount of power and
torque to the wheels at different speeds to achieve optimal performance and
mileage. Parts of a gearbox include clutch shaft, counter shaft, main shaft,
bearings and gears.
The primary types of car gearboxes are manual and automatic. The
automatic gearbox is further classified into Torque Converter, CVT (Continuously
Variable Transmission), Automatic Manual Transmission (AMT) and DCT (Dual
Clutch Transmission).
Drive shaft (or propeller shaft):
A propeller shaft, often known as a
drive shaft or prop shaft, is a crucial
component in many vehicles and
machinery, particularly those with rear-
wheel or all-wheel drive systems. It serves as the means of transmitting rotational
power from the engine or motor to the wheels or other mechanical components.
Typically made of sturdy materials like steel or carbon fibre, it is designed
to withstand significant torque and rotational forces. Its construction often

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includes universal joints at both ends to accommodate variations in angle and
alignment in between the transmission and the vehicle wheels.
Whether in automobiles or industrial machinery, the propeller shaft plays
a vital role in transferring power efficiently and reliably, ensuring smooth
operation and movement.
Differential:
Differentials, a critical component in modern automobiles, are often
referred to as the "hidden heroes" of the drivetrain. These mechanical devices
enable vehicles to navigate turns smoothly and maintain optimal traction.
Differentials allow wheels to rotate at varying speeds while
distributing power efficiently, whether it's a simple twisty road or a complex off-
road terrain. By permitting this speed differentiation, the differential ensures
that each wheel can receive the appropriate amount of power while maintaining
traction and stability. The parts of Differential are as follows:

 Ring Gear or Crown

Wheel
 Planet Pinion
 Drive Shaft
 Bevel Pinion
 Half Shafts
 Sun Gears – 2 No’s
 Ring Cage
 Cross Pin

Live axle:
An axle serves as a central shaft for rotating wheels or gears in wheeled
vehicles. It can be either fixed to the wheels, rotating with them, or attached to
the vehicle, with the wheels rotating around it. They play a pivotal role in
transmitting power, torque, and rotational motion from the engine or motor to
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the wheels, enabling them to rotate and propel the vehicle forward. Different
types of axles exist to suit specific applications, vehicle designs, and load
requirements. These include the front axle, rear axle, and stub axle.
The front axle in a vehicle serves a crucial role, supporting the weight of
the front part, facilitating steering, and absorbing shocks caused by varying road
surfaces.
The rear axle in an automobile is positioned between the differential and
the drive wheels, transferring power from the differential to the drive wheels.
Unlike a single-piece construction, the rear axle is divided into two halves,
connected by the differential, with one portion known as the driveshaft. The
inner end of the driveshaft links to the differential sun gear, while the outer end
connects to the drive wheel.
Types of Transmission Systems in Automobile:
1. Manual transmission:
A manual transmission (MT), also
known as manual gearbox, standard
transmission or stick shift is a multi-
speed motor vehicle transmission system,
where gear changes require the driver to
manually select the gears by operating
a gear stick and clutch (which is usually a foot pedal for cars or a hand lever
for motorcycles).
2. Intelligent manual transmission:

Intelligent Manual Transmission (IMT) system use E-Clutch

(Electronic Clutch) technology. Using the E-Clutch, the vehicle can cut
engine drive off without pressing the clutch pedal by driver. The E-Clutch
is controlled by an actuator that assists the driver in changing gear.

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 Intelligent Manual Transmission technology improves driving
convenience better than conventional Manual Transmission.

3. Automated manual transmission:

Automated Manual Transmission or AMT, is also known as Semi-
Automatic Transmission (SAT) or Clutch less Manual Transmission (CMT).
As the name suggests, an AMT’s prime function is to automate manual
transmissions, which means the job of pressing the clutch and shifting
gears via a stick no longer rests with the driver. Automated Manual
Transmission is mechanically similar to a manual transmission, except that
the sensors and actuators perform the clutch work and shift gears.
A car with an AMT does not have a clutch pedal; there’s only the
accelerator and brake pedal.
4. Automatic transmission:
Automatic transmission is a user-
friendly alternative to manual
transmission. It eliminates the need for
manually shifting gears, making driving
more convenient, especially in heavy
traffic. An automatic transmission system
uses a torque converter to regulate the power flow between the engine
and the wheels. The transmission's hydraulic system automatically selects
and engages the appropriate gear based on driving conditions, engine
speed, and vehicle load, allowing for smooth and effortless gear changes.

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5. Continuously Variable Transmission:
A Continuously Variable Transmission, commonly known as a CVT, is
an innovative type of automatic transmission system found in many
modern vehicles. Unlike traditional automatic transmission systems in
Automobile, which rely on a fixed set of gears to manage speed and power,
CVTs operate on a
fundamentally different
principle. They use a system of
belts and pulleys to provide an
infinitely variable range of gear
ratios, allowing the engine to
operate at its optimal
efficiency across a wide range of speeds. This technology has gained
popularity due to its potential for improved fuel efficiency and a smoother
driving experience.
6. Semi-automatic transmission:
A Semi-automatic speed transmission is a multiple
speed transmission where part of its operation is automated (typically the
actuation of the clutch), but
the driver's input is still
required to launch the vehicle
from a standstill and to
manually change gears. Semi-
automatic transmissions were
almost exclusively used in motorcycles and are based on
conventional manual transmissions or sequential manual transmissions,
but use an automatic clutch system. But some semi-automatic

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 transmissions have also been based on standard hydraulic automatic
transmission with torque converter and planetary gear sets.
7. Dual – Clutch transmission:
A dual-clutch transmission (DCT) (sometimes referred to as
a twin-clutch transmission) is a type of multi-
speed vehicle transmission system, that
uses two separate clutches for odd and
even gear sets. The design is often
similar to two separate manual
transmissions with their respective
clutches contained within one housing, and working as one unit. In
car and truck applications, the DCT functions as an automatic
transmission, requiring no driver input to change gears.
8. Sequential transmission:
A sequential manual transmission,
also known as a sequential gearbox, or
a sequential transmission, is a type of non-
synchronous manual transmission used
mostly in racing and in motor-cycles.
It produces fastest shift times than in the
traditional synchronized manual transmissions, and restricts the
driver to selecting either the next or previous gear, in a successive
order.

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9. Torque converter transmission:
In a vehicle with an automatic
transmission, the torque converter
connects the prime mover to the
automatic gear train, which then drives
the load. It is thus usually located
between the engine's flex plate and the
transmission. The equivalent device in a manual transmission is the
mechanical clutch.
10. Tiptronic transmission:
The Tiptronic transmission,
also known as ‘Sport-matic’ and
‘Step-tronic’, is essentially a type
of automatic transmission that has
a manual gear-shifting mode. This
means the driver can opt to manually shift the gears whenever
needed. The cars with Tiptronic transmission come with either a
gear lever behind the steering wheel, or a second gear panel to the
right of the original gear stick plate, or paddle shifters.
The Tiptronic transmission differs from semi-automatic transmission
as it uses a torque converter instead of a clutch, to shift gears. The
Tiptronic option looks different in different cars, however the
standard form is the ‘+’ and ‘-’ symbols at two ends of Tiptronic
lever’s column, where ‘+’ stands for ‘upshift’ and ‘-’ stands for
‘downshift’. You need to push the lever forward for an upshift, and
pull the lever back for a downshift. The same can be done with
paddle shifters (if available).

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Working of Transmission Systems in Automobile:

 The internal combustion engine generates power transmitted to the road

wheels through the rotation of the crankshaft.
 This rotary motion relies on friction between the road and the wheel
surface to move the automobile, a function performed by the transmission
system.
 The automobile transmission system comprises various components
working together to smoothly and efficiently transmit crankshaft motion
to the road wheels.
 Sudden changes from rest to motion or vice versa are undesirable,
necessitating gradual transmission of crankshaft motion and the ability to
engage it only when desired.
 Crankshaft rotary motion generates torque, which, when transmitted to
the road wheels, produces tractive effort, propelling the vehicle.
 Starting from rest requires a substantial tractive effort, often exceeding the
engine's torque output, thus requiring leverage between the engine and
road wheels.
 Varying this leverage is essential, as using the same leverage for climbing
and level roads would limit maximum speed.
 On well-maintained roads, a comfortable cruising speed for a car is
typically around 50 kilometres per hour, necessitating a significant
reduction in engine speed by the transmission system.
 The transmission system ratio (e.g., 3.3:1) varies with engine size and
specifications to achieve the desired wheel speed.

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  While the transmission's nature remains similar for rear-wheel and 4-
wheel drive vehicles, their arrangement differs due to the axis of the rear
road wheels being perpendicular to the car's centre line.
 Circular motion results in inner and outer wheels travelling different
distances during the same period, requiring synchronisation.
 In most automobiles, engines are in the front, while power is transmitted
to the rear road wheels, necessitating transmission over a considerable
distance.
 Uneven road surfaces cause axle and spring movement, requiring the
transmission system to accommodate these positional changes.

Functions of Transmission System in Automobile:

The various functions of the Automobile Transmission System are:

 Transmit engine power to the wheels.

 Control the speed and direction of the vehicle.
 Provide variable gear ratios for different driving conditions.
 Enable smooth acceleration and deceleration.
 Allow the vehicle to come to a complete stop without stalling the
engine.
 Facilitate efficient power delivery and fuel economy.
 Adapt to changes in terrain and road conditions.
 Enhance driving comfort and convenience.
 Enable reverse gear for backing up.
 Transfer engine torque to the wheels for propulsion.

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Requirements of Transmission System in Automobile:

The transmission system must meet the following criteria:

 Allow the engine to remain disconnected from the road wheels until
engagement is required.
 Facilitate a smooth and gradual connection between the running
engine and the road wheels, avoiding abrupt jerks.
 Provide adjustable leverage between the engine and road wheels to
accommodate various conditions, such as starting from a standstill,
maintaining a constant speed, or ascending a hill.
 Enable the reduction of engine speed as needed.
 Redirect the drive at a 90-degree angle.
 Permit differential speeds for inner and outer road wheels when
following a curved path.
 Allow for relative motion between the engine and road wheels as they
move up and down due to uneven road surfaces.

Advantages of Transmission System in Automobile:

Transmission systems in automobiles offer several advantages, including:

 Gear Ratio Flexibility: Allows adapting to different driving conditions for

optimal performance and fuel efficiency.
 Power Distribution: Transmits engine power to the wheels, enabling the
vehicle to move.
 Smooth Acceleration: Facilitates seamless speed changes for a
comfortable driving experience.

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  Fuel Efficiency: Optimizes engine performance and conserves fuel by
adjusting gear ratios.
 Control: Provides the driver with control over the vehicle's speed and
power output.
 Towing Capacity: Enhances the ability to tow heavy loads with
appropriate gear selection.

Disadvantages of Transmission System in Automobile:

Transmission systems in automobiles come with some disadvantages:

 Complexity: Manual transmissions require driver skill, while automatics

have intricated components, making repairs costly.
 Learning Curve: Manual transmissions necessitate practice and may be
less accessible to some drivers.
 Maintenance: Transmissions may require periodic servicing and fluid
changes.
 Wear and Tear: Over time, transmission components can wear out,
leading to potential failures.
 Cost: Transmission repairs or replacements can be expensive.

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