(ENGLISH MEDIUM)

ND
2 FLOOR, SHUKUN PLAZA, OPP. HOTEL PRITHVI L.G. CORNER, MANINAGAR – 08.
M. – 9879810777, E – mail ID – [email protected]
STD – X SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY NOTES
CHAPTER – 1
CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND EQUATIONS
CHAPTER’S OVERVIEW
CHEMICAL EQUATION:
An atom of an element is represented by symbol, the molecule of a compound by a formula,
and a chemical change is represented by an equation. Thus, the symbolic representation of
an actual chemical change is a chemical equation.
TO WRITE AN EQUATION:
• Substances which take part in chemical reaction (i.e., reactants) are usually written on left
hand side and substances formed as a result of chemical reaction (i.e., products) are written
on right hand side. The reactants and products are separated by an arrow head mark (→)
which starts from reactant and points towards the products. Sign of equal to (=) may also
be used in place of arrow head mark.
• Each reactant or the product is separated from one another by using plus sign (+) in
between them.
• Now the number of atoms of the substances on both sides are equalized. This is known s a
balanced equation.
EXAMPLE:
(i) Magnesium burns with oxygen and form magnesium oxide.
NOTE: Magnesium burns in air with a brilliant white light, and for this reason it is often used in
flares and fireworks.
2Mg(s) + O2 (g) → 2MgO(s)
Magnesium also burns in an environment of carbon dioxide such as in a beaker full of dry ice:
2Mg(s) + CO2 (g) → 2MgO(s) + C(s)
(ii) Nitrogen and hydrogen combines together to give ammonia. (Haber synthesis)
N2 + H2 → NH3 (Skeleton equation)
N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3 (Balanced equation)
NOTICE THE FEATURES OF THE EQUATION:
• The reactants appear on the left, and the products appear on the right. The arrow joining
them indicates the direction of reaction.
• An integer precedes the formula of each substance. These numbers are known as
stoichiometric coefficients. The quantitative relation among reactants and products is
known as stoichiometry. The stoichiometric coefficient for H2 in this equation is 3 and that
of NH3 is 2. When no number appears, we understand that the stoichiometric coefficient is
1. The stoichiometric coefficient for N2 in this equation is 1.
• The stoichiometric coefficient in a chemical equation are the set of smallest integers that
gives a balanced equation.

RAJESH SHAH GROUP TUITION 1

 • Charge is conserved. In this equation, all participants are neutral species, so charge is
conserved regardless of the stoichiometric coefficient. For reactions that include ions,
however, charge conservation must be explicitly addressed.
• Stoichiometric coefficients refer to the relative numbers of molecules involved in the
reaction.
BALANCING OF A CHEMICAL EQUATION:
According to law of conservation of mass,
“Mass can neither be created nor destroyed” i.e. in a chemical reaction total mass of the
reactant should be equal to total mass of the product.
Or we can say that the number of atoms of each element on both sides of arrow should be equal
in a chemical equation. Hence we need to balance chemical equation.
Now let us understand the balancing of a chemical equation.
There is no definite rule for balancing an equation. Therefore, it requires a good deal of skill and
practice. The equation is balanced by a method called hit and trial method.
HIT AND TRIAL METHOD:
Let us understand this with help of an example.
The symbol equation for the same reaction is N2 + H2 → NH3
Steps involved in balancing the above equation are as following:
Step – 1
First of all write the skeleton equation for reaction and count the number of atoms of each
substance on either side of the equation.

Element No. of atoms in reactants Number of atoms in product

N 2 1
H 2 3
Step – 2
Balance the atom which is minimum in number, on either side of chemical equation. In this
equation number of nitrogen is the minimum on the RHS.
To balance the nitrogen atom, multiply the nitrogen in RHS by 2 so thst the number of nitrogen
atoms becomes equal on both sides N2 + H2 → 2NH3
Number of N atoms – on LHS - 2 and on RHS – 2
It should be remembered that to equalize the number of atoms on both sides, we cannot alter
the formulae of the compounds or elements involved in the reaction.
Step – 3
Still number of H is not balanced. To equalize the number of H atoms multiply the H2 on RHS by
3. Now the equation is N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3

Step – 4
Let us examine number of atoms on N and H in the equation.
Number of atoms of N on LHS − 2
Number of atoms of N on RHS − 2
Number of atoms of H on LHS − 6
Number of atoms of H on RHS – 6
Now the number of atoms of each element become equal on both sides. Thus this equation is
now balanced.
Step – 5
The above balanced equation does not any information about the physical state of reactants
and products.

RAJESH SHAH GROUP TUITION 2

 In order to make the equation more informative, the physical states of reactants and products
are mentioned along with their chemical formulae. These physical states are mentioned with
the help of certain notation. These notations are.
(g) for gases
(l) for liquids
(s) for solid
(aq) for aqueous
The word (aq) is written if the reactant or product is present as a solution in water.
The balanced eqn. becomes N2 (g) + H2 (g) → 2NH3 (g)
IMPLICATIONS OF A CHEMICAL EQUATION:
A chemical equation conveys a large number of information as described below –
QUALITATIVE INFORMATION:
It tells us about the names of the reactants and products.
QUANTITATIVE INFORMATION:
It expresses the number of molecules of reactants and products.
It expresses the relative number of moles of the reactants and the products.
It expresses the relative weight of the reactants and the products.
It expresses the volume of the gaseous reactants and products.
LIMITATIONS OF CHEMICAL EQUATION:
A chemical equation does not gives the following informations:
• Conditions necessary for a chemical reaction: A chemical equation does not indicate
about the conditions necessary for the reaction i.e., about temperature, pressure or
presence of a catalyst.
• Rate of reaction: it does not give any idea about the rate of the reaction whether slow or
fast.
• Change of heat: An equation fails to give any indication whether the heat is absorbed or
evolved.
• Concentration: it does not given any indication about the concentration of the
reactants.
• Mechanism: it fails to give any idea about the mechanism of the reaction.
• Nature of reaction: An equation fails to give any indication about the nature of
reaction whether it is reversible or irreversible reaction.
TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS:
Chemical reactions can be divided into various classes. This classification is based on the specific
characteristics and the nature of the reactions. The chemical reactions have been divided into
following types:
SYNTHESIS OR COMBINATION REACTION:
All elements and compounds can be characterized by their chemical properties. Elements may
be described by whether they do or do not combine with other elements or compounds. This
type reaction concerns the preparation of one compound from two or more elements and/or
simpler compounds.
When two or more elements or substances combine together to form a new substance, the
chemical reaction is known as synthesis or combination reaction. This type of reaction takes
place in presence of heat, light or may require electricity.
Examples: 2Fe + O2 → 2FeO
2H2 + O2 → 2H2 O
COMBINATION REACTION CAN BE OF THREE TYPES:

RAJESH SHAH GROUP TUITION 3

 (i) Combination reaction between two elements:
(a) Combination between two non-metals: When a mixture of hydrogen and chlorine is placed
in sunlight, hydrogen chloride gas is formed.
H2 + Cl2 sunlight 2HCl
(b) Combination between a metal and a non-metal: When magnesium wire is burnt in air,
magnesium oxide if formed.
2Mg + O2 Heat 2MgO
(ii) Combination reaction between two compounds:
There are many reactions in which two compounds directly combine to form a new
compound. Example: Calcium oxide directly combines with water to form calcium hydroxide.
CaO + H2 O → Ca(OH)2
(iii) Combination between a compound and an element:
In many reactions element reacts with compound to form a new substance for eg.
2CO(g) → O2 (g) → 2CO2 (g)
DECOMPOSITION REACTIONS:
The reactions in which a substance is decomposed into two or more simple substances, are
known as decomposition reactions. These reactions require energy in the form of heat, light,
electricity, etc.
Examples: When potassium chlorate id heated it is decomposed into Potassium chloride and
oxygen 2KClO3 → 2KCl + 3 O2
SIMPLE DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS (SIMPLE SUBSTITUTION):
A displacement reaction occurs because a more reactive element displaces a less reactive one
from a solution of its compound.
Example: Zn(s) CuSO4 (aq) ZnSO4 (aq) Cu(s)
• More reactive metals can react with compounds of less reactive metals. A reaction like this
is called a displacement reaction. For example, zine is more reactive than copper. It will
react with copper oxide when heated.
• To decide if a displacement reaction will happen or not we must have the knowledge of
activity series. In activity series the element placed above will displace the element place
from its compound.
• Now reactivity of different metals is decided on the basis of reactivity series.
• Reactivity series or activity series is an empirical series of metals, in order of “reactivity”
from highest to lowest. It is used to summarize information about the reactions of metals
with acids and water, single displacement reactions and the extraction of metals from their
ores.
Metal Ion Reactivity
+
K K
Na Na+
Li Li+ Reacts with water
Sr Sr 2+
Ca Ca2+
Mg Mg 2+ Reacts with acids
Al Al3+
C Included for comparison
Zn 2+
Zn
Cr Cr 2+
Fe Fe2+

RAJESH SHAH GROUP TUITION 4

 Cd Cd2+
Co Co2+ Reacts with acids
N1 2+
Ni
Sn Sn2+
Pb Pb2+
H2 H+ Included for comparison
Cu 2+
Cu
Ag Ag +
Hg Hg 2+ May reacts with some
Au Au3+ strongly oxidizing acids
Pt Pt 2+
DOUBLE DECOMPOSITION REACTIONS (DOUBLE DISPLACEMENT REACTION)
The reactions in which mutual exchange of radicals takes place are known as double
decomposition reactions. As a result of double decomposition reactions two new
substances are formed.
Example: Aqueous barium chloride reacts with sulfuric acid to form solid barium sulfate and
hydrochloric acid: BaCl2 (aq) + H2 SO4 (aq) → BaSO4 (s) + 2HCl(aq)

OXIDATION – REDUCTION REACTIONS:

(A) Oxidation reactions:
Oxidation is defined as a process in which a substance gains oxygen or loses hydrogen
during a reaction. Examples: C + O2 → CO2
This is called classical concept of explaining oxidation reaction. Based on classical oxidation
concept reaction can also be defined as following.
a) Removal of hydrogen: Chlorine oxidizes hydrogen sulphide to sulphur by the removal of
hydrogen. Cl2 + H2 S → 2 HCl + S
b) Addition of oxygen: When magnesium reacts with oxygen. It oxidizes into magnesium
oxide. Mg + O2 → MgO
c) Addition of electropositive element:
Example: Fe + S → FeS (Oxidation of Iron)
SnCl2 → SnCl4 (Oxidation of Stannous chloride)
d) Removal of electropositive element:
Example: 2NaI + H2 O2 → 2NaOH + I2 (Oxidation of NaI)
2KI + Cl2 → 2KCl + I2 (Oxidation KI)
(B) Reduction: According to modern concept the term reduction is defined as a process which
involve the removal of oxygen from a substance of hydrogen to a substance.
Examples:
a) Removal of oxygen: When copper (II) oxide is heated in hydrogen gas, copper metal is
obtained CuO + H2 → Cu + H2 O
b) Addition of hydrogen: Combination of hydrogen and sulphur. H2 + S → H2 S.
Based on classical classification reduction can also be defined as at following:
c) Removal of electronegative element:
Example: 2HgCl2 + SnCl2 → Hg 2 Cl2 + Cl4 (Reduction of mercuric chloride)
2FeCl3 + H2 → 2FeCl2 + 2HCl (Reduction of ferric chloride)
d) Addition of Electronegative element:
Mg + Cl2 → MgCl2 (Reduction ofCl2 )
REDOX REACTIONS:

RAJESH SHAH GROUP TUITION 5

 Those reactions in which oxidation and reduction takes place simultaneously, are known as
redox reactions.
Example: PbO + H2 → Pb + H2 O
During this reaction lead oxide is losing oxygen and is being reduced. The hydrogen is
gaining oxygen and is being oxidized. Hence we can say that in an oxidation-reduction
reaction one substance gets oxidized while the other one gets reduced.
OXIDIZING AGENT:
• The substance which gives oxygen for oxidation is called an oxidizing agent.
• The substance which removes hydrogen is also called an oxidizing agent.
• The substance which oxidizes the other substance is called an oxidizing agent.
REDUCING AGENT:
• The substance which gives hydrogen for reduction is called a reducing agent.
• The substance which removes oxygen is also called a reducing agent.
• The substance which reduces the other substance is called a reducing agent.
Removal of oxygen: Reduction

CuO + H2 Cu + H2 O

Addition of oxygen: oxidation

Here CuO oxidizes H2 and CuO therefore in this reaction CuO is a oxidizing agent whereas H2
is a reducing agent.
Hence, in a redox reaction there is neither gain nor loss of electrons.
EXOTHERMIC AND ENDOTHERMIC REACTIONS:
Chemical reactions usually proceed with either liberation of heat or the absorption of heat.
The constituent elements of a compound are bound by a chemical bond. In a chemical
reaction or chemical change, the bonds between the constituents of the reactants are
broken and the products are formed having new bonds. In short it may be said that when
bonds are broken energy id consumed (or absorbed) and when bonds are formed energy is
released.
When a chemical reaction liberates heat to the surroundings, it is said to be ‘exothermic
reaction’ and when it absorbs the heat from the surroundings, it is said to be ‘endothermic
reaction’.
Examples:
1) Nitrogen and hydrogen combine together to form ammonia. This chemical reaction
liberates heat to the surroundings and , therefore, it is exothermic reaction.
N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3 + 22.4 k cals.
(gas) (gas) (gas)
2) Nitrogen and oxygen combine together to form nitric oxide. Here the heat of the
surroundings is absorbed. Therefore, this reaction is ‘endothermic’.
N2 + O2 → 2NO − 43.2k cals.
CORROSION (EROSION BY CHEMICAL ACTION)
For most of us, corrosion is the degradation of metals and is often called rust. Technically we can
define it as an irreversible interfacial reaction of a material (metal,ceramic,polymer) with its
environment which results in consumption of the material.

RAJESH SHAH GROUP TUITION 6

 Corrosion causes damage to car bodies, bridges, iron ships and to all objects made of metals,
specially those of iron. Corrosion of iron is a problem. Every year an enormous amount of money
is spent to replace damaged iron.
Corrosion is the primary means by which metals deteriorate. Most metals corrode on contact
with water (and moisture in the air), acids, bases, salts, oils, aggressive metal polishes, and other
solid and liquid chemicals. Metals will also corrode when exposed to gaseous materials like acid
vapors, formaldehyde gas, ammonia gas, and sulfur containing gases. Corrosion specifically
refers to any process involving the deterioration or degradation of metal components. The best
known case is that of the rusting of steel. Corrosion processes are usually electrochemical in
nature, having the essential features of a battery.
FACTORS INFLUENCING CORROSION:
Following factors influence the corrosion. These are the
• Reactivity of metals
• Presence of moisture and atmospheric gases like CO2 , SO2 etc.
• Presence of impurities.
• Strains in the metal
• Presence of electrolyte.
METHODS TO PREVENT CORROSION:
• To minimize corrosion, protective coating are applied to prevent the direct contact of
moisture and oxygen with the metal. This process is called galvanizing. It involves coating of
Zn metal on iron surface.
• Another way to protect iron and other metals from oxidation is to coat them with a
corrosion-resistant metal, such as chromium, platinum or gold. This process of coating one
metal with another by electrolysis is called electroplating.
RANCIDITY:
The most important cause of deterioration in fats and fatty foods is oxidation.
Oxidation of fats results in the replacement of an oxygen ion from a hydrogen ion in the
fatty acid molecule. This substitution destabilizes the molecule and makes it possible for
other odd chemical fragments to find a place along the chain. What we perceive is an
unpleasant change in the flavor and odour of a food, called rancidity. Unsaturated fats are
more susceptible to oxidation than are saturated fats. Factors which accelerate fat
oxidation include trace metals (iron, zinc, etc.), salt, light, water, bacteria, and molds. Fat
oxidation can be retarded by use of antioxidants (Antioxidants are compounds that inhibit
chemical reactions with oxygen such as BHT, BHA , vitamin E, and vitamin C), by use of
spices such as sage and rosemary, and by use of light and/or serves as a cushion to minimize
breakage of the chips during transport.
PART – A
OBJECTIVES PORTIONS
FILL IN THE BLANKS
1. The color of lead nitrate powder is white.
2. Respiration is an exothermic type of reaction.
3. Matter can neither be created, nor be destroyed. It is called the known of conservation of
mass.
4. Quick lime is also known as 𝑪𝒂(𝑶𝑯)𝟐 or calcium hydroxide.
5. Burning of coal and formation of water is combination.
6. During electrolysis of water, electrodes are connected with 6_ V of battery.
7. When iron nail is dipped in a solution of copper sulphate, then the color of the solution
becomes Pale green after sometime.
∆
8. Reaction, CaCO3 → CaO + CO2 is a decomposition reaction.

RAJESH SHAH GROUP TUITION 7

9. 𝑨𝒈𝑩𝒓 𝒐𝒓 𝑨𝒈𝑪𝒍 is used in black and white photography.
10. Reducing agent undergoes oxidation.
11. Pb(s) + 𝑪𝒖𝑪𝒍𝟐 → PbCl2 (aq) + Cu(s).
12. 𝑴𝒈 is a more reactive metal among Fe and Mg.
TRUE OR FALSE
1. (a) PbS(s) + (b)O2 (g) → (c) PbO(s) + (d) SO2 (g). In this reaction, the values of co-efficient
(a), (b), (c), and (d), in balanced equation are taken 2, 3, 2, 2 respectively. True.
2. Oxidizing agent undergoes oxidation in the reaction. False.
3. Reducing agent gives H2 or receives O2 . True.
4. In reaction, MnO42− → MnO2 + MnO41− MnO42− acts both as oxidizing agent as well as
reducing agent. True.
5. Fe Acts as an oxidizing agent in the following reaction: Fe + CuSO4 → FeSO4 + Cu. False.
6. Heating of calcium carbonate is an endothermic reaction. True.
7. In the reaction 3Mg + N2 → Mg 3 N2 , Mg undergo oxidation. True.
8. Oxidation and reduction does not occur in redox reaction. False.
9. In decomposition reaction, single reactant forms two or more products. True.
10. Precipitate obtained in precipitation reaction is soluble in water. False.
11. In rancidity, taste and smell of food item changes. True.
12. The color of KI is orange-grey. False.
13. Reaction of zinc metal with dilute HCl liberates H2 gas. True.
14. Mg is highly inactive metal. False.
15. Ca(OH)2 is also known as lime water. True.
16. Burning of natural gas is an exothermic reaction. True.
17. The proportion by volume of H2 and O2 gases obtained at electrodes during electrolysis of
water is 1:1. False.
18. Reaction, Na2 SO4 + BaCl2 → BaSO4 + 2NaCl is an example of double displacement reaction.
True.
19. MgO + H2 → Mg + H2 O is an example of oxidation reaction. False.
20. Hydrogen gas was discovered by Henry Cavendish. True.
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION
1. 6 g of hydrogen is burnt in the presence of excess oxygen. The mass of water formed is:
(a) 54 g (b) 108 g (c) 36 g (d) 18 g
Ans: 54 g
Hint: 2H2 + O2 → 2H2 O
2 moles 2 moles
6 gm = 3 moles
From equation,
2 moles H2 = 2 moles H2 O
3 moles H2 = 3 moles H2 O
Now, Mass of H2 O = mole × Molecular wt.
= 3 × 18
= 54 g
2. Which information is not obtained by the balanced chemical equation?
(a) Physical states of reactants and products
(b) Symbols and formulae of all the substances involved in a particular reaction
(c) Number of atoms/molecules of the reactants and products formed
(d) Whether a particular reaction is actually feasible or not
3. Which of the following are exothermic reactions?
(a) Evaporation of water (b) Dilution of H2 SO4
(c) Reaction of water with quick lime (d) Sublimation of crystalline camphor
(a) (a) and (b) (b) (c) and (d) (c) (a) and (d) (d) (b) and (c)

RAJESH SHAH GROUP TUITION 8

4. Reaction: 𝟒𝑵𝑯𝟑 (𝒈) + 𝟓𝟎𝟐 (𝒈) → 𝟒𝑵𝑶(𝒈) + 𝟔𝑯𝟐 𝑶(𝒈) is an example of :
(a) Displacement reaction (b) combustion reaction
(c) Redox reaction (d) neutralization reaction
(a) (a) and (b) (b) (c) and (d) (c) (a) and (d) (d) (b) and (c)
5. Which of the following reaction occurs in whitewashing of walls?
(a) 2Ca + O2 → 2CaO (b) CaO + H2 O → Ca(OH)2 + heat
∆
(c) 𝐂𝐚(𝐎𝐇)𝟐 + 𝐂𝐎𝟐 → 𝐂𝐚𝐂𝐎𝟑 + 𝐇𝟐 𝐎 (d) Ca(OH)2 → CaO + H2 O
6. What happens when crystals of lead nitrate are heated strongly in a dry test tube?
(a) Crystals melt immediately (b) brown fumes are obtained
(c) White fumes are obtained (d) yellow precipitates are obtained
7. Dilute hydrochloric acid is added to test tube containing pieces of zinc. The following
observations are recorded, identify the correct observation.
(a) The surface of metal becomes lustrous (b) the reaction mixture becomes milky
(c) Odour of pungent smelling gas is experienced (d) a colorless and odourless gas is formed
8. Rancidity can be prevented by:
(a) Adding antioxidants (b) storing the food in freeze
(c) Keeping food away from the light (d) all of the given
9. Which of the following is not a single displacement reaction:
(a) CuO + H2 → H2 O + Cu (b) Zn + CuSO4 → ZnSO4 + Cu
(c) 𝟒𝐍𝐇𝟑 + 𝟓𝐎𝟐 → 𝟒𝐍𝐎 + 𝟔𝐇𝟐 𝐎 (d) Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2
10. An element 𝑿 on exposure to moist air turns reddish brown and new compound 𝒀 is formed.
Identify 𝑿 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒀.
(a) 𝐗 = 𝐅𝐞, 𝐘 = 𝐅𝐞𝟐 𝐎𝟑 (b) X = Ag, Y = Ag 2 S
(c) X = Cu, Y = CuO (d) X = Al, Y = Al2 O3
11. Identify the reducing agent in the following reactions:
Reaction: 𝟑𝑶𝟐 (𝒈) + 𝟐𝑯𝟐 𝑺(𝒈) → 𝟐𝑯𝟐 𝑶(𝒍) + 𝟐𝑺𝑶𝟐 (g).
(a) O2 (b) 𝐇𝟐 𝐒 (c) H2 O (d) SO2
12. Both 𝑯𝟐 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑪𝑶𝟐 gases are….
(a) Heavier than air (b) colorless (c) acidic in nature (d) soluable in water
13. Decomposition of lead (𝑰𝑰) nitrate forms lead (𝑰𝑰) oxide, nitrogen dioxide and oxygen gas,
what is the value of co-efficient of nitrogen dioxide in the balanced equation?
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
14. When reddish brown copper metal is heated, it forms a black solid surface. Which of the
following statement is incorrect?
(a) Black solid substance is CuO (b) it is redox reaction
(c) It is precipitation reaction (d) copper undergo oxidation
15. Silver chloride is stored in dark colored bottle because…..
(a) It is a white solid (b) It gives redox reaction
(c) To avoid the effect of sunlight (d) none of these
16. On immersing the 𝒁𝒏 rod in the solution of copper sulphate, you will observe……
(a) Deposition of 𝐂𝐮 on 𝐙𝐧 (b) deposition of Zn on Cu
(c) Cu2+ oxidizes (d) blue colored solution become more dark
17. The reaction of 𝑯𝟐 gas with oxygen gas forms water. This reaction is an example of:
(a) Combination reaction (b) redox reaction
(c) An exothermic reaction (d) all of these reactions
18. For the reaction, 𝑪𝒖𝑶 + 𝑯𝟐 → 𝑪𝒖 + 𝑯𝟐 𝑶, choose the correct statement.
(a) CuO is an oxidizing (b) H2 undergo oxidation
(c) It is a displacement reaction (d) all of the given
19. Select the proper option for the following statements:
Statements:
Statements 1: Burning of magnesium ribbon in air is a redox reaction.

RAJESH SHAH GROUP TUITION 9

 Statement 2: Oxidation number of oxygen in its metal oxide is −1.
(a) Statement 1 is correct (b) statement 2 is incorrect
(c) Statement 1 is correct, but statement 2 is incorrect
(d) Statement 1 and statement 2 both are incorrect
20. Identify the type of reaction for 𝟐𝑨𝒍 + 𝑪𝒓𝟐 𝑶𝟑 → 𝑨𝒍𝟐 𝑶𝟑 + 𝟐𝑪𝒓
(i) Oxidation (ii) Reduction (iii) Redox
(a) Only (i) (b) only (ii) (c) (i),(ii),(iii) (d) none of these
21. What is correct for redox reaction?
(i) Reducing agent undergoes oxidation (ii) reducing agent undergoes reduction
(iii) Reduction reaction always occurs at cathode (iv) Oxidizing agent undergo oxidation
(a) Only (i) (b) only (i),(iii) (c) only (iii) (d) Given all
22. Quick lime when added in water produces hissing sound. State the type of reaction.
(i) Combination (ii) Endothermic (iii) Exothermic (iv) Redox
(a) Only (i) (b) only (iii) (c) only (i),(ii),(iii) (d) only (iv)
MATCH THE FOLLOWING
Column A (Type) Column B (Reactions)
1. Neutralization reaction a. Zn + Cu2+ → Zn2+ + Cu
2. Redox reaction b. CaCO3 → CaO + CO2
c. HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2 O
Ans: (1 – c), (2 – a).
Column A (Name) Column B (Molecular Formula)
1. Quick lime a. CaCO3
2. Slaked lime B. CaO
c. Ca(OH)2
Ans: (1 – b), (2 – c).
Column A (Reaction) Column B (Type)
1. CaO + H2 O → Ca(OH)2 + heat a. Displacement
2.Zn + CuSO4 → ZnSO4 + Cu b. Double displacement
c. Combination
Ans: (1 – c), (2 – a).
ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTION IN ONE OR TWO SENTENCE:
1. Show the process of corrosion of iron in the form of a chemical equation?
Ans: 4Fe + 3O2 + 2xH2 O → 2Fe2 O3 . xH2 O Hydrated iron III oxide (Rust).
2. Give any two methods by which rancidity in fat and oil containing food can be prevented.
Ans: (i) By packing fat and oil containing food in nitrogen gas.
(ii) By storing food in air tight containers.
3. What is the chemical formula of rust?
Ans: Rust is Fe2 O3 . xH2 O.
4. Why is chromium used for coating iron?
Ans: Chromium is a non-corroding metal which forms a protective layer on iron.
5. Write a balanced chemical formula equation for the reaction of potassium metal with water
to give potassium hydroxide and hydrogen gas.
Ans: 2K(s) + 2H2 O(ℓ) → 2KOH(𝑎𝑞) + H2 (g)
6. What is the ratio of number of moles of reactants to the number of moles of products in the
equations? 𝑯𝟐 𝑺(𝒈) + 𝑺𝑶𝟐 (𝒈) → 𝑺(𝒔) + 𝑯𝟐 𝑶(𝒍)
Ans: 2H2 S(g) + SO2 (g) → 3S(s) + 2H2 O(l) (3:5)
7. Which one is more reactive, 𝑨𝒈 𝒐𝒓 𝑷𝒕?
Ans: Silver on the basis of reactivity series.
8. Why is double displacement reaction named so?
Ans: It is because it involves simultaneous displacement of two ions from two compounds.

RAJESH SHAH GROUP TUITION 10

 9. Which carbohydrate substances, on decomposition form glucose?
Ans: Carbohydrates such as rice, potatoes and bread, etc. form glucose on their decomposition.
10. Which compound is used in black and white photography?
11. Ans: Silver bromide or silver chloride is used in black and white photography.
PART – B
TEXTUAL QUESTION ANSWERS
1. Why should a magnesium ribbon be cleaned before burning in air?
Ans: The magnesium ribbon which we use has a coating of “basic magnesium carbonate” on its
surface, which is formed by a slow action of moist air on it. Therefore before burning it in air, it is
cleaned by a sand paper which remove the protective layer of basic magnesium carbonate from
the surface of magnesium ribbon, so that it can easily burn.
2. Write the balanced equation for the following chemical reactions?
(i) Hydrogen + Chlorine → Hydrogen chloride
(ii) Barium chloride + Aluminium sulphate → Barium sulphate + Aluminium chloride
(iii) Sodium +Water → Sodium hydroxide + Hydrogen
Ans: (i) H2 (g) + Cl2 (g) → 2HCl(g)
(ii) 3BaCl𝟐 (𝒔) + Al𝟐 (SO𝟒 )𝟑 (𝑎𝑞) → 3BaSO4 (s) + 2AlCl3 (𝑎𝑞)
(iii) 2Na(s) + 2H𝟐 O(𝑙) → 2NaOH(𝑎𝑞) + H𝟐 (g)
3. Write a balanced chemical equation with state symbols for the following reactions?
(i) Solutions of barium chloride and sodium sulphate in water react to give insoluble barium
sulphate and the solution of sodium chloride.
(ii) Sodium hydroxide solution (in water) reacts with hydrochloric acid solution (in water) to
produce sodium chloride solution and water.
Ans: (i) BaCl𝟐 (𝑎𝑞) + Na𝟐 SO4 (𝑎𝑞) → BaSO𝟒 (s) + 2NaCl(𝑎𝑞)
(ii) NaOH(𝑎𝑞) + HCl(𝑎𝑞) → NaCl(𝑎𝑞) + H2 O(𝑎𝑞)
4. A solution of a substance ′𝑿′ is used for white washing?
(i) Name the substance ′𝑿′ and write its formula.
(ii) Write the reaction of the substance ′𝑿′ named in (i) above with water.
Ans: (i) Quick lime – CaO.
(ii) CaO(s)+H2 O(𝑙) → Ca(OH)2 (𝑎𝑞)
5. Why is the amount of gas collected in one of the test tube in activity 1.7 of your ncert
textbook double of the amount collected in the other name this gas?
Ans: The gases formed at two electrodes are produced due to decomposition of water on passing
electricity. Since the electrolysis of water produces 2 volume of hydrogen gas and 1 volume of
oxygen gas, thus we can say that the ratio of hydrogen and oxygen in water is 2:1 by volume
and hence the amount of gas collected in one test tube will be double of the amount collected in
other.
6. Why does the color of copper sulphate solution changes when an iron nail is dipped in it?
Ans: As iron is more reactive than copper thus it displaces copper from copper sulphate solution.
Fe(s) + CuSO4 (𝑎𝑞) → FeSO4 (𝑎𝑞) + Cu(s)
(Blue) (Green)
In this way concentration of copper sulphate decreases while concentration of ferrous sulphate
increases. As a result color changes from blue to green.
7. Give an example of a double displacement reaction other than the one given in activity 1.10 of
your ncert textbook.
Ans: AlCl3 (𝑎𝑞) + 3NH4 OH(𝑎𝑞) → Al(OH)3 (𝑠) + 3NH4 Cl(𝑎𝑞)
Aluminium Ammonium Aluminium Ammonium
Chloride hydroxide hydroxide chloride
8. Identify the substances that are oxidized and substances that are reduced in the following
reactions?

RAJESH SHAH GROUP TUITION 11

 (i) 𝟒𝑵𝒂(𝒔) + 𝑶𝟐 (𝒈) → 𝟐𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑶(𝒔)
(ii) C𝒖𝑶(𝒔) + 𝑯𝟐 (𝒈) → 𝑪𝒖(𝒔) + 𝑯𝟐 𝑶(𝒍)
Ans: (i) Oxidation (addition of oxygen)

4Na + O2 → 2Na2 O(s)

Therefore the substance

Oxidised = Na Reduced = O2
Reduction (removal of oxygen)
(ii)
CuO + H2 → Cu + H2 O

Oxidation (addition of oxygen)

Therefore the substance:
Oxidized = H2 Reduced = CuO
9. Which of the statements about the reaction below are incorrect?
𝟐𝑷𝒃𝑶(𝒔) + 𝑪(𝒔) → 𝟐𝑷𝒃(𝒔) + 𝑪𝑶𝟐 (𝒈)
a) Lead is getting reduced.
b) Carbon dioxide is getting oxidized.
c) Carbon is getting oxidized.
d) Lead oxide is getting reduced.
(i) (a) and (b) (ii) (a) and (c)
(iii) (a), (b) and (c) (iv) all
Ans: The statements (a) and (b) are incorrect because PbO is getting reduced, not Pb, similarly C is
getting oxidizes not CO2 .
10. 𝐅𝐞𝟐 𝐎𝟑 + 𝟐𝐀𝐥 → 𝐀𝐥𝟐 𝐎𝟑 + 𝟐𝐅𝐞
The above reaction is an example of a
a) Combination reaction
b) Double displacement reaction
c) Decomposition reaction
d) Displacement reaction.
Ans: The given reaction is an example of displacement reaction as in this reaction Al displaces, Fe
from Fe2 O3 .
11. What happens when dilute hydrochloric acid is added to iron fillings? Tick the correct
answer?
a) Hydrogen gas and iron chloride are produced
b) Chlorine gas and iron hydroxide are produced
c) No reaction takes place
d) Iron salt and water are produced
Ans: (a) FeFe(s) + 2HCl(𝑎𝑞) → FeCl2 (𝑎𝑞) + H2 (g)
12. What is a balanced chemical equation? Why should chemical equations be balanced?
Ans: Balanced chemical equation: A chemical equation is said to be balanced if the number of
atoms of each element participating in the reaction are equal on both side of the equation. The
chemical reaction should be balanced because law of conservation of mass holds good which
states that “in a chemical reaction total mass of the reactant must be equal to the total mass of
the product.
13. Translate the following statements into chemical equations and then balance them?
a) Hydrogen gas combines with nitrogen to form ammonia.
b) Hydrogen sulphide gas burns in air to give water and sulphur dioxide.
c) Barium chloride reacts with aluminium sulphate to give aluminium chloride and a
precipitate of barium sulphate.

RAJESH SHAH GROUP TUITION 12

 d) Potassium metal reacts with water to give potassium hydroxide and hydrogen gas.
Ans: (a) N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) → 2NH3 (g)
(b) 2H2 S(g) + 3O2 (g) → 2H2 O(𝑙) + 2SO2 (g)
(c) 3BaCl2 (𝑎𝑞) + Al2 (SO4 )3 (𝑠) → 3BaSO4 (𝑠) + 2AlCl3 (𝑎𝑞)
(d) 2K(s) + 2H2 O(𝑙) → 2KOH(𝑎𝑞) + H2 (g)
14. Balance the following chemical equations?
a) 𝑯𝑵𝑶𝟐 + 𝑪𝒂(𝑶𝑯)𝟐 → 𝑪𝒂(𝑵𝑶𝟑 )𝟐 + 𝑯𝟐 𝑶
b) 𝑵𝒂𝑶𝑯 + 𝑯𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 → 𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 + 𝑯𝟐 𝑶
c) 𝑨𝒈𝑵𝑶𝟑 + 𝑵𝒂𝑪𝒍 → 𝑨𝒈𝑪𝒍 + 𝑵𝒂𝑵𝑶𝟑
d) 𝑩𝒂𝑪𝒍𝟐 + 𝑯𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 → 𝑩𝒂𝑺𝑶𝟒 + 𝑯𝑪𝒍
Ans: (a) 2HNO2 + Ca(OH)2 → Ca(NO3 )2 + 2H2 O
(b) 2NaOH + H2 SO4 → Na2 SO4 + 2H2 O
(c) AgNO3 + NaCl → AgCl + NaNO3
(d) BaCl2 + H2 SO4 → BaSO4 + 2HCl
15. Write the balanced chemical equations for the following reactions?
a) Calcium hydroxide + Carbon dioxide → Calcium carbonate + water
b) Zinc + Silver → Zinc nitrate + Silver
c) Aluminium + Copper chloride → Aliminium chloride + Copper
d) Barium chloride + Potassium sulphate → Barium sulphate + Potassium chloride
Ans: a) Ca(OH)2 + CO2 → CaCO3 + H2 O
b) Zn + 2AgNO3 → Zn(NO3 )2 + 2Ag
c) 2Al + 3CuCl2 → 2AlCl3 + 3Cu
d) BaCl2 + K 2 SO4 → BaSO4 + 2KCl.
16. Write the balanced chemical equation for the following and identify the type of reaction in
each case?
a) Potassium bromide (𝒂𝒒) + Barium iodide (𝒂𝒒) →
b) Zinc carbonate (𝒔) → Zinc oxide (𝒔) + Carbon dioxide(𝒔)
c) Hydrogen(𝒈) + Chlorine(𝒈) → Hydrogen chloride(𝒈)
d) magnesium(𝒔) + Hydrochloric acid(𝒂𝒒) → Magnesium chloride(𝒂𝒒) + Hydrogen(𝒈)
Ans: a) 2KBr(𝑎𝑞) + BaI2 (𝑎𝑞) → 2KI(𝑎𝑞) + BaBr2 (𝑎𝑞)
b) ZnCO3 (𝑠) → 𝑍𝑛𝑂(𝑠) + CO2 (g)
c) H2 (g) + Cl2 (g) → 2HCl(g)
d) Mg(g) + 2HCl(𝑎𝑞) → MgCl2 (𝑎𝑞) + H2 (g)
17. What does one mean by exothermic and endothermic reaction? Give examples.
Ans: Exothermic reaction: Those reactions which occur with the evolution of heat are exothermic
reactions. E.g. 2NaOH(𝑎𝑞) + H2 SO4 (𝑎𝑞) → Na2 SO4 (𝑎𝑞) + 2H2 O(𝑙) + heat.
Endothermic reaction: Those reactions which require heat to occur are endothermic reactions.
heat
E.g. 2Pb(NO3 )2 (𝑠) → 2PbO(𝑠) + 4NO2 (g) + O2 (g)
18. Why is respiration considered an exothermic reaction? Explain?
Ans: Respiration: Is the most important biochemical reaction which releases energy in the cell.
When we breathe air (oxygen) enters into our lungs and this oxygen binds itself to hemoglobin
present in red blood cells (RBC). It is then carried to millions of cells present in our body.
Respiration occurs in these cells and is accompanied by the combustion of glucose (C6 H12 O6 )
producing carbon dioxide (CO2 ) and water (H2 O). A large amount of energy is released in this
chemical reaction.
C6 H12 O6 (𝑠) + 6O2 →
Glucose (air)
6CO2 (g) + 6H2 O(ℓ) + 2820K J
(energy)
Since the process is accompanied by release of energy so it is considered as an exothermic reaction.

RAJESH SHAH GROUP TUITION 13

19. Why are decomposition reactions called the opposite of combination reactions? Write
equations for these reactions?
Ans: During decomposition reaction a single reactant decompose to form two or more products,
whereas in combination two or more reactants react to form a single product.
e.g. N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3 (Combination reaction)
∆
2H𝟐 O → 2H𝟐 + O𝟐 (Decomposition reaction).
20. Write one equation each for decomposition reactions where energy is supplied in the form of
heat, light or electricity.
∆
Ans: (i) Pb(NO3 )2 (𝑠) → 2PbO(𝑠) + 4NO2 (g) + O2 (g)
sunlight
(ii) 2AgBr(𝑠) → 2Ag(𝑠) + Br2 (g)
Electric Spark
(iii) 2H2 O(𝑙) → 2H2 (g) + O2 (g)
21. What is the difference between displacement and double displacement reactions? Write
equations for these reactions?
Ans: Displacement reaction: In this reaction an element which is more active displaces the other
element which is less active from its salt solution. E.g. Fe(𝑠) + CuSO4 (𝑎𝑞) → FeSO4 (𝑎𝑞) +
Cu(𝑠)
Double displacement reaction: In this reaction exchange of ions between two reactants takes
place. E.g. BaCl2 (𝑎𝑞) + Na2 SO4 (𝑎𝑞) → BaSO4 + 2NaCl(𝑎𝑞)
22. In the refining of silver, the recovery of silver from silver nitrate solution involved
displacement by copper metal. Write down the reaction involved?
Ans: Cu(𝑠) + 2AgNO3 (𝑎𝑞) → Cu(NO3 )2 (𝑎𝑞) + 2Ag(𝑠)
23. What do you mean by a precipitation reaction? Explain by giving examples?
Ans: Those reactions which produce an insoluble product or precipitate are known as precipitation
reaction. E.g. AgNO3 (𝑎𝑞) + NaCl(𝑎𝑞) → AgCl(𝑠) ↓ +NaNO3 (𝑎𝑞)
24. Explain the following in terms of gain or loss of oxygen with two examples each?
a) Oxidation b) Reduction
Ans: a) Oxidation: Oxidation involve addition of oxygen.
E.g. C + O2 → CO2, C is oxidized to CO2 .
N2 + O2 → 2NO, N2 is oxidized to NO.
b) Reduction: Reduction involve removal of oxygen.
E.g. C + H2 O → CO + H2 , H2 O is reduced to H2 .
CuO + H2 → Cu + H2 O, CuO is reduced to Cu.
25. A shiny brown colored element ′𝑿′ on heating in air becomes black in color. Name the
element ′𝑿′ and the black colored compound formed?
∆
Ans: 2Cu + O2 → 2CuO
Brown from air Cuprous Oxide (Black)
26. Why do we apply paint on iron articles?
Ans: To prevent iron articles from rusting, we apply paint on it, by which iron does not come in
contact with air and moisture which cause rusting.
27. Oil and fat containing food items are flushed with nitrogen. Why?
Ans: When the oil and fat containing food is surrounding by uncreative gas nitrogen, there is no
oxygen to cause its oxidation and to make it rancid.
28. Explain the following terms with example each? (a) Corrosion (b) Randicity.
Ans: Corrosion:
It is a process in which metals are eaten up gradually by the action of air, moisture
or a chemical on their surface.
Randicity:
When fats and oil containing food oxidized with air or oxygen, their smells and
tastes changes. This process is called randicity.

RAJESH SHAH GROUP TUITION 14

 ADDITIONAL QUESTION
ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTION IN SHORT: [EACH CARRY 2 MARK]
1. Write balanced chemical equations for the following reactions:
(i) Dilute sulphuric acid reacts with aluminium powder.
(ii) Dilute hydrochloric acid reacts with sodium carbonate.
(iii) Carbon-dioxide is passed through lime water.
Ans: (i)2Al + 3H2 SO4 → Al2 (SO4 )3 + 3H2
(ii) Na2 CO3 + 2HCl → 2NaCl + H2 O + CO2
(iii) Ca(OH)2 + CO2 → CaCO3 + H2 O
2. A shiny brown colored element ′𝑿′ on heating in air becomes black in color. Name the element
′𝑿′ and the black colored compound formed.
Ans: Here, element ′X′ is copper (Cu). When it is heated in air, it forms black colored copper oxide
∆
(CuO). For example: 2Cu + O2 → 2CuO
Brown colored shiny element Black colored compound
In this reaction, Cu is oxidized to CuO.
3. What happens when:
(i) Dilute hydrochloric acid is added to solid sodium carbonate.
(ii) Quick lime is treated with water.
(iii) Sodium chloride sodium is added to lead nitrate solution.
Also write the chemical equation in each case.
Ans: The chemical reactions for each case are as follows:
(i) Na2 CO3 (𝑠) + 2HCl(aq) → 2NaCl(aq) + H2 O(l) + CO2 (g)
(ii) CaO(s)H2 O(l) → Ca(OH)2 (𝑎𝑞) + Heat
(iii) Pb(NO3 )2 (𝑎𝑞) + 2NaCl(aq) → PbCl2 (s) + 2NaNO3 (aq)
4. Write the chemical equation of the reaction with an example each in which the following
change has taken place.
(i) Change in color. (ii) Change in temperature. (iii) Formation of precipitate.
Ans: (i) Pb(NO3 )2 (aq) + 2Kl → PbI2 (s) + 2KNO3 (aq)
Colorless yellow
(ii) Zn(s) + H2 SO4 (aq) → ZnSO4 (aq) + H2 in this reaction, heat is evolved hence, there will
be change in temperature.
(iii) BaCl2 (aq)Na2 SO4 (aq) → BaSO4 (𝑠) + 2NaCl(aq)
White ppt.
5. Complete and+ balance the following chemical equations.
(i) 𝑪𝒂𝑪𝑶𝟑 + 𝑯𝑪𝒍 (ii) 𝑨𝒍 + 𝑯𝑪𝒍 (iii) 𝑴𝒏𝑶𝟐 + 𝑯𝑪𝒍
Ans: (i) CaCO3 (s) + 2HCl(aq) → CaCl2 (s) + H2 O(l) + CO2 (g)
(ii) 2Al(s) + 6HCl(aq) → 2AlCl3 (aq) + 3H2 (g)
(iii) MnO2 + 4HCl(aq) → MnCl2 + 2H2 O(l)Cl2 (g)
6. State reason for the following:
(i) Potato chips manufacturers fill the packet of chips with nitrogen gas.
(ii) Iron articles are shinning when new, but get coated with a reddish brown powder, when
left for some time.
Ans: (i) To prevent rancidity manufactures fill the packet of chips with nitrogen gas.
(ii) It happens due to rusting and corrosion.

RAJESH SHAH GROUP TUITION 15

7. When hydrogen gas is passed over heated copper (𝑰𝑰) oxide, copper and steam are formed.
Write the balanced chemical equation for this reaction and state (i) the substance oxidized
and (ii) the substance reduced in the reaction.
Ans: Reduction

CuO + H2 → Cu + H2

Oxidation
(i) Substance oxidized is H2 . (ii) Substance reduced is CuO.
8. Select (i) combination reaction (ii) decomposition reaction and (iii) displacement reaction
from the following chemical equations:
(i) 𝒁𝒏𝑪𝑶𝟑 (𝒔) → 𝒁𝒏𝑶(𝒔) + 𝑪𝑶𝟐 (𝒈)
(ii) 𝑷𝒃(𝒔)+𝑪𝒖𝑪𝒍𝟐 (𝒂𝒒) → 𝑷𝒃𝑪𝒍𝟐 (𝒂𝒒) + 𝑪𝒖(𝒔)
(iii) 𝑵𝒂𝑩𝒓(𝒂𝒒) + 𝑨𝒈𝑵𝑶𝟑 (𝒂𝒒) → 𝑨𝒈𝑩𝒓(𝒔) + 𝑵𝒂𝑵𝑶𝟑 (𝒂𝒒)
(iv) 𝑯𝟐 (𝒈) + 𝑪𝒍𝟐 (𝒈) → 𝟐𝑯𝑪𝒍(𝒈)
(v) 𝑭𝒆𝟐 𝑶𝟑 (𝒈) + 𝟐𝑨𝒍(𝒔) → 𝑨𝒍𝟐 𝑶𝟑 + 𝟐𝑭𝒆(𝒔)
(vi) 𝟑𝑯𝟐 (𝒈) + 𝑵𝟐 (𝒈) → 𝟐𝑵𝑯𝟑 (𝒈)
Ans: (i) Decomposition reaction (ii) Displacement reaction
(iii) Double displacement reaction (iv) Combination reaction
(v) Displacement reaction (iv) Combination reaction
9. When iron rod is kept dipped in copper sulphate solution for some time, a brown coating is
formed on the iron rod. What change will be observed in the color of the solution? Also write
chemical equation for the reaction involved.
Ans: Iron is more reactive than copper, so it will displace copper from CuSO4 solution, so blue color
of the solution will change to light green.
Fe(s) + CuSO4 (aq) → FeSO4 (aq) + Cu(s)
Blue color Light green
10. Identify the type of each of the following reactions. Also write balanced chemical equation
for each.
(i) The reaction mixture becomes warm.
(ii) An insoluble substance is formed.
Ans: (i) Exothermic reaction
CaO + H2 O → Ca(OH)2 + Heat
(ii) Double displacement reaction
BaCl2 + Na2 SO4 → BaSO4 + 2NaCl
White ppt. (Insoluble)
11. What is observed when carbon dioxide gas is passed through lime water:
(i) For a short duration.
(ii) For a long duration? Also write the chemical equations for the reaction involved.
Ans: (i) Lime water turns milky due to the formation of CaCO3 which is insoluble in water.
Ca(OH)2 (aq) + CO2 (g) → CaCO3 (𝑠) + H2 O(l)
Lime water White ppt.
(ii) A clear solution is obtained due to the formation of calcium bicarbonate Ca(HCO3 )2 which
is soluble in water. CaCO3 (s) + H2 O(l) + CO2 (g) → Ca(HCO3 )2 (aq)
12. A copper plate was dipped into a solution of silver nitrate. After sometime, a black layer was
observed on the surface of copper plate. State the reason for it and write chemical equation
of the reaction involved.
Ans: As per reactivity series of metals, copper is more reactive than silver. Therefore, it displaces
silver from nitrate solution resulting in depositing a black layer on the surface of copper plate.
2AgNO3 (aq) + Cu(s) → Cu(NO3 )2 (aq) + 2Ag(s)

RAJESH SHAH GROUP TUITION 16

 13. Define the term decomposition reaction. Give one example each of thermal decomposition
and electrolytic decomposition.
Ans: The reaction in which single reactant breaks down into two or more simpler product is known
as decomposition reaction. When a reaction is carried out in the presence of heat is called
Heat
thermal decomposition reaction. CaCO3 (s) → CaO(s) + CO2 (g)
When a decomposition reaction is carried out by electric current, it is called as electrolytic
Electric current
decomposition. 2H2 O(l) → 2H2 (g) + O2 (g)
14. 2 g ferrous sulphate crystals are heated in a dry boiling tube.
(i) List any two observations.
(ii) Name the type of chemical reaction taking place.
(iii) Write the chemical equation of the reaction.
Ans: (i) Two observations are: (a) Change in state and color (pale green to brown), (b) Evolution of
gases.
Heat
(ii) Decomposition reaction (iii) 2FeSO4 (s) → Fe2 O3 (s)SO2 (g) + SO3 (g)
15. Balance the following chemical equations and state whether they are exothermic or
endothermic:
(i) 𝑵𝒂 + 𝑯𝟐 𝑶 → 𝑵𝒂𝑶𝑯 + 𝑯𝟐
(ii) 𝑭𝒆𝑺𝑶𝟒 → 𝑭𝒆𝟐 𝑶𝟑 + 𝑺𝑶𝟐 + 𝑺𝑶𝟑
Ans: (i) 2Na + 2H2 O → 2NaOH + H2 It is an exothermic reaction.
∆
(ii) 2FeSO4 → Fe2 O3 + SO2 + SO3 It is an endothermic reaction.
16. Write the chemical involved in the following chemical reactions:
(i) White washing (ii) Black and white photography
Ans: (i) In white washing, quick lime reacts with water to form slaked lime.
CaO + H2 O → Ca(OH)2 + Heat
Quick lime Slaked lime
(ii) Silver bromide, when exposed to light decomposes to silver and bromine.
sunlight
2AgBr(s) → 2Ag(s) + Br2 (g)
Silver bromide Silver Bromine.
17. Name the term used to indicate the development of unpleasant smell and taste in fat and oil
containing food due to oxidation. What are anti-oxidants? Why are they added to fat and oil
containing food.
Ans: Oxidation of food materials is known as rancidity because of which they become unfit for
consumption and develop bad odour. Antioxidants are those substances that inhibit.
Oxidation, behave as reducing agents. The food material do not get oxidized in the presence of
antioxidants that means prevents food to oxidation.
18. Endothermic reaction and Exothermic reaction:
Endothermic reaction Exothermic reaction
1. A chemical reaction in which heat energy is 1. A chemical reaction in which heat energy
absorbed during the formation of product is is evolved during the formation of product
called an endothermic reaction. is called an exothermic reaction.
2. For example, reaction of barium hydroxide 2. For example, reaction of quick lime with
with ammonium chloride is an endothermic water is an exothermic reaction.
reaction.
19. Why is photosynthesis considered as endothermic reaction?
Ans: In photosynthesis reaction, energy is required to form glucose from carbon dioxide and water.
Energy, in the form of sunlight is used for photosynthesis. Hence, this reaction is called an
endothermic reaction.

RAJESH SHAH GROUP TUITION 17

20. Oxidation reaction and Reduction reaction:
Oxidation reaction Reduction reaction
1. A chemical reaction in which substance 1. A Chemical reaction in which substance
gains oxygen or loses hydrogen is called an gains hydrogen or loses oxygen is called a
oxidation reaction. reduction reaction.
2. For example, 2. For example,
C + O2 → CO2 CuO + H2 → Cu + H2 O
2Cu + O2 → 2CuO CO2 + H2 → CO + H2 O
21. What is called rancidity? What is the general name of chemicals which are added to fat and
oil containing food to prevent the rancidity?
Ans: When oil and fat containing food is exposed to air, it reacts with oxygen and gets oxidized. As
a result, food become rancid and their taste and smell changes. This process is called rancidity.
The general name of the chemicals which are added to food to prevent its rancidity are known
as antioxidants. For example: Nitrogen gas is an antioxidant substance.
22. Food items should be stored in air tight closed containers?
Ans: When food items are left exposed to air, they react with oxygen and become rancid. As a
result taste and smell of the food change, which is harmful to health. Thus, food items should
be stored in air tight closed containers to avoid rancidity
23. A thin layer of zinc is applied on the plates of steamer to prevent its rusting.
Ans: The plate of steamer consists of iron. After sometime, due to presence of water and dissolved
oxygen, its surface gets covered with a reddish brown flaky substance called rust.
Hence, to prevent the rusting of iron, a layer of more reactive metal Zn is applied on its surface.
24. What is meant by skeletal equation: give an example?
Ans: Equation in which chemical formulae of the substances are represented briefly is called
skeletal equation. In skeletal equation, the reaction is not balanced and the mass is not the
same on both sides of equation. For example: Mg + O2 , → MgO.
25. What is meant by reversible reaction?
Ans: The reaction in which the reactants have a tendency to form products while the products have
a tendency to reform the reactants is called a reversible reaction.
26. State the law of conservation of energy?
Ans: Matter can neither be created nor be destroyed. (or Energy can neither be created nor be
destroyed but can be converted from one form to another).
27. Why do we apply paint on iron articles?
Ans: Iron objects undergo rusting due to metal corrosion; hence, surface of iron is coated with
paint to prevent it from rusting. As a result, iron does not come in contact with air. Thus, iron
objects remain safe for longer period and rusting does not occur.
28. Oil and fat containing food items are flushed with nitrogen. Why?
Ans: Food items containing oil and fat reacts with oxygen and become rancid. Such food items
have bad sell and are harmful to health. Hence, to prevent the spoilage of food items, they are
flushed with unreactive gas like nitrogen, which acts as an antioxidant.
ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTION IN BRIEF: [EACH CARRY 3 MARK]
1. What happens when zinc granules are treated with dilute solutions of
𝑯𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 , 𝑯𝑪𝒍, 𝑯𝑵𝑶𝟑 , 𝑵𝒂𝑪𝒍 and 𝑵𝒂𝑶𝑯? Also write the chemical equation.
Ans: (i) With dilute 𝐇𝟐 𝐒𝐎𝟒 : H2 gas is evolved. Zn + H2 SO4 → ZnSO4 + H2 ↑
(ii) With dilute 𝐇𝐂𝐥: H2 gas is evolved. Zn + HCl → ZnCl2 + H2 ↑
(iii) With dilute 𝐇𝐍𝐎𝟑 : H2 gas is evolved. Zn + 2HNO3 → Zn(NO3 )2 + H2 ↑
(iv) With dilute 𝐍𝐚𝐂𝐥: No chemical reaction takes place, because Zn is less reactive than Na.
(v) With dilute 𝐍𝐚𝐎𝐇: Sodium zincate is formed and H2 gas is evolved.
Zn + 2NaOH → Na2 ZnO2 + H2 ↑
Sodium zincate

RAJESH SHAH GROUP TUITION 18

2. Write balanced chemical equations for the following statements:
(i) 𝑵𝒂𝑶𝑯 solution is heated with zinc granules.
(ii) Excess of carbon dioxide gas is passed through lime water.
(iii) Dilute sulphuric acid reacts with sodium carbonate.
(iv) Egg shells are dropped in hydrochloric acid.
(v) Copper (𝑰𝑰) oxide reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid.
Ans: (i) 2NaOH(aq) + Zn(s) → Na2 ZnO2 (aq) + H2 (g)
(ii) Ca(OH)2 (aq) + CO2 (g) → CaCo3 (s) + H2 O(l)
(iii) Na2 CO3 (s) + H2 SO′ 4 (dil) → Na2 SO4 (aq) + H2 O(l) + CO2 (g)
(iv) CaCO3 (s) + 2HCl(l) → CaCl2 (aq) + H2 O(l) + CO2 (g)
(v) CuO(s) + 2HCl(dil) → CuCl2 (aq) + H2 O(l)
3. Define a chemical reaction. State four observations which help us to determine that a
chemical reaction has taken place. Write one example of each observation with a balanced
chemical equation.
Ans: A process that involves rearrangement of the molecular or ionic structure of a substance, as
distinct from a change in physical form is known as chemical reaction.
Determination of a chemical reaction can be done by the following observations:
(i) Evolution of gas: Zn(s) + H2 SO4 (aq) → ZnSO4 (aq) + H2 (g)
(ii) Change in color: Pb(NO3 )2 (aq) + 2KI → 2KNO3 (aq) + PbI2 (s)
Colorless Yellow
(iii) Formation of precipitate: BaCl2 (aq) + H2 SO4 (aq) → 2HCl(aq) + BaSO4 (aq)
White precipitate
(iv) Change in temperature: CaO(s) + H2 O(l) → Ca(OH)2 (aq) + Heat
Quick lime
4. Write balanced chemical equations for the following statements:
(i) Bleaching powder is kept open in air.
(ii) Blue crystals of copper sulphate are heated.
(iii) Chlorine gas is passed through dry slaked lime.
(iv) Carbon dioxide gas is passed through lime water.
(v) 𝑵𝒂𝑶𝑯 solution is heated with zinc granules.
Ans: (i) CaOCl2 (s) + CO2 (g) → CaCO3 (s) + Cl2 (g)
Heat
(ii) CuSO4 ∙ 5H2 O → CuSO4 + 5H2 O
(iii) Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 → CaOCl2 + H2 O
(iv) Ca(OH)2 + CO2 → CaCO3 + H2 O
Heat
(v) 2NaOH + Zn → Na2 ZnO2 + H2
5. Identify the type of chemical reaction in the following statements and define each of them:
(i) Digestion of food in our body.
(ii) Rusting of iron.
(iii) Heating of manganese dioxide with aluminium powder.
(iv) Blue color of copper sulphate solution disappears when iron filling are added to it.
(v) Dilute hydrochloric acid is added to sodium hydroxide solution to form sodium chloride
and water.
Ans: (i) Decomposition reaction: Carbohydrates are broken down to form glucose.
(ii) Oxidation reaction: 4Fe + 3O2 → 2Fe2 O3
(iii) Displacement reaction: 3MnO2 + 4Al → 3Mn + 2Al2 O3
(iv) Displacement reaction: Fe + CuSO4 → FeSO4 + Cu
(v) Double displacement reaction: NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2 O
6. (i) Define corrosion.
(ii) What is corrosion of iron called?
(iii) How will you recognize the corrosion of silver.
(iv) How can we prevent corrosion of iron?

RAJESH SHAH GROUP TUITION 19

Ans: (i) Corrosion is the destruction of material due to a chemical reaction by air or moisture e.g.,
rusting of iron.
(ii) Corrosion of iron is called rusting.
(iii) Silver turns black as it reacts with H2 S present in air and form a layer of Ag 2 S.
(iv) Painting, alloying, greasing etc can be used for the prevention of corrosion.
7. In the activity series we have the following 𝑴𝒈 > 𝐹𝑒 > 𝐶𝑢. Which of the following pots will
get damaged and why?
(a) Copper pot containing 𝑴𝒈𝑺𝑶𝟒 solution.
(b) Iron pot containing 𝑪𝒖𝑺𝑶𝟒 solution.
(c) Iron pot containing 𝑴𝒈𝑺𝑶𝟒 solution.
Ans: Hint: only (b) because iron is more reactive than copper so it can displace it from its solution.
8. State the type of reaction in the following:
(i) Vegetable matter changing into compost.
(ii) Burning of natural gas.
(iii) Adding water to quick lime to form slaked lime.
Ans: (i) Vegetable matter changing into compost is an exothermic and decomposition reaction.
(ii) Burning of natural gas is an exothermic reaction.
(iii) Adding water to quick lime to form slaked lime is combination reaction, which is
exothermic.
9. What is meant by electrolysis? Mention its two uses with example.
Ans: When electric current is passed through an aqueous solution or molten ionic compound, the
ions of the compound form products on electrodes by electrolytic oxidation-reduction. This
process is called an electrolysis.
Uses: (1) Gas and metal can be obtained from an aqueous solution of salt.
For example: Electrolysis of an aqueous solution of NaCl produces Na metal and Cl2 gas.
(2) The coating (protective layer) of one metal can be formed on the surface of another metal.
For example: Gold plating can be carried out on the surface of silver articles.
Zn layer can be formed on the surface of iron.
10. What is a redox reaction? When a magnesium ribbon is burnt in air, it burns with a dazzling
white flame and white powder is formed. Is magnesium oxidized or reduced? Why?
Ans: A reaction in which oxidation and reduction reactions occur simultaneously is called redox
reaction. 2Mg(s) + O2 (g) → 2MgO(s)
In this reaction, magnesium combine with oxygen. Hence, it is oxidized to MgO.
11. Name different types of chemical reactions; and explain it with suitable example?
Ans: Name of different types of chemical reactions with suitable example are given below:
1. Combination reaction: Two or more than two reactants combine together to form a single
product. For example: CaO(s) + H2 O(l) → Ca(OH)2 (aq)
2. Decomposition reaction: A single reactant, on heating decomposes to form more than one
Heat
product. For example: CaCO3 (s) → CaO(S) + CO2 (g)
3. Displacement reactions: More reactive metal displaces the less reactive metal from its
compound. For example: Fe(s) + CuSO4 (aq) → FeSO4 (aq) + Cu(s)
4. Double displacement reaction: In this an exchange of ions occurs between two
compounds.
For example: Na2 SO4 (aq) + BaCl2 (aq) → BaSO4 (s) + 2NaCl(aq)
5. Oxidations reaction: A reaction in which oxygen is added or hydrogen is removed is called
an oxidation reaction. For example: C(s) + O2 (g) → CO2 (g)
6. Reduction reaction: A reaction in which hydrogen is added or oxygen is removed is called
reduction reaction. For example: CuO + H2 → Cu + H2 O
7. Precipitation reaction: In this reaction, insoluble salt is formed.
For example: AgNO3 +NaCl → AgCl + NaNO3
Precipitate

RAJESH SHAH GROUP TUITION 20

12. (i) What is called rancidity?
(ii)Suggest two methods to reduce the effect of rancidity.
(iii) How is corrosion different from rusting?
Ans: (i) Rancidity: Oil and fat containing food when exposed to air gets oxidized and it become
rancid due to which its taste and smell change. This reaction is called rancidity. Such food items
are not suitable for consumption.
(ii) To reduce the problem of rancidity –
(1) Keep the food in a closed container. (2) Use antioxidants.
(iii) Corrosion is observed in all the metals, when exposed to air; and a layer of compound is
formed due to reaction of metal with moisture, acid and gases present in atmosphere.
Rusting is a process in which iron reacts with air and moisture to form brownish red colored
powder called rust.
Due to corrosion, metal lose their luster and become dull while due to rusting iron metal is
slowly destroyed.
13. What is meant by chemical equation? Explain its characteristics with example?
Ans: Symbolic representation of chemical reaction using symbols and formulae of the substances
involved in it is called chemical equation.
Characteristics:
1) Substances which are involved in the chemical reaction are known as reactants and they are
written on the left side of the arrow (→) sign.
2) Substances which are formed at the end of the chemical reaction are known as products
and they are written on the right side of the arrow (→) sign.
3) In chemical equation, the physical states of the reactants and products are mentioned, such
as (s) for solid, (1) for liquid, (g) for gas and (aq) for an aqueous solutions. These notations
(s), (l), (g) and (aq) are shown at right (just after their formula) in bracket with small
letters.
For example: 2Na(s) + 2H2 O(l) → 2NaOH(aq) + H2 (g)
4) In chemical equation, the gaseous product is represented by putting an arrow pointing
upwards (↑) and an insoluble product (Precipitate) is represented by putting an arrow
pointing downwards (↓).
For example: (i) C(s) + O2 (g) → CO2 (g) 𝐨𝐫 CO2 (↑)
(ii) AgNO3 (aq) + NaCl(aq) → NaNO3 (aq) + AgCl(s) or AgCl(↓)
5) Some chemical reactions take place under specific reaction conditions such as temperature,
pressure, catalyst which are shown above/below the arrow in the equation.
773K.(Fe)
For example: N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) 200−300 Bar 2NH3(g)
6) According to the law of conservation of mass, chemical equation should be written as
∆
balanced equation. For example: 2KClO3 (s) → 2KCl(s) + 3O2 (g)
14. Water contains hydrogen and oxygen in the ratio of 2:1. Prove it by an activity.
Ans: Take a plastic mug. Drill two holes at its base and fit rubber stoppers into
these holes. Insert carbon electrodes in these rubber stoppers as shown
in the figure.
• Connect electrodes to a 6 volt battery.
• Fill the mug with water such that the electrodes are immersed
and add a few drops of dilute sulphuric acid to the
water to make it conducting.
• Take two test tubes filled with water and invert them over the
two carbon electrodes.
• Switch on the current and leave the apparatus undistributed for sometimes.
• You will observe the formation of bubbles at both the electrodes. These bubbles displace
water of the test tubes.

RAJESH SHAH GROUP TUITION 21

 • The gas collected in test tube attached to cathode is twice in volume than the gas collected
at anode.
• Once the test tubes are filled with the gases, remove them carefully.
• The gases can be tested by brining a burning candle to light brightly indicating it is oxygen
while a gas at cathode burns with popping sound indicating it is hydrogen.

IMPORTANT EXPERIMENTS
Refer textbook
Pg No. 02 – Activity 1.3
Pg No. 10 – Activity 1.9
Pg No. 11 – Activity 1.10
Pg No. 12 – Activity 1.11

RAJESH SHAH GROUP TUITION 22