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Microwave Engineering David M Pozar 4ed Wiley 2012 060

The document discusses electromagnetic theory, focusing on the reflection and transmission coefficients derived from Snell's law and the behavior of surface waves at interfaces. It highlights the properties of surface waves, including their exponential decay and the calculation of the complex Poynting vector, indicating no real power flow in the z direction. Additionally, it introduces the Reciprocity Theorem, which will be applied in later discussions regarding microwave circuits and waveguide coupling.

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4 views1 page

Microwave Engineering David M Pozar 4ed Wiley 2012 060

The document discusses electromagnetic theory, focusing on the reflection and transmission coefficients derived from Snell's law and the behavior of surface waves at interfaces. It highlights the properties of surface waves, including their exponential decay and the calculation of the complex Poynting vector, indicating no real power flow in the z direction. Additionally, it introduces the Reciprocity Theorem, which will be applied in later discussions regarding microwave circuits and waveguide coupling.

Uploaded by

phanpham2k4
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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40 Chapter 1: Electromagnetic Theory

which leads again to Snell’s law for reflection, θi = θr , and to β = k1 sin θi . Then α is
determined from (1.147) as
 
α = β 2 − k22 = k12 sin2 θi − k22 , (1.149)

which is seen to be a positive real number since sin2 θi > 2 /1 . The reflection and trans-
mission coefficients can be obtained from (1.148) as
(− jα/k2 )η2 − η1 cos θi
= , (1.150a)
(− jα/k2 )η2 + η1 cos θi
2η2 cos θi
T = . (1.150b)
(− jα/k2 )η2 + η1 cos θi
Since  is of the form ( ja − b)/( ja + b), its magnitude is unity, indicating that all incident
power is reflected.
The transmitted fields of (1.146) show propagation in the x direction, along the inter-
face, but exponential decay in the z direction. Such a field is known as a surface wave3
since it is tightly bound to the interface. A surface wave is an example of a nonuniform
plane wave, so called because it has an amplitude variation in the z direction, apart from
the propagation factor in the x direction.
Finally, it is of interest to calculate the complex Poynting vector for the surface wave
fields of (1.146):

|E 0 |2 |T |2 − jα β
S̄t = Ē t × H̄t∗ = ẑ + x̂ e−2αz . (1.151)
η2 k2 k2
This shows that no real power flow occurs in the z direction. The real power flow in the
x direction is that of the surface wave field, and it decays exponentially with distance into
region 2. So even though no real power is transmitted into region 2, a nonzero field does
exist there, in order to satisfy the boundary conditions at the interface.

1.9 SOME USEFUL THEOREMS


Finally, we discuss several theorems in electromagnetics that we will find useful for later
discussions.

The Reciprocity Theorem


Reciprocity is a general concept that occurs in many areas of physics and engineering,
and the reader may already be familiar with the reciprocity theorem of circuit theory. Here
we will derive the Lorentz reciprocity theorem for electromagnetic fields in two different
forms. This theorem will be used later in the book to obtain general properties of network
matrices representing microwave circuits and to evaluate the coupling of waveguides from
current probes and loops, as well as the coupling of waveguides through apertures. There
are a number of other important uses of this powerful concept.

3 Some authors argue that the term “surface wave” should not be used for a field of this type since it exists only
when plane wave fields exist in the z < 0 region, and so prefer the term “surface wave–like” field, or a “forced
surface wave.”

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