Advanced Subsidiary Level and Advanced Level

Mock Examination March, 2023 A-s LEVELS

Candidate
Name

Centre Candidate
Number Number

Branch: ___________________________ Date:______________________

Chemistry 9701
Paper P 22 March, 2023

Candidates answer on the question paper Total marks:80

TIME 1 HOUR 15 MINUTES
READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST
Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on
all the work you hand in. FOR EXAMINER’S USE
Write in dark blue or black pen. Marks
You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or rough working. Q’s Max. Marks
Obtained
Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters and glue or
correction fluid. 1-2 80

At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely Percentage
together.
The number of marks are given in brackets [ ] at the end of Grade
each question or part question.

This document consists of 15 printed pages

 2

Answer all the questions in the spaces provided.

1 The rate of chemical reactions is affected by changes in temperature and pressure.

(a) (i)  raw a curve on the axes to show the Boltzmann distribution of energy of particles in a
D
sample of gaseous krypton atoms at a given temperature.

Label the curve T1 and label the axes.

[2]

(ii)  n the diagram in (a)(i), draw a second curve to show the distribution of energies of the
O
krypton atoms at a higher temperature.

Label the second curve T2.[1]

(b) The Boltzmann distribution assumes that the particles behave as an ideal gas.

(i) State two assumptions of the kinetic theory as applied to an ideal gas.

1 ...........................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

2 ...........................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii) 2.00 g of krypton gas, Kr(g), is placed in a sealed 5.00 dm3 container at 120 °C.

 alculate the pressure, in Pa, of Kr(g) in the container.

C
Assume Kr(g) behaves as an ideal gas.

Show your working.

 pressure = ........................................ Pa [3]

 3

(iii) State and explain the conditions at which krypton behaves most like an ideal gas.

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................ [2]

(c) K
 rypton reacts with fluorine in the presence of ultraviolet light to make krypton difluoride,
KrF2(g).

Kr(g) + F2(g) → KrF2(g)

activation energy for the reaction, Ea = +385 kJ mol–1

enthalpy change of formation of KrF2, ∆Hf = +60.2 kJ mol–1

(i) Use this information to complete the reaction profile diagram for the formation of KrF2.
Label Ea and ∆Hf on the diagram.

Assume the reaction proceeds in one step.

energy reactants
/ kJ mol–1

progress of reaction
[2]

(ii)  xplain, in terms of activation energy, Ea, and the collision of particles, how an increase in
E
temperature affects the rate of a chemical reaction.

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................ [2]

 [Total: 14]

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 4

2 Chlorine, Cl 2, is a reactive yellow-green gas. It is a strong oxidising agent.

(a) State how Cl 2 is used in water purification.

.....................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Chlorine has the highest first ionisation energy of the Period 3 elements Na to Cl.

(i) Construct an equation for the first ionisation energy of chlorine.

Include state symbols.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) Explain the general increase in the first ionisation energies of the Period 3 elements.

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................ [2]
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(c) The halide ions, X– (where X = Cl, Br, I), show clear trends in their physical and chemical
properties.

(i) State and explain the relative thermal stabilities of the hydrogen halides, HX.

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................ [2]

The halide ions react easily with concentrated H2SO4.

The main sulfur-containing product of each reaction is shown in the table.

halide ion Cl – Br – I–

main sulfur-containing product of

HSO4– SO2 H 2S
reaction with concentrated H2SO4

oxidation number of sulfur

(ii)  omplete the table to show the oxidation number of sulfur in each of the sulfur-containing
C
products.[1]

(iii)  xplain why different sulfur-containing products are produced when each of these halide
E
ions reacts with concentrated H2SO4.

..............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(d) Cl 2 reacts with aqueous sodium hydroxide in a disproportionation reaction.

(i) State what is meant by disproportionation.

..............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) Write an equation for the reaction of Cl 2 with cold aqueous sodium hydroxide.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

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 6

(e) Aluminium reacts with chlorine to form aluminium chloride.

 luminium chloride can exist as the gaseous molecule Al 2Cl 6(g). This molecule contains
A
coordinate bonds.

(i) Draw a diagram that clearly shows all the types of bond present in Al 2Cl 6(g).

[2]

(ii) Describe what you would see when solid aluminium chloride reacts with water.

Name the type of reaction that occurs.

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................ [2]

(f) 0.020 mol of element Z reacts with excess Cl 2 to form 0.020 mol of a liquid chloride.

The liquid chloride has formula ZCl n, where n is an integer.

ZCl n reacts vigorously with water at room temperature to give an acidic solution and a white

solid.

When excess AgNO3(aq) is added to the solution, 11.54 g of AgCl (s) forms.

(i) Suggest the type of bonding and structure shown by ZCl n.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) Calculate the value of n in ZCl n.

 n = .............................. [2]
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(g) Dichloromethane, CH2Cl 2, is widely used as an organic solvent.

CH2Cl 2 can be prepared by reacting CH3Cl and Cl 2 at room temperature.

The reaction proceeds via several steps, as shown.

initiation
Cl 2 2Cl •

propagation 1
Cl • + CH3Cl HCl + •CH2Cl

propagation 2
Cl 2 + •CH2Cl products

final step
Cl • + •CH2Cl CH2Cl 2

(i) Give the name of the mechanism of this reaction.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) State the essential condition required for the initiation step to take place.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(iii) Give the electronic configuration of Cl •.

1s2 .................................................................................................................................. [1]

(iv) Identify the products of the step labelled propagation 2.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(v) Name the type of reaction shown in the final step.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(vi)  uggest the identity of another organic molecule that is a product of the reaction of CH3Cl
S
and Cl 2 under the same conditions.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

 [Total: 23]

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 8

3 The composition of atoms and ions can be determined from knowledge of atomic number, nucleon
number and charge.

(a) Complete the table.

atomic nucleon number of number of number of

symbol
number number electrons protons neutrons

3 2 3Li
6 +

23 26 32
[2]

(b) Boron occurs naturally as a mixture of two stable isotopes, 10B and 11B. The relative isotopic
masses and percentage abundances are shown.

isotope relative isotopic mass abundance / %

10
B 10.0129 19.78
11
B to be calculated 80.22

(i) Define the term relative isotopic mass.

..............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................ [2]

(ii) Calculate the relative isotopic mass of 11B.

Give your answer to six significant figures. Show your working.

[2]

[Total: 6]
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4 Nitrogen gas, N2, is very unreactive.

(a) Explain why nitrogen gas is so unreactive.

.....................................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) Despite the low reactivity of N2, oxides of nitrogen occur in the atmosphere through both natural
and man-made processes.

(i) Explain why oxides of nitrogen can be produced by internal combustion engines.

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................ [2]

(ii) S
 tate and explain, using a suitable equation, how oxides of nitrogen produced by internal
combustion engines can be prevented from reaching the atmosphere.

..............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................ [2]

(iii) State the role of nitrogen dioxide, NO2, in the formation of acid rain by oxides of sulfur.
Write suitable equations to explain this role.

role .......................................................................................................................................

equation 1 ............................................................................................................................

equation 2 ............................................................................................................................
[3]

(iv) Suggest an equation to show how NO2 can contribute directly to acid rain.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(c) Explain how the uncontrolled use of nitrate fertilisers on land can lead to a severe reduction in
water quality in rivers.

.....................................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................... [3]

[Total: 13]

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 10

5 The hydrogen halides, HCl, HBr and HI, can undergo thermal decomposition.
In a sealed container an equilibrium is established according to the equation shown.

2HX(g) H2(g) + X2(g) (where X = Cl, Br or I)

(a) Some bond energies are shown in the table.

bond energy / kJ mol–1

H–Br 366
H–H 436
Br–Br 193

Use these data to calculate a value for the enthalpy change, ΔH, for the thermal decomposition
of hydrogen bromide, HBr, according to the equation shown.

ΔH = .............................. kJ mol–1 [1]

(b) At a temperature of 700 K a sample of HBr is approximately 10% decomposed. Changing the
temperature affects both the rate of decomposition of HBr and the percentage that decomposes.

The Boltzmann distribution for a sample of HBr at 700 K is shown. Ea represents the activation
energy for the reaction.

proportion
of molecules
with a given
energy

Ea
molecular energy

(i) Using the same axes, sketch a second curve to indicate the Boltzmann distribution at a
higher temperature. [2]
 11

(ii) With reference to the curves, state and explain the effect of increasing temperature on the
rate of decomposition of HBr.

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................ [3]

(iii) The decomposition of HBr is endothermic.

State the effect of increasing temperature on the percentage of HBr that decomposes.
Use Le Chatelier’s principle to explain your answer.

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................ [3]

(iv) At 700 K HBr is approximately 10% decomposed but hydrogen iodide, HI, is approximately
20% decomposed.

Explain this difference with reference to bond strengths and the factors that affect them.

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................ [3]

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(c) At temperatures above 1500 K, HCl will decompose.

A sample of 0.300 mol of HCl decomposed in a sealed container.

The resulting equilibrium mixture was found to contain 1.50 × 10–2 mol of Cl 2.

(i) Calculate the amounts, in mol, of H2 and HCl present in the equilibrium mixture.

H2 = .............................. mol

HCl = .............................. mol

[2]

(ii) Calculate the mole fraction of each gas in the equilibrium mixture.

mole fraction of HCl = ..............................

mole fraction of H2 = ..............................

mole fraction of Cl 2 = ..............................

[1]

(d) In another experiment under different conditions, an equilibrium mixture was produced with
mole fractions for each species as shown.

species mole fraction

HCl 0.88
H2 0.06
Cl 2 0.06

(i) Write the expression for the equilibrium constant, Kp, for the decomposition of HCl.

2HCl (g) H2(g) + Cl 2(g)

Kp =

[1]
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(ii) Explain why the total pressure of the system does not need to be known for Kp to be
calculated for this experiment.

..............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(iii) Calculate the value of Kp for this experiment.

Kp = .............................. [1]

[Total: 18]

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6 (a) The hydrocarbons A, C4H10, and B, C4H8, are both unbranched.

A does not decolourise bromine.



B decolourises bromine and shows geometrical isomerism.



(i) Draw the skeletal formula of A.

A
[1]

(ii) The hydrocarbon A, C4H10, has a branched isomer.

Suggest why unbranched A has a higher boiling point than its branched isomer.

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................ [2]

(iii) Give the structural formula of B.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]

(iv) Explain why B shows geometrical isomerism.

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................ [2]

[Total 6]
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