> Chapter 12 ef Differentiation 1 LolNN TUES Seo Un cess (el Ker cede oe ee eee if oy | use the notations f'(x), f(x), de a (2) * use the derivative of x" (for any rational »), together with constant multiples, sums and composite. functions of these '* differentiate products and quotients of functions ‘+ apply differentiation to gradients, tangents and normals, stationary points, connected rates of change, small increments and approximations and practical maxima and minima problems ‘+ use the first and second derivative tests to discriminate between maxima and minima. J> CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ AND © LEVEL ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK Before you start ‘Cambridge Use the rules of Write in the form ax": IGCSE/O Level | indices to simplify ae % 1 Mathematics | expressions to the Se DATE * op ant Cae say form ax". Cambridge | Write-—* in ‘Write in the form k(ax +8)": IGCSE/O Level (ax + by" 3 b Mathematics | the form k(ax + 8). ep ‘Cambridge IGCSE/O Level Mathematics Find the gradient of a perpendicular line, The gdiontofotne eS Write down the gradient of a line that is perpendicular to it. Cambridge IGCSE/O Level Mathematics Find the equation of aline with a given gradient and a given point on the line. Find the equation of a line with gradient 3 that passes through the point (5, ~1) 12.1 The gradient function ‘The diagram shows a point A(x, y) on the curve y = x° and a point B which is close to the point | The coordinates of B are (x + dx, y +8y), where 8x is a small inerease in the value of and 6y is a small increase in the value of y. 222) differentiation derivative gradient function chain rule product rule quotient rule normal rate of change first derivative second derivative stationary point turning point maximum point minimum point point of inflexion12 Calculus ~ Differentiation 1 The coordinates of and B can also be written as (x, x”) and (x + 8x, (x + 8x)!). ao gradient of chord AB = m= x _ + 2xBx + (@xy?— = By _2xbx + (Bx)? ee = 2x4 dx AS B— 4, 8x — and the gradient of the chord AB — the gradient of the curve at A. Hence, gradient of curve = 2s. This process of finding the gradient of a curve at any point is called differentiation from first principles. Notation ‘There are three different notations that can be used to describe the rule above. 4 1 tyes, then 2 Wf f(x) = 27, then f(x) = 2x (3) = 3 gla 2x scaled the derivative of y wit respet tox. i £°(x) is called the gradient function of the curve y= f(x). Gk?) = 2 means Sf you differentiate with respect to. the result is 2 You do not need to be able to differentiate from first principles, but you are expected to know the rules of differentiation, Differentiation of power functions ‘The rule for differentiating power functions is: Itis easier to remember this rule as: “multiply by the power» and then subtract one from the power’. So for the earlier example where y>> CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ AND O LEVEL ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK (ene Differentiate with respect to x, ‘You need to know and be able to use the following two rules: Scalar multiple rule: mn ey ql t)] = kg Addition/subtraction rule: Setter = a69] = UN) Fle] see CN a naar 4 ate oe Differentiate 2x° — 3x7 + ZF t jy With respect to.x. Answers Cif ae ai C15 apg dict aes +b +B) = Ge +4 +sr4) =2f diy, l dy - d = 2h) -3 E094 Eb + sole =215x4)- 30x) + 3) = 10x* = 6x12 Calculus - Differentiation 1 [lsd Se Find the geadient of the curve y= (3x + 2)(2x ~ 1) al the point (~1, 3). Answers y= (Gxt2)Qx- 1) yeGetx-2 ay ar xt! En+t -u Gradient of curve at (~1, 3)is— LL Exercise 12.1 1 Differentiate with respect to x. a x b © d xt et «4 o bos iat jot k Ve v= mx nox o Wx ve . ss povxxt og exx oF = s Ez t = 2 Differentiate with respect to x, a Wi sxt4 b gx 3x2 ¢ 7-2 +x au x45 d e ¢ fats z h ave i j S¥@+t k @x-5) 1 Me-2 m Gx+1y a (=x? © @x-DGrt4) 4 3 Find the value of 5 atthe given point om the curve a yrar-4 at the point (1, —1) b y=4a-20 at the point (1, 2) ¢ yaork at the point (2, ~2) dd y=Sx'=2x7-3 at the point (0, -3) e ats at the point (5, 2) # yest at the point 9, 2) 285 >CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ AND O LEVEL ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK 10 " 12 13 14 Find the coordinates of the point on the curve y= 2x” ~~ 1 at which the gradient is 7. Find the gradient of the curve y=" —4 at the point where the curve crosses the a-axis Find the gradient of the curve » =. = 2x2 + 5x ~3.at the point where the curve crosses the y-axis. ‘The curve y = 2x" + 7x—4 and the line y = 5 meet at the points P and Q. Find the gradient of the curve at the point P and at the point Q. ‘The curve y = ax’ + bx has gradient 8 when x =2 and has gradient ~10 when x Find the value of a and the value of 4 The grit of hecuve y= ar + atthe pont (1, -3i6-1 Find the value of a and the value of 6, a Se 2-5 + 6-1 where the Find the coordinates of the points on this curve y gradient is 2. ‘The curve y = zx’ — 2x7 — 8y-+ Sand the line y= x + 5 meet at the points A, Band C. a Find the coordinates of the points 4, Band C. b Find the gradient of the curve at the points 4, B and C. 4x0 + 3x7 6x =1 d a Find a” bb Find the range of values of «for which $* > 0. yex'+ x7 16x-16 dy a Find b Find the range of values of x for which g <0. CHALLENGE QUESTION A curve has equation y = x°— 5x°+ 25x°+ 145x + 10. Show that the gradient of the curve is never negative. 286 >12 Calculus - Differentiation 1 12.2 The chain rule ‘To differentiate y = (2x + 3)*, you could expand the brackets and then differentiate each term separately. This would take a long time to do. There is a more efficient ‘method available that allows you to find the derivative without expanding: Lot w= 2x + 3. Then y = (2x +3)° becomes y =u, The derivative of the composite function y = (2x + 3)° can then be found using the chain rule: Find the derivative of y = (2x + 3) Answers ys(2x+3) Letu=2x+3 so pau! bu _ a dx? and au = dy _ dy du Using = du ™ dx 7x2 =8Qx+3)7x2 With practice you will find that you can do this mentally ‘Consider the ‘inside’ of (2x + 3)° to be 2x + 3, To differentiate (2x + 3)°: Step 1: Differentiate the ‘outside’ first: ——> 8@x +3)’ Step 2: Then differentiate the ‘inside’: ———» 2 Step 3: Multiply these two expressions: ———> 16(2x +3)’ 2s)> CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ AND O LEVEL ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK Answers oe (Gx°- I Let u= $x? =1 (5x? - 1) * x 10x 80x Alternatively, to differentiate the expression mentally: ite —2 - Write ey as 2(5x7 = 1) Step 1: Differentiate the ‘outside’ first: ———» -8(5x*- 1) Step 2: Then differentiate the inside’:, ———> 10x Step 3: Multiply the two expressions: ———> ~80x(Sx"- 1)$= Exercise 12.2 1. Differentiate with respect to x. a (x+2)" b (@x-1)" © (1-5x)* d ot f 26-4 og 66-08 oh i o@+yt a-ak Gena 2 Differentiate with respect to x. L a < a _16 wa @-5 @-5 e f h 2 ey 8 2Gx- 2 3 Differentiate with respect to x. a Vet? b Sx-T e¢ \2x?-3 da x34 2x e Y= f W2x-T 1 h 3 3 V3x=T V2= 5x 288 >12 Calculus - Differentiation 1 4 ind the gradient of the curve y= (2x ~ 5)* at the point (3, 1). 8 (2) 4 5. Find the gradient of the curve y = at the point where the curve crosses the y-axis. 6 Find the gradient of the curve y= x + the x-axis, at the points where the curve crosses ~ 6x + 13 where the 7 Find the coordinates of the point on the curve y = gradient is 0. 8 Thecurvey passes through the point (1,4) and has gradient ~3 at this point. Vox +1 Find the value of a and the value of b. 12.3 The product rule Year+) 452 Consider the function ® a6 gen tx ‘The function y= “(x +1) can also be considered as the product of two separate functions p= uv where w=.x° and v= x +1 To differentiate the product of two functions you can use the product rule: tis easier to remember this rule as “(list function * derivative of second function) + (second function x derivative of first function)’ ay So, fory=xo' +n. =O) Lore yrete yn Loe) “sr aemie + eond dftte a = = O)VGr)+ 08+ DAY = 5x84 2x64 Oe = 7x8 + 2xFind the derivative of. Answers y= (Sx 1x7 = (x4 16-1 sx+) Lox] + [ox n}] oxen Tx difernine + eeted——ilizntine ‘ons it =r [Lory to] +e=De HOD eT rian aio 36x +1) + 5(6x-D simplify the denominator Find the x-coordinate of the points on the curve » gradient is 0. Answers (x + 2° @x- 5° d 2 3] 3 B= ee+7! ler 9] + @x-9 Lore ay] Tix diiwanine + second aifenovae ‘soond we = (6+ 2B Qx- 9'Q]+ex-9' RO+D'O) we dedaine capa = 6(x+ 2° 2x5 +2(¢+2Qx- SF) factorise 2x + (2x = SPB (x + 2) + 2x - 5] siplity, 2x + 2)(2x - 5)'(Sx + 1) = 0 when 2(x + 2)(2x - 5)°(5x + 1) =0 Sx 20>12. Calculus - Differentiation 1 Exercise 12.3 1. Use the product rule to differentiate each of the following with respect to x: a x(x+4) b 2xGx+5) © x(e +2)" dove e xvE=3 $ tI g xvxtd h Ve@-xy i Qx+D@' +5), i @+H@-3" ke P+ 2)? 1 Qxt1(r-3)" 2 Find the gradient of the curve y = x*V'x + 2 at the point (2, 8). 3 Find the gradient of the eurve y 4 Find the gradient of the curve p = (x + 2)(x~ 5)? at the points where the curve meets the x-axis. 5 Find the x-coordinate of the points on the curve y = (2x — 3)°(x + 2)* where the ‘gradient is zero, 6 Find the x-coordinate of the point on the curve y = (x + 3)/4=.x where the ‘gradient is zero (x= 1) + 3) at the point where x 12.4 The quotient rule The function y= 5 5 can be differentiated by writing the function in the form y=(e +1) Qx~ 3)" and then by applying the product rule Alternatively, y= + can be considered as the division (quotient) of two Ox-3 separate functions: u . es y= where u=x°+ 1 and y= 2x~3. To differentiate the quotient of two functions you can use the quotient rule: Itis easier to remember this rule itor X derivative of numerator) ~ (numerator * det (deno:> CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ AND O LEVEL ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK KED EXAMPLE 8 etl Use the quotient rule to find the derivative of y = ey Answers _ tl ex=9 a sitesi Satya, ae 2x =3) x F° +1)- +) XG -Ox-3) ae Qx-3F devon sed (2x=3GY)- G+ DQ) x3 Gx’ = 9x? - 2x? 2 @x-3) 4x? = 9x7 = 2 Qx-3) ‘An altemative method for finding in worked exemple 8 is to express yin the form: ye(@+)Qx-3y" and to then differentiate using the product rule. dy Try this method and then discuss with your classmates which method you prefer. Aire sitereniae ‘snominsior _“humeranor_~ mumrstor —_denortor Ward] den > ay FFP let VI - e+ x ox Wa2? nominator quae 29212. Calculus - Differentiation 1 WEF DG + NC] - e+ yf z xt? c+ata] 2 ates ree 22 é a ‘multiply numerator and denominator by 2/x +2 4oc+ De +2)-@ +)? 2(x+ 2x2 fuctorise the numerator + DGx+7) 2+! Exercise 12.4 1. Use the quotient rule to differentiate each of the following with respect to x: 42x 6342 ge Hel Sax x+4 3x44 where 3 Find the coordinates of the point on the curve y = 5" 4 Find the gradient of the curve y == at the point where the curve crosses the janis 5 Differentiate with respect to x: vx Six b id SE 21 a a rary 34x i tient of the at the -4,-6). 6 Find the gradient of the curve y= 7A at the point (~4, 6) 2x5) 7 Find the coordinates of the point on the curve y= <=>) here the gradient vxtT 8 CHALLENGE QUESTION ‘The line Sx ~ Sy = 2 intersects the curve x°y—5x + y +2=0 at three points, 2 Find the coordinates of the points of intersection. b Find the gradient of the curve at each of the points of intersection. SSS eee See 293 >> CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ AND © LEVEL ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK 12.5 Tangents and normals ‘The line perpendicular to the tangent at the point 4 is called the normal at A Er I the value of Sat the point (x, ism then the equation ofthe tangent is given by voy =mxe~ x) ‘The normal at the point (x;, 9) is perpendicular to the tangent, so the gradient of the and the equation of the normal is given by: Find the equation of the tangent and the normal to the curve y= 3x°—x+ Sat the point where x = 2. Answers ya3v—xt By! g a Soe or- 1-84 When x= 2, y= 32) - 2) +8Q)7 ‘Tangent: passes through the point (2, 14) and gradient = 9 yr 4=9(e-2) ysox-4 ‘Normal: passes through the point (2, 14) and gradient =12 Calculus - Differentiation 1 ‘The normals to the curve y = x° ~ $x” + 3x-+ 1, at the points A (4, -3) and B(1, 0), ‘meet at the point C. a Find the coordinates of C. b Find the area of triangle ABC, dy Shear? 10x a eT BN 10+ 3 8 304% 104) +3=11 Ge 73? ~ 1004) +3=1 ¥ Lay? + Ge = MD 1001) +3 = -4 Normal at 4: passes through the point (4, -3) and gradient 2 b ” CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ AND © LEVEL ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS: COURSESOOK Exercise 12.5 41. Find the equation of the tangent co the curve atthe given value of x b ya +3xt2atx= se2u 2 Find the equation of the normal to the curve at the given value of x. a xo + Seat Bede + Date =2 3 Find the equation of the tangent and the normal to the curve y= 5x — Sat the point where x 3 4 The normal to the curve y=x°— 2s + 1 atthe point (2,5) intersects the as at the point P. Find the coordinates of P, 21 tthe irra 5 Find the equation of the tangent and the normal to the curve. point where the curve intersects the y-axis. ? — 5x44, at the points (1,0) and (3,~2), meet at 6 The tangents to the curve y the point Q. Find the coordinates of @. 7 The tangent to the curve y = 3x” — 10x — 8 at the point P is parallel to the line yee, Find the equation of the tangent at P. 8 Acurve has equation y = x°- x +6, ‘2 Find the equation of the tangent to this curve at the point P (-1, 6) ‘The tangent at the point Q is parallel to the tangent at P. b Find the coordinates of Q. ¢ Find the equation of the normal at Q. 9 Acurve has equation y = 4+ (x—1)*. The normal at the point P(1, 4) and the normal at the point Q(2, 5) intersect at the point R. Find the coordinates of R. 10 Acurve has equation y = (2- vx)". ‘The normal at the point P(1, 1) and the normal at the point Q(9, 1) intersect at the point R. a Find the coordinates of R. b Find the area of triangle POR. ——————————————— EES 296 >12. Calculus ~ Differentiation 1 11 Acurve has equation y= /x(x~2)°. ‘The tangent at the point P(3, /3) and the normal at the point Q(9, 1) intersect at the point R. Show that the equation of the tangent at the point P(3, V3) is 13 AWS 6 2 b Find the equation of the normal at the point Q(1, -1), 12. The equation of a curve is or 3 ‘The tangent to the curve at the point where x = —3 meets the y-axis at M. ‘The normal to the curve at the point where x = —3 meets the x-axis at V. Find the area of the triangle MNO, where O is the ori 13 ‘The equation of a curveis y= “53. ‘The curve intersects the x-axis at the point P. ‘The normal to the curve at P meets the y-axis at the point Q. Find the area of the triangle POQ, where O is the origin, 12.6 Small increments and approximations Olet sey +8) » agent (x) at the point P(x, y), The diagram shows the tangent to the curve y = dy The gradient of the tangent at the point Pis 5. ‘The point Q(x + dx, » + 8y) isa point on the curve close to the point P. 3 ‘The gradient of the chord PQ is =” If Pand Q are sufficiently close then:> CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ AND © LEVEL ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK ‘Variables x and y are connected by the equation y = x" + 2°, Find the approximate inerease in y asx increases from 2 to 2.05. Answers yer ae oy _ are tox 25 ot re When x= 2,9. = 32)? +22) =16 0s = 16 By = 16 x 0.05 by=08 ‘The volume, Vem’, ofa sphere with radius rem is ¥= far Find, in terms of p, the approximate change in Vas r increases from 10 to 10 + p, “where p is small 4m (10)? = 400% 298)42. Calculus ~ ifferentiation 1 Exercise 12.6 1 Variables x and y are connected by the equation y = 2x* — 3x. Find the approximate change in y as x increases from 2 to 2.01. 8 2 Variables x and y are connected by the equation y = Sx FFind the approximate change in yas increases from 1 to 1.02. 3° Variables x and y are connected by the equation x”y = 400. Find, in terms of p, the approximate change in y as x increases from 10 to 10++ p, where p is small 4 Variables xan y are connected by the equation y = (¢~2) Find, in terms of p, the approximate change in y as x increases from 9 to 9 + p, where p is small. 5 Acurve has equation y = (x + I) ~ 3) Find, in terms of p, the approximate change in y as x increases from 2 102 +p. where p is small, & Acurve has equation y= (x —2/e¥T. Find, in terms of p, the approximate change in y as x increases from 4 104+ p, where p is small. 7 The periodic time, T seconds, for a pendulum of length Lem is T= onfE Find the approximate increase in T as L increases from 40 to 41. 8 The volume of the solid cuboid is 360cm’ and the surface area is Acm’. 2 Express y in terms of x. = = gy? + 1080 * bb Show that 4 = 4x? + 1080 € Find, in terms of p, the approximate change in 4 as x increases ‘rem from 2 to2+ p, where p is small ate State whether the change is an increase or decrease.> CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ AND © LEVEL ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK 12.7 Rates of change CLASS DISCUSSION a @ © Consider pouring water at a constant rate of 10cm?s"" into each of these three large containers. 11 Discuss how the height of water in container A changes with time. 2 Discuss how the height of water in container B changes with time. 3._Discuss how the height of water in container € changes with time. On copies of the axes below, sketch graphs to show how the height (hem) varies with time (1 seconds) for each container. a You steady now that 2 represents the rate change of y with respon tx ‘There are many situations where the rate of change of one quantity depends on the chung ave of & woah qonatiy. In the class discussion, the rate of change of the height of water at a particular dh time 6 drt Om time, ¢, can be found by finding the value of (The gradient of the tangent at time z.) (eye Wipes Variables V and t are connected by the equation ¥ = Sf — 81 +3. Find the rate of change of V with respect to r when f= 4 Answers V=SP-814+312 Calculus ~ Differentiation 1 Connected rates of change When two variables x and y both vary with a third variable , the three variables can be ‘connected using the chain rule: ies Ca one Variables x and y are connected by the equation y = x° ~ 5x" + 15, Given that x increases ata rate of 0.1 units per second, find the rate of change of y when x= 4. Answers ya 5x4 15 and ay i Rate of change of y is 0.8 units per second. 301 >> CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ AND O LEVEL ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK ‘The diagram shows a water container in the shape of a triangular prism of length 120cm. ‘The vertical cross-section is an equilateral triangle. ‘Water is poured into the container at a rate of 24m’ a Show that the volume of water in the container, Vem’, is given by V= 40/3 A’, where /em is the height of the water in the container, b Find the rate of change of h when f= 12. Answers Length of side of triangle = —" ‘in 60° 25h ‘Area of triangle = 3k a = area of triangle 120 Be 3 = 40/3 a a ve ar bap 785A and G= 24 x 120 12,98 When h = 12, 97 = 80V3(12) = 960/3 Using the chain rule, Ht 8 ~ 120 v3 Rate of change of h is Tap om Per second.12. Calculus — Differentiation Exercise 12.7 11 Variables x and y are connected by the equation y = x7 ~ 5x. Given that x inereases at a rate of 0.05 units per second, find the rate of change of y when x 2 Variables x and y are connected by the equation y = x-+ Ve~S. Given that x increases at a rate of 0.1 units per second, find the rate of change of when x= 9) 3 Variables x and y are connected by the equation y = (x ~ 3)(x +5). Given that » increases at a rate of 0.2 units per second, find the rate of change of when x= =4, 4 Variubies x and y are connected by the equation y = 5-= ‘Given that y inereases at a rate of 0.1 units per second, find the rate of change of when = ~2. 5 Variables wand y are connected by the equation y= x Given that x increases at a rate of 2 units per second, find the rate of increase of » when x= 6 Variables x and y are connected by the equation y =2—S Given that x inereases at a rate of 0.02 units per second, find the rate of change of eowhen » a= 8 ox Given that x increases at a rate of 0.01 units per second, find the rate of change of Pwhen.x= 8. 7 Vasiablesxand y are connected by the equation += 8 A square has sides of length xem and area Acm”, ‘The area is increasing at a constant rate of O.2em*s"! Find the rate of increase of x when A = 16, 9 A-cube has sides of length xem and volume Vem’ The volume is increasing at a rate of 2cm’s | Find the rate of increase of 2 when V= 512. 410 A sphere has radius rem and volume V cm’, The radius is increasing at a rate of + em s~ Find the rate of inerease of the volume when = 972m 14. A solid metal cuboid has dimensions xem by xem by Sem. The cuboid is heated and the volume increases at a rate of 05cm’: Find the rate of increase of x when x=4, 12. A cone has base radius rem and a fixed height 18em. ‘The radius of the base is increasing at a rate of 0.1 cms Find the rate of change of the votuae when r= 10.> CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ AND O LEVEL ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK 13. Water is poured into the conical container at a rate of Sem’s' ‘After # seconds, the volume of water in the container, Vem’, is given by 1 dba wher ha sth ight oh watrin th contin, 2 Find the rate of change of # when b Find the rate of change of # when 414 Water is poured into the hemispherical bowl at a rate of 4arem’s '. After ¢ seconds, the volume of water in the bowl, Vem’, is given by V = Sh — Lh where fem isthe height of the water in the bowl a Find the rate of change of when b Find the rate of change of fi when 12.8 Second derivatives & Ir you differentiate y with respect to x you obtain 5 2 is called the frst derivative of y with respect tox. a 4 vith respect to x you obtain ( 2 Af you differentiate ) wich can also be a ax\ay ay written as <5. a &, {i beled the second derivative of y with respect to x. Sofory=x°- Tx? + 2x41 or f(x)=x°= Tx +2041 Wag? det? on x)= 3x- Me +2 a Phe x t= 6x-14 or (3) = 6x14 ay f\) <12. Calculus Differentiation 1 WORKED EXAMPI a Given that y = 3x? - 5, find 2. andy Answers y=3r-sxt é a oO a 6x 45x = 10x Exercise 12.8 é 1 Find a for each of the following functions. a y=50-Tx+3 b yd tax - 4x + 1) e ysvOeeT f a 2° Find a for each of the following functions. a yaar ay « y=tt} en Bets a yest? eet f » BH 3° Given that f(x) =x" ~ 7x? + 2x + 1, find a fa) b fy «© 1). 4 Acurve has equation y = 4x* + 3x" - 6x - 1 © =o when x=—1 and when x= 0.5 a Show that dx d b Find the value of Ta when x= -1and when x = 05. fe 305 >> CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ AND © LEVEL ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK 5 Accurve has equation y = 2x" ~ 15x? + 24x +6. @ * are positive (+), Iv é Copy and complete the table to show whether Sand : negative (~) or zero (0) for the given values of x. 6 Acurve has equation y = 2x" + 3x7 ~ 36x + 5, Find tbe range of values of x for dy which both {and are both positive a cc Given that y = x7 - 2x +5, show that 6=2 + (x — oe CHALLENGE QUESTION 3 Given that y= 8/5, show that x72 + 4x = ca a2 90g [17 12.9 Stationary points Consider the graph of the function y = f(x) shown below. ‘The red sections of the curve show where the gradient is negative (where f(x) is a decreasing function) and the blue sections show where the gradient is positive (where f(x) is am increasing function). The gradient of the curve is zero at the points P, Q and R. A point where the gradient is zero is called a stationary point or a turning point. 306 >12 Calculus - Differentiation 1 Maximum points The stationary point Q is called a maximum point because the value of y at this point is Sreater than the *value of y at other points close to Q. Ata maximum point ® + Peo ‘* the gradient is positive to the left of the maximum and negative to the right ° Minimum points The stationary points P and R are called minimum points. Aca minimum point: dy dx * the gradient is negative to the left of the mi 0 Stationary points of inflexion ‘There is a third type of stationary point (turning point) called a point of inflexion, pont os Aa stationary point of inflexion: dy + Seo from positive to zeto and then to positive again © the gradient changes 4 or from negative to zero and then to negative again Points of inflexion are not part of the syllabus, They have been included here for completeness.> CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ AND © LEVEL ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK Find the coordinates of the stationary points on the curve y = x ~ 3x + 1 and determine the nature of these points. Sketch the graph of y= x" —3x+ 1. (@+H@-)=0 -lorx=1 When x = 1, y=(-1)'- 3-1) +1 When x= 1.y=(1)'- 3) +1 ‘The stationary points are (~1, 3) and (1, 1). ‘Now consider the gradient on either side of the points (—1, 3) and (1, ~1): x = = 09 ] qj Se [3-3 = positive 0 3(-0.9)° - 3 = negative direction of tangent Sid ee shape of = curve x 09 1 LI x 3(0.9)' - 3 = negative 0 3(1.1)° — 3 = positive direction of tangent es pen shape of Ss 308 >12 Calculus - Differentiation 1 TNMs ‘The sketch graph of y =x? 3x+ AD a Second derivatives and stationary points ‘Considet moving from left to right along a curve, passing through a maximum point: ° ris as a positive value, decreases to zero at the maximum point ‘and then decreases to a negative value, ay 4 Since $* decreases as x increases, then the rate of change of = is negative. a 4 [he rateof change of Sis writen as ‘This leads to the rule: a sand 55 <0, then the point sa maximum p ‘Now, consider moving from left to right along a curve, passing through @ minimum point: 309)> CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ AND O LEVEL ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK 4 The gradient, ©, starts as a negative value, increases to zero atthe minimum point and then increases to a positive value, 4 ’ Since $ increases as x increases, then the rate of change of [is positive. This leads to the rule: dy @ 1G = Dand > O.then the point is a minimum pot. 4 122 =o apd 22 =o, ton the nat of the stationary point can be ound sine ‘the First Derivative Test. Find the coordinates of the stationary points on the curve y = 2x* ~ 15x" + 24x +6 and determine the nature of these points, Sketch the graph of y= 2x* — 15x" + 24y + 6. Answers y= 2x" 15x" + dx + 6 For stationary points, 6x" — 30x + 24= 0, ea sx+4=0 (ee -4)=0 xstorx=4 When x 1, y= 2(0)*~ 15(I' + 24() + 6= 17 ‘When x = 4, y = 2(4)' = 15(4)" + 24(4) + 6 = -10, ‘The stationary points ae (1, 17) and (4, ~10). 18 which is <0 18 which is > 0 So (1, 17)is a maximum point and (4, ~10) is a minimum point.12 Calculus ~ Differentiation 1 ‘The sketch graph of y = 2x? - 15x? + 24x + 6 is: y DS 1S Oke +6 Exercise 12.9 1 Find the coordinates of the stationary points on each of the following curves and determine the nature of each of the stationary points. a y=x?- 12x48 b y=(S+x(1-x) do yx tx7-16x-16 f y=(e-N@?-6x+2) 2 Find the coordinates of the stationary points on each of the following curves and determine the nature of each of the stationary points, oe aged a ysvert byer-2 g 2x x? oS © yer ' 2° Theequion or acuneisy =2°45 4 Find $> and hence explain why the curve has no turning points. 4 The curve y= 2x° + ax’ ~ 12x + 7has a maximum point at x Find the value of a. 5 Thecurve y= x' + ax + b hasa stationary point at (1, 3). 2 Find the value of a and the value of b, b Determine the nature of the stationary point (1, 3), © Find the coordinates of the other stationary point on the curve and determine the nature of this stationary point. & The curvey=x7+ £4 6 hasa stationary point at (1,~1). 2 Find the value of a and the value of b. b Determine the nature of the stationary point (1, -1). In this section you have been shown ‘two methods for determining the nature of stationary points. Explain these two methods to a friend. Which method do you prefer and why?> CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ AND O LEVEL ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK 7 Theeurve y= ax +— has stationary point at (-1, -12). 3 a Find the value of @ and the value of 6. b Determine the nature of the stationary point (~1, ~12). 8 CHALLENGE QUESTION The curve y = 2x° - 3x° + ax + b has a stationary point at the point (3, -77). 2 Find the value of a and the value of 6. b Find the coordinates of the second stationary point on the curve, © Determine the nature of the two stationary points. d Find the coordinates of the point on the curve where the gradient is minimum and state the value of the minimum gradient, 12.10 Practical maximum and minimum problems ‘There are many problems for which you need to find the maximum of minimum value of a funetion, such as the maximum area that can be enclosed within a shape or the ‘minimum amount of material that can be used to make a container. Bem ‘The diagram shows @ 24cm by 1Sem sheet of metal with a square of side xem removed from each corner. The metal is then folded to make an open rectangular box of depth xem and volume Vem’. a Show that V= 4x’ ~ 783? + 360%. b Find the stationary value of Vand the value of x for which this occurs, ¢ Determine the nature of this stationary value.12 Calculus - Differentiation 1 Answers V= length x breadth * height = Q4~2x)1S= 20) 2x? = 156x + 360 Stationary val nen 2 =0 tationary values occur when 12x? 156x + 360 x= 13x +30=0 (= lw 3) =0 x= lWorx=3 The dimensions of the box must be positive so x = 3. (One side of the metal sheet is 15 cm in length, so you couldn't cut two squares of side length 10em ‘each from that side.) When x= 3, V=4()'— 78(3)° + 360(3) = 486. ‘The stationary value of V is 486 and occurs when x = 3. 2 ages When x= 3,45 = 24(8)~ 156 84 which is <0 The stationary value is a maximum value, A piece of wire, of length 2m, the shape PORST. POSTisa rectangle and ORS isa semi-circle with diameter SQ. PT=xmand PQ=ST= ym, ‘The total area enclosed by the shape is Am”, a b d bent to form r £ xm IR Express y in terms of x. Show that A= x— da, dA Find Grand oS Find the value for x for which there is a stationary value of A. Determine the magnitude and nature of this stationary value.> CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ AND 0 LEVEL ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK Answers a Perimeter = PQ + arc QRS +ST+ TP 1 anyedeanlZ)+yee sayed 2=2ptyuxtx akaaen dys 2-x- pax 4 Stationary values occur when $4 1 I-x-tnr=0 4-4x-ax=0 x@+m)=4 Stationary value oeeurs when» = Gf pte fo half dt h * Whos ay 4 aaa) lesa _ 4+ 2)- 8-20 Gta = 842 Gray 24+) Go -2 “aa eee Se pcre Cert e When x= Gia: Gan ci gm which <0 The stationary value of i gm andi is a maximum value, 34>12. Calculus - Differentiation 1 Exercise 12.10 1 The sum of two numbers x and y is 8. 2 Express y in terms of x, b i Given that P= xy, write down an expression for P in terms of x. fi Find the maximum value of P. ¢ i Given that § =. + y°, write down an expression for, iw feems of x. fi Find the minimum value of . 2. The diagram shows a rectangular garden with a fence on three of itssides and — \Ayss.cccsaracsaragass, ‘wall on its fourth side. The total length of the fence is 100m and the area enclosed is Am’, a Show that A= 4(100 —x). b Find the maximum area of the garden enclosed and the value of x for =m ‘which this occurs. 3. The volume of the solid cuboid is $76cm’ and the surface area is Aem* Express y in terms of x. Le b Show that 4 = 4x74 1728 © Find the maximum value of and state the dimensions of the cuboid for a which this occurs. 4 —Acuboid has a total surface area of 400cm* and a volume of Vem", ‘The dimensions of the cuboid are 4xem by xem by em 2 Express fin terms of and x. b Show that ¥=160x-16* Ss ¢ Find the value of x when Vis a maximum, L\ A piece of wire, of length 60om, is bent to form a sector of a circle with radius rem and sector angle @ radians, The total area enclosed by the shape is Acm’. a Express din terms of r. b Show that 4 =30r—r?, Find 4 ana 4, dr dr Find the value for r for which there is stationary value of @ Determine the magnitude and nature of this stationary value 315 >CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ AND © LEVEL ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK & The diagram shows a window made from a rectangle with base 2rm and height fim and a semicircle of radius rm. The perimeter of the window is 6m and the surface area is Am’. a Express frin terms of r. b Show that A= 6r—2r? 94 sg FA © Find Grand SS hm Find the value for r for which there is a stationary value of A. @ Determine the magnitude and nature of this stationary value, ——_——_-s am 7 ABCD sa rectangle with base length 2p units, and area x units, ‘The points 4 and B lie on the x-axis and the points Cand D lie on the curve y= 4— x’, 2 Express BCin terms of p. b Show that 4 = 2p(4—p’) © Find the value of p for which A has a stationary value. d__ Find this stationary value and determine its nature. — 2p units 8 —Asolid cylinder has radius rem and height hem. The yolume of this cylinder is 250rcm' and the surface area is A cm’ a Express fin terms of r. b Show that A = 2x7? + 5008, Find Mand = gd Find the value for r for which there is a stationary value of A. @ Determine the magnitude and nature of this stationary value. 9 The diagram shows a solid formed by joining a hemisphere of radius rm toa cylinder of radius rem and height fem. The surface area of the solid is 2887rem> and the volume is Vem’. a Express 4 in terms of r. Show that = her ¢ Find the exact value of r such that Vis a maximum,12 Calculus - Differentiation 1 10 A piece of wire, of length SOcm, is cut into two pieces One piece is bent to make a square of side xem and the other is bent to make a circle of radius rem. The total area enclosed by the two shapes is Acm’. @ Express rin terms of x. (= +4)x? ~ 100 + 625 b Show that ¢ Find the stationary value of 4 and the value of « for which this occurs, Give your answers correct to 3 sf 11. The diagram shows a solid cylinder of radius rem and height 2hem cut froma solid sphere of radius Sem. The volume of the cylinder is Vem’, 2 Express rin terms of h. b Show that V= 20h (25 - #*). © Find the value for h for which there is a stationary value of V. Determine the nature of this stationary value 12 CHALLENGE QUESTION ff} (ESS Ren The diagram shows a hollow cone with base radius 12cm and height 24cm. A solid cylinder stands on the base of the cone and the upper edge touches the inside of the cone. The cylinder has base radius rem, height fem and volume Vem’, a Express in terms of r. b Show that V=2nr*(12—1). ¢ Find the volume of the largest cylinder which can stand inside the cone.> CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ AND © LEVEL ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK 13 CHALLENGE QUESTION ‘The diagram shows a right circular cone of base radius rem and height em cut from a solid sphere of radius 10cm, The volume of the cone is Vem*, a Express r in terms of h. b Show that ¥=3rh"(20 ~ Find the value for 4 for which there is a stationary valuc of V. 4. Deteminethemagntadeandnaturcaf this | stationary value. Sin a Power rule: Iy=¥ then a a Scalar multiple rule: gel OD] = kU Aaditionisubiraction rule: tnx) + 8091 = 2109] +2101 Gay de ax du* ae dy, du 4 yy abt 4 yd Product rule my = n+ wit Chain rule: Quotient rule: Den none oy ax + the equation of the tangent is given by y~ y IF the value of at the point (x,, »:) is m, th © the equation of the normal is given by y~ y; Sn nee 3 1 and yrs small then Bon dy Stationary points (turning points) ofa function y = f(x) occur when12 Calculus - Differentiation 1 ONTINUED Gi ca ‘Ata maximum point: dy sro * the gradient is positive to the left of the maximum and negative tothe right Ata minimum poin Gann ne Ee 2 |< <0, then the point is a maximum point @ ae > 0, then the point is a minimum point ae Past paper questions Worked example ‘The diagram shows a shape made by cutting an equilateral triangle out of a rectangle of width xem. The perimeter of the shape is 20cm. i Show that the area, dem’, of the shape is given by a tox- (S53) 92 Bl fi Given that xan vary, find the value of x which produces the maximum area and caleulate this ‘maximum area, Give your answers to 2 significant figures. 4 Cambridge IGCSE Additional Mathematies 0606 Paper 22 Q12 Mar 2017 LESS SS ee] 319 >> CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ AND 0 LEVEL ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK Answers i Area of triangle = absin Let height of rectangle =f Perimeter of shaded shape = 3x + 2h 20=3x 42h 22023 When x = 2.58663..., A = 12.933... and is a maximum Hence.x= 2.6 and A = 13 to 2 significant figures 320 >12. Calculus - Differentiation 1 ‘The diagram shows an empty container in the form of an open triangular prism. The triangular faces are ‘equilateral with a side of vem and the length of each rectangular face is yem. The container is made from thin sheet metal. When full, the container holds 200/3 em’. i. Show that Acm?, the total area of the thin sheet metal used, is given by A (5 Wi Given that wand y can vary, find the stationary value of and determine its nature, (6 Cambridge IGCSE Additional! Mathematics 0606 Paper 12 Q9 Mar 2015 2 Acube of side xem has surface area Sem®, The volume, Vem’, of the cube is increasing at arate of 480em's Find, at the instant when V= 2 the rate of increase of x, 4 fe] Cambridge IGCSE Additional Mathematics 0606 Paper 22 QS Mar 2021 ; = ‘A container is a circular eylinder, open at one end, with a base radius of rem and a height of from. ‘The volume of the container is 1000cm’, Given that r and 4 can vary and that the total outer surface area of the container has a minimum value, find this value. ®) Cambridge IGCSE Additional Mathematis 0606 Paper 22 QL Mar 2020 a &y at 41 Given thaty <3" 1, show that 22 = +2, were w, band p are positive constants 4) & Grey ji Explain why the graph of » = x//="+ I has no stationary points. a Cambridge IGCSE Additional Mathematics 0606 Paper 22 Q7 Mar 2019 5. Thearea of a sector of a circle of radius rem is 36cm". i Show that the perimeter, Pem, of the sector is such that P = 2r + 22 BI ii, Heence, given that rean vary, find the stationary value of P and determine its nature, 4] Cambridge IGCSE Additional Mathematics 0606 Paper 12 09 Mar 2019 321> CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ AND © LEVEL ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK 6 The volume, , and surface area, 5, of a sphere of radius r are given by V=47y° and $= dy? respectively. ‘The volume of a sphere increases at a rate of 200cm* per second. At the instant when the radius of the sphere is 10em, find J therate of increase of the radius of the sphere, il the rate of increase of the surface area of the sphere. Bl Cambridge IGCSE Additional Mathematies 0606 Paper 22 Q12 Mar 2018 7 Two variables wand y are such that y=—5— for x >9, a ve=9 | Find an expression for Pp} ii Hence, find the approximate change in y as x increases from 13 to 13 + h, where his small, 1 Cambridge IGCSE Additional Mathematics 0606 Paper 22 Q1 Mar 2016 8 Accurve has equation » vel i. Find the coordinates of the stationary points of the curve. 6) oy _ px tax Wh Show that => 7 Where p and q are integers to be found, and determine the nature of the (+0) stationary points of the curve, 9 Cambridge IGCSE Additional Mathematics 0606 Paper 22 Q11 Mar 2016 1 9 Find the equation of the normal to the curve y = /&x#5 at the point where x =4, giving your answer in the form ax + by + ¢ = 0, where a, b and care integers. io Cambridge IGCSE Additional Mathematics 0606 Paper 11 Q6 Nov 2019 10 Inthis question, all lengths are in metres. The diagram shows a window formed by a semi-circle of radius r on top of a reetangle with dimensions 2r by y. ‘The total perimeter of the window is 5. i Find y in terms of r, 4 a ‘Show that the total area of the window is A = Sr ~~ — ay? Ri Given that r can vary, find the value of r which gives a maximum area of the window and find this area. (You are not required to show that this area is a maximum.) fo Cambridge IGCSE Additional Mathematics 0606 Paper 21 09 Nov 2018 322)12 Calculus - Differentiation 1 " 12 13 14 Gan A cone, of height 8cm and base radius 6 cm, is placed over a cylinder of radius rem and height rem and is in contact with the cylinder along the cylinder’s upper rim. The arrangement is symmetrical and the diagram shows a vertical cross-section through the vertex of the cone. i Use similar triangles to express h in terms of 7. a fi Hence show that the volume, Vem’, of the cylinder is given by V= 8arr? = Farr’, io) Given that r can vary find the value of r which gives a stationary value of V. Find this stationary value of Vin terms of mand determine its nature, (6) Cambridge IGCSE Additional Mathematics 0606 Paper 21 Q7 Now 2015 2x-1 Find the equation of the tangent to the curve at the point where vy Vers Cambridge 1GCSE Additional Mathematics 0606 Paper 11 Q8 Nov 2015 ‘Show that the curve y = (3x? + 8)’ has only one stationary point. Find the coordinates of this stationary point and determine its nature. 8] Cambridge IGCSE Additional Mathematics 0606 Paper 11 Q7 Juan 2017 In this question all lengths are in metres Z—— ‘A water container is in the shape of a triangular prism, The diagrams show the container and its cross-section ‘The cross-section of the water in the container is an isosceles triangle ABC, with angle ABC = angle BAC = 30°. ‘The length of AB is x and the depth of water ish. The length of the container is 5. i Show that x =2/3 hand hence find the volume of water in the container in terms of fi Bl ‘The container is filed at a rate of 0.5m* per minute, At the instant when fis 0.25m, find athe rate at which ul b the rate at which + is increasing, el Cambridge IGCSE Additional Mathematics 0606 Paper 21 QI2 Jun 2018> CAMBRIDGE IGCSE™ AND © LEVEL ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS: COURSEBOOK 15 Misgiven that y=(x" + )(Qx-3), f dy Px?+Qr+1 : i Show that ==, where P and Q are integers. 6) dr ax- 3) ii Hence find the equation of the normal to the curve y= (x"+ 1) (2x ~ 3) at the point where x= 2, aiving your answer in the form ax + by + ¢=0, where a, b and c are integers. rey Cambridge IGCSE Additional Mathematics 0606 Paper 11 Q11 Jun 2019 16 The radius, rem, of a circle is increasing at the rate of Sems"'. Find, in terms of 7, the rate at which the area of the circle is increasing when 4] Cambridge IGCSE Additional Mathematics 0606 Paper 11 Q3 Jun 2020 324)