MATHEMATICS

CLASS-XI

LOGARITHM
CONTENTS
KEY CONCEPT 2

PROFICIENCY TEST–01 3
PROFICIENCY TEST–02 4
EXERCISE–I 5-6

EXERCISE–II 7
EXERCISE–III 8
ANSWER KEY 9
 KEY CONCEPTS
T HINGS T O REMEMBER :
1. LOGARITHM OF A NUMBER : REMEMBER
The logarithm of the number N to the base 'a' is the exponent indicating the log102 = 0.3010
power to which the base 'a' must be raised to obtain the number N. This
number is designated as loga N. log103 = 0.4771

Hence : logaN = x  ax = N , a > 0 , a  1 & N > 0 ln 2 = 0.693

If a = 10 , then we write log b rather than log10 b . ln 10 = 2.303

If a = e , we write ln b rather than loge b .
The existence and uniqueness of the number loga N follows from the properties of an exponential
functions.
From the definition of the logarithm of the number N to the base 'a' , we have an

identity : a logaN = N , a > 0 , a  1 & N > 0

This is known as the FUNDAMENTAL LOGARITHMIC IDENTITY .

NOTE : loga1 = 0 (a > 0 , a  1)
loga a = 1 (a > 0 , a  1) and
log1/a a = - 1 (a > 0 , a  1)
2. THE PRINCIPAL PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHMS :
Let M & N are arbitrary posiitive numbers , a > 0 , a  1 , b > 0 , b  1 and  is any real number then ;

(i) loga (M . N) = loga M + loga N (ii) loga (M/N) = loga M  loga N

loga M
(iii) loga M = . loga M (iv) logb M = log b
a
NOTE :  logba . logab = 1  logba = 1/logab.  logba . logcb . logac = 1
x
 logy x . logz y . loga z = logax.  elna = ax

3.
*
(i)
PROPERTIES OF MONOTONOCITY OF LOGARITHM :
For a > 1 the inequality 0 < x < y & loga x < loga y are equivalent.
(ii) For 0 < a < 1 the inequality 0 < x < y & loga x > loga y are equivalent.
(iii) If a > 1 then loga x < p  0 < x < ap
(iv) If a > 1 then logax > p  x > ap
(v) If 0 < a < 1 then loga x < p  x > ap
(vi) If 0 < a < 1 then logax > p  0 < x < ap

NOTE THAT :
 If the number & the base are on one side of the unity , then the logarithm is positive ; If the number & the
base are on different sides of unity, then the logarithm is negative.

 The base of the logarithm ‘a’ must not equal unity otherwise numbers not equal to unity will not have a
logarithm & any number will be the logarithm of unity.

n
 For a non negative number 'a' & n  2 , n  N a = a1/n.

* Will be covered in detail in QUADRATIC EQAUTION

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 PROFICIENCY TEST–01
1. If x = log5(1000) and y = log7(2058) then which is greater ?

2. If 4log9 3  9log2 4  10logx 83 then x is equal to :

 a  b  na  nb a b
3. If  n   then  is equal to :
 3  2 b a

4. The solution set of log11 log7  

x  5  x  0 is

5. Solve for ‘x’ in the equation : ln (x – 3) + ln (x – 2) = ln (2x + 24)

81 25 16
6. Value of 3 log  5log  7 log is
80 24 15

7. Which is the correct order for a given number d, d > 1

(A) log2 d < log3 d < loge d < log8 d (B) log8 d < log3 d < loge d < log2 d
(C) log8 d < loge d < log2 d < log3 d (D) log3 d < loge d < log2 d < log8 d

8. If log 27 = 1.431 then the value of log 9 is

9. If x = log2a a, y = log3a 2a, z = log4a 3a, then the value of xyz + 1 is

(A) yz (B) 2yz (C) y+z (D) y–z

10. Let 3a = 4, 4b = 5, 5c = 6, 6d = 7, 7e = 8 and 8f = 9, then find the value of the product abcdef :

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 PROFICIENCY TEST–02
1. If log5a. loga x = 2, then x is equal to :

2. f(x)  log10 x 2 . The set of all values of x for which f(x) is real is :

logx aloga y logy z

3. Value of x :

4. If log2 x + log2 y  6, then the least value of x + y is :

5. A rational number which is 50 times its own logarithim to the base 10 is :

6. If log 2 = 0.30103 the no. of digits in 264 is :

7. The number of zeroes coming immediately after the decimal point in the value of (0.2)25 is :
(Given log10 2 : 0.30103)

aloge b (loga2 b)(logb2 a)

8. Value of 6
eloge a.loge b

9. The solution set of log2 |4 – 5x| > 2 is :

1
10. If  log0.1 x  2 then ‘x’ belongs to
2

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 EXERCISE–I
 ab  (ab)2  4(a  b)   ab  (ab)2  4(a  b) 
1. Let A denotes the v alue of log10   +
 log

10 

 2  2 
   
when a = 43 and b = 57
and B denotes the value of the expression 2log6 18 · 3log6 3 .   
Find the value of (A · B).

2. (a) If x = log34 and y = log53, find the value of log310 and log3(1.2) in terms of x and y.
log 5 2
(b) If k 2 = 16, find the value of k (log2 5 ) .

Solve for x (Q.3 to Q.5):

3. (a) If log10 (x2  12x + 36) = 2 (b) 91+logx  31+logx  210 = 0 ; where base of log is 3.

logb logbN
1 4 / 3 logb a
4. Simplify : (a) log1/3 729. 9 .27 4 3 ; (b) a

5. (a) If log4 log3 log2 x = 0 ; (b) If loge log5 [ 2x  2  3] = 0

6. (a) Which is smaller? 2 or (log2 + log2 ). (b) Prove that log35 and log27 are both irrational.

7. Let a and b be real numbers greater than 1 for which there exists a positive real number c, different
from 1, such that
2(logac + logbc) = 9logabc. Find the largest possible value of logab.

8. Find the square of the sum of the roots of the equation

log3x · log4x · log5x = log3x · log4x + log4x · log5x + log5x · log3x.

2 3
9. Find the value of the expression 6
 .
log4 ( 2000 ) log5 ( 2000 ) 6

10. Calculate : 45log 4  

2 3 6  6log 8
 3 2 

1 3
log 5 9 log 6 3 2
81 3  log25 6 
11. Simplify :
409
 
. 7 log25 7 125  

 

log1 / 5  1  4 1
12. Simplify : 5 2 .
log 2
log1 / 2
7 3 102 21

2 2
13. Find 'x' satisfying the equation 4log10 x 1 – 6log10 x – 2.3log10 x  0.

2 a 2b 5
14. Given that log2a = s, log4b = s2 and log 2 (8) = 3 . Write log2 as a function of 's'
c s 1 c4
(a, b, c > 0, c  1).

15. Find the value of 49 1 log7 2  + 5  log5 4 .

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16. Given that log2 3 = a , log3 5 = b, log7 2 = c, express the logarithm of the number 63 to the base 140
in terms of a, b & c.
log2 24 log2192
17. Prove that  = 3.
log96 2 log12 2

18. Prove that ax – by = 0 where x = loga b & y = logb a , a > 0 , b > 0 & a , b  1.

loga N.logbN.logc N
19. Prove the identity : loga N . logb N + logb N . logc N + logc N . loga N =
logabc N

log10 ( x 3) 1
20. (a) Solve for x , 

log10 x 21 2
 2
(b) log (log x) + log (log x3  2) = 0 ; where base of log is 10 everywhere.
(c) logx2 . log2x2 = log4x2 (d) 5logx + 5 xlog5 = 3 (a > 0) ; where base of log is a.

10 xy
21. If x, y > 0, logyx + logxy = and xy = 144, then = N where N is a natural number, find the value
3 2
of N.
22. Solve the system of equations:

loga x loga ( xyz )  48

loga y loga ( xyz )  12 , a > 0, a  1.
loga z loga ( xyz )  84

23. (a) Given : log1034.56 = 1.5386, find log103.456 ; log100.3456 & log100.003456.
(b) Find the number of positive integers which have the characteristic 3, when the base of the logarithm
is 7.
(c) If log102 = 0.3010 & log103 = 0.4771, find the value of log10(2.25).
(d) Find the antilogarithm of 0.75, if the base of the logarithm is 2401.
24. If log102 = 0.3010, log103 = 0.4771. Find the number of integers in :
(a) 5200 (b) 615 & (c) the number of zeros after the decimal in 3100.
25. Let 'L' denotes the antilog of 0.4 to the base 1024.
and 'M' denotes the number of digits in 610 (Given log102 = 0.3010, log103 = 0.4771)
and 'N' denotes the number of positive integers which have the characteristic 2, when base of the logarithm
is 6.
Find the value of LMN.

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 EXERCISE–II
1. Number of positive integers which have characteristic 2 when base is 5, is equal to
(A) 25 (B) 32 (C) 100 (D) 101

2. Number of values of x in the interval (0, 5) satisfying the equation :

   
n x 2  1  x   n x 2  1 – x 
    = x, is
nx
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 0

3. The number of value(s) of x satisfying the equation 4log2 ( nx ) – 1  n3 x – 3n 2 x – 5nx  7  0
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3

4. If log105 7 = a, log75 = b then log35105 is equal to :

1 1
(A) ab (B) (b + 1)a (C) (D)
ab a(b  1)

5. The number of zeores after decimal before the start of any significant digit in the number N = (0.18)20 are :
(A) 15 (B) 14 (C) 13 (D) 12

 11 
6. If log35 = x and log2511 = y then the value of log3   in terms of x and y is :
3
2y  x
(A) 2xy + 1 (B) 2xy – 1 (C) (D) x2y + 1
x
(1 a b )
2(1b )
7. If 60a = 3 and 60b = 5, then 12 is equal to :
1 1
(A) (B) 2 (C) 15 (D)
2 15
x
8. If 'x' and 'y' are real numbers such that, 2 log(2y – 3x) = log x + log y, find y .

(A) 2/3 (B) 3/2 (C) 9/4 (D)4/9

9. If a = log1218 & b = log2454 then find the value of ab + 5 (a  b).

(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 4 (D) 9

10. If x1 and x2 are the roots of the equation 2010 x log 2010 x  x 2 , then find the cyphers at the end of the
product (x1x2)
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3

11. Positive numbers x, y and z satisfy xyz = 1081 and (log10x) (log10yz) + (log10y) (log10z) = 468.
Find the value of (log10x)2 + (log10y)2 + (log10z)2.
(A) 1225 (B) 1728 (C) 2506 (D) 5625

 x – 9
12. Find the sum of all value(s) of x satisfying the equations log2x3–20log( x )+1=0 and log(x(x–9))+log   =0
 x 
(Base of the logarithm is 10)
(A) 8 (B) 10 (C) 12 (D) 16

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 EXERCISE–III
1
1. Solve the following equations for x & y : log100x + y=
2
log10 y  log10x= log100 4. [REE ’96, 6]

2. Find all real numbers x which satisfy the equation,


2 log2 (log2 x) + log1/2 log2 2 2 x = 1.  [REE '99, 6]

3. log3/4log8 (x2 + 7) + log1/2 log1/4 (x2 + 7)1 =  2. [REE 2000, 5 out of 100]

4. Number of solutions of log4(x – 1) = log2(x – 3) is [JEE 2001 (Screening)]

(A) 3 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 0

5. Let (x0, y0) be solution of the following equations

(2x)ln2 = (3y)ln3
3lnx = 2lny
Then x0 is : [JEE 2011]

1 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D) 6
6 3 2

 
 1 1 1 1 
6. The value of 6  log 3  4– 4– 4– ...  is [JEE 2012]
2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 
 

7.  
Let m be the minimum possible value of log3 3 y1  3y2  3 y3 , where y1, y2, y3 are real numbers for which

y1 + y2 + y3 = 9. Let M be the maximum possible value of (log3x1 + log3x2 + log3x3), where x1, x2, x3 are
positive real numbers for which x1 + x2 + x3 = 9. Then the value of log2(m3) + log3(M2) is ________.
[JEE Advanced 2020]

8. For x R, the number of real roots of the equation

3x2 – 4|x2 – 1| + x – 1 = 0
is_________. [JEE Advanced 2021]

9. The product of all positive real values of x satisfying the equation

3  68 log x )
x (16(log5 x ) 5  5 16
is _____. [JEE Advanced 2022]

1
10. Let a = 3 2 and b = 1/ 6 . If x, y  R are such that
5 6

3x + 2y = loga (18)5/4 and 2x – y = logb ( 1080 ) ,

then 4x + 5y is equal to _________. [JEE Advanced 2024]

[8]
 ANSWER KEY
PROFICIENCY TEST–01
484
1. x>y 2. 10 3. 7 4. x 5. x=9 6. log 2
49

7. B 8. 0.954 9. B 10. 2

PROFICIENCY TEST–02
1. x = 25 2. (– ,–1]  [1, ) 3. z 4. 16 5. 100

3
6. 20 7. 17 8.
2

 1 1 
9. (– , 0)  (8/5, ) 10.  100 , 
 10 

EXERCISE–I
xy  2 xy  2y  2
1. 12 2. (a) , ; (b) 625 3. (a) x = 16 or x =  4 (b) x = 5
2y 2y

4. (a)  1 (b) logb N 5. (a) 8 (b) x = 3 6. (a) 2 7. 2 8. 3721

1
9. 1/6 10. 9 11. 1 12. 6 13. x=
100
25 1  2ac
14. 2s + 10s2 – 3(s3 + 1) 15. 16.
2 2c  abc  1
2
20. (a) x = 5 (b) x = 10 (c) x = 2 2
or 2  (d) x = 2–loga where base of log is 5. 21. 507

 1 1 1 
22. (a4, a, a7) or  4 , , 7  23. (a) 0.5386; 1 .5386 ; 3 .5386 (b) 2058 (c) 0.3522 (d) 343
a a a 

24. (a) 140 (b) 12 (c) 47 25. 23040

EXERCISE–II
1. C 2. D 3. C 4. D 5. B 6. B 7. B
8. D 9. B 10. C 11. D 12. B

EXERCISE–III
1. {10, 20}, {10/3, 20/3} 2. x = 8 3. x = 3 or  3 4. B 5. C 6. 4
7. 8.00 8. 4.00 9. 1.00 10. 8.00

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