The cella unit of lif, protoplasm, basic differences between prokaryotic and | ‘eukaryotic cell differences between an animal and a plant cell Scope of Syllabus: (© A basic understanding of the cell theory. © Structure of plant and animal cells with functions of rarious cll organelle (Protoplasm, Cytoplasm, Cell wall, Cell membrane, Nucleus, Nucleus, Mitochon Endoplasmic reticulum, Ritesome, Golgi bates, Past | Vacuole) | (© Major differences Betzee prokaryotic and eukaryotic eels. | 1 Difrences Bete a plant cll and an ail ell should fe mainly scuse with rept f cl al cersome, saves an plastids All living organisms are made up of a variety of body parts. Plants have roots, leaves, flowers, fruits, wood, etc., and bones, fiesh, blood, nerves, etc. are present in animals. Though, these parts look very different, they | have one common feature, they are all composed of tiny units called cells. However, many living organisms, such as bacteria, Amoeba, Paramecium, | | | Chlamydomonas, etc. are formed of only one cell THE CELL: A UNIT OF LIFE A cell is the smallest part of the body of an organism which is able to carry out all the basic functions of life such as growth, metabolism and reproduction. Every organ of living beings is made up of hundreds of | thousands of cells. Every function performed by an organism is ultimately the outcome of the activity of the cells only. A cell, therefore, is the basic structural and functional unit of all living beings. Cells have Certain Characteristics | vy vyyyy > Chapter The colt: A unt of ite. Cets hve cota choses Osc et cet Cel theory Soleot aes of ee ory Cet eb, sean stape Cote: How ramets they ae Cots: How sma rtp hey ae Seta pansaton of et Cell membrane or plasma mente Cet wat uc Conrl ent ofthe ct Protoplasm and cytoplasm Flan and eat cets Prokayae cls Eukaryot cee Gana eaters eckayoe es, in ces and anal es ®© Cells are the building blocks of all living beings, (plants and animals). EE —— © A cell is capable of independent existence and performs all the basic TGS functions of We. Cytology isthe branch of biology under © Every organism starts its life as a single cell, Each cell has its own lifespan, which we study cell and its stricture, Celt biol aspects of cells and their components is the study of var us © The old and worn out cells are continually replaced by new cells. eins] thei structures hentia otal © Cells of similar nature together form a sue and many tissues sioloy. together form an organ. The organs work together as a system and many systems form an organism.DISCOVERY OF CELL DiscoveRY oo . He The cell was discovered by Robert Hooke in oe and examined a thin slice of cork under his ae eee observed that the cork was made up ah large numa of compartments joined together as a honey’ are structure. These compartments were named is Be cells seen by Hooke were only empty spaces cells, surrounded by a cellulose wall. | Hoecoms - tents or the protoplast. Fig. 11 Honeycombtke stacy gg Today, cell denotes the living conte Robert Hooke in a thin sig Pe : INVENTION OF MICROSCopE ct biology. = Simple Microscope: The fst microscope called simple microscope i deveboped by Dutch, Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) ne can i bower es eteen vo Dat pals an mate mcs ener mescope, he ey was kept oso he ens on oe side wh he che oe. & was placed at the screw point on the other side of the lens. =35 Leeuwenhoek constucted many simple microscopes by using lenses 4 power tngngbeteen 7310 29 es (a) Leeuwenhoek’s (0) Robert Hooke's Compound Microscope: Robert Hooke (1635-1703), an English sens, memesscope Compound microscope rescope (Fa, 120) using to lenses fo achieve greater magnen ew an this microscope, the light coming out from an oil fame was thrown one, ona sage blow by using a convex ior. Such microscopes anew elegy compound microscopes. . Medern Compound Microscopes: The modern optical microscope i te compound microscope (Fig. 1.2) which is sed in science laboratores. isin improved design of the Hooke's microscope. The objective lens is posiened to the object to be viewed, and the other lens called eyepiece lens provides tree ‘magnification ofthe image formed by the objective lens. Some compound mize hhave a magnification upto 1,500 times. Electron Microscope: Ernst Ruska (1905-1988) and Max Knol (1857-1869), Goma Scientists, devised a microscope called electron microscope which coud naga bjt upto 40,000 times (Fig. 1.20). In this microscope, a beam of electrons was st through the thinly sectioned object. This beam was focussed by electomage’ a (©) Warimeroscene (a) Electron microscope pjcted on toa fuorescent screen to potane @ wnuas image of the objec. {ater on, such electron microscopes were invented which could magni an otjectip 70,000 times and more, and could produce a three-dimensional mage of he et. CELL THEORY & German botanist MJ. Schleiden (1838) and a German zoologist Theodor Schwann (1839), formulate Cell Theory for plants and animals respectively. In 1885, a German physiologist, Rudolf Virchow, gave Phrase ‘Omnis cellula-e-cellula’. It means all cell. -existi is fi soe Cals arise from pre-existing cells. This principle was also ad0e! nt Features of Cell Theory © Cells the basic unit of structure of all plants and animals. ® Cellis the basic unit of function as all the meta i bolic reacti nek 2 Cal. @ unit of heredity as it contains hereditary mater ons take Place inside the cell. - material insi © All living cells arise only from the pre-existing eels inside the nucteus, @ All organisms start their life as a single cell, Fig. 1.2 Various types of microscopesThus, cell theory signifies the structural and functional bacteria to man. Exceptions to Coll Theory Viruses: Viruses are described as connecting link between Ii enclosed in a protein coat. The protoplasm and nucleus a relationship among the diverse li 19 forms from living and nonliving. They have hereditary material we absent. DNA or RNA is the genetic material, CELL NUMBER, SIZE AND SHAPE Cells - How Numerous They Are Organisms may have one cell or many cells in their bodies. Depending upon the number of cells, be unicellular or multicellular. y © Unicellular Organisms: They are made up of only one cell. Bacteria, Yeast, Paramecium, Amoeba, Chlamydomonas, Euglena, etc., are all unicellular organisms. . © Multicellular Organisms: They are made up of several cells. Most plants and animals as well as human beings are made up of billions of cells. In fact, larger animals and plants have more cells than the ‘smaller ‘ones. In colonial alga, Volvox, the number of cells varies from a few to about 60,000 in a colony. Number of Cells in Human Body © A newly born human baby has approximately 2 trillion cells in its body. © An average-sized adult human being has approximately: 37.2 trillion cells in the whole body. ® 25,000-30,000 million red blood cells. @ 30 million white blood cells. 10,000 million nerve cells in the brain cortex. Cells - How Small or Large They Are Cells are so tiny that they can be seen only through a microscope, Cells are measured in micrometres or microns (11). A micron is one-thousandth part of a millimetre. Most cells lie in the range of one-tenth to ‘one-thousandth of a millimetre. © Smallest cell is Mycoplasma, a bacterium measuring 0.1 to 0.15 micron in diameter. © Longest cells are the nerve cells measuring up to 1 metre in length © Largest cells are the Ostrich eggs measuring about 170135 mm in diameter. ‘Among plants, the single-celled alga, Acetabularia, measures nearly 10cm in height and the fibre cells of Manila hemp attain a length of over 10cm. ‘Small Size of Cells Provides Greater Efficiency (One 4-em colt Eight 2m cols Cells remain small in size because a small cell provides more surface area per unit volume. This can be understood by the som 7 following example. com Imagine a cube with its each side measuring 4 cm. Total surface ‘sem J, they may area of this cube will be 4 cm x 4 cm x 6 (surfaces) = 96 sq. cm. If we cut this cube into eight equal pieces of 2.cm each, the total | (0 k a surface area of these 8 cubes will be 2.cm x 2 cm x 6 (surfaces) | 10°" 4 x 8 pieces = 192 sq. cm. The surface area is doubled while the v total volume in both the cases remains the same (4 x 4.x 4 Fig. 1.8 Eight small colls have much 64 cu, cm and 2 x 2 x 2 x 8 = 64 cu. cm). Iarassuaoe] ran elaas 13 ls a Advantages of Smallness of a Cell The large surface area to volume of the cell ensures: © Better communication in the different regions of a cell. © Greater diffusion of nutrients into the cell© Greater diffusion of metabolic wastes from the Interior ie pusiie he et © Groater diffusion of respiratory gases, Loy oxygen Into the 2 OU OF th coy, © Any damage to the cell is easily repalted. a GR O 4 Xs } pny NB ke fH yy yen f es \ of wee X \ nwo © Fat colt iver coll Xylom oh Fig. 1.4 Difforont shapos of animal and plant colts Alemenn, How the Cell Shape and Cell Size Suit Various Functions Cals show a great variation in their shape. They may be spherical, oval, rounded, elongated, cuboid cyingg tubular, discoidal or irregular, The shape of cells is often related to the different functions they perfom: ® Human white blood cells are amoeboid (showing amoeba-like movement with pseudopodta) ad gy squeeze out through capillary walls. Red blood cells are circular and biconcave to move easily thou small spaces and transport oxygen. © Nerve cells are long to conduct impulses from distant parts of the body to the brain and vice vers, © Muscle cells are long and contractile to help in the movement of bones. © Xylem vessels are elongated and tubular for the conduction of water KEES ‘© About 10,000 mycoplasmas i are as wide as the diameter and minerals. human hait © Guard cells in the stomata of leaves are kidney-shaped to open and © About 10,000 average-si close the stomatal aperture for the exchange of gases, cells\can fit‘on the head ofa WBiicert Check | A. Fill in the blanks with suitable words, 1, The cell theory was formulated by - 2. Cell is. a unit of fun 3. All living cells arise only from —_ and —— ion as all the reactions take place inside it cells, B, Name the following, 1, Human amoeboid cells 2. The cells that open and close the stomata 3. Cells that conduct the impulse —c A gonorallsed animal calls broadly foumedt of than n of threw major = © Coll membrane oF Plasma membrane hae eee © Nuclous and Ca 8 Hn Brit sw wl ct 9 oh nh sed a vacua hatooon © Cytoplasm with coll organelios AEE ene sche, Meso me Prasina merntuane — vig ny bya fro odnlannio pe Helos - ‘ose — S—~ romp rai, Nucla pore ran Fig. 1.6 Stucturo of an animal cot Fig. 1.6 Stuctura ofa plant cot 1. Cell Membrane or Plasma Membrane Every cell is bounded by an extremely thin, elastic and selectively permeable cell membrane, also called plasma membrane, It is about 7-10 nm thick and can be seen only under electron microscope. It is formed of lipids and proteins and cannot be separated from the cell cytoplasen. Functions of Plasma Membrane © It binds the semifluid contents of the cell and gives a definite shape to the cell. © It functions as a mechanical barrier, protects cell 0 Polysaccharide contents and maintains internal environment of Y Chas on Hoe meus the cell 5 ie susie ot » erten neste © Being selectively permeable, plasmna membrane Stee eg fe permits only certain substances to pass through. Prptein © Chemicals present on the surface of plasma poe \ a Or” ruNwdguont? Vid membrane help in recognition of foreign WU 3 i Phosohoti substances and defend against microbes, rose TMT UNL. ANT Cell Wall w uu Fig. 1.7 Structure of plasma membrane Cell walll is found in plant cells only. It forms a protective covering outside the plasma membrane. It is formed of cellulose and is highly permeable. Functions of Cell Wall ® It provides a definite shape, rigidity and mechanical strength to the plant cell. © It protects internal structures and the plasma membrane of the plant cell and prevents bursting of cells in hypotonic medium, © Being highly permeable, cell wall permits free movernent of substances in and out of the cell.2. Nucleus: Control Centre of the Cell Structure of Nucleus Nucleus (pl. nuclei) is a small, spherical or Oval structure. It was discovered by Robert Brown in 1831. The nucleus is composed of nuclear membrane, nucleoplasm, nucleolus and chromatin network. Nuclear Membrane (Nuclear Envelope): It is a delicate double-membrane structure with a space between the outer and inner membrane. The membrane is perforated by several nuclear pores which allow exchange of materials between nucleus and the as J optoplasm meee, 19 sosee US 4 Number of chro- Nucleoplasm: The inside of nucleus is filled with a granular, jelly-like, semi-fluid it substance. It is called nucleoplasm or nuclear sap. 1 nucleo Table Wt in some plant Nucleolus: Each nucleus has one dense, rounded nucleolus (PF Rare og mi vena cells It contains large amou and ani r Plant cells in synthesis. Some cells may have more than one nucleol a RNA (ribonucleic acid) and enzymes which are used a cleat ie Thus, nucleolus participates in protein synthesis. The nucleo Meer os ig on membrane disappear during cell division and reappear 21 s alked ae 20 Chromatin Network: It is a tangled mass of thea he plasm. Garden pea = chromatin fibres. They are uniformly distributed in 0 Ton tike wisi 2 i in fi lense to form During cell division, chromatin fibres cond form nucle ructures called chromosomes. Chromosomes are eee ind ‘proteins. They bear genes which are made of DNA (deo"y7 ibon: ic acids Potato Animal cells Ascaris 32 acid). . Genes are hereditary units. They carry the genetic character from one an ones fon to another. This takes place by the union of female egg 20) earn 200 sei sperm. The nurriber of chromosomes is definite in each species. £9< ph 4 male sperm. ° oman cell has 46 (23 pairs) chromosomes in its nucleus. tion 3 Monkey Dog Functions of Nucleus » Nucleus regulates al life processes of the cell. Hence, nucleus is celled control centre of the cel. « It plays an important role in cell division 3, protoplasm and Cytoplasm The living substance of the cell bounded by plasma membrane is called protoplasm. It is jelly-like, semi-fuid substance, Various cell organelles and inclusions remain suspended in it. Protoplasm includes all the components of the cell except cell wall and contents of the vac i ees mao uole. Protoplasm consists of two cytoplasm i iat Part ofthe protoplasm which occupies the space between the plasma membrane and th nuclear m appears colourless, partly transparent a GheeCell Organelles cytoplasm contains many cell organelles, Each type of cell o isthe i specialised for a specific function. They are living parts of a organelle has a characteristic shape and is CELL ORGANELLES FOUND IN CYTOPLASM Double membrane-bound ‘Single mombrane-bound organelios organelle ne cramalioe Mioctoni Endoplasmic reticulum Ribosomes lastids Golgi bodies Centrosome and Centrioles. Lysosomes Vacuoles +1. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Endoplasmic reticulum forms a complex network of membrane bound channels throughout the cytoplasm. At places, this network ig connected with the plasma membrane at one end and with the nuclear membrane at the other end. It occurs in two forms © Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER): It has rough membrane because a number of ribosomes are attached to it. © Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER): Its membranes are without ribosomes. ions of Endoplasmic Reticulu one Functions of P| im Fig. 1.9 Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) « It forms the supporting framework of the cell. « It divides the cell into small compartments for different metabolic activities. « itis associated with the synthesis and storage of materials. © Rough endoplasmic reticulum is the site of protein synthesis. « Its channels act as pathways for the transport of materials within the cell and hence it DNA pinosome -—-«Ouler membrane called circulatory system of the cell. membrane 2. Mitochondria - Power House of the Cell Mitochondria (sing.: Mitochondrion) are minute, rod-shaped or spherical organelles found in large numbers. A mitochondrion is a two- walled structure like a thermos. The outer wall is smooth, but inner wall is folded into finger- like projections called cristae.Mitochondria possess enzymes for the oxidation of foodstuffs (Glucose) to release eneray in the form of ATP gig 4.39 rere stutre ofa mitochontion (adenosine triphosphate). Function of mitochondria: reason these are called powerhouses of the cell. Crstae Cuter chamber Mitochondria provide energy for various metabolic functions of the cell. For this 3. Plastids Plastids are found in plant cells only. These may be oval, spherical or disc-shaped. Plastids are basically of three types: ‘hlorophyll, which is found only in green parts of the plant. © Chloroplasts: These contain a green pigment, cl p Orange and yellow pigments are also present, but they are masked by the large quantity of chlorophyll. RRNAhe in Side of Marked ji chloroplast called stro oloutess grou a ‘oma, and a matrix - Sante membranous owe - thpetog system called aie 9rana (singular: aes ity to replicate, ime eau lasts: They contain yellow, most preg (08 pigments and are ad fee watt in the petals of flowers are xanthine Pigments present in them ‘ophyll (yellow) and carotene Suome level — Weir (wre) ropiast 4.11 Internal structure of chlor op! they store starch- potato tubers, Rice Fig. © Leucopla: sts: TH grains and ie are colourless plastids without any pigment. grains have abundant leucoplasts in their cells The three types of plastids can change from one form to the other yl for manufac ip of chlororiny sre called th ‘Therefore, the) turing food from e kitchen of the Functions of Plastids © Photo: is: ftotmthests Chloroplasts trap solar energy with the hell a ‘ompounds CO, and H,0 during photosynthesis. : eae Chromoplasts give characteristic colour to the flowers 2 Storage: Leucoplasts store food in the form of starch and oils. en by the pI © Generation of Oxygen: During photosynthesis, chloroplasts generate on/9 id fruits. hotolysis of water. Cpapiesm Cet mentee Nudes Celi s20 Vecuste Tonoplast 4. Vacuoles Vacuoles are fluid-filed membrane-bound clear spaces in Cel cytoplasm. ‘like minerals, SU9A"S: They are filled with water and a variety of substance: ts in solution. t and the liquid they carbohydrates, organic acids and pigment Vacuoles are bound by a membrane called tonoplas contain is cell sap. In mature plant cells, a large vacuole occupying most of the cell space is found. In animal cells, vacuoles are generally absent. But if present, they are much smaller and fewer in number Functions of vacuoles © They keep the cells turgid and provi wre food material and waste products. ‘ans like Amoeba and Paramecium, contractile jining the water balance. help in digestion of food. Fig. 1.12 Vacuole ide them rigidity and support. Transpon vesicle i Golgi cistemae © They stor © In protozo: vacuoles help in maintal ‘od vacuoles in protozoans © For 5, Golgi Bodies or Golgi Apparatus Golgi apparatus is also known as Golgi complex or i> Exigiosome. It is a special portion of endoplasmic eticulum meant for cell secretion. It was first observed a by Camillo Golgi. It consists of emea Flattened sacs or cisternae, secretory vesicles and veokiee. Lysosome large vesicles or vacuoles. in plant cells, the Golgi apparatus consists 1 of se’ interconnected subunits called dictyosomes. ver Fig. 1.13 Golgi complexfunctions of Golgi Apparatus ‘it produces and stores cell secretions such as mucus, enzymes and hormones, ‘e Fotmation of lysosomes and © formation of cell plate during cell division in plant, cells. 6. Lysosomes tysosomes are found only in animal cells. These wre spherical sacs, bounded by a single membrane, These contain several digestive enzymes. When feleased inside the cells, they breakdown various plasmic structures and may result in the digestion complete cell (autodigestion). Therefore, they are talled the suicide bags of the cell. Functions of lysosomes © Lysosomes destroy bacteria and viruses entering the cell by digesting them and protect the body. e They remove and destroy the old worn out cell organelles. © During starvation, they digest the stored food {intracellular digestion). Fig. 1.14 Functions of Golgi complex: A. Formation of lysosome, B. Formation of secretory vasicies 7. Ribosomes Ribosomes are granular particles scattered freely in the cytoplasm or attached to the surface of endoplasmic reticulum, Function of ribosomes: These are the sites for protein synthesis. Hence, they are called protein factories of the cell. 8. Centrosome and Centrioles. Centrosome is found only in animal cells, It lies near the nucleus. It appears as a clear area in the cytoplasm containing two small bodies called centrioles. During cell division, centrioles migrate to the opposite poles of the cell to form asters of spindle. Fig. 1.15 Ribosomes attached to ER Functions of Centrosome Tiplet 6 It forms spindle fibres at the time of cell division. ee © Basal bodies of cilia and flagella develop from centrioles. Huo Cell Inclusions (Nonliving Substances) These are nonliving substances present in the optoplasm of plant cells, These include © Reserve (food) materials, such as starch grains, glycogen, proteins, and fats, © Secretory products such as enzymes, nectar, colouring materials. © Excretory products such as resins, gums, tannins, inorganic crystals like those of silica, calcium carbonate, calcium oxalate, etc. Fig. 1.16 A pair of centriolesRYOTIC CELLS PROKARYOTIC AND EU! rganised MUcleus, the al 4 Based on the complexity of structure and absence or presence of @ well Classified into following two categories: 1. Prokaryotic cells 2. Eukaryotic cells 1. Prokaryotic Cells Prokaryotic (Gk., pro = primitive + karyon cells are found in bacteria and cyanobacteria (blue-green algae). General Characteristics of Prokaryotic Cells © Prokaryotic cells range in size from 1-10 pt. ) in the centre of the cel ang © They do not have nucleus. membrane © The nuclear material (DNA) lies naked (ie, not bound by any Femains in direct contact with cytoplasm. 's called nucleoid. ial is found i © The region of cytoplasm where nuclear material, ie, DNA is ee © Prokaryotic chromosome is formed of single circular DNA Se eee rete © Membrane-bound organelles like mitochondria, Golgi complex, P| lysosomes are absent. mly in the cytopl o Rlbosomes ae safer as compared to eukaryotic ribosomes, They are scattered randomly in the etoplsm Nuclooid region DNA —_Fimbria or Plus (for attachment) th = = " [- Flagellum Ribosomes: ps i SS Capsule 7 ‘Cell wall Plasma membrane Fig. 1.17 A Prokaryotic cell (bacterium) 2. Eukaryotic Cells Eukaryotic (Gk, eu = true + karyon = nucleus) cells are found in all living organisms, (except bacteria and blue-green algae), ie, all plants, animals and fungi. General Characteristics of Eukaryotic Cells ° Eukaryotic cells have a well-organised nucleus with a definite nuclear membrane. Therefore, nuclear material or hereditary material is isolated from cytoplasm. ® The DNA in eukaryotic cells is bound with basic proteins and form nucleoprotein fibre, the chromatin. © The membrane-bound cell organelles, like mitochondria, lysosomes, Golgi complex, dictyosomes, endoplasmic reticulum and chloroplasts are present and perform specific functions, © Number of chromosomes varies in different species ® Ribosomes are bigger. They are either attached to endoplasmic reticulum or are found freTable 1.2 Major Differences between Prokaryotic Cell and Eukaryotic Cell Characteristics Prokaryotie Get Eucaryotie Cat 4, eel! organisation Acoli. Beth wnicatiar sod msttcntitr, - 2, Well-defined nucleus Absent sea 3. DNA Naked. Combined with protwin and oxras 235 crverain foros 4. Chromosomes inate, circu. Muti, tewae. Steassseme Smater,scatered in to | Bigger, cons a8 free or atacha eftoplasm. to endoplasmic retention 6. Nuclear membrane, nucleolus, Golgi complex, | Absent. Prevent mitochondria, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, chloroplast and vacuoles PLANT CELLS AND ANIMAL CELLS Generally, plant and animal cells are similar in basic structure. Both contain cell membrane, cytoplacm, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, mitochondria and ribosomes. Hoviever, there sre sone important differences between the two. Plant cells have a definite cell wall, contain plastids and » nel, developed vacuole, whereas in animal cells, cell wall and plastids are lacking but centrosome is present Table 1.3 Differences between an Animal Cell and 2 Plant Cell Characteristics ‘Animal Cell Plant Celt 1. Cell Wall Absent Formed of Celuose and present outside of the cel memerane. 2 Centrosome Present. Absent. 3. Vecuoles Vacuoles, if present, are smaller and | in a mature plant col, gonersly 2 singe many in number and ecattered laige centvaly located vanole four. 4, Plastids Absent except in the protozoan Eugiena, | Plastids are present in the cytoplasm 5. Lysosomes Procent. Absent. [6 Stored food | Stored food is in the form of glycogen, | Stored toud isin the form of starch, 2 | 2 polyseccharide. polysaccharide. 7. Cytoplasm | Oytopiasm fils tne entire cell end is | Cyteplasm forme 2 thn ining, as tis | | conse. pushed to the periphery by varus, [8 Golgi complex | Highty elaborate Goigi complex is Simpler units of Golgi complex cated | present near nucleus, Getyosomes are found scatered in | cell cytoplasm. 8. Nucleus ous is usually present in the centre, | Nucleus is pushed towards he perohery Wiaicert Check 2 State whether the following statements are true or false. If false, write the correct statement by changing the incorrect word/words only. Cytoplasm and nucleus together constitute protoplasm. Mitochondria help in the synthesis of food by trapping solar energy. Animal cells have fewer but large vacuoles. Centrosome is present in animal cell but absent in plant cell. In plant cells, a definite cell wall made of lipids is present. yee—, FE All plant Fea imts and animals are made up of ces. is the structural and funetional unit of living orga ms. * Cell theo 1 cory was formulated by MJ Schleiden (1838) and T. Schwann (1839). Aci 5 A cell consists of plasma membrane, eyoptaxm and nucleus ised in their shapes to carry out special function’. * The cel {ihe cell membrane is selectively permeable, whereas cell wal is re! & Endoplasmic reticulum transports materials in the cell hence. it is cal the sites of protein synthesis, mitochondria produce eneray and 1Y* fibres and forms the basal in plant cells. In animal cells it helps inthe formation of spindle fibres and forms the basal boty gy % Cells are spe % Ribosomes are the cel * Centriote is absem Cilia and flagella. * Nucleus contains chromatin material and controls the activities of cell. the basis of the presence or absence of a definite nucleus, cells are of two 1YPES! ese erally system ofthe cel 2 recalled he wi som a tg prokaryotic and eukaryotic cel, suoles may be very sma * % In mature plant cells, usually a single large vacuole is present, whereas in animal cells the vac and fewer, lly a single large vacuole is present. (ot Prokaryotic cells are without cell organelles and without a distinct well-formed nucleus Cell was discovered by —_——— o are called suicidal bags of cell. A. Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. Give one word for the following: (9) The outermost nonliving covering found in plant (b) Plastid containing green pigment (©) The organelles called suicide bags of the cell: (d) The part which provides rigidity and support to the plant cell (c) The structure in the cell that contains a network of chromatin material. 2. Which parts of a cell are concerned with the following. (a) Liberation of energy (b) Trapping of solar energy (©) Transmission of characters from parents to offspring, (4) Synthesis of proteins. 43. State whether the following statements are true or false. (a) The term ‘cell’ was coined by Leeuwenhoek: (©) The cell is the structural and functional unit of life. (©) The cells observed by Robert Hooke in a slice of cork were living cells, (@) According to cell theory, new cells arise from pre- existing cells. (©) All animal cells possess a cell wall. (6 Genes are located in chromosomes. 4. Fill in the blanks with suitable words. (a) Cell is the basic structural and hte. unit of © (a) Nucleus is surrounded by @ membrane calle and thet (e) The expanded form of RNA is of DNA is 7 o are hereditary units. (3) contain a green pigment. a is a plastid which stores starch. 5. Match the columns. Column A (a) Golgi apparatus (©) Mitochondria Column B (i) Semipermeable (ii) Suicide bags (©) Lysosomes (ii) ATP (4) Ribosomes iv) Secretion (¥) Tonoplast (e) Cell membrane ( Vacuole (vi) Protein synthesis Short Answer Type Questions 1 Give reatons forthe fttowing (0) Lysosomes ate called suicide bags ofthe cl (b) Cell is known as structural and functional i of Li (c) Cells differ in size and shape. sanotlte (8) Mtochondi ar called he one te) Prokarotes have simpler cal onpanena Oe e 2. Give differences between the following: mm (a) Cell wall and Cell membrane msSeen eT (&) Nucleus and Nucleolus (¢) Bukaryotic cell and Prokaryotic cell E._Applicationysiin loraplast and Chromoplast (a) Chloroplast and Chromoplast 1 Label the parts indicated by guidelines and answer the Long Answer Type Questions ‘westions given below: 1. Give main features of cell theory? Who formulated it. 2. List any five common features found both in plant and . : animal cells. - 3. Write about the structure and functions of nucleus. : uJ 4, Draw a labelled diagram to show the structure ofa plant ly cel. 8, Mention three features found only in plant cells and one f x ‘ found only in animal cells = D. Multiple Choice Questions Choose the correct answer, 1, Living part of the cell is called (a) Cell wall ©) Cell sap (©) Protoplasm (2) Cytoplasm (0) Is the given diagram that ofa plant cell or an animal ©) Give three reasons that are visible in the diagram to ‘Support the answer given in (a), 2 Cell sap is found in (©) Mention any two functions of the part labelled (4), (@) Nucleus (©) Chloroplast (©) Vacuole (@) Golgi bodies 3. Animal cell is different from plant cell in the presence (@) Centrosome ) Plastids (©) Vacuole (2) Golgi bodies 4. An important barrier between the protoplasm and outer environment in an animal cells is (@) Cell wall (®) Plasma membrane (©) Nuclear membrane (2) Tenoplast (Organelle connected with protein synthesisn is (2) Chloroplast () Ritosome (© Pyrenoid (@) Mitochondria booo 2 Observe the figure shown below and answer the following questions: (@) Label the parts marked 144 (©) What does this figure represent? (©) Mention the role performed by this structure in the ell. vouusouuD buow buoo