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Microwave Engineering David M Pozar 4ed Wiley 2012 042

The document discusses the application of Maxwell's equations to electromagnetic theory, specifically focusing on the relationship between electric and magnetic fields in plane waves. It establishes that the electric field amplitude vector must be perpendicular to the direction of propagation, leading to constraints on the amplitude constants. Additionally, it provides the time domain expression for the electric field in terms of its components and propagation characteristics.

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39 views1 page

Microwave Engineering David M Pozar 4ed Wiley 2012 042

The document discusses the application of Maxwell's equations to electromagnetic theory, specifically focusing on the relationship between electric and magnetic fields in plane waves. It establishes that the electric field amplitude vector must be perpendicular to the direction of propagation, leading to constraints on the amplitude constants. Additionally, it provides the time domain expression for the electric field in terms of its components and propagation characteristics.

Uploaded by

phanpham2k4
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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22 Chapter 1: Electromagnetic Theory

must also be applied in order to satisfy Maxwell’s equations, and this implies that E x , E y ,
and E z must each have the same variation in x, y, and z. (Note that the solutions in the
preceding section automatically satisfied the divergence condition because E x was the only
component of Ē, and E x did not vary with x.) This condition also imposes a constraint on
the amplitudes A, B, and C because if

Ē 0 = A x̂ + B ŷ + C ẑ,

we have

Ē = Ē 0 e− j k̄· r̄ ,

and

∇ · Ē = ∇ · ( Ē 0 e− j k̄· r̄ ) = Ē 0 · ∇e− j k̄· r̄ = − j k̄ · Ē 0 e− j k̄· r̄ = 0,

where vector identity (B.7) was used. Thus, we must have

k̄ · Ē 0 = 0, (1.74)

which means that the electric field amplitude vector Ē 0 must be perpendicular to the direc-
tion of propagation, k̄. This condition is a general result for plane waves and implies that
only two of the three amplitude constants, A, B, and C, can be chosen independently.
The magnetic field can be found from Maxwell’s equation,

∇ × Ē = − jωµ0 H̄ , (1.75)

to give
j j
H̄ = ∇ × Ē = ∇ × ( Ē 0 e− j k̄· r̄ )
ωµ0 ωµ0
−j
= Ē 0 × ∇e− j k̄· r̄
ωµ0
−j
= Ē 0 × (− j k̄)e− j k̄· r̄
ωµ0
k0
= n̂ × Ē 0 e− j k̄· r̄
ωµ0
1
= n̂ × Ē 0 e− j k̄· r̄
η0
1
= n̂ × Ē, (1.76)
η0
where vector identity (B.9) was used in obtaining the second line. This result shows that
the magnetic field vector H̄ lies in a plane normal to k̄, the direction of propagation, and
that H̄ is perpendicular
√ to Ē. See Figure 1.8 for an illustration of these vector relations.
The quantity η0 = µ0 /0 = 377  in (1.76) is the intrinsic impedance of free-space.
The time domain expression for the electric field can be found as
 
Ē(x, y, z, t) = Re Ē(x, y, z)e jωt
 
= Re Ē 0 e− j k̄· r̄ e jωt
= Ē 0 cos(k̄ · r̄ − ωt), (1.77)

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