ENVIPLAN IN ASSOCIATION with ECDSWC

FEDERAL GOVERNMENT OF NIGERIA

MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES

TRANSFORMING IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT IN NIGERIA

PROJECT (TRIMING PROJECT)

FEASIBILITY STUDY AND DETAIL DESIGN OF

GUYUK IRRIGATION SCHEME DETAIL

DRAFT DETAIL DESIGN

VOLUME IV – ENGINEERING

IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE INFRASTRUCTURES STUDY

AUGUST, 2021

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Ethiopian Construction Design and Supervision Works Corporation

Water and Energy Design and Supervision Works Sector
P.O. Box:2561
Tel.: + 251 11 661 53 71
Fax: + 251 11 661 08 98
Email: [email protected]
Bob Marley Avenue,
Addis Ababa
Ethiopia
FEASIBILITY STUDY AND DETAIL DESIGN DEVELOPMENT PROJECT

Draft Detail Study Report

Irrigation and Drainage Design

August, 2021
Issue and Revision Record
Descriptio
Rev Date Originator Checker Approver
n

April Getachew D. Draft

1 Seid S. Zelalem B.
2020 Reta W. Feasibility

Januar Getachew D. Final

2 Seid S. Zelalem B.
y Reta W. Feasibility

3 June Tatek Worku

Wondosen S.
2021 Yeshimabet Y. Seid S. Teshome S. Draft detail
Lishan B.

This document has been prepared for the titled project or named part thereof and should not be relied upon or
used for any other project without an independent check being carried out as to its suitability and prior written
authority of Ethiopian Construction Design and Supervision Works Corporation (ECDSWC) being obtained. The
corporation accepts no responsibility or liability for the consequence of this document being used for a purpose
other than the purposes for which it was commissioned. Any person using or relying on the document for such
other purpose agrees, and will by such use or reliance be taken to confirm his agreement to indemnify ECDSWC
for all loss or damage resulting there from.

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TABLE OF CONTENT

TABLE OF CONTENT................................................................................................iii
LIST OF TABLES....................................................................................................... vi
LIST OF FIGURES.................................................................................................... vii
ABREVATIONS AND ACRONYMS..........................................................................viii
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.............................................................................................x
1.0 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................13
1.1 Objective..........................................................................................................13
1.2 Scope of Work.................................................................................................13
1.3 Project Location...............................................................................................14
1.4 Climate............................................................................................................ 16
1.5 Topography of the area...................................................................................16
1.6 Methods and Approaches................................................................................19
2.0 REVIEW OF THE PREVIOUS STUDIES............................................................20
3.0 INTERPRETATION AND USE OF OTHER SECTORAL STUDIES AS DATA
SOURCES................................................................................................................ 22
3.1 Summary of Soil and Land Evaluation Study..................................................22
3.1.1 Soil Texture..............................................................................................
3.1.2 Soil Structure...........................................................................................
3.1.3 Bulk Density.............................................................................................
3.1.4 Infiltration Rate and Hydraulic Conductivity...........................................
3.2 Land Suitability Evaluation...............................................................................24
3.3 Water Resources.............................................................................................27
3.3.1 Water Quality...........................................................................................
3.2 Depth of Groundwater and Chemical Characteristics......................................33
3.4 GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS.............................................................38
3.4.1. Geotechnical investigation result on Main Canal route (MC)....................39
3.4.2. Geotechnical investigation result on primary canal route (PC-1)..............40
3.4.3. Geotechnical investigation result on primary canal route (PC-2)..............40
4.0 CROP WATER REQUIREMENTS......................................................................41
4.1 Reference Crop Evapotranspiration (ETo)......................................................41
4.2 Crop Coefficient (Kc).......................................................................................42
4.3 Crop Evapotranspiration (Etc).........................................................................43
4.4 Effective Rainfall (Pe)......................................................................................44
4.5 Net Irrigation Water Requirement (IWRN).......................................................45

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4.6 Irrigation Efficiencies....................................................................................... 45

4.6.1 Pre-Irrigation...........................................................................................
4.7 Gross Irrigation Water Requirement (IWRg)....................................................46
5.0 ON FARM SYSTEM DESIGN.............................................................................51
5.1 Topographic Map Preparation.........................................................................51
5.2 Classification and alignment of Canals............................................................53
5.2.1 Irrigation System.....................................................................................
5.2.2 Drainage system......................................................................................
5.3 Canals / Drains Numbering System.................................................................56
5.4 Irrigation Methods............................................................................................58
5.5 Sizing of Irrigation Units...................................................................................59
5.5.1 Furrow irrigation.....................................................................................
5.5.2 Furrow Spacing........................................................................................
5.5.3 Furrow Length and Slope........................................................................
5.5.4 Furrow Stream Size and Irrigation Depth...............................................
5.5.5 Irrigation intervals...................................................................................
5.5.6 Available water........................................................................................
5.5.7 Effective root zone...................................................................................
5.5.8 Irrigation Interval for the Project............................................................
5.5.9 Actual Irrigation Interval.........................................................................
6.0 HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF CANAL SECTION.....................................................70
6.1 Design capacity...............................................................................................70
6.2 Determination of Full Supply Levels................................................................72
6.3 Cross- section design......................................................................................73
6.4 Roughness Coefficients...................................................................................74
6.5 Side slopes of the canal...................................................................................75
6.6 Permissible Velocity and Bed Slope................................................................75
6.7 Canal Bed Width Depth ratio (B/D)..................................................................76
6.8 Free board.......................................................................................................76
6.9 Top Bank width................................................................................................77
6.10 Saturation Gradient....................................................................................... 77
6.11 Minimum canal radii.......................................................................................77
6.12 Longitudinal section design...........................................................................78
7.0 SURFACE DRAINAGE SYSTEM AND FLOOD PROTECTION WORKS...........83
7.1 General............................................................................................................83
7.2 Determination of Drainage System Layout......................................................83
7.3 Determination of Drainage Discharge..............................................................83

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7.3.1 Rainfall intensity duration frequency......................................................

7.3.2 Values of Drainage Discharge..................................................................
7.4 Interceptor Drains............................................................................................87
7.5 Design of the Interceptor Drains......................................................................88
7.5.1 Free board (F.B).......................................................................................
7.5.2 Design of dikes.........................................................................................
7.6 Infield drainage systems..................................................................................89
7.6.1 Hydraulic Design.....................................................................................
8.0 LANDLEVELING.................................................................................................93
9.0 HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF STRUCTURES.........................................................94
9.1 CANAL STRUCTURES...................................................................................94
9.1.1 Head and Cross regulators......................................................................
9.1.2 Bifurcation Structure............................................................................. 107
9.1.3 Drops (Fall Structures)..........................................................................109
9.1.4 Cross Drainage Structures................................................................111
ANNEX....................................................................................................................116
A-1 HYDRULIC DESIGN OF MAJOR CANALS..................................................116
A-1.1 Hydraulic Design of Main Canal............................................................116
A-1.2 Hydraulic Design of Primary Canal-1....................................................117
A-1.3 Hydraulic Design of Primary Canal-2....................................................119
A-2 HYDRULIC DESIGN OF MAJOR STRUCTURES........................................120
A-2.1 Hydraulic Design of Main Canal Sypion1..............................................120
REFERENCES........................................................................................................123

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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.1 Summary of the climatic condition of the project.......................................16

Table 2.1 Summary of command areas, 2014 20

Table 3.1 Extent of the soil mapping units in the survey area...................................22
Table 3.2 Physical properties of the soil mapping units............................................24
Table 3.3 Summary of Land Capability Classes of the Survey Area........................25
Table 3.4 Suggested criteria for irrigation water use based upon electric conductivity
(Salinity classification based on United States Salinity Laboratory guide (USSL,
1954).).......................................................................................................................30
Table 3.5 General classification of water sodium hazard based on SAR values......31
Table 3.6 Chloride classification of irrigation water...................................................32
Table 3.7 Water quality status of Gongola River.......................................................33
Table 3.8 Summary of investigated locations of ground water potentials, aquifer
depths, yields and levels...........................................................................................34
Table 3.9 Summary of Groundwater Depths and Physio-chemical Parameters within
the GIS Command Area............................................................................................37

Table 4.1 Guyuk - Climatic Data and Refence Crop Evapotranspiration (ET0) 42
Table 4.2 Length Growing periods (LPG) and Crop Coefficient (kc) for seasonal
crops......................................................................................................................... 43
Table 4.3 Guyuk Irrigation Scheme -Crop Water and Irrigation Requirement...........48

Table 5.1 Recommended furrow lengths for different soil types, and depth of
irrigation 48
Table 5.2 Range of available water holding capacity of soils....................................50
Table 5.3 effective root zone depths of some common crops...................................51
Table 5.4 TAW values for different soil textures and root zones..............................52
Table 5.5 Possible Irrigation Intervals for Effective Root Zone of 60 cm...................53
Table 5.6 Possible Irrigation Intervals for Effective Root Zone of 90 cm..................53
Table 5.7 Possible Irrigation Intervals for Effective Root Zone of 120 cm................53
Table 5.8 Possible Irrigation Intervals for Effective Root Zone of 180 cm................54
Table 5.9 Summary of Irrigation Interval and Irrigation depth..................................54

Table 6.1 Summarized GIS command area and length of canals 57

Table 6.2 Design duties of canal..............................................................................58
Table 6.3 Design Discharge and net irrigable area of Main Canals..........................58
Table 6.4 Canal Head Losses...................................................................................61
Table 6.5 Working Head for Different Canals...........................................................61
Table 6.6 Recommended values of Manning roughness coefficient for lined and
unlined canals........................................................................................................... 62
Table 6.7 Selected Side Slopes................................................................................63
Table 6.8 C Values in Tractive Force Equation [WV, 1974]......................................64
Table 6.9 Freeboard for Unlined Secondary Canals.................................................65
Table 6.10 Selected Minimum Bank Top Width........................................................66
Table 6.11 Minimum canal radii for canals under sub-critical flow............................66

Table 7.1 Rainfall Station Constants 70

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Table 7.2 Rainfall Intensity-Duration-Frequency for Guyuk.......................................70

Table 7.3 Values of drain duty...................................................................................72
Table 7.4 Description of interceptor drains................................................................72
Table 7.5 Minimum Freeboard requirement..............................................................73
Table 7.6 Recommended B/D Ratios for Drain Canals.............................................76
Table 7.7 Recommended Side Slopes for Drainage Channels.................................76
Table 7.8 Drainage Channel Freeboard...................................................................77
Table 7.9 Minimum Radius of drain bends................................................................77

Table 8.1 Capacity of Night Storage Reservoirs 78

Table 8.2 Dimensions of NSRs.................................................................................79
Table 8.3 Description of pipes for conveying pumped water to NSRs......................79

Table 10.1 Type of Structures on Canal System 83

Table 10.2 Main Canal Cross-Regulators.................................................................85
Table 10.3 Primary Canal Cross regulators and Secondary Canal Head Regulator
parameters................................................................................................................ 87
Table 10.4 Secondary Canal Cross regulators and Head Regulator (SCCR & HR)
parameters in MC, PC1, and PC2.............................................................................90
Table 10.5 Tertiary Cross & Field Canal offtake/Head Regulators............................98
Table 10.6 Cross-Drainage Structures Locations and Structure Types..................104

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1 Location Map of GIS................................................................................15

Figure 1.2 Topography feature and Gross irrigation command areas of GIS............18

Figure 3.1 Land Capability Classification map of Guyuk Irrigation Scheme survey
area 26

Figure 4.1 Rainfall and effective rainfall data 44

Figure 5.1 General Layout of Guyuk Irrigation Scheme 37

Figure 5.2 typical farm layout...................................................................................46

Figure 7.1 Rainfall Intensity-Duration-Frequency Curve of Guyuk 71

Figure 7.2 Typical cross-section of interceptor drainage canal and dike...................74

Figure 10.1 Typical plan of MC cross regulator and Head Regulator 85

Figure 10.2 Typical plan of PC cross regulator and Secondary Canal Head
Regulator...................................................................................................................89
Figure 10.3 Typical plan of TC cross regulator and Secondary Canal Head
Regulator...................................................................................................................99
Figure 10.4 Typical plan of Bifurcation....................................................................101
Figure 10.5 Typical plan of Drop Structure..............................................................103
Figure 10.6 Typical plan of cross drainage culvert Structure..................................106
Figure 10.7 Guyuk Syphion01 plan and section A-A...............................................108

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ABREVATIONS AND ACRONYMS

B bottom width of canal
CBL Canal Bed Level
C runoff coefficient or ratio of runoff to rainfall
ECDSWCo Ethiopian Construction Design and Supervision Works
d Corporation
depth of flow inside the channel
GIS Guyuk Irrigation Scheme
EIL Environmental and Engineering Development Planning
ETo reference crop evapotranspiration or crop water requirement
ETc crop evapotranspiration or crop water requirement
f Lacey’s silt factor
Fr Froude Number
FB Free Board
FSL full supply levels
FMWR Federal Ministry of Water Resource
g gravitational acceleration
h Head or pressure per unit weight
I rainfall intensity
IWRM Integrated Water Resources Management
Kc crop coefficient
L furrow length
n Manning Roughness coefficient,
NSR Night Storage Reservoir
Q discharge
R mean hydraulic radius of a section
S Bed slope or gradient
t duration of irrigation (elapsed time)
TBL Top Bank Level
t time of concentration
TRIMING Transforming Irrigation Management in Nigeria

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UBRBDA Upper Benue River Basin Development Authority

V regime velocity, mean velocity
VES Vertical Electrical Sounding
W furrow spacing
y water depth
z cotangent of the side slope of channel

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This draft detail design report of irrigation and drainage systems is
prepared and compiled as part of the sectorial feasibility and detail
reports studied for Guyuk Irrigation Scheme. The report is prepared in
accordance with the terms of reference given particularly to the irrigation
and drainage system study and design. The study has been conducted
with consideration of the previous studies and the present relevant
sectorial studies of the scheme.

The choice of irrigation method, planning of layouts, and design of overall

irrigation and drainage facilities have been made on the basis of the data
obtained from a detailed topographic survey output, which helped for the
preparation of irrigation and drainage layout system; the hydrological
study output to understand irrigation water availability, flood situations
and the climatic conditions of the scheme; the proposed crop types, water
requirements, and their associated agronomic practices, the hydrogeology
study outputs to understand the condition of the ground water, and the
possibilities towards conjunctive use of surface water for irrigation; or
else, to provide protective measure against expected problems due to
groundwater table rise under irrigated areas and the geotechnical and the
engineering geological [investigations provide information towards the
foundation conditions of structures, type of soil formation along canal
alignments, location and quantity of quarry and borrow site for the
construction of irrigation structures.

The previous study, prefeasibility study for GIS, 2014/15, proposed the
extent of gravity and pumping command areas; recommended site for
diversion head work, determined length of the main canal and the point at
which it ends and bifurcated in to left & right sides of Gongola River,
crossing is required for the left canal to cross Gongola River. But the
proposals of the previous study have been revised depending on the
planning of irrigation and drainage infrastructures’ layout, which has been

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produced using data obtained from topographic map, frequent field visits,
and the assessment of different sectoral studies.

GIS irrigation and drainage system layout has been prepared from a contour map
of 0.5m 0.75m,1.0m and1.25m intervals produced from a detailed topographic
survey of the scheme area. The layout comprises canals to provide and
distribute the irrigation water; drains to collect and remove excess
irrigation water and surface runoff; roads to facilitate mobilization within
the farm area by the farming community, to supply inputs and collect
harvests and to facilitate the implementation and supervision of the
structures. Naming and numbering of canals according to their locations
and sizes has been made, which is assumed to be helpful for identification
during construction, operation and maintenance stages of the system.

The surface irrigation method /Furrow irrigation/ is proposed as it is less

expensive, simple to implement and easy to operate. As a traditional
method, it would be more readily accepted by farmers and would not
create conflicts and inequitable water supply. To provide sufficient
amount of water to both sides of its area (left and right), the field canal is
determined to carry a uniform discharge of 100l/s and with a total length
of 500m. With the maximum furrow length of 100m and with 1m spacing,
the area to be covered by a single field canal, being arranged to irrigate
two ways is 10ha. The field canals get the required 100l/s water from a
tertiary canal by rotation.

The irrigation interval, which is an important factor in determining the

operation of the system, especially the on-farm operation, has been
calculated for different crops on the basis of different soil types. The
minimum interval for shallow rooted crops is computed to be 6 days,
hence considering 12hr irrigation time in a day, the area that can be
irrigated with the discharge of 100 l/s is 48ha. Therefore, a tertiary canal
with capacity of 100l/s can serve four field canals by rotation.

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The capacities of canals to convey and deliver the required water from the
source to the field have been calculated depending on net irrigable area,
the maximum duty water requirement, flexibility is considered for only
main and primary canals, due to shortage of water resource. The net
command area of the scheme area for gravity irrigation system is
8163.24ha.
The main canal at its end bifurcated in to two primary canals, the one run
to the left & the other to the right side of Gongola River.
To protect the command area from damaging internal and external floods,
proper drainage facilities have been arranged. The infield drainage
systems collect excess irrigation water and runoff from the command area
and dispose them in to the natural gullies used as collector drains. The
interceptor drains protect the external flood coming from the catchment
area. There are thirteen interceptor drains, which are aligned nearly
parallel to the primary canals to divert the external flood to the natural
drains. The interceptor drains are made of dikes and/or excavated
channels depending on the topography of the respective alignments. The
intensity – duration – frequency curve of GIS has been used to estimate
the drain duty while the flood catchment area has been estimated from
topo-map of the scheme area.

The hydraulic structures are designed for irrigation and drainage system
to effectively and efficiently convey, regulate and to protect the system
from storm runoff damage. Cross drainage structures: - syphon, aqueduct
and drain culverts are designed based on topography and stream sizes to
pass the storm water runoff either under the canal or over the canal. The
regulating structures are cross regulators, head regulators, pond intake
for regulating and dividing flow. In addition, fall structures to dissipate
energy wherever necessary, road culverts, bifurcation, escape & sluice
structures are also designed as part of the system.

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1.0 INTRODUCTION
The Federal Government of Nigeria has given greater emphasis on the
proper use and development of available land and water resources for
irrigation, power and other water related activities and thereby improves
performance of agriculture, energy and other relevant sectors. By the
principle of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM), the Federal
Ministry of Water Resource (FMWR) has identified and selected some pilot
schemes to be considered for support in the rehabilitation, expansion, and
development of irrigation. For the proper management and
accomplishment of the selected pilot schemes, the FMWR has established
a project dubbed “Transforming Irrigation Management in Nigeria
(TRIMING)”.

Guyuk irrigation scheme is one of the areas selected for the purpose and
hence TRIMING has assigned ENVIPLAN International Limited in
association with formerly WWDSE present (ECWDSC- Water and Energy
Sector) to undertake detail design for Guyuk irrigation scheme.

Therefore, this detail design report of Guyuk irrigation scheme has been
prepared as part of the assignment given by TRIMING to ENVIPLAN
International Limited in association with WATER WORKS DESIGN AND
SUPERVISION ENTERPRISE (WWDSE), the present ECDSWC (Water and
Energy Sector).

1.1 Objective

The primary objective of the study is to undertake the upgrading of the

Feasibility and detail design of Guyuk Irrigation Scheme. Whereas, the
specific objectives being:
 To undertake full feasibility study & conduct detailed design,
 To prepare the layout of the scheme and determine the net
command area for the gravity command areas,

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 To carryout hydraulic design of irrigation and drainage systems

network, and
 To prepare Technical Specifications, bill of quantities and cost
estimates etc.
1.2 Scope of Work

The scope of GIS irrigation and drainage infrastructures’ detailed design

include but not limited to:

- Review and evaluate the previous studies conduct at different times

by numbers of consultants,
- Identify gaps that need to be addressed in the current study,
- Assess, investigate additional data and analyze for use in the
current study design of the systems,
- Prepare an irrigation systems network layout that can be easily
understood, operated and maintained by the farming society,
- Carry out design of irrigation and drainage infrastructures and
produce bill of quantities and engineering cost estimates,
- Prepare Detailed Design of the irrigation infrastructures and canal
structures
- Prepare Tender Documents, specification etc.

1.3 Project Location

Guyuk irrigation scheme is located at the borders between Gombe,

Adamawa and Borno states, at about 127 km North West of Yola town and
649 km East of Abuja. The command area is situated on both banks of
River Gongola at about 76km downstream of DadinKowa dam. The
scheme lies between latitudes 100 0 4 ' 59 ¿ North and 9 0 45' 26 ¿ North and
longitudes 120 01' 43 ¿ East and 110 45 ' 50 ¿ East; between altitudes of 172.92to
228.48masl. (Fig 1.1).

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Figure 1.1 Location Map of GIS

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1.4 Climate

The climatic condition of the project area has been presented in detail
under hydrology report. Which is located within the Gongola River Basin,
one of the major west bank tributaries of River Benue, North-Eastern
Nigeria. The basin has a tropical climate characterized by two distinct
rainy and dry seasons, which is governed by the movement of the Inter
Tropical Convergent Zone or ITCZ north, and south of the equator. The
winter (November to March) is the dry season; under the influence of a
Saharan high-pressure zone, the northeastward harmattan wind brings
hot, dry air and high temperatures on to the basin. Temperature data
from NiMET and CHRS Rain sphere (2019) shows that March is the
warmest month of the year in the Gongola River basin with maximum
temperature ranging from 36oC in Jos, 43oC in Bauchi, 41oC in Gombe,
43oC in DadinKowa and 45.2oC at Yola.

Table 1.1 Summary of the climatic condition of the project

Rain
Min Max Humidit Wind Sunshin Solar fall
Month Temp. Temp y speed e Rad (mm)
(0C) . (0C) (%) (km/d) (Hours) (MJ/m2/d)

January 16 34 29 59 8 19.2 0
February 18 37 26 69 7.6 19.8 0
March 22 39 34 81 7 20 0.4
April 23 39 44 94 7.3 20.8 22.9
May 23 36 59 90 7.4 20.5 59.9
June 22 34 69 73 6.7 19.1 86.5
July 21 32 73 56 6.1 18.3 114
August 21 31 76 50 5.2 17.3 166
September 21 31 77 51 6.1 18.6 165.2
October 21 33 68 48 7.6 20 64
November 18 35 41 50 9.1 20.9 0.8
December 16 34 39 51 9 20 0
Average 20.2 34.6 53 64 7.3 19.5 679.3
Source: GIS Hydrology report,
1.5 Topography of the area
The Guyuk irrigation scheme area is relatively a flat terrain along with
some rolling hills and undulating landforms. Spots of rough and hilly areas

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affected by erosion are also observed in some parts of the project area.
The proposed irrigation area having a slope of less than 3 per cent in most
places can be described as flat and quite favorable for the development of
gravity irrigation schemes. However, spots here and there, because of
reasons related to degradation and topography might not be considered
for surface irrigation.

The elevation of the command area ranges from 228.48 m.a.s.l. at the
head of storage reservoir-3 supplied by the pump station-1 to 172.92
m.a.s.l at tail end of pc-1 command area.

Furthermore, apart from the LiDar topographic map production of GIS

scheme area, which covered about 87,000 ha gross and that didn’t
include the headwork site no. 2, additional 2,000ha area that covered the
headwork area and the gapped area between the formerly surveyed and
uncovered area was surveyed and tallied with the topographic map
produced earlier. This survey enabled the design of the headwork and
linked the command area with the headwork of the scheme.

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Figure 1.2 Topography feature and Gross irrigation command

areas of GIS

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1.6 Methods and Approaches

The methods followed to undertaking the full feasibility study and detail
design of Guyuk Irrigation scheme include:
 Review of the previous pre-feasibility and feasibility studies related
to irrigation and drainage works;
 Discussions with different concerned experts of Upper Benue River
Basin Development Authority regarding the existing irrigation
structures, previous designs, and future interest of the client;
 Preparation of planning and preliminary design criteria;
 Preparation of the general layout of the project by generating
contour map of the command area with an interval of 0.5, 0.75m,
1.0m and 1.25 from detailed topographic survey output
 Collection of primary and secondary data from different sectoral
studies of the project related to irrigation and drainage activities to
determine the suitable part of the areas for gravity irrigation;
 Identify suitable alignments and locations for irrigation canals and
structures, storage facilities, drainage and flood control structures;
 Preparation of detail designs, drawings, and quantities.

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2.0 REVIEW OF THE PREVIOUS STUDIES

Previous studies that have been undertaken since 1980s has been
reviewed, points, and methods of designs and considerations highlighted
in these reports are also adopted where necessary. The reports included
those studied in 1982, 1992 and 2014 & 2015. From these reports, the
report that has been more focused and reviewed for the present study is
the Pre-Feasibility Study of DadinKowa (Part A) and the Reconnaissance
study of Guyuk (Part B), which, were undertaken by Infrastructural
Concession Regulatory Commission of Nigeria. The study was done in
2014 & 2015 by assigning individual consultants specializing in Irrigation,
Agriculture and Economic & Financial Analysis.

The study proposed the irrigation method for the scheme to be surface
irrigation (by gravity and use of pumps) with estimated command area as
indicated in Table 2.1.

Table 2.1 Summary of command areas, 2014

Total
Savanna gross
Right Left Bank Gross area (ha)
h Sugar area
Comman Bank
(ha)
d Gross
Not covered
area(ha) Covered by
by soils
Soil Study
study

Gravity 11,800 3,700 6,400 10,900 32,800

Pump 14,500 2,500 11,000 5,000 33,000

Total 26,300 6,200 17,400 15,900 65,800

From this previous study, the following facts are summarized: - two sites
were selected for Diversion head works / weir/ locations; furthermore, the
length of the Main Canals from site1 and 2 are said to be 55km and
72.8km respectively.

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 Site 1: -The study was conducted by (T.C. International and

Moneco, in 1992) has identified a site for construction of a
diversion weir, where the River crosses the contour elevation of
190 meter.
 Site2: -The study was conducted by (Ayallew Nigusie et al., 2014/15)
has identified a site for construction of a diversion weir, where
the River crosses the contour elevation of 200 meter
 The command areas lying below contour elevation 200 m.a.s.l
could be commanded by gravity, whereas, water has to be lifted
by up to 30 meters to command the remaining areas.
 The Canal will have an extra length of 11.5 km if, it is decided to
supply water to the Savanah Sugar Company land holdings.
 In addition, if option 2 is to be selected for headwork site the
main canal will bifurcate into left and Right Bank Canals at a
suitable location near option 1/site 1. The Left Bank Canal will
cross Gongola River via an 820m long inverted siphon to serve
the left bank command areas.
 The gross IWR at headwork to be 1.1 litters/sec./ha for 24hours’
irrigation for Guyuk Irrigation Scheme

The previous study facts, which are presented above were understood and
considered in the current study and design of the scheme as follows: -

 Site2 headwork site /diversion weir/ is considered to supply the

irrigable land with gravity in both right and left side of Gongola
River.
 The main canal is a contour canal, which is lined and having a
length of 22.746km, which is further to be bifurcated into left and
Right sides of Gongola River.
 The left bank canal crosses Gongola River by means of an 820m
long inverted siphon to reduce head loss/ and maximize gravity

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command area and minimize loss/ to serve the left bank command
areas.
 Eleven pumping stations with respective night storage reservoirs
were considered, for command areas above the headwork contour
line.
 The present study gross IWR at headwork to be 1.1 litters/sec./ha for
24hours’, the estimates of this study comply with previous study.

3.0 INTERPRETATION AND USE OF OTHER

SECTORAL STUDIES AS DATA SOURCES
For the appropriate study and designing of the project, implication of
different sectoral studies has to be associated with command area
delineation, canal route selection, determination of canal structures’
locations and fixing of canal structure types and design of canal structures
design by adopting proper engineering parametric calculations. On the
other hand, some of the sectoral studies, which have considerable impact
on the irrigation system study and design, are discussed below.
3.1 Summary of Soil and Land Evaluation Study

Soils of the command area have been grouped into seven major soil
mapping units were identified at Guyuk Irrigation Scheme soils survey
area namely GK 1, GK 2, GK 3, GK 4, GK5, GK 6 and GK 7. Soil mapping
Unit GK 4 was further divided into GK 4a, GK 4b, GK 4c and GK 4d, given
rise to total of ten (10) soil-mapping units. The names of soil mapping
units and extent of the survey area are presented (Table 3.1).

Table 3.1 Extent of the soil mapping units in the survey area
Soil Mapping Unit Area (ha.) Proportion of Area (%)
Symbol
GK 1 330.65 1.00
GK 2 6304.65 19.12
GK 3 2991.38 9.07
GK 4a 5598.21 16.98
GK 4b 2830.65 8.58
GK 4c 3643.95 11.05

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GK 4d 1428.46 4.33
GK 5 5073.90 15.39
GK 6 3753.80 11.38
GK 7 1023.44 3.10
Total 32,979.10 100.00
Gully 19.5
Pond 80.2
RBS 144.5
River 2266.2
Settl 212.2
Grand Total 35,701.6
Source: GIS Soils study report, Annex D, Volume III, April 2020
3.1.1 Soil Texture

The presence of coarser materials (greater than 2 mm in diameter) in the

soil will affect the soils capacity to store water and plant nutrients.
Texture determines the degree of drainage and aeration. The dominate
texture of the soils were fine to medium texture. Clay loam, clay, sandy
clay loam and sandy loam dominate the survey area. These textures have
moderate to high moisture and nutrient retention capacities. However, the
fine texture of soil mapping unit GK 1, GK2, GK3, GK4a, GK4b and GK4c,
can present problem of workability under high moisture and very hard
when the soil is dry during land preparation. Soil unit GK7 is practically
made up of rock with no medium for plant roots.

3.1.2 Soil Structure

Good structural development improves root development, permeability

and aeration. Generally, structural development of all the soil-mapping
units in the scheme area was weak to structure less. Structural
deterioration is expected under continuous intensive cultivation under
irrigation. The consequence is lower permeability and infiltration which
may induce more run off and subsequent increase in erosion. The poor
structural development seems to be related in part to the low organic
matter content of the soils. There is need to improve the structure of the

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soils, through incorporation crops residues into the soils and practice crop
rotation.

3.1.3 Bulk Density

The bulk density of the project area soils ranges from 1.14 to 1.83 g/cm 3
(averaging about 1.485 g/cm3), which is the characteristic of sandy clay
loam, sand, loamy sand and sandy loam soils. This implies that the soils
of the project have low capacity for retaining soil moisture and plant
nutrients.

3.1.4 Infiltration Rate and Hydraulic Conductivity

The infiltration rate of the command area generally varies from 0.96
cm/hr. in clay soils to 24 cm/hr. in sandy loam soils; whereas the hydraulic
conductivity (K) in the project area soils varies from 0.29 cm/hr. to 4.88
cm/hr. The very high infiltration rate in some test pits namely GK5
requires attention in taking necessary soils management strategy to
overcome the expected irrigation water loss.

Table 3.2 summarizes the physical properties of the soil of the respective
mapping units.
Table 3.2 Physical properties of the soil mapping units
Soil Textur Saturated Availab
Bulk Infiltrati Moisture Bar
Mappi Dep Sa Cla al Porosi hydraulic le
Silt densi on rate Suctions, g
ng th nd y class ty conductiv moistu
ty g -1
Unit USDA ity re
cm cm/hr.
g g g/cm 3
% cm/hr. 0.33 0.15 g g-1
g kg- kg-
kg-1 1 1

26 10 42 45.96 0.33 0.04

0- 0- 0- 0- 1.29- 2- 1.1598 0.629- 8- 7- 0.222-
GK 1 C, SL
132 34 32 60 1.432 51.32 2.019 0.48 0.13 0.441
0 0 0 1 8 5
34 22 0.05
80- C, 1.169 40.34- 0.27
0- 0- 0- 7.80 0.436- 8- 0.204-
GK 2a 28 SCL, - 55.88 2-
205 58 44 2.122 0.00 0.462
0 CL, SC 1.631 7 0.53
0 0 9
42 12 18 35.69 0.24 0.04
0- 0- 0- 0- L, CL, 1.511 8- 1.80 0.694- 1- 6- 0.188-
GK 2b
200 66 36 30 SL -1.71 42.98 3.276 0.50 0.08 0.458
0 0 0 1 4 5
38 36.79 0.23 0.04
20- 40- S, SL, 1.402
0- 0- 2- 5.88 0.632- 5- 1- 0.174-.
GK 3 30 34 SCL, L, -
205 94 47.09 1.798 0.40 0.08 0356
0 0 CL 1.675
0 4 8 3

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42 10 0.19 0.04
80- 35.35
0- 0- 0- SL, CL, 1.44- 3.60 0.664- 8- 5- 0.125-
GK4a 28 8-
200 78 30 SCL 1.607 2.014 0.38 0.09 0.333
0 45.66
0 0 7 8
30 36.79 0.03
20- 40- 1.426 0.2-
0- 0- S, SL, 2- 24.00 0.542- 8- 0.144-
GK 4b 48 28 - 0.39
215 92 L, CL 46.18 1.99 0.09 0.319
0 0 1.595 6
0 9 6
40 12 39.39 0.19 0.05
40- 1.489
0- 0- 0- SCL, 6- 3.90 0.573- 9- 2- 0.107-
GK 5 26 -
200 76 34 SL, CL 43.81 0.823 0.25 0.12 0.192
0 1.606
0 0 1 9 4
34 38.18 0.18 0.02
40- 60- 1.195
0- 0- SCL, 9- 19.62 0.212- 4- 6- 0.143-
GK 6 32 34 -
200 90 SL, CL 54.90 1.708 0.27 0.10 0.208
0 0 1.638
0 6 4 1
56 0.20 0.03
40- 80-
0- 0- 9- 5- 0.146-
GK 7 28 16 LS, SL
100 78 0.31 0.07 0.237
0 0
0 5 8
Source: Detailed soils survey for agricultural development studies,
Annex D Soils study, GIS report,

3.2 Land Suitability Evaluation

Land suitability is the potential of land for use in either specified ways or
management practices for the selected method of irrigation system. The
suitability classification has been made based on a rating of a set of
permanent soil characteristics as regards to risks of soil damage.
Limitation to use, soil management requirement, slope, soil texture,
drainage conditions, soil depth, effects of past erosion, water holding
capacities and stoniness which are considered permanent land qualities
and characteristics.
Table 3.3 Summary of Land Capability Classes of the Survey Area

Soil Land Major limitation Recommended use

Ma capabilit
p y unit
unit
GK 1 IIsw – 2 Weak structure, moderate to Suitable for dry season
high fertility status and vegetable crop production
retention, low workability due and rainy season sorghum,
to heavy cracking clays (not cowpea, cotton, millet and
easily tilled) poorly drained okra cultivation.
limiting choice of crop.
GK 2 IIsw – 1 Weak structure, moderate Suitable for dry season
fertility to high status and vegetable crop production
retention, imperfectly to well- and raining season
drained limiting choice of crop. sorghum, cotton, okra,
cowpea, millet and sesame
cultivation.

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GK 3 IVsw Weak structure, poorly drained, Suitable for manual

moderate to high nutrient sorghum, millet and
retention, with stones and cowpea cultivation under
pebbles on surface. rainfed condition and stock
piling of the stones and
pebbles.
GK IIIsew Weak structure, undulating Suitable for sugar cane and
4a slope, poorly drained, rice during rainy season
moderate to high nutrient cropping and dry season
retention and low workability production of vegetable
due to heavy cracking clays. and rice crops.
GK IIIsw Single grained or massive Suitable for sugar cane,
4b structure less material, poorly rice during rainy season
drained, moderate to high cropping, and dry season
nutrient retention, colluvial- sweet potato, rice, maize
alluvial deposition. and vegetable crop
production.
GK IIsw – 2 Weak structure, moderate to Suitable for dry season
4c high fertility status and vegetable crop production
retention, poorly drained and rainy season millet,
limiting choice of crops. sorghum, cotton and okra
cultivation.
GK IIIsw Weak structure over massive Suitable for sugar cane,
4d structure less material, poorly rice during rainy season
drained, moderate to high cropping and dry season
nutrient retention, colluvial- rice, maize and vegetable
alluvial deposition. Low crop production.
workability (not easily tilled)
poorly drained limiting choice
of crop.
GK 5 IIs Weak structure, imperfectly to Suitable for okra, tomato,
well drained, moderate sorghum, millet, maize,
inherent fertility. cowpea, groundnut,
watermelon and
vegetables.
GK 6 VIse Degraded land with moderate Aesthetics, game reserve
sheet and gully eroded soils, and forestry (erosion
exposed parent materials, control measure), use
crusted surfaces, with primarily for orchard,
undulating to strong slope pasture, range, woodland
topography. wildlife, or aesthetic.

GK 7 VIII Bima sandstone hills, rock Aesthetics, Game reserve

outcrops, bare to very shallow and forestry (erosion
soils and erosion. control measure).
Source: Detailed soils survey for agricultural development studies,
Annex D Soils study, GIS report, April 2020.

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Figure 3.1 Land Capability Classification map of Guyuk Irrigation

Scheme survey area
Source: Detailed soils survey for agricultural development studies,
Annex D Soils study, GIS report, April 2020.

From the land suitability study of GIS, it can be suggested that:

 The recommended crop types for respective soil map units have to
be practiced as explained in GIS soil study report, July 2019, table
4.11
 The area under soil map unit GK 7 or land capability VII should be
excluded from irrigation command area because the unit consists of

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sandstone hills, rock outcrops and stones, pebbles and boulders,

which is permanently not suitable and economically not practicable
for any upgrade.
 The command area requires appropriate management practices
such as ridge construction, organic matter incorporation, fertilizer
application and construction of drainage systems to improve the
soil condition and increase crop production.

3.3 Water Resources

The following analysis has been taken from hydrology study report of
Guyuk irrigation scheme accordingly Gongola River was identified as a
source of irrigation water for Guyuk irrigation scheme, which is regulated
by an upstream dam constructed across it at DadinKowa. Inflows from
lateral tributaries between DadinKowa and Guyuk also provides additional
flows to be harvested for the Guyuk irrigation water use, however,
majority of these tributaries are seasonal rivers and their flows are not
available during the dry season, lasting between November to April. Thus,
the only guaranteed flow is the flow released from the DadinKowa dam
particularly the 150m3/sec released through the two turbines.
Consequently, operation of the DadinKowa hydropower scheme is critical
to the availability of irrigation water requirement for the Guyuk irrigation
project.

The operational release of 150m3/sec from DadinKowa for the power

generation of 40MW was converted to unit hydrograph and routed through
the downstream channel of the Gongola River using the Muskingum-
Cunge method with the considerations that inflows from lateral tributaries
between DadinKowa dam through the Guyuk weir location to the Kiri dam
are dry. The results indicated that without flow contributions from the
tributaries of the Gongola River downstream of the DadinKowa dam, an
average of 28.1m3/sec and a maximum 70.1m3/sec would respectively be
arriving the Guyuk weir location as presented in the table below.

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REACH Maximum Flow (m3/sec) Average Flow (m3/sec)

INFLOW OUTFLOW INFLOW OUTFLOW
1 150.0 143.4 58.5 58.1
2 100.4 100.1 40.4 35.5
3* 70.1 68.4 28.1 14.5
4 47.9 42.7 19.1 -11.3

*Location of Guyuk Weir

Source: Hydrology Study, GIS Report, April, 2020

3.3.1 Water Quality

Knowledge of irrigation water quality and its management is critical for

long-term productivity. Water used for irrigation can vary greatly in
quality depending upon type and quantity of dissolved salts. Salts are
present in irrigation water in relatively small but significant amounts.
They originate from dissolution or weathering of the rocks and soil,
including dissolution of lime, gypsum and other slowly dissolved soil
minerals. These salts are carried with the water to wherever it is used. In
the case of irrigation, the salts are applied with the water and remain in
the soil as water evaporates or is used by the crop. ( FAO IRRIGATION AND
DRAINAGE PAPER, 29 Rev. 1, Reprinted 1989, 1994).

The suitability of water for irrigation is determined not only by the total
amount of salt present but also by the kind of salt. Various soil and
cropping problems develop as the total salt content increases, and
special management practices may be required to maintain acceptable
crop yields. Water quality or suitability for use is judged on the potential
severity of problems that can be expected to develop during long-term
use.

Irrigation water contaminants that may affect suitability for agricultural

use are described with the help of the following parameters:
• Salinity hazard - total soluble salt content

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• Sodium hazard - relative proportion of sodium (Na+) to calcium (Ca2+)

and magnesium (Mg2+) ions
• pH
• Alkalinity - carbonate and bicarbonate
• Specific ions: Such as chloride (Cl) and sulfate (SO42-)
• Depth of Groundwater and Chemical Characteristics

3.3.1.1 Salinity Hazard

The principal factors that contribute to soil salinity are: (i) high water
table, (ii) inadequate irrigation, (iii) hot and dry climate. In the first case,
due to irrigation the water table rises near the surface level which causes
significant evaporation from soil water leaving salt accumulation in the
root zone (Ghosh, 1999). Soil water salinity can affect soil physical
properties by causing fine particles to bind together into aggregates. This
process is known as flocculation and is beneficial in terms of soil
aeration, root penetration, and root growth.

The most influential water quality guideline on crop productivity is the

water salinity hazard as measured by electrical conductivity (EC). The
primary effect of high EC water on crop productivity is the inability of
the plant to compete with ions in the soil solution for water
(physiological drought). The higher the EC, the less water is available
to plants, even though the soil may appear wet. Because plants can
only transpire "pure" water, usable plant water in the soil solution
decreases dramatically as EC increases and the final result is reduction
of yield. The following table shows EC values for different classes of
irrigation water.

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Table 3.4 Suggested criteria for irrigation water use based upon
electric conductivity (Salinity classification based on
United States Salinity Laboratory guide (USSL, 1954).)
TDS EC Class Effect
(mg/l) (µS/cm)
<200 <250 C1 Low-salinity water –can be used for
irrigation with most crops on most soils, with
little likelihood that a salinity problem will
develop. Some leaching is required, but this
occurs under normal irrigation practice,
except in soils of extremely low permeability.
200–500 250–750 C2 Medium-salinity water – can be used if a
moderate amount of leaching occurs. Plants
with moderate salt tolerance can be grown in
most instances without special practices for
salinity control.
500– 750– C3 High-salinity water – cannot be used on
1,500 2,250 soils with restricted drainage, special
management for salinity control may be
required and plants with good salt tolerance
should be selected.
1,500– 2,250– C4 Very-high-salinity water – is not suitable for
3,000 5,000 irrigation under ordinary condition but may be
used occasionally under very special
circumstances. The soil must be permeable,
drainage must be adequate, irrigation water
must be applied in excess to provide
considerable leaching and very salt-tolerant
corps should be selected.

Source: GIS Hydro-geology draft report, GIS, April, 2020

3.1.1.2 Sodium Hazard

Sodium has the opposite effect of salinity on soils. The primary physical
processes associated with high sodium concentrations are soil

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dispersion and clay platelet and aggregate swelling. The forces that
bind clay particles together are disrupted when too many large sodium
ions come between them. When this separation occurs, the clay
particles expand, causing swelling and soil dispersion. Soil dispersion
hardens soil and blocks water infiltration, making it difficult for plants
to establish and grow. The major implications associated with
decreased infiltration due to sodium-induced dispersion include
reduced plant available water and increased runoff and soil erosion.

While EC is an assessment of all soluble salts in a sample, sodium

hazard is defined separately because of sodium's specific detrimental
effects on soil physical properties. The sodium hazard is typically
expressed as the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR). This index quantifies
the proportion of sodium (Na+) to calcium (Ca++) and magnesium (Mg+
+
) ions in a sample. Calcium will flocculate (hold together), while
sodium disperses (pushes apart) soil particles. This dispersed soil will
readily crust and have water infiltration and permeability problems.
According to Michael (1995), sodicity is assessed through Sodium
Adsorption Ratio (SAR) measurements.
+¿
Na
SAR= ¿
√Ca
++ ¿
Mg
++¿+
2
¿¿
Where: Na = sodium in meq/lt
Ca = calcium in meq/lt
Mg = magnesium in meq/lt
General classifications of irrigation water based upon SAR values are
presented in Table below

Table 3.5 General classification of water sodium hazard based on

SAR values

Clas SAR Comments

s
S1 0–10 Low-sodium water –can be used for irrigation on almost
all soils

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S2 10– Medium-sodium water – will present an appreciable

18 sodium hazard in fine textured soils having high cation
exchange capacity, especially under low leaching
conditions, unless gypsum is present in the soil. This
water can be used on coarse textured or organic soils
with good permeability.
S3 18– High-sodium water – may produce harmful levels of
26 exchangeable sodium in most soils and will require
special soil management – good drainage, high leaching,
and organic matter additions. Gypsiferious soils may not
develop harmful level of exchangeable sodium from
such water. Chemical amendments may be required for
replacement of exchangeable sodium, except that
amendments may not be feasible with water of very
high salinity
S4 >26 Very-high-sodium water– is generally unsatisfactory for
irrigation purposes except at low and perhaps medium
salinity, where the dissolving of calcium from the soils
or the use of gypsum or other additive may make the
use of these waters feasible.

Source: GIS Hydro-geology report, April, 2020

3.1.1.3 pH and Alkalinity

Acidity is indicated by the pH which is negative logarithm of the H-ion

concentration. A neutral solution has a pH = 7, an acid solution has a
pH < 7, and an alkaline solution a pH > 7. The pH of the soil strongly
affects the availability of nutrients to plants. Near neutrality (6< pH <
7.5), there are seldom problems. At pH < 4.5 and at pH > 8.5, there
are always problems with the availability of some nutrients and/or with
the toxicity of other elements. The normal pH range for irrigation water
is from 6.5 to 8.4 (Ritzema, 1994).
3.1.1.4 Chloride

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Although chloride is essential to plants in very low amounts, it can

cause toxicity to sensitive crops at high concentrations.

Table 3.6 Chloride classification of irrigation water

Chloride (meq/l) Effect

<6.0 No danger under normal irrigation regime

6.0–7.5 Low risk

7.5–9.0 Medium risk
9.0–15.0 Dangerous

ppm
Note that meq /¿=
equi. wt .

The quality of irrigation water for GIS regarding the suitability and
toxicity hazards has been analyzed and the laboratory analysis results
of the samples are presented in Table 3.7.

Table 3.7 Water quality status of Gongola River

Water Sample Number GK 4 GK 5 GK 8 GK 9 GK 10

Ca mg/l 34 9.6 25.7 24.6 54.2
Mg mg/l 3.157 1.717 1.55 1.65 5.434

K mg/l 4.2 9.1 1.49 3.8 10.1

Na mg/l 76.9 8 16.4 51.8 194
Fe mg/l 0.1 0.582 0.202 0.359 0.351
Mn mg/l 0.171 0.039 0.008 0.055 0.044
Cu mg/l 0.581 0.36 0.284 0.425 0.329
Zn mg/l 0.404 0.286 0.059 0.163 0.227
SO4 mg/l 58.54 89.34 1.88 40.2 96.63
B Mg/l 1.754 2.11 1.336 1.745 1.42
Cl- mg/l 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.9
HCO3 mg/l 14.8 6.2 9.6 8.8 16.6
NO3 mg/l 0.014 0.014 0.007 0.007 0.014
TDS mg/l 277 81 128 175 503
TD SALT mg/l 8.32 128 256 288 8.32

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pH 7.54 6.95 7.19 7.56 7.55

SAR 12.98 2.47 3.19 10.27 25.72
EC dS/m 0.013 0.2 0.4 0.45 0.013

Source: Detailed soils survey for agricultural development studies, GIS report,
April, 2020.

From the evaluation of water quality (Table 3.7), it can be concluded that
the irrigation water from different places of the Gongola River is suitable
for irrigation.
3.2 Depth of Groundwater and Chemical Characteristics
Depth to groundwater table varies according to the geological and
geomorphologic conditions. Hence, 26 profiles were investigated within
the GIS command area, and the output of the analysis obtained from the
samples is presented in Table 3.8.

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Table 3.8 Summary of investigated locations of ground water potentials, aquifer depths, yields and
levels

UTM, Location
Profil Groundwat Aquifer Depth (Recommended depth
Aquifer Levels Field Numbers
e No. er Potential to be drilled)
Easting Northing

1083817
824244 a)5-10m @pnt 12
.1
Out of Command, at
1 824219 1083816 Good Shallow to Moderate
b) 60 - 130m @pnts 5,6 tail end of TC12-2-3
.6 .9
c) 210 - 240m @ pnts 9,10
827247 1086992
a) 80-140m @ pnts 11,12,13,15
.9 .8 Several Shallow and
2 Very Good TC1-27-3, FC7
827226 1086986 Deep aquifers
b) 90 - 180 m @ pnts 4,5,6,7
.6 .4
823468 1087401
a) 5-130m @pnt2 2
.3 .9
Few shallow and
3 823468 1087423 Fair TC11-2-4, FC2
b) 130 - 230 m @ pnt 4 Deep aquifers
.1 .7
c) 240 - 270 m @ pnts 11, 13
824731 1088397
.4 .4
4 Fair 10 – 90 m @ all pnts except pnt 8 Shallow aquifers TC11-2-7, FC6
824743 1088366
.8 .8
824086 1091362
.1 .5 SC10a-4 & 5,
5 Poor 60-90m @ pnt 14 Moderate aquifer
824088 CH.760m
1091384
.9
823134 1091406
a)10-60m @ pnt 5
6 .2 .3 Fair Shallow aquifers TC10a-4-1, FC1
823109 1091403 b) 30 – 85 m @ pnt 9
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.8
c) 25 – 70 m @ pnt 13
824804 1093576
.5 .9
7 Fair 260- 300 m @ pnts 2,3,5,8 Deep aquifers TC10a-3-7, FC2
824813 1093601
.4 .6
824007 1094421
.4 .7
8 Poor More than 300 m @ pnts 2, 11 Very Deep TC10a-2-4, FC4
824028 1094409
.6 .6
823829 1095868
a)35- 80 m @pnt 8
.7 .6
9 Fair Shallow TC10a-1-3, FC2
823808 1095871
b) 40 – 60 m @ 11
.3 .5
823316 1100455
.3 .4
10 Good 10- 150 m @ all pnts except pnt 11 Shallow to Moderate TC9-2-4, FC2
823325
1100434
.6
1101164
823499 a)30-120 m @pnt 7
.4
11 823502 1101139 Good Shallow to Moderate TC1-2-2, FC2
b) 60 – 90 m @ pnt 11
.3 .8
170 - 190 m @ 8
820759
1104163 a)250 -270 m @ pnt 2
.1
12 Fair Deep Near to TC8-2-3
820734 1104165
b) 280 – 290 m @ pnt 5
.6 .9
1105189
819997 a)25 – 40 m @ pnt 10
.6
13 Fair Shallow Near to PC-8
820012 1105208
b) 35 – 80 m @ pnt 9
.1 .2

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819383 1105971
.5 .4 out of Command,
14 Good 190 – 290 m @ pnts 1, 3, 6, 11, 13 Moderate to deep
819383 1105946 around NSR-8
.7 .8
817389
1108740
.9 20 – 180 m @ all pnts except pnts 5
15 Good Shallow to Modrate TC1-3-1, FC5
817365 1108730 and 7
.6 .5
814263 1111138
.1 .8 15 – 240 m @ all pnts except pnts 2
16 Good Shallow to modrate TC6-3-2, FC10
814257 1111114 &4
.2 .2
814038 1110278
.9 .9
17 Good 10 – 180 m @ all pnts except pnt 11 Shallow to modrate TC6-3-1, FC1
814036 1110251
.1 .2
808974 1112612
a)260 – 300m @ pnt 2
.8 .1 out of command
18 Fair Deep
808953 area/s of MC
1112615 b) 220 – 289 @ pnt 11
.4
808279 1110884
.5 .2 190 – 300 m @ pnts 3, 4, 7, 9, 10, out of Command
19 Good Deep
808270 1110862 13, 14 Area/s ofTC4a-2-4
.6 .6
803587 1113937
.9 .6
20 Good 10 – 130 m @ pnts 1, 2, 7, 8, 13 Shallow to Deep TC3-2-1, FC4
803566 1113949
.4 .7
805339 1114044
out of command at
21 .2 .7 Very Good 25 – 150 m @ all pnts Shallow to moderate
tail end of TC3-3-2
805317 1114044

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.8 .5
807713 1115719
a)20 – 120 m @ 6
.9 .3
22 Fair Shallow Tc0-0-1, FC2
807710 1115743
b) 80 – 100 m @ pnt 11
.7 .8
823642
1113713 a)10 – 40 m @ pnts 9, 10
.7
23 823618 1113709 Fair Shallow to Deep TC2-6-5, FC1
b) 30 – 150 m @ pnts 13, 14
.3 .7
c) 100 – 240 m @ pnt 12
824985 1105695
.9 .3 Near to SC1-12
24 Good 30 – 180 m @ pnts3, 5, 6, 8 & 13 Shallow to moderate
825013 1105698 command
.3 .6
824158 1109562
.6 .8 Near to SC1-8
25 Very Good 60 – 130 m @ all pnts Shallow to moderate
824161 1109584 command
.4 .4
826190 1116786 the first point is out
.2 .8 of Command, u/s of
60 – 140 m @ all pnts with excellent
26 Very Good Shallow to moderate SC2-8, & the second
826216 1114932 pnts @ 4, 5, 12, 13 & 14
point is TC2-8-2,
.2 .6 FC2

Source: GIS Hydro-geology report, April, 2020

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From above table, it can be noticed that profile no. 2, 10, 11, 15, 16, 17,
20, 26 (second point at TC2-8-2, FC2) and 3, 4, 6, 7,9,22, 23 with
respective field number have good to fair potential for irrigation with
aquifer depths as indicated. In addition, two profile points named as 5 and
8 have poor potential. It is also identified that profile no.1, 12, 13,
14,18,19,21, 24, 25 and 26 (first point) lie outside the command area.

In addition, the laboratory analysis result for a total of 20 groundwater

samples were collected from community hand-dug wells, which are
located within GIS command area, is depicted in Table3.9.

Table 3.9 Summary of Groundwater Depths and Physio-chemical

Parameters within the GIS Command Area
Parameter Maximum Minimum Mean
Dep th
14.34 1.03 6.31
(m )
Temp. 27.9 30.8
33.00
(0C) 0 2
p
8.30 6.10 7.10
H
E C 71.8 640.3
2,210.00
( s / c m ) 0 6
TDS 51.0 455.4
1,570.00
(mg/l) 0 6
HCO3- 14.6 99.5
209.84
(mg/l) 4 6
2 +
Ca 56.9
268.00 6.00
(mg/l) 9
Mg2+ 12.4
36.63 0.73
(mg/l) 7
Fe2+
8.70 - 0.63
(mg/l)
F - ( m g / l ) 1.52 - 0.67
NO3- 37.2 64.5
101.00
(mg/l) 0 0
+
K
15.00 - 4.25
( m g / l )
-
SO4 32.7
124.00 2.00
(mg/l) 5
C l - 23.9
63.98 5.99
( m g / l ) 9
Na+(mg/l) 41.48 3.88 15.55
Source: GIS Hydro-geology report, GIS, April, 2020
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The laboratory test result of the ground water sample in table 3.10 shows
that, there is no problem with respect to the quality of the groundwater.
(Refer section 3-3-1 of this report).

It is known that the ultimate source of groundwater is precipitation which

implies the level of groundwater would fluctuate with the amount of
precipitation. Generally, the net storage of the aquifer is obtained by
conducting water balance study which has the form Inflow - Outflow = ±
change in storage.

However, at this level of study, the water balance of the ground water was
not computed.

Therefore, it can be suggested that:

 Water balance of the area has to be established using reliable

meteorological data (daily, monthly, etc.) The time consideration
has strong bearing on the water balance components. For instance,
the effect of storage becomes less important when considered over
long period of time, since rainfall and river flow etc. accumulates
while storage would vary between fixed limits.
 The available surface water at diversion weir coming from
DadinKowa dam limited the pump command area of GIS to 60% i.e.,
the potential irrigable area is reduced by 40% due to the shortage of
irrigation water and hence after conducting the ground water
balance, the remaining 40% irrigable area could be developed by
ground water potential.
 At the locations where the depth of the aquifer is less than 2.0m,
special attention is required regarding the crop type and drainage
systems i.e., shallow rooted crops are preferable with the deep open
drainage channels
 The impact of irrigation water on ground water table can also be
minimized through lining of secondary canals and tertiary canals in

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addition to reducing furrow lengths through conducting appropriate

furrow trials.
3.4 GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS

The geotechnical investigation of GIS done by use of manual

excavation/hand auger to obtain bulk disturbed samples. In the process,
twenty-two (22Nos) trial pits were manually opened up along the main
canal (MC), fifty-seven (57Nos) along the primary canal 1 (PC-1) and forty-
one (41Nos) along the primary canal 2 (PC-2) totaling one hundred and
twenty (120Nos) trial pits from which samples were obtained.
Percussion test was conducted at proposed structure locations with the
use of percussion drilling equipment as well as sampling materials. A total
of seventeen (17Nos) test bores were drilled using the percussion
machine, samples were recovered at different depths in the test bores.
All of the samples obtained were carefully identified and preserved for the
purpose of laboratory tests and analyses.
The overburden around the proposed locations comprises predominantly
of silty sand, silty clay, clayey sand, lateritic clay and weathered rock.
These were proved within total explored depth of 3.6m in the 17Nos test
borings.
Table 3.4.1: Main Canal Site Stratigraphy
Depth (m) General Lithology

0.0 – 0.6 Weathered rock

1.5 – 2.1 Weathered rock

Table 3.4.2: Primary Canal (PC-1) Site Stratigraphy

Depth (m) General Lithology

0.0 – 0.6 Lateritic clay, weathered rock, silty sand

1.5 – 2.1 Lateritic clay, weathered rock, laterite

3.0 – 3.6 Lateritic clay, laterite

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Table 3.4.3: Primary Canal (PC-2) Site Stratigraphy

Depth (m) General Lithology

0.0 – 0.6 Weathered rock

1.5 – 2.1 Weathered rock

Source GIS;- geotechnical report

3.4.1.Geotechnical investigation result on Main Canal route (MC )

The materials proved are predominantly sand, clay (USCS: silty sand,
clayey sand, clay) along the route. These were proved within total
explored depth of 3.0m in all the trial pits and between 0.6 – 2.1m in the
standard penetration test.
The materials encountered in the proposed borrow pit close to this
location were gravelly clayey sands (USCS designation: SP-SC). Details of
laboratory results can be found in Appendix A.
The allowable bearing pressures for proposed structures where SPT was
carried out are within the range of 527- 1000kN/m3. The bearing capacity
are >148kN/m2 (Factor of safety 3.0) for the trial pit location (along the
irrigation canal) as contained in section 5.0 of this report.
3.4.2.Geotechnical investigation result on primary canal route (PC-1)

The materials proved are predominantly sand, clay, laterite, black cotton
soil (USCS: silty sand, clayey sand, silt, clay) along the route. These were
proved within total explored depth of 3.0m in all the trial pits and between
0.6 – 3.6m in the standard penetration test.
The materials encountered in the proposed borrow pit close to this
location were predominantly borderline clayey/silty sands and lean clay
(USCS designation: SC-SM & CL). Details of laboratory results can be found
in Appendix A.
The allowable bearing pressures for proposed structures where SPT was
carried out are within the range of 136- 991kN/m3. The bearing capacity
are >101kN/m2 (Factor of safety 3.0) for the trial pit location (along the
irrigation canal)

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3.4.3.Geotechnical investigation result on primary canal route (PC-2)

The materials proved are predominantly sandy/lateritic clay (USCS: silty

sand, clay, silt). These were proved within total explored depth of 3.0m in
all the trial pits and between 0.6 – 2.1m in the standard penetration test.
The materials encountered in the proposed borrow pit close to this
location were silty sands, clayey sands and poorly graded clayey sands
(USCS designation: SM, SC & SP-SC). Details of laboratory results can be
found in Appendix A.
The allowable bearing pressures for proposed structures where SPT was
carried out are within the range of 500- 921kN/m3. The bearing capacity
are >51kN/m2 – this is an isolated case (Factor of safety 3.0) for the trial
pit location (along the irrigation canal.

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4.0 CROP WATER REQUIREMENTS

Crop water requirement is defined as the depth of water needed to meet
the water loss through evapotranspiration (ETcrop) of a disease-free crop,
growing in large fields under non restricting soil conditions including soil
water and fertility and achieving full production potential under the given
growing environment.

The determination of water requirements is the main part of the design

and planning of an irrigation system. Crop water requirement is used to
determine irrigation duties, system capacity, size, type and number of
irrigation infrastructure etc., and there by estimate the overall project
costs at preliminary level.
Crop water requirements are determined for the project based on:

(i) climatic data for crop evapo-transpiration;

(ii) effective rainfall;
(iii) a proposed cropping pattern and crop coefficients for each crop;
(iv) land preparation water requirements and
(v) Conveyance, distribution and application losses, efficiency.

The Penman–Monteith method of evapotranspiration evaluation using the

FAOCROPWAT software version 8.0, which is the recent version of the
software, was adopted for determining the crop and net irrigation water
requirements. Crop and climate-dependent values were determined for all
crops during their particular growth periods. Water efficiency values were
set depending on the proposed irrigation method, i.e., surface, and total
water requirements at unit area and area wide levels were calculated.

4.1 Reference Crop Evapotranspiration (ETo)

According to FAO 1977 revised, Paper No.24, the effect of climate on crop
water requirements is given by the reference crop evapotranspiration
(ETo), which is defined as "the rate of evapotranspiration from an

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extensive surface of 8 to 15 cm tall, green grass cover of uniform height,

actively growing, completely shading the ground and not short of water.

Climatic data, wind speed, relative humidity, sun shine hours, maximum &
minimum temperature are used for calculating ETo using FAOCROPWAT
software version 8.0. Hence, the calculated ETo values for Guyuk irrigation
scheme are presented in Table 4.1 below.

Table 4.1 Guyuk - Climatic Data and Reference Crop

Evapotranspiration (ET0)

Sunshi Solar
Max Min Humidi Wind ET0
ne Rad
Month Temp. Temp. ty speed (mm/
(Hours (MJ/
0
( C) 0
( C) (%) (km/d) d)
) m2/d)

January 16 34 29 59 8 19.2 3.83

February 18 37 26 69 7.6 19.8 4.39
March 22 39 34 81 7 20 5.02
April 23 39 44 94 7.3 20.8 5.47
May 23 36 59 90 7.4 20.5 5.03
June 22 34 69 73 6.7 19.1 4.37
July 21 32 73 56 6.1 18.3 3.95
August 21 31 76 50 5.2 17.3 3.66
Septemb 21 31 77 51 6.1 18.6 3.83
er
October 21 33 68 48 7.6 20 4.12
Novembe 18 35 41 50 9.1 20.9 4.14
r
Decembe 16 34 39 51 9 20 3.84
r
Average 20.2 34.6 53 64 7.3 19.5 4.3
Source: Irrigation Agronomy report, GIS April, 2020

4.2 Crop Coefficient (Kc)

The effect of the crop characteristics on crop water requirements is given

by the crop coefficient (Kc), which presents the relationship between
reference (ETo) and crop evapotranspiration (ETcrop) or ETcrop= Kc x
ETo. There is a wide variation of Kc values for different crops. This is
mainly due to crop resistance of different plants to transpiration,

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differences in crop height, crop roughness, reflection, canopy cover, date

of planting, rate of crop development, length of crop growing season and
climatic conditions. Kc values of crops are usually determined
experimentally and vary during the growing period of crops. It has
minimum value during the initial stage, gently rises during the
development stage, reaches to the maximum during the mid-season
(flowering stage) and declines during the late season (maturity stage) of
crops. Kc values and growing stages for the proposed crops to be grown in
Guyuk irrigation schemes are shown in Table 4.2.
Table 4.2 Length Growing periods (LPG) and Crop Coefficient (kc)
for seasonal crops
Are Cro Mid Late &
Seaso Crop Variety a Uni Initia p
n (%) t l Dev Seaso Harves
t n t
Tomato Roma VF, UC-85 & 5 KC 0.7 0.7 1.05 0.8
(120days) money maker 5
LGP 25 35 40 20
Rice Faroa 44, 45 KC 1.1 1.1 1.05 0.95
(120days) LGP 30 30 45 15
Maize Hybrid from seed 20 KC 0.4 0.7 1.15 0.7
Irrigation season Crops

(100) companies, Ife 5

days) Maizehyb-07 and Ife LGP 20 35 40 25
Maizehyb-08,
EVDT99/ Sammaz 27
Cabbage Gloria, Wanda 5 KC 0.7 0.7 1.05 0.95
(110days) 5
LGP 20 45 30 15
Onion Red creole & Bombe 10 KC 0.7 0.7 1.05 0.85
(100days) Red, Red-King 5
LGP 15 25 40 20
Okra Lady finger, NHAe47, 10 KC 0.35 0.7 1.05 0.9
(110days) Yarkwadom 5
LGP 20 30 40 20
Pepper Capsicum annum 10 KC 0.7 0.7 1.05 0.95
(110days) 5
LGP 20 30 45 15
Cowpea / Improved white & 10 KC 0.45 0.7 1.15 0.95
pulses brown & IITA- 5
Rain fed cropping

(90days) Improved, Cando LGP 15 25 35 15

Sorghum KSV 11/ SAMSORG-5, 10 KC 0.35 0.7 1.1 0.5
calendar

(120) KSV8 SAMSORG-14 5

LGP 20 35 45 20
Rice Chinese and IRRI 30 KC 1.1 1.1 1.05 0.95
(130days) materials, LGP 30 35 60 15
Maize TZ-B, TZ-E, and 15 KC 0.3 0.7 1.05 0.25
(100days) SAMAZ134 (QPM) 5
LGP 20 25 35 20

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Groundnu Samunt-24, 25, 26 5 KC 0.4 0.7 1.15 0.6

t and Samnut-10 5
(100days) LGP 20 30 35 15
Cotton MRC 7377 BG 11 and 20 KC 0.35 1.0 1.2 0.6
(125days) MRC 7361 BG 11 LGP 25 35 40 25
Soybean TGX 1921-23F, TGX 10 KC 0.4 0.9 1.15 0.5
(110days) 1904-4F, TGX 1922- 5
1F, TGX 1921-20F,
LGP 20 30 40 20
TGX 1921-1F, TGX
1903-7F
Source: Irrigation Agronomy report, GIS April, 2020

4.3 Crop Evapotranspiration (Etc)

Crop Evapotranspiration (ETc) also known as Crop Water Requirement

(CWR) is defined as the depth of water needed to meet the water loss
through evapotranspiration of a disease-free crop, growing in large
fields under non-restricting soil conditions including soil water and
fertility and achieving full production potential under the given growing
environment (FAO, paper No 24).

The values of ETc and CWR (Crop Water Requirements) are identical,
whereby ETc refers to the amount of water lost through
evapotranspiration and CWR refers to the amount of water that is
needed to compensate for the loss. ETc can be calculated from climatic
data by directly integrating the effect of crop characteristics into ETo.

ETc = ETo x Kc
Where:
ETc = Crop evapotranspiration (mm/day)
ETo = Reference crop evapotranspiration (mm/day)
Kc = Crop coefficient

4.4 Effective Rainfall (Pe)

Effective rainfall is that part of the total dependable rainfall during the
growing period that is available to plants to meet the evapotranspiration
and miscellaneous requirements. No all rainfall is effective, because its
part may be lost by surface runoff, deep percolation, and Evaporation,

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only a portion of total rain can enter and be stored in the root zone. In this
study, FAO CropWat software has been used to determine the effective
rainfall amounts for the Scheme.

225
175
125
75
25
Janu- Febru- March April May June July August Sep- Octo- No- De-
ary ary tember ber vember cember

Rain mm NaN 0.3 0.2 6.5 47.2 115.2 139.7 163.9 197.9 186.4 64.5 2.4 0.3
Eff rain mm NaN 0 0 0 18.3 68.2 87.7 107.2 134.3 125.1 28.7 0 0

Rain mm Eff rain mm

Figure 4.1 Rainfall and effective rainfall data

Source: Irrigation Agronomy report, April, 2020

The dependable rainfall of the area is 781.5 mm/year while the effective
rainfall of the respective rainfall is 595. 2 mm/year, which shows around
186.0 mm, is lost due to different pre-stated factors.

4.5 Net Irrigation Water Requirement (IWRN)

Net Irrigation Water Requirement (IWRN) is the quantity of water that

must be supplied by irrigation to satisfy crop evapotranspiration (ETc),
leaching requirement (LR) and other miscellaneous water requirements
that are not provided by water stored in the soil and precipitation that
enters the soil (Jenson, 1973). In general, it is given as:
IWRn = Etc - Pe - Ge – Wb + LR
Where:
IWRn = Net Irrigation water requirement (mm)
Etc = Crop evapotranspiration (mm)
Pe = Effective dependable rainfall (mm)
Ge = Ground water contribution (mm)
Wb = Stored soil water at the beginning of each period
(mm)

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LR = Leaching requirement (mm)

If irrigation is the sole source of water supply for the plant, the irrigation
requirement will always be greater than the crop water requirement to
allow for inefficiencies in the irrigation system. If the crop receives some
of its water from other sources (rainfall, water stored in the ground,
underground seepage, etc.), then the irrigation requirement can be
considerably less than the crop water requirement. For determining the
net irrigation requirement for Guyuk irrigation schemes, values of Ge, Wb
and LR have been neglected.
Thus; IWRn = Etc – Pe

4.6 Irrigation Efficiencies

Irrigation water is wasted along the irrigation system in various ways i.e.
not all water diverted at head works is available to the crops at field.
Water could be lost from canals in the conveyance, distribution systems
and during field applications due to evaporation, seepage and deep
percolations. The overall project efficiency is a product of the conveyance,
distribution and field application efficiencies.

 Field application efficiency (ea): Takes into account water that is lost
in field canals and the actual irrigated field. In view of the local
farmers’ poor skill of irrigation, the present study has considered
(ea) value of 60% for surface irrigation method for Guyuk irrigation
scheme.
 Distribution efficiency (ed): Takes account of water lost in the
secondary and tertiary canals. For unlined canals, (ed) value of 85%
has been considered,
 Conveyance efficiency: Considers water lost in the Main Canal and
primary canals. As main canal and primary canals are usually lined,
(ec) value of 95% has been taken in this study. Thus, the overall
project efficiency (ep) for surface irrigation would be (ea) x (ed) x
(ec), which is equal to 48.45%.

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4.6.1 Pre-Irrigation

Pre irrigation is essential to fill the initial soil moisture reservoir to

enhance germination and have effective weed control. For Guyuk
irrigation scheme there will be sufficient carried over moisture for seed
germination from the rains occurring in October and November. Thus, no
provision is made for pre-irrigation in the irrigation requirement
calculations of GIS.

4.7 Gross Irrigation Water Requirement (IWRg)

Gross Irrigation Water requirement (IWRg) is the total amount of water

that should be released from the head works or pump sites to meet the
irrigation water demand of an irrigation scheme. Based on the cropping
pattern, the gross irrigation water requirements of each crop per decade,
per month or per season is calculated and combined to determine the
total gross requirement of the scheme during a specific period. The gross
irrigation requirements account for losses of water incurred during
conveyance, distribution and application to the field. This is expressed in
terms of efficiencies when calculating project gross irrigation
requirements from net irrigation requirements, as shown below:

IWRg = IWRn/Ep
Where:
IWRg: Gross irrigation water requirements (mm)
IWRn: Net irrigation water requirements (mm)
Ep: Overall project efficiency (%)

The gross and net irrigation requirements estimated for the proposed
cropping pattern of Guyuk Scheme are summarized on Table 4.3. The
peak Gross IWR at headwork for Guyuk 100% surface irrigation, occurs in
January and amounts to 1.11litters/sec./ha, for 24 hours’ irrigation and
2.22 litters/sec./ha for 12 hours’ irrigation.

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The previous studies i.e. (Pre – Feasibility Study DadinKowa (Part A) and
Reconnaissance Study of Guyuk (Part B) in 2014 & 2015) have estimated the
gross IWR at headwork to be 1.1 litters/sec./ha for 24hours’ irrigation for
Guyuk Irrigation Scheme, which is similar to the present estimates.
Therefore, the present study has used long-term climatic data from
stations close to the project sites, the estimates of this study could be
considered as more reasonable.

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Table 4.3 Guyuk Irrigation Scheme -Crop Water and Irrigation Requirement
Total Total NIR
Ma No
Crops Jan Feb Mar Apr Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Dec NIR
y v in mm3
(mm)
86. 108. 113. 108.
Rice 0 0 0 0 0 9.5 0 0 426.7 4267
6 6 8 2
17.
Maize 0 0 0 0 0 88.5 90.1 9.4 0 0 0 205.9 2059
9
15. 112.
Groundnut 0 0 0 0 0 68.5 68.3 0 0 0 264.3 2643
1 4
22. 117.
Cotton 0 0 0 0 0 90.7 105 3.7 0 0 339.7 3397
9 4
15. 101.
Soybean 0 0 0 0 0 62 112 4.6 0 0 295.1 2951
1 4
100.
Sorghum 0 0 0 0 0 8.7 43.6 92.6 15.9 0 0 261.2 2612
4
137. 29.
Cow Pea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17.1 95.6 0 279.3 2793
1 5
138. 135.
Peppers 120 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 82 496 4960
6 4
142. 31. 120.
Okra 49.9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 344.1 3441
1 2 9
137. 65.
Onion 29.7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 138 370.9 3709
5 7
129.
Cabbage 139 77.7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 72.1 418 4180
2
138. 105.
Maize rain fed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 66.2 321.7 3217
6 9
154. 154. 136. 138.
Rice wet season 4.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 588.4 5884
4 3 9 6
142. 112. 44. 123.
Tomato N 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 422.7 4227
3 1 7 6
Net scheme irr.req
in mm/day 4.7 4.2 2.3 0.1 0 1.2 2.5 3.2 2.9 0.6 0.6 3.7
in l/s/ha 0.54 0.49 0.27 0.0 0 0.1 0.29 0.37 0.34 0.07 0.0 0.43

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1 4 7
Irrigated area (% of total
100 100 55 50 0 90 90 100 100 80 55 100
area)
Irr.req. for actual area 0.0 0.1 0.1
0.54 0.49 0.49 0 0.32 0.37 0.34 0.09 0.43
(l/s/ha) 2 6 2
Gross Irrigation
0.0 0.2
Requirement L/s/ha at field 0.9 0.82 0.82 0 0.53 0.62 0.57 0.15 0.2 0.72
3 7
canals for 24 hrs

Tota Total
l NIR
Crops Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec NIR
in
(mm
mm3
)
Gross Irrigation
Requirement
1.8 1.63 1.63 0.07 0 0.53 1.07 1.23 1.13 0.3 0.4 1.43
L/s/ha at in field
canals for 12 hrs
Gross Irrigation
Requirement
L/s/ha at 1.06 0.96 0.96 0.04 0 0.31 0.63 0.73 0.67 0.18 0.24 0.84
secondary canals
24 hrs
Gross Irrigation
Requirement
L/s/ha at 2.12 1.92 1.92 0.08 0 0.63 1.25 1.45 1.33 0.35 0.47 1.69
secondary canals
12hrs
Gross Irrigation
Requirement
1.11 1.01 1.01 0.04 0 0.33 0.66 0.76 0.7 0.19 0.25 0.89
L/s/ha at head
works 24 hrs

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Gross Irrigation
Requirement
2.22 2 2 0.1 0 0.7 1.3 1.5 1.4 0.4 0.5 1.8
L/s/ha at head
works 12 hrs

Source: Irrigation Agronomy report, April 2020

Gross Irrigation Water Requirement (m3/ha)

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Irr.req. for actual area (l/s/h) 0.54 0.49 0.15 0.01 0.00 0.13 0.26 0.37 0.34 0.06 0.04 0.43

Efficiency (0.95*0.85*0.6) 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48

Gross duty @PC 1.11 1.01 0.31 0.01 0.00 0.26 0.54 0.76 0.70 0.12 0.08 0.89

Number of days 31 28 31 30 31 30 31 31 30 31 30 31
Gross duty @Head work with 1. 1.1 0.3 0 0 0
10% flexibility 29 7 5 0.01 - .30 0.62 0.88 0.81 .13 .09 1.03

Number of days 31 28 31 30 31 30 31 31 30 31 30 31
Gross Irrigation water 3,456. 2,832. 950.5 30.9 78 1,67 2,3 2,10 35 23 2,75 17,
Requirement 24hrs (m3/ha) 56 98 5 7 - 0.51 0.67 68.39 6.15 8.46 8.49 2.45 546.19

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Chart 4-3 Guyuk Irrigation Scheme –Monthly Gross Irrigation Water requirement

Gross Irrigation Water Requirement (m3/ha)

4,000.00
3,500.00 3,456.56
3,000.00
2,500.00 2,575.43 2,502.23
2,153.08
2,000.00 1,914.68
1,500.00 1,518.79

1,000.00
864.14
709.56
500.00
325.87216.81
- 28.16 -
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

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5.0 ON FARM SYSTEM DESIGN

5.1 Topographic Map Preparation

The contour map of the command area was produced with an interval of
0.5m 0.75m, 1.0m and 1.25m, using LiDar survey for preparation of the
layout of GIS, drainage & infrastructures. Features of existing
infrastructures, gullies and important spots have been verified at site
through actual ground truthing and data collections.

The irrigation and drainage system layout comprises road and drainage
systems inside the command area and along the conveyance system. To
cross the canals and to continue mobilization of the community, to supply
inputs and collect harvests and to facilitate the implementation and
supervision of the canal structures. Furthermore, the system is provided
with bridges and culverts at appropriate locations. Interceptor drains are
provided at the upper side of primary canals adjacent to the road to protect
the incoming runoff from scattered places around the foot of the
escarpments and safely dispose the runoff to existing natural gullies and
the whole bench marks was used during topographic survey are listed on
the following table
Table 5.1 List of Bench marks of GIS
List of BMs of GIS
No Name- Easting Northing Elevation No Name Easting Northing Elevation
1 EIL000GYK 806778.33 1119494.76 208.67 23 EIL011PC1 826212.99 1108657.73 205.99
2 EIL001GYK 806707.19 1119061.23 213.64 24 EIL012PC1 825047.70 1106726.97 198.45
3 EIL002GYK 806392.86 1117330.52 209.46 25 EIL013PC1 824896.29 1105418.23 195.31
4 EIL003GYK 807365.62 1116512.72 216.75 26 EIL014PC1 824559.67 1103531.58 194.34
5 EIL004GYK 806332.16 1115252.04 208.16 27 EIL015PC1 823927.09 1102278.39 188.43
6 EIL005GYK 807462.48 1113823.47 212.11 28 EIL016PC1 823826.44 1100597.58 193.67
7 EIL006GYK 807911.14 1112356.90 204.30 29 EIL017PC1 823919.37 1099191.10 200.19
8 EIL007GYK 808283.04 1111281.51 202.82 30 EIL018PC1 825083.21 1099197.67 194.31
9 EIL008GYK 808829.41 1109978.15 203.92 31 EIL019PC1 826359.09 1098179.45 189.45
10 EIL009GYK 811347.14 1109741.76 205.54 32 EIL020PC1 825839.20 1096707.37 189.44
11 EIL010GYK 812811.08 1110059.09 205.15 33 EIL021PC1 825007.96 1094618.85 188.29
12 EIL011GYK 814311.69 1111775.54 210.82 34 EIL022PC1 825095.25 1093189.45 187.50
13 EIL012GYK 815036.27 1111611.51 212.71 35 EIL023PC1 825061.09 1091948.66 187.27
14 EIL001PC1 814967.07 1109932.79 236.60 36 EIL024PC1 825399.55 1090543.40 186.27
15 EIL003PC1 818053.87 1106724.58 201.78 37 EIL025PC1 824459.16 1089097.95 188.13
16 EIL004PC1 820100.21 1107128.59 212.43 38 EIL026PC1 825488.62 1087937.90 186.27
17 EIL005PC1 821358.62 1108816.71 207.46 39 EIL027PC1 825467.29 1085387.40 191.40
18 EIL006PC1 823298.62 1107298.40 209.36 40 EIL028PC1 826743.88 1085131.91 185.17

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19 EIL007PC1 823809.17 1108601.10 206.34 41 EIL029PC1 827068.65 1084578.73 183.69

20 EIL008PC1 825226.88 1109726.02 199.99 42 EILPC201 815993.07 1112454.41 207.83
21 EIL009PC1 826127.74 1110867.51 196.35 43 EILPC202 817447.78 1113810.86 201.10
22 EIL010PC1 826667.80 1109992.48 202.28 44 EILPC203 818568.43 1115061.29 199.39

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Figure 5.1 General Layout of Guyuk Irrigation Scheme

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5.2 Classification and alignment of Canals

The canal system layout, channel alignments and capacities to supply the
maximum area that is economically commanded have been established
with consideration of the design criteria.

The boundaries of gravity command area are determined on the basis of

the diversion weir intake elevations of the Main Canal, PC-1 and PC-2. The
boundary for pumped command areas is determined on the basis of many
factors, being the main of which is energy requirement, economic aspect of
the scheme and water resource availability. Within the boundaries of the
command area, the alignment of canals has been carried out as follows:

5.2.1 Irrigation System

Main Canal
Its designed length is 22.749 Km, which conveys a discharge of 21.24m 3/s
of irrigation water from Gongola River at the point of diversion weir and
supplies to five tertiaries, five secondary canals and to sumps from where
the lift system command areas of PCs are to be supplied. Finally, the main
canal is bifurcated in to two primary canals named as PC-1 and PC-2.
The canal is designed for 12hrs duty, but it conveys for 24hrs continuous
supply for future development of irrigable land up stream of main canal
alignment using lift irrigation system and it expected to feed the night
storage during 12hrs night period, and its detail designed doesn’t
conducted at this stage due to contractual restriction.
The main canal designed concert lined canal for its full-length. It is a
contour canal running at slope of 1/5000, side slope 1:1.5, Bed width
varying from 8.6to 11.30m, full supply depth from 1.77m to 1.89m and
structure losses are provided at cross regulating and gully/river crossings.

Primary Canals

Primary Canal-1 is a contour canal running at bed slope of 1/5000,

1/4000, 1/3000, side slope 1:1.5, which is aligned to the right side of

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Gongola River with a total length of 56.762km, 12.16m 3/sec capacity at the
binging. And its Bed width varying from 0.75m to 4.75m, full supply depth
from 0.52m to 1.83m and structure losses are provided at cross regulating
and gully/river crossings. This primary canal supplies irrigation water to the
distributary canal systems of the gravity command area, which directly
offtake to twenty-nine secondary and to five tertiary canals.

Primary Canal-2 is aligned to the left side of Gongola River by crossing

with inverted syphon; it has a total length of 16.277km, 5.62m 3/sec capacity
at the starting. PC-2 is a contour canal running at slope of 1/5000, side
slope 1:1.5, bed width varying from 0.5m to 3.25m, full supply depth from
0.44m to1.42m and structure losses are provided at cross regulating and
gully/river crossings.
Secondary Canals
Secondary canals off-take from main canal, primary canals and are aligned
across the contour on natural ground slope in sub-critical channels with bed
slops of 1/1500, and side slope of 1:1.5. Bed width varying from 0.4m to
2.0m, full supply depth from 0.27m to 0.89m; frequent drop structures and
FSL satisfying the requirements of its tertiary canals. A 5.0 m wide surfaced
farm access road and adjacent drains is provided along the secondary
canals’ alignment where required. There are as many secondary canals as
topographic situation dictates, and are designed for 12hrs irrigation supply.
They are unlined canals to be formed in balanced cut and fill.
Tertiary Canals
The entire command area of the project is planned to be irrigated using the
tertiary canals that off take directly from main canal, primary canals, and
secondary canals to supply irrigation water to field canals for 12hrs
irrigation in rotational basis.
The tertiary canals are generally aligned along the contours in earth
channels with sub-critical flow with the FSL satisfying the requirements of
its field canals. It has a bed slope of 1/1500, side slope of 1:1.5, Bed width
varying from 0.4m to 0.8m and full supply depth from 0.35m to 0.56m. A

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4.0 m wide surfaced farm access road and tertiary drain is provided along
the tertiary canal alignment where necessary.
Field Canals
The field canals will be unlined fill canals that off-take from secondary or
tertiary canals. These canals are planned to supply irrigation water to an
area of about 10ha having a uniform canal sections and capacity, 100lt/sec.
The fields would have a maximum 100m furrow length and 500m long field
canal with some exceptions.

All of the field canals are aligned down the major gradient and so will have
frequent small check structures to control bed erosion and water level for
easy delivery of water to adjacent furrows. Field canal has a bed slope of
1/1000, side slope of 1:1, Bed width of 0.3m and full supply depth of 0.
35m. A 3.0 m wide farm access road with side ditches as field drains would
be provided at the end of the furrows parallel to the field canal alignment.

5.2.2 Drainage system

Field Drains
Field drains run parallel to field canals, collect excess water from furrows
and field channel escapes, and dispose into a higher order drain or into a
natural/artificial depression on the border of the command area. Most of the
field drains are aligned with the field roads so the drain ditches for the field
roads are proposed to replace the field drains to minimize construction cost.

Tertiary Drains
Tertiary drains collect water from lower order drains (field drains). Disposal
can be into secondary drains or a natural gully or into a natural depression on
the border of the command area.

Secondary Drains

Secondary drains collect water from lower order drains (tertiary drains or
field drains). Disposal can be into interceptor drain or a natural gully or into
a natural depression on the border of the command area.

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Interceptor Drains

Interceptor drain, which is made of a combination of artificial channels and

dikes intercepts sheet flow and minor gully flows from areas above the
command area to safe the primary canals, main access roads and
command area and conveys the flood or external flows to a natural
drainage line. These will generally have cross drainage/outfall structures to
discharge collected flows under the canals to natural gullies. For the left
side of Gongola River, Interceptor drain was not designed, because of
insufficient surveying data at the area above primary canal two.

5.3 Canals / Drains Numbering System

Main Canal: The scheme has one main canal, denoted as MC and the
network as explained below.

Primary Canals: There are fourteen primary canals numbered from PC-1
to PC-13 (PC-1 and 2 off-taking from the Main Canal, and PC-3 to PC-13 off-
taking from the respective sumps provided) and the network, which
connects the canals, is presented as below.

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Right side of River Gongola

TC0-0-1 ~TC0-0-5
gravity  gravity 
SC0-1~SC0-5
gravity  sump-1 pump  NSR-3 gravity  PC-3
NSR-4 gravity  PC-4
MC gravity  sump-2 pump 
NSR-4a gravity  PC-4a
gravity  sump-3 pump  NSR-5 gravity  PC-5
gravity  sump-4 pump  NSR-6 gravity  PC-6
gravity  gravity  PC-1
gravity  gravity  SC1-1 ~SC1-29
gravity  gravity  TC1-0-1 ~TC1-0-5
gravity  sump-5 pump  NSR-7 gravity  PC7
gravity  sump-6 pump  NSR-8 gravity  PC8
gravity  sump-7 pump  NSR-9 gravity  PC9
PC-1
NSR-10 gravity  PC10
gravity  sump-8 pump 
NSR-10a gravity  PC10a
gravity  sump-9 pump  NSR-11 gravity  PC11
gravity  sump-10 pump  NSR-12 gravity  PC12
gravity  sump-11 pump  NSR-13 gravity  PC13
Left side of River Gongola
MC gravity  PC-2
TC2-0-1 ~TC2-0-4
PC-2 gravity 
SC2-1 ~ SC2-9

Secondary Canals: Secondary canals are named in the order of their off
taking chainages from the main canal and primary canals, for example the
secondary canal off-taking directly from the main canal is named SC0-1up
to SC0-5, the primary canal one command is named SC 1-1 up to SC1-29,
and the primary canal two command is named SC 2-1 up to SC2-9, and etc.

Tertiary Canals: Tertiary canals are labelled sequentially in the order from
where they off-take from the main and secondary canals, using the three-
letter abbreviations. For example, the first tertiary canal directly off-taking
from the main canal is named TC0-0-1 and from the first Secondary Canal of

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the main canal is named TC0-1-1, and from the primary canal one, (PC1),
will be named TC 1-1-1 and with similar naming for other.

Field Canal: A similar numbering system is adopted for the field canals.
They are also labelled sequentially in the order from where they off-take
from the tertiary canals. An example would be FC 1-1-1-1. Generally, it can
be understood that the first number stands for MC or PC; the second
number represents a secondary canal; the third number stands for tertiary
canal and the fourth number represents a field canal.

Drain Canals: The drainage channel categories will be identified using the
following codes:

Interceptor Drain, ID: there are about 13 interceptor drains in the right
side of Gongola River named as ID-1, ID-2, to ID-13

Secondary Drain, SD: is numbered with the same number with the
secondary canal. For example, secondary drain for secondary canal SC 1-1
is named as SD 1-1

Tertiary Drain, TD: coded for each secondary canal as TD-1, TD-2, etc. for
instance if SC 1-1 has three tertiary drains, the drains will be named as TD-
1, TD-2 and TD-3. Besides the flow, the arrow in the drain layout indicates
direction of the drains.

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5.4 Irrigation Methods

There are many factors to consider before selecting a particular irrigation

system. These include water resources, topography, soils, climate, type of
crops to be grown, availability and cost of capital and labour, type and
appropriateness of a particular irrigation technology to farmers and its
associated energy requirements, water use efficiencies, as well as socio-
economic, health and environmental aspects, (FAO, Irrigation Manual,
Harare 2002).

Surface irrigation is the application of water by gravity flow to the surface of

the field. Either the entire field is flooded (basin irrigation) or the water is
fed into small channels (furrows) or strips of land (borders).

Pressurized irrigation is the application of water by pressure either Sprinkler

irrigation which is similar to natural rainfall (Water is pumped through a
pipe system and then sprayed onto the crops through rotating sprinkler
heads) or drip (trickle) irrigation in which water is conveyed under pressure
through a pipe system to the fields, where it drips slowly onto the soil
through emitters or drippers which are located close to the plants. Only the
immediate root zone of each plant is wetted.

Based on the past experience of GIS area with irrigation, required labour
inputs, prevailing topography, soils condition, cost and irrigation skill of the
local farmers, the previous study report (Preliminary Studies to Develop
25,000 Ha of Irrigation Scheme Downstream of the DadinKowa Dam,
Gombe State) proposed irrigation method to be surface irrigation (by
gravity and use of pumps). The surface irrigation method is proposed as it is
less expensive, simple to implement and easy to operate. As a traditional
method, it would be more readily accepted by farmers and would not create
conflicts and inequitable water supply. It is also in accordance with the
quantity of available water for irrigation. Though, other methods like
sprinkler irrigation have efficient water utilization and gives higher yields, it

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is expensive and requires skilled operators. Moreover, it may not be

suitable for some of the vegetable crops proposed for the scheme.

Hence, as the justification of the previous study is persuasive, the method

of irrigation used in this study is surface irrigation (by gravity and use of
pumps, and later to supply by gravity as well).

5.5 Sizing of Irrigation Units

The smallest irrigation unit size is the area irrigated at a time by a field
canal during an irrigation turn. The irrigation unit size depends on several
factors. Most importantly, the following are basic criteria used to fix the size
of the smallest irrigation unit:

 The flow rate of the field canal is taken as 100 l/s for the scheme. This
is because the farm sizes that each farmer holds are varying, and it is
difficult to fix the discharge as per the requirement of individuals’ land
size. Hence with uniform supply of irrigation water to the field, the time
of irrigation for a given area could be managed i.e., smaller area can be
irrigated in a shorter period while larger area requires relatively longer
period;

 The length of the field canal is about 500m; so that the maximum area
for a two-side irrigation is 10ha;

 To minimize the deep percolation loss, an average advance time of 45-

minutes is proposed depending on the soil type, furrow slope and
stream size, which will be released from each individual siphon tube
into an irrigation furrow (2-3 l/s);

 The member of farmers within a single field canal is believed to be

flexible and cooperative in efficient management of the farm, fair and
adequate water supply and utilization.

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Figure 5.2 typical farm layout

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5.5.1 Furrow irrigation

Furrow irrigation is one of several surface methods used for applying water
to crops and are most commonly made down the slope but when land slope
exceeds the safe limit of soil erosion, they are constructed nearly on
contour or obliquely. Similarly, when rainwater is to be conserved, furrows
act as an effective means to catch and conserve the rainfall water. Efficient
irrigation by the furrow method is obtained by selecting proper
combinations of spacing, length, and slope, suitable size of the irrigation
stream and duration of the water application.

5.5.2 Furrow Spacing

The spacing between furrows depends on the water movement in the soil,
which is texture related, on the crop agronomic requirements as well as on
the type of equipment used in the construction of furrows. In practice, a
compromise often has to be reached between these factors.

Vegetable crops such as lettuce, carrots and onions are spaced 30 to 40 cm

and often have two rows between furrows. Wide spaced crops like melons,
fruit trees and berries, generally, require more than one furrow between
crop rows.

To obtain complete wetting of sandy soils to depths of 1.0 to 1.5 meters,

the furrows should be spaced more than 50 to 60 cm apart. In uniform clay
soils complete wetting to the same depth may be obtained with a furrow
spacing of 1.0 m or more, which is suitable and proposed for Guyuk with
respect to soil and crops explained above.

5.5.3 Furrow Length and Slope

Typical furrow lengths, appropriate for large-scale and fully mechanized

conditions, vary from about 60 m on coarse textured soils to 500 m on fine
textured soils, depending on various factors.

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Table 5.2 Recommended furrow lengths for different soil types, and
depth of irrigation
Furrow length, metres
Soil type
Furrow
slope % Clays Loams Sands
Net depth of water application
7.5cm 15cm 5cm 10cm 5cm 7.5cm 10cm
0.05 300 400 120 270 60 90 150
0.1 350 440 180 330 90 120 190
0.2 370 470 220 370 120 190 250
0.3 390 500 280 400 150 225 280
0.5 380 500 280 370 120 190 250
1.0 270 400 250 300 90 150 220
Source: irrigation theory and practice, A M Michael, 1978

In case of Guyuk, the present practical experience is linked to a traditional

way of farming, use of animal’s power and human labour for land
preparation and other cultivation practices. Due to consideration of the
existing cultivation practice, the slope, dissected land feature and small size
of land holdings the use of longer furrows more than 120m and furrows less
than 60 m will not be manageable and resulted to poor application
efficiency. Therefore, with the assumption of a furrow slope from 0.003m/m
to 0.005m/m and considering traditional cultivation practice, the maximum
furrow length of 100m for the average command area is recommended.
However, depending on the suitability of the command area related to the
above factors furrow lengths in the ranges between 60 to 120m could be
used.

5.5.4 Furrow Stream Size and Irrigation Depth

The size of the furrow stream is the one factor, which can be varied after
the furrow irrigation system has been installed. Its purpose is to wet the

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entire length of each furrow as quick as possible, thus enabling the soil to
absorb water evenly through the entire furrow length. After the water
reaches the lower end of a furrow, the stream is reduced or cut back so that
it will just keep the furrow wet throughout its length with minimum waste at
the end.
The size of the furrow stream usually varies from 0.5lt/sec to 2.5lt/sec. To
obtain the most uniform irrigation, the maximum size of the irrigation
stream that can be used at the start of the irrigation is limited by
considerations of erosion in furrows, overtopping of the furrows and
prevention of runoff at the downstream end.

According to A M Michael, 1978, the maximum non erosive flow rate in

furrows is estimated by an empirical equation:

0.6
q m= ;
S

Where; qm = maximum non-erosive stream (l/s),

S = slope of furrow expressed in percent

For a furrow slope of 0.3%, the flow rate, q m will be 2.0l/s while for furrow
slope of 0.5%, the flow rate becomes 1.2 l/s and hence the maximum non-
erosive furrow stream flow for the scheme is limited to 2 l/s.

The average depth of water applied during irrigation can be calculated from
the following relationship (A M Michael, 1978):

d= ( q m∗360∗t
w∗L )
Where: d = average depth of water applied (cm)
qm = stream size (l/s)
t = duration of irrigation (elapsed time (hr)
w = furrow spacing (m)
L = furrow length (m)

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Duration of irrigation is the number of hours for which water is delivered to

the head end of the field. It includes advance time and cutback irrigation
time.

Advance time is the number of hours needed to travel from the delivery
point to the lower end of the field. Water is applied at a faster rate at the
beginning of the irrigation period and then reduced or cutback to a lesser
rate, usually one-half the initial rate.

Considering furrow length of 100m with spacing of 1m; an initial furrow

stream of 2lt/s and advance time 50min; continuing the cutback irrigation
for 30min with stream size of 1l/s, the application depth of irrigation water
will be 7.8cm or 78mm.

5.5.5 Irrigation intervals

The irrigation interval is an important factor in determining the operation of

the system. It affects especially the on-farm operation by determining the
rotation of the FDs along the TC and therefore it affects the discharge of the
TCs.

For operating on-farm irrigation, the maximum interval between two

successive irrigations is applied. If necessary, a shorter interval is possible
without damaging crop production. However, a longer interval between
irrigations should be avoided since it affects the yields.
The maximum interval between two successive irrigations is determined by:

 Total available water in the soil profile.

 Effective root zone, which is the soil profile used by the crops.
 Crop water requirement.
 Critical point, which is the minimum soil moisture content in the soil
for good yields.
5.5.6 Available water

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The soil moisture between field capacity and permanent wilting point and is
referred to as readily available moisture. Table 5.2 below presents the
range of available water holding capacity of different soil textural groups.
Table 5.3 Range of available water holding capacity of soils
%moisture based on dry wt. of soil Depth of available
Soil type water per unit of soil
FC PWP Cm per m depth of soil
Fine sand 3–5 1-3 2-4
Sandy loam 5-15 3-8 4-11
Silt loam 12-18 6-10 6-13
Clay loam 15-30 7-16 10-18
Clay 25-40 12-20 16-30
(Adopted from A M Michael, 1978)

5.5.7 Effective root zone

Effective root zone is the depth from which the roots of an average mature
plant are capable of reducing soil moisture to the extent that it should be
replaced by irrigation. It is not necessarily the maximum root depth for any
given plant. The approximate values of effective root zone depth of some
common crops are presented below:

Considering the above factors, the interval between two successive

irrigations is calculated by:

TAW (m) = [(FC – WP)/100] × BD × 1,000

Where: TAW (m) = Total available water for one-meter soil profile
(mm/m)
FC = Moisture content at field capacity (% by weight)
WP =Moisture content at wilting point (% by weight)
BD = Bulk density (gr/cm3), The bulk density of the project area
soils ranges from 1.14 to 1.83 g/cm 3 (averaging about
1.485 g/cm3)

Table 5.4 effective root zone depths of some common crops

Rooting characteristics
Shallow rooted Moderately deep rooted Deep rooted Very deep rooted

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Depth of root zone

60cm 90cm 120cm 180cm
Rice Wheat Maize Sugarcane
Potato Tobacco Cotton Citrus
Cauliflower Castor Sorghum Coffee
Cabbage Ground nut Pearl millet Apple
Lettuce Muskmelon Soybean Grapevine
Onion Carrots Sugar beat Safflower
Pea Tomato Lucerne
Bean
Chilli
(Adopted from A M Michael, 1978)

The dominant soil textures of the command area are sandy loam, clay loam
and clay, so that from Table 5.4, the respective average values of the
available water are 75mm/m, 140mm/m and 160mm/m.

The total available water (TAW) for the effective root zone depth is
determined by:

TAW = TAW(m) × RZ

Where: TAW = Total available water for the soil depth of the effective root zone
(mm)
RZ = Effective root zone (m)

Hence, the TAW values for different root zones at different soil texture is
calculated and presented in the table below (Table 5.4).

For optimal yields, the soil moisture content should be well above the
critical point. This means that the consumption of water by the crop must
be less than the total available water in the effective root zone depth.

Table 5.5 TAW values for different soil textures and root zones

TAW, mm
TAW(m),
Soil texture RZ, m
mm/m
0.6 0.9 1.2 1.8
Sandy loam 75 45 67.5 90 135
Clay loam 140 84 126 168 252

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Clay 160 96 144 192 288

The maximum water deficiency is calculated using the critical point:

MWD = TAW – TAW × CP/100 = TAW (1 – CP/100)

Where: MWD = Maximum water deficiency (mm)

CP = Critical point percent of TAW above the wilting point (%)

The interval between two successive irrigations is calculated by the MWD

and the net irrigation water requirement:

T = MWD/NIWR
Where: T = Interval between irrigations (days)
NIWR = Irrigation water requirement (mm/day)

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5.5.8 Irrigation Interval for the Project

Calculation of the interval between two successive irrigations is carried out

with the following particular considerations:

 The maximum NIWR for the proposed cropping pattern is in the

month of January 4.7 mm/day (table 4.3).
 The effective root zone of 60cm, 90cm, 120cm and 180cm are
independently considered for different textures in order to
address the actual interval which suitable for optimal yields.
 The critical point is considered to be in the range of 65%
(minimum water depletion) to 50% (maximum water
depletion).
Depending on the effective root zones of the crops, the possible interval
between irrigations for varying critical points (in the range of 65–50%) were
calculated (and presented as in the tables below.

Table 5.6 Possible Irrigation Intervals for Effective Root Zone of 60

cm
Critical Maximum Maximum Net T (Irrigation
point, % depletion, mm IR, mm/d Interval), days
65 15.75 4.7 3.4
60 33.6 4.7 7.1
50 48 4.7 10.2

Table 5.7 Possible Irrigation Intervals for Effective Root Zone of 90

cm
Critical Maximum Maximum Net T (Irrigation
point, % depletion, mm IR, mm/d Interval), days
65 23.625 4.7 5.
60 50.4 4.7 10.7
50 72 4.7 15.3

Table 5.8 Possible Irrigation Intervals for Effective Root Zone of

120 cm
Critical Maximum Maximum Net T (Irrigation
point, % depletion, mm IR, mm/d Interval), days
65 31.5 4.7 6.7

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60 67.2 4.7 14.3

50 96 4.7 20.4

Table 5.9 Possible Irrigation Intervals for Effective Root Zone of

180 cm
Critical Maximum Maximum Net T (Irrigation
point, % depletion, mm IR, mm/d Interval), days
65 47.25 4.7 10.1
60 100.8 4.7 21.4
50 144 4.7 30.6

Table 5.10 Summary of Irrigation Interval and Irrigation depth

Crops Interval (sa*p*D/Etc) Depth (Sa*p*d)/Ea

Rice Rain fed 4 23
Maize Rained 13 64
Groundnut Rain fed 7 42
Cotton rain fed 12 42
Soybean rain fed 8 47
Sorghum rain fed 14 62
Cow Pea rain fed 6 42
Sweet Pepper 4 44
Okra 9 70
Onion 4 33
Cabbage 4 32
Maize 8 64
Rice 3 26
Tomato 4 32
Source: Irrigation Agronomy report, GIS, April, 2020

5.5.9 Actual Irrigation Interval

It can be observed from Tables 5.5 to 5.8 that interval for crops with
effective root depths of 60cm, 90cm, 120cm and 180cm is 4days, 6days,
7days and 11days respectively. But the actual irrigation interval, which is
calculated by the agronomist as shown in Table 5.9 is 6 days, which is to be
best suited for the conditions of the Guyuk irrigation scheme. Accordingly,
the area that a single field canal with a capacity of 100l/s can irrigate is
computed as:

 The stream size (capacity of a single furrow) = 2l/s

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 Time required for one-time irrigation=45min (advance time and

cutback irrigation time) which should be confirmed by conducting
furrow trials.
 Furrow length and spacing are 100m and 1m respectively
 Area covered by one-time irrigation=0.5ha
 Area covered by one-day irrigation=8ha
 Area covered in one irrigation interval(6d) =48ha

A shorter irrigation interval with surface irrigation is not possible once the
system is designed for a 6-day operation cycle. However, during irrigation
times of lower water demand, the Water Users Association can coordinate
the farmers to use irrigation intervals shorter than 6 days.

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6.0 HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF CANAL SECTION

6.1 Design capacity

Canal systems should have adequate capacity to deliver the required

amount of water, which depends on net irrigable area, the maximum duty
water requirement, flexibility for future needs and other mandatory
releases. The canal capacity reduces from the head reach towards the tail
according to the command area it covers. Hence, the command
statements have been prepared from the system layout for main,
primary, secondary, tertiary & field canals and accordingly the net
command area has been obtained.
The design of the system allows flexibility, if any change in the future
occurs; such as increase in animal/domestic, consumptions and other
unforeseen events happen during operation, which generally is assumed
about 10%. Hence, flexibility factor of 10% is considered for main and
primary canals commanded area Therefore, the design duty calculated
within 10% flexibility are listed in table 6.1

Table 6.1 Design duties of canal

Description Calculated duty Design duty
FC Duty L/s/ha for 24 hrs. 0.90 0.93
FC Duty L/s/ha for 12 hrs. 1.80 1.86
SC Duty L/s/ha for 24 hrs. 1.06 1.16
SC Duty L/s/ha for 12 hrs. 2.12 2.32
PC Duty L/s/ha for 24 hrs. 1.11 1.22
PC Duty L/s/ha for 12 hrs. 2.22 2.44
MC Duty L/s/ha for 12 hrs. 2.35 2.60
MC Duty L/s/ha for 24 hrs. 1.17 1.28

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The canal capacity reduces from the head reach towards the tail
according to the command area it covers. Therefore, design discharge
and net irrigable area for each off taking canals are summarized on table
6.2 for Guyuk gravity irrigation scheme.

Table 6.2 Design Discharge and net irrigable area of Main Canals
Conveyance Off taking Q(m3/
Parent canal Net IA, ha
system canals s)
0.0
MC TC0-0-1 18.18
5
0.1
,, TC0-0-2 54.10
5
0.2
,, TC0-0-3 87.34
4
0.1
,, TC0-0-4 56.52
6
0.1
,, TC0-0-5 49.21
4
0.2
,, Gravity SC 0-1 91.87
5
0.5
,, SC 0-2 179.10
0
0.1
,, SC 0-3 56.70
6
0.2
,, SC 0-4 87.15
4
0.5
,, SC 0-5 184.98
1
sub-total 2.4
,, 865.16
gravity 0

Table 6.2 cont’d: Design Discharge and net irrigable area of PC-1
parent canal
Off
Q(m3/
taking Net IA, ha Off taking canals Net IA, ha Q(m3/s)
s)
canals
132. 0.3 45.6
SC 1-1 SC 1-16 0.11
13 2 4
86. 0.2 157.4
SC 1-2 SC 1-17 0.39
25 1 1
274. 0.6 47.1
SC 1-3 TC1-0-3 0.12
27 7 3
282. 0.6 132.1
SC 1-4 SC 1-18 0.32
49 9 9
SC 1-5 199. 0.4 SC 1-19 169.7 0.42

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74 9 7
231. 0.5 123.
SC 1-6 SC 1-20 0.30
45 7 56
247. 0.6 68.
SC 1-7 SC 1-21 0.17
65 1 56
153. 0.3 181.
SC 1-8 SC 1-22 0.44
12 7 69
49. 0.1 233.
SC 1-9 SC 1-23 0.57
56 2 12
TC1-0- 30. 0.0 177.
SC 1-24 0.43
1 87 8 48
SC 1- 68. 0.1 286.
SC 1-25 0.70
10 38 7 38
SC 1- 78. 0.1 376.
SC 1-26 0.92
11 78 9 98
SC 1- 126. 0.3 245.
SC 1-27 0.60
12 11 1 35
SC 1- 173. 0.4 66.
TC1-0-4 0.16
13 92 3 93
SC 1- 121. 0.3 29.
TC1-0-5 0.07
14 10 0 63
TC1-0- 11. 0.0 183.
SC 1-28 0.45
2 75 3 29
SC 1- 72. 0.1 116.
SC 1-29 0.28
15 88 8 17
Sub- total PC-1
4,981.73 12.19
gravity
Table 6.2 Cont’d: Design Discharge and net irrigable area of PC-2
parent canal
Conveyance Off taking Q(m3/
Parent canals Net IA, ha
system canals s)
Gravity 0.9
PC-2 SC 2-1 378.247
3
0.4
,, SC 2-2 194.583
2
0.9
,, SC 2-3 374.399
1
0.9
,, SC 2-4 399.555
0
0.7
,, SC 2-5 325.276
9
1.0
,, SC 2-6 415.193
1
0.1
,, SC 2-7 42.025
0
0.3
,, SC 2-8 151.579
7
,, SC 2-9 65.137 0.1
6

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5.5
,, total 2316.356
6
The delineation of GIS command area is made by considering many factors.
Some of the factors considered included but not limited to; topographic
conditions of the scheme area, the availability of resources (water and
soils/land suitability), involvement of canal structures (type, size, quantity
etc.) total cost involvement to develop the scheme, power requirement to
lift the irrigation water, etc. Accordingly, the total GIS command are
determined to be about 8,163.24ha gravity irrigation system.

6.2 Determination of Full Supply Levels

During the planning process for the irrigation system, canal layout involves
the determination of an important parameter called full supply levels (FSL)
at various points of the canal system and preparation of a complete working
head at the different reach of the entire canal system from main canal up to
field canals. The following points have been taken into consideration for
preparing the command statement.

Critical point: It is the spot, which requires highest water level due to the
combined impact of spot level in terms of elevation and its distance from
the irrigation channel /outlet. Thus, the critical point has been identified.
Head over the field: – It has been assumed that the depth of water should
be a minimum of 0.15m over the critical spot level.

Canal head losses: - In order not to lose any command area all, the canal
head losses in the canal system should be identified and the minimum
practical structure losses should be added on the calculated Critical Ground
Level and the adopted minimum head over the field, which is 0.15m. The
minimum canal and structure head loses used are given here below (Table
6.3).
Table 6.3 Canal Head Losses
S/N Description Head Loss, M Remark

1 Secondary Canal Head Regulators 0.2 to 0.4

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S/N Description Head Loss, M Remark

2 Tertiary Canal Head Regulators 0.2

3 Field Canal Head Regulators 0.2

4 Secondary Canal Cross Regulators 0.2

5 Tertiary Canal Cross Regulators 0.2

6 Culverts (Pipe / Box) 0.05 to 0.15

7 Inverted Siphons 0.3 to 0.5

Working Head: It is required to provide working head at the head of the off
taking channel, which is the difference in the FSL of the parent channel and
that of the off taking channel, in order to facilitate the flow of the design
discharge. To overcome such problems, the following working head has
been adopted:

Table 6.4 Working Head for Different Canals

Working Head
Sr. No Parent canal Off-taking canal
Preferable Minimum

1 Main Canal Primary Canal 0.30m 0.15

2 Primary Canal Secondary Canal 0.3m 0.15

3 Secondary Canal Tertiary Canal 0.15m 0.15

4 Tertiary Canal Field Canal 0.15m 0.15

6.3 Cross- section design

All the canals have been considered as a trapezoidal shape and are
designed using Manning’s formula as defined below:

A×R2/3 ×s 1/2
Q=
n

where Q = discharge (m3/s)

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:
R = hydraulic radius
s = hydraulic gradient
n = Manning’s roughness coefficient

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6.4 Roughness Coefficients

The type material on the side and bed of the canal as well as the Channel
alignment (sinuosity) has an influence on the value of roughness coefficient.
The selected manning roughness coefficient, n, of 0.025 for unlined canals
and 0.018 for concrete lined main and primary canals has been used for the
project.
Table 6.5 Recommended values of Manning roughness coefficient
for lined and unlined canals
Manning’s roughness coefficient
Type of canal surface
“n”

Pipes, precast and lined canals

 Metal, wood, plastic, cement, precast

0.010-0.015
concrete, asbestos, etc.

 Concrete canal and canal structures 0.012-0.016

 Rough concrete lining 0.017-0.025

 Masonry 0.025-0.035

 Corrugated pipe structures 0.023-0.025

Earthen canals, straight and uniform

 Clean, recently completed 0.016-0.020

 Clean, after weathering 0.018-0.025

 With short grass, few weeds 0.022-0.027

Earthen canals, winding and sluggish

 No vegetation 0.023-0.030

 Grass, some weeds 0.025-0.033

 Dense weeds or aquatic plants in deep

0.030-0.040
channels

Canals, not maintained, weeds and brush

uncut

 Dense weeds, as high as flow depth 0.050-0.120

 Clean bottom, brush on sides 0.040-0.080

Source: FAO, 2002

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6.5 Side slopes of the canal

The side slopes of a canal depend upon the stability of the material in
which it is constructed. Accordingly, the side slopes that has been used for
the design of canals are listed in the following table 6.6
Canal Name Side Slope (1V: m H)

Field canals 1.0

Tertiary canals 1.5
Secondary Canals 1.5
Primary Canals 1.5
Main canal 1.5

Table 6.6 Selected Side Slopes

6.6 Permissible Velocity and Bed Slope

All unlined canals have been designed to be non-erosive by controlling flow

velocities and permissible slopes. The limiting velocities and slopes are
determined using the “tractive force” method.
The unit tractive force, τ, is given by:

τ = CWRs, where:
C = Coefficient depending on the shape of the channel and the
part of the canal considered.
W = Specific weight of water (9 810 N/m3).
R = Hydraulic radius (flow area / wetted perimeter).
S = Hydraulic gradient.

The unit tractive force is not uniformly distributed along the wetted
perimeter and the value of C on the sides and bottom of a trapezoidal
channel is different. However, the tractive force on the bed is greater than
that on the sides; hence the bed value is used in comparison with the
permissible tractive force. The permissible tractive force of up to 3.0

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N/m2was taken for the design of canals. A trial-and-error process has been
followed to establish the maximum allowable slope of canals for a particular
discharge to ensure that the tractive force does not exceed the permissible
limit. Accordingly, the permissible velocity of 0.30m/s to 0.90m/s has been
adapted. The recommended C values are given in Table 6.7.

Table 6.7 C Values in Tractive Force Equation [WV, 1974]

Bed Width to Water Depth Value of C
Ratio (b/d)
On Sides On Bed
1 0.70 0.80
2 0.73 0.90
3 0.73 0.95
4 0.74 0.96
5 0.74 0.97
6 0.75 0.98

6.7 Canal Bed Width Depth ratio (B/D)

For an unlined channel, a stable section (b/d value) depends on the

discharge as well as the soil in which the channel is made and the sediment
being transported. Basically, the higher the discharge the larger the b/d
value, while the more tenacious (cohesive) the soil the tighter the channel
section (smaller b/d value).

For unlined canals in non-cohesive material the minimum stable b/d ratio
can be determine by Lacey water surface width formula

i.e. b/d=1 for canals with Q <0.2m3/s,

But b/d = 1.76∗Q0.35for canals with Q > 0.2 m3/s.

6.8 Free board

The USBR recommends two types of canal freeboard. Canal lining and
canal banks should be extended above the normal full supply level as a
safety measure to protect the conveyance system from overtopping. The

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free board values adapted for design of secondary canals are presented in
Table 6.8.

Table 6.8 Freeboard for Unlined Secondary Canals

Discharge (m3/s) F: Freeboard to Embankment Top (m)

0 - 0.5 0.30
0.5 - 1.0 0.40
1.0 - 2.0 0.50

For the tertiary and quaternary canals, the freeboard has been set to be
0.2m and 0.15m, respectively.

6.9 Top Bank width

Embankment works are carried out according to the practical aspects of
construction and possible future use by local vehicles. The width to be used
for main, secondary, tertiary and quaternary canals is given in Table 6.9
Table 6.1 Selected Minimum Bank Top Width
Minimum Bank Top Widths
Category of Canal Inspection Bank Non-inspection Bank
M m
Field Canal 0.5 0.5
Tertiary Canal 1.0 1.0
Secondary Canal 3.0 1.5
Primary Canal 5 2.0
Main canal 5 2.5

6.10 Saturation Gradient

Bank back slopes are chosen to maintain the seepage phreatic surface at
least 0.3 m within the toe of the embankment for canals in fill. The seepage
(hydraulic) gradient adopted generally varies from 1 in 3 (for heavy soils) to
1 in 7 (for light soils). To fulfill these criterion counter-berms (i.e., berms on
the outer bank) may be cost effective.

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6.11 Minimum canal radii

The minimum value of canal center line curve is based on USBR

recommendations [USBR, 1967]; these are shown in Table 6.10.

Whenever the topography permits, the radius is set to a value greater than
the minimum defined in Table 6.10.

Table 6.2 Minimum canal radii for canals under sub-critical flow

Type of canal Minimum radius

Unlined 7T – 10T

Lined 3T

Note: T = Surface water width; Source USBR, 1967

6.12 Longitudinal section design

The longitudinal sections of the canals, which represent the vertical

alignment of canals has been derived from the following procedures stated
below;

a) The ground level profiles along the final alignment of the canal
have been taken.
b) The canal Full Supply Level at the head of each canal has been
fixed and longitudinal profile of each canal computed by using
the canal cross section parameters. The head losses at canal
regulators, siphons, etc. has been determined from their
designs and incorporated in on L-section design.
c) Checking whether or not the full supply level of the off-taking
channel has the required working head, if not revise the up-
stream water surface profile until it attains the working head
requirement.

For construction use the canal setting out data and parameter table showing the canal
centerline and structure location, as well as the canal cross and longitudinal section
parameter are prepared.

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Table 6.31 Summary of Hydraulic parameter for main canal

MC Hydraulic Parameters

Offtakes Chainage Area,net B Y B/Y V Q S(cm/km) 1/n Z A P R

m ha m m m/s m3/s m2 m m
1.8 5.9
0 8163.24 11.30 0.992 21.2 20.00 55.556 0.00 21.411 15.090 1.419
9 6
1.8 5.9
Concrete wall 1260 8163.24 11.30 0.992 21.2 20.00 55.556 0.00 21.411 15.090 1.419
9 6
1.8 4.7
TC0-0-1 4787.5 8163.24 8.80 0.981 21.2 20.00 55.556 1.50 21.659 15.532 1.394
7 1
1.8 4.7
TC0-0-2 5402.77 8145.06 8.80 0.980 21.2 20.00 55.556 1.50 21.625 15.523 1.393
6 2
1.8 4.7
PC-3 6460.97 8090.96 8.80 0.978 21.1 20.00 55.556 1.50 21.524 15.498 1.389
6 4
1.8 4.7
SC 0-1 8413.85 8090.96 8.80 0.978 21.0 20.00 55.556 1.50 21.523 15.498 1.389
6 4
1.8 4.7
SC 0-2 8424.95 7999.09 8.80 0.975 20.8 20.00 55.556 1.50 21.352 15.455 1.382
5 7
1.8 4.8
PC-4, SC 3&4 12403.3 7819.98 8.80 0.968 20.3 20.00 55.556 1.50 21.017 15.370 1.367
2 3
1.8 4.8
PC-5 14452.2 7676.14 8.80 0.962 20.0 20.00 55.556 1.50 20.745 15.301 1.356
0 8
1.8 4.8
SC 0-5 14886.29 7676.14 8.80 0.962 20.0 20.00 55.556 1.50 20.744 15.301 1.356
0 8
1.8 4.7
TC0-0-3 17267.05 7491.15 8.60 0.958 19.5 20.00 55.556 1.50 20.328 15.087 1.347
0 8
1.7 4.8
PC-6 17389.76 7403.81 8.60 0.955 19.3 20.00 55.556 1.50 20.161 15.044 1.340
9 1
TC0-0-4 19555.6 7403.81 8.60 1.7 4.8 0.955 19.3 20.00 55.556 1.50 20.161 15.044 1.340

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9 1
1.7 4.8
21270 7347.29 8.60 0.953 19.1 20.00 55.556 1.50 20.053 15.016 1.335
8 3
1.7 6.3
TC0-0-5 21340.07 7347.29 11.20 0.959 19.1 20.00 55.556 0.00 19.913 14.756 1.349
8 0
1.7 6.3
PC1 & 2 22775.8 7298.08 11.20 0.957 19.0 20.00 55.556 0.00 19.823 14.740 1.345
7 3

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Table 6.42 Summary of Hydraulic parameter for Primary canal one

PC-1 Hydraulic Parameters

Offtakes Chainage Area,net B Y B/Y V Q S(cm/km) 1/n Z A P R

m ha m m m/s m3/s m2 m m
4.7 1.8 2.6
SC 1-1 1263.17 4981.73 0.891 12.20 20.00 55.556 1.50 13.690 11.339 1.207
5 3 0
4.6 1.8 2.5
SC 1-2 1281.66 4849.60 0.886 11.87 20.00 55.556 1.50 13.396 11.182 1.198
0 3 2
4.5 1.8 2.4
PC-7 2496 4763.35 0.883 11.66 20.00 55.556 1.50 13.203 11.078 1.192
0 2 7
4.5 1.8 2.4
SC 1-3 5232.89 4763.35 0.883 11.66 20.00 55.556 1.50 13.202 11.078 1.192
0 2 7
4.2 1.8 2.3
PC-8 6449.5 4489.08 0.872 10.99 20.00 55.556 1.50 12.600 10.774 1.170
5 1 5
4.2 1.8 2.3
SC 1-4 7469.15 4489.08 0.872 10.99 20.00 55.556 1.50 12.600 10.773 1.170
5 1 5
4.0 1.7 2.2
SC 1-5 8954.71 4206.59 0.860 10.30 20.00 55.556 1.50 11.975 10.457 1.145
0 9 3
4.0 1.7 2.2
SC 1-6 10376.3 4006.85 0.849 9.81 20.00 55.556 1.50 11.559 10.296 1.123
0 5 9
3.8 1.7 2.2
SC 1-7 12764.97 3775.41 0.837 9.24 20.00 55.556 1.50 11.045 10.046 1.099
5 2 4
3.7 1.6 2.2
SC 1-8 15631.06 3527.75 0.823 8.64 20.00 55.556 1.50 10.497 9.792 1.072
5 8 4
3.7 1.6 2.2
SC 1-9 16843.41 3374.64 0.813 8.26 20.00 55.556 1.50 10.164 9.655 1.053
5 4 9
3.7 1.6 2.3
TC1-0-1 17735.62 3325.08 0.810 8.14 20.00 55.556 1.50 10.055 9.609 1.046
5 3 1

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3.7 1.5 2.4

SC 1-10 18348.42 3294.20 0.876 8.07 25.00 55.556 1.50 9.209 9.249 0.996
5 3 6
3.7 1.5 2.4
SC 1-11 25102.77 3225.82 0.871 7.90 25.00 55.556 1.50 9.070 9.189 0.987
5 1 9
3.7 1.5 2.5
SC 1-12 25114.57 3147.04 0.868 7.82 25.00 55.556 1.50 9.005 9.160 0.983
5 0 0
3.7 1.5 2.5
SC 1-13 28924.54 3020.92 0.868 7.82 25.00 55.556 1.50 9.005 9.160 0.983
5 0 0
3.7 1.5 2.5
PC-9 31154.68 2847.00 0.868 7.82 25.00 55.556 1.50 9.005 9.160 0.983
5 0 0
3.5 1.4 2.3
SC 1-14 31227.54 2847.00 0.855 7.26 25.00 55.556 1.50 8.497 8.851 0.960
0 8 6
3.5 1.4 2.3
TC1-0-2 31412.85 2725.91 0.855 7.26 25.00 55.556 1.50 8.497 8.851 0.960
0 8 6
3.5 1.4 2.3
SC 1-15 32867.56 2714.16 0.855 7.26 25.00 55.556 1.50 8.497 8.851 0.960
0 8 6
3.5 1.4 2.3
SC 1-16 32882.69 2641.27 0.855 7.26 25.00 55.556 1.50 8.497 8.851 0.960
0 8 6
3.5 1.4 2.3
SC 1-17 33155.63 2595.64 0.855 7.26 25.00 55.556 1.50 8.497 8.851 0.960
0 8 6
3.5 1.4 2.3
TC1-0-3 36474.67 2438.22 0.855 7.26 25.00 55.556 1.50 8.497 8.851 0.960
0 8 6
3.5 1.4 2.3
SC 1-18 37628.7 2391.09 0.855 7.26 25.00 55.556 1.50 8.497 8.851 0.960
0 8 6
3.5 1.4 2.3
SC 1-19 39720.5 2258.90 0.855 7.26 25.00 55.556 1.50 8.497 8.851 0.960
0 8 6
3.5 1.4 2.3
SC 1-20 39733.3 2089.13 0.855 7.26 25.00 55.556 1.50 8.497 8.851 0.960
0 8 6
3.5 1.4 2.3
SC 1-21 42089.22 1965.57 0.855 7.26 25.00 55.556 1.50 8.497 8.851 0.960
0 8 6
SC 1-22 42249.74 1897.01 3.5 1.4 2.3 0.855 7.26 25.00 55.556 1.50 8.497 8.851 0.960

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0 8 6
3.0 1.4 2.0
PC-10 42726.19 1715.32 0.958 7.26 33.33 55.556 1.50 7.586 8.268 0.917
0 6 5
3.0 1.1 2.7
SC 1-23 43504.25 1715.32 0.824 4.20 33.33 55.556 1.50 5.092 6.953 0.732
0 0 4
2.4 1.1 2.2
SC 1-24 47100.39 1482.21 0.802 3.63 33.33 55.556 1.50 4.523 6.434 0.703
8 0 6
2.3 1.1 2.1
SC 1-25 48557.72 1304.73 0.795 3.47 33.33 55.556 1.50 4.369 6.294 0.694
4 0 3
2.3 1.1 2.1
SC 1-26 48571.82 1018.35 0.795 3.47 33.33 55.556 1.50 4.369 6.294 0.694
4 0 3
3.2 1.1 2.9
SC 1-27 51734.89 641.37 0.646 3.47 20.00 55.556 1.50 5.377 7.209 0.746
5 0 6
3.2 1.1 2.9
TC1-0-4 53064.87 396.02 0.646 3.47 20.00 55.556 1.50 5.377 7.209 0.746
5 0 6
3.2 1.1 2.9
TC1-0-5 53549.03 329.09 0.646 3.47 20.00 55.556 1.50 5.377 7.209 0.746
5 0 6
3.2 1.1 2.9
PC-11, 12 54176 299.46 0.646 3.47 20.00 55.556 1.50 5.377 7.209 0.746
5 0 6
1.5 0.7 2.0
PC-13 56628.04 299.46 0.463 1.15 20.00 55.556 2.50 2.480 5.487 0.452
0 4 3
1.5 0.6 2.2
SC 1-28 56730.26 299.46 0.444 0.73 20.00 55.556 1.50 1.652 3.888 0.425
0 6 6
0.7 0.5 1.4
SC 1-29 56741.38 116.17 0.355 0.28 20.00 55.556 1.50 0.800 2.632 0.304
5 2 4

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Table 6.53 Summary of Hydraulic parameter for primary canal Two

PC-2 Hydraulic Parameters

Offtakes Chainage Area, net Q B Y B/Y V S(cm/km) 1/n Z A P R

m ha m3/ m m m/s m2 m m
s
SC-1 3038.305 2316.36 5.65 3.2 1.4 2.2 0.740 20.00 55.556 1.50 7.653 8.377 0.914
5 2 9
SC-2 6791.72 1938.11 4.73 3.2 1.3 2.4 0.705 20.00 55.556 1.50 6.717 7.898 0.850
0 0 6
SC-3 6812.01 1743.53 4.25 3.0 1.2 2.3 0.688 20.00 55.556 1.50 6.195 7.561 0.819
0 6 7
SC-4 8220 1369.13 3.34 2.5 1.2 2.0 0.651 20.00 55.556 1.50 5.141 6.815 0.754
0 0 9
SC-5 9516.81 999.57 2.44 2.0 1.1 1.8 0.605 20.00 55.556 1.50 4.041 5.984 0.675
0 0 1
SC-6 10972.97 674.29 1.65 1.5 1.0 1.5 0.551 20.00 55.556 1.50 2.995 5.101 0.587
0 0 0
SC-7 12436.05 259.10 0.63 1.0 0.7 1.4 0.434 20.00 55.556 1.50 1.463 3.556 0.411
0 1 1
SC-8 14601.8 217.08 0.53 0.8 0.6 1.1 0.417 20.00 55.556 1.50 1.275 3.300 0.387
0 9 5
SC-9 16277.19 65.32 0.16 0.5 0.4 1.1 0.310 20.00 55.556 1.50 0.518 2.101 0.246
0 4 3

Table 6.14 Summarized GIS command area and length of canals for gravity system

Canal Command Area(ha) MC PC SC TC FC

Name Lengths Lengths (m) Lengths Lengths (m) Number Lengths (m) Number
Net Gross

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(m) (m) s s

Main Canal 865.16 1081.45 22,635.82 6,555.99 20,190.00 23 54334.26 125

4,981.7
6227.17 56,741.45 40,515.04 123,106.04 117 629
PC-1 3 274,722.94
2,316.3
2895.45 16,277.19 17,184.65 58,067.25 47 128,557.08 300
PC-2 6
8,163.2 10,204.0
22,635.82 73,018.64 64,255.68 201,363.29 187.00 457,614.28 1,054.00
Sub total 4 6

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7.0 SURFACE DRAINAGE SYSTEM AND FLOOD

PROTECTION WORKS
7.1 General

The preliminary aim of a drainage system in an irrigation command area is

to remove excess water from the ground surface arising from the rain
falling over the catchment area, as well as from the root zone in the sub-soil
by preventing prolonged submergence of agriculture fields.

The surface drainage system is most effective in case of impermeable soils

(Vertisoils or black cotton soils) or where an impermeable layer impedes
infiltration. Considering that the soils are heavy clay with a low hydraulic
conductivity, a surface drainage system will be used to remove the water
before it has time to infiltrate and saturate the soil profile.

It is not practically feasible to prevent, altogether, temporary submergence

of all lands at all times, but drainage systems can be improved to minimize
the damage due to water logging at affordable costs. It is not necessary
that all submerged lands be emptied through drains. Some of them should
be left as wetlands and water bodies to promote environmental protection.

7.2 Determination of Drainage System Layout

The alignments of drains depend on the alignment of irrigation canals and

will be aligned to follow natural drainage lines, connecting low lying areas /
fields. As for irrigation channels, curves should be as gentle as possible to
avoid scour damage and accordingly a radius of 8 to 10WS is
recommended; where WS is the water surface width for the design
discharge.

7.3 Determination of Drainage Discharge

The drain discharge or duty from the smaller catchments of up to 12km 2 can
be estimated from the Rational Formula Method given by the following
equation:

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Q = 0.278 x C x I x A

Where;
Q = flood peak at drainage (m3/s)
C = runoff coefficient that is the ratio between the runoff volume from an
area and the average rate of rainfall depth over a given duration for that
area.
I = rainfall intensity from intensity-duration-frequency curve (mm/hr) for a
duration equal to the time of concentration, tc.
A = catchment area (km2)

Where the catchment area is more than 12km 2, adjustments are applied to
prevent over estimation of the design flood. The Nigerian Highway Manual
recommended a conversion factor given in equation:

1
Reductionfactor= 12
(1− )
A
e
Where, A is the catchment area in km2.

7.3.1 Rainfall intensity duration frequency

(The following analysis has been taken from hydrology study report, February 2020)

The rainfall intensity is determined by method contained in the Federal

Ministry of Works Highway Manual Part 1: Design Volume IV: Drainage
Design (2013) and is based on the work of the British West African
Meteorological Services in Nigeria. Where IDF curves have not been
developed, values for the rainfall intensity are computed from the following
formula given in equation:

Kn
I =
( t + a )b
Where I = Rainfall Intensity inches / hour.

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t = Duration of rainfall or time of concentration in hours.

K n = A + B log 10 N
a, b, A & B = Station Constants.
N is the Storm frequency

The values of the Station Constant are presented in Table 7.1. Federal
Ministry of Works Highway Manual Part 1: Design Volume IV: Drainage
Design (2013) recommended that the same station constants can be
assumed for areas of the country having similar rainfall regime but to
proportion the rainfall intensity to the total rainfall. In areas of similar
regimes, the rainfall intensities would be proportional to the total rainfall as
those already established in proportion to the total rainfall i.e., ratio of AAR
of 917mm for Yola to AAR of 926mm for Kano. The conversion factor of
917mm/926mm or 0.9902801is applied.

Table 7.1 Rainfall Station Constants

Constants
Station
a b A B

Lagos (Apapa) 0.333 0.861 2.18 1.44

Ikeja 0.6 952 3.28 2.34

Kano 0.5 1.032 2.95 1.91

Source: Hydrology study report, February 2020

Guyuk near Yola rainfall pattern is considered similar to Kano, therefore, the
rainfall intensity at Guyuk can be estimated by equation: -

0.990281∗( 2.95+1.91 log 10 N )

I Guyuk =
( t+ 0.5 )1.032

The rainfall intensity duration frequency relationship for Guyuk is presented

for 5yr, 10yr, 25yr, 50yr and 100yr return periods in Table 7.2

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Table 7.2 Rainfall Intensity-Duration-Frequency for Guyuk

Return Period (Years)
Storm Duration 5 10 25 50 100
(hrs)
0.25hr 145.04 164.50 190.23 209.69 229.15
0.5hr 107.78 122.24 141.36 155.82 170.29
1hr 70.93 80.45 93.03 102.54 112.06
3hr 29.58 33.55 38.80 42.77 46.74
4.32hr 21.26 24.12 27.89 30.74 33.60
6hr 15.62 17.71 20.48 22.58 24.67
7.98hr 11.87 13.46 15.57 17.16 18.75
12hr 7.95 9.02 10.43 11.50 12.57
16.08hr 5.94 6.74 7.79 8.59 9.39
18hr 5.31 6.02 6.96 7.67 8.38
24hr 3.97 4.50 5.21 5.74 6.27
72hr 1.30 1.47 1.70 1.87 2.05

250.00
Rainfall Intensity (mm/hr)

200.00
150.00
100.00
50.00
0.00
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Return Period (Years)

0.25hr 0.5hr 1hr 3hr 4.32hr

30.00
Rainfall Intensity (mm/hr)

25.00
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Return Period (Years)

6hr 7.98hr 12hr 16.08hr 18hr 24hr 72hr

Figure 7.1 Rainfall Intensity-Duration-Frequency Curve of Guyuk

Source: (Hydrology study report, April, 2020)

7.3.2 Values of Drainage Discharge

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The drains are designed to dispose the volume of runoff from a 1 in 5 years,
24hrs storm, in the same day. Hence, from Table 7.3, the value of I is
3.97mm/hr. the value of the coefficient, C, is given according to the type of
the soil. Summary of the calculated drain discharge for four different soil
types is presented below:

Table 7.3 Values of drain duty

5 years return period

A(ha
Soil type C I(mm/hr.) for 24hr
) q(lt/s/ha)
rain
Clay light 0.6 1 3.97 6.62
Sandy loam 0.4 1 3.97 4.41
Loam 0.43 1 3.97 4.74
Loamy sand 0.6 1 3.97 6.62

Source: (Hydrology study report, February 2020)

7.4 Interceptor Drains

There are 13 interceptor drains (ID-1, ID-2… ID-13), which are generally
aligned parallel to the primary canals i.e., the primary canals, which
serves pumped command areas, to intercept and convey local sheet
runoff arising from areas upstream of the command area and dispose the
flood in to natural drainage channels. They are usually well-defined
watercourses, which usually require channeling, stabilization measures
and/or bank protection.

The required discharge capacity has been derived by estimating, from

topographical information, the areas of the various sub-catchments that
drain directly into the Interceptor Drain and the discharge from rainfall,
which will be calculated by using the peak storm runoff method for a
rainfall event of 24 hours, and 5-years’ return period.

Table 7.4 Description of interceptor drains

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Drain name Drain length, m Catchment area, ha

ID-1 1342. 3 340.2

ID-2 2056.41 254.6
ID-3 918.31 80
ID-4 2310.08 233.2
ID-5 1937.81 113.52
ID-6 2720 100
ID-7 1661.58 403
ID-8 916.56 177
ID-9 1516.47 229
ID-10 2937.76 765
ID-11 1636.6 229
ID-12 1228 204
ID-13 999 129

7.5 Design of the Interceptor Drains

The hydraulic design of the drainage canal is carried out using maximum
discharge flood. The hydraulic parameters are designed based on the
principle that if the velocity is high, scouring will occur, but when the
velocity is low, silting occurs. Such channels should be designed for a
non- scouring and non -silting velocity.

Manning formula is used for the computation of the design capacity of

drainage channels. The design of the channel consists of determination of
the cross-sectional area, depth, width, side slopes, etc. for the given
boundary surface

The following relation gives the b/d relation used:

b/d =1.76*Q.0.35forQ ≥ 0.2m3/s

b/d =1.0 for Q ≤ 0.2m3/s

Side slope of 1.5 to 2.0 is used depending in the free board size of the flow.

7.5.1 Free board (F.B)

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The free board is governed by a number of factors, such as the channel

size and location, rainwater inflow, water surface fluctuations due to
regulation, wind action, soil characteristics, and availability of excavated
materials, hydraulic gradient and service road requirements. From
practice the following values of the free board considered are given in
Table 7.5.

Table 7.5 Minimum Freeboard requirement

Q (m 3/s) 1 to5 5 to10 10 to30 30 to150 > 150
F.B (m) 0.50 0.60 0.75 0.90 1.00

7.5.2 Design of dikes

The interceptor drain longitudinal profile dictates the occurrence of

undulating ground along the whole length and so that a dike is required to
fill lower ground elevations up to the top bank level of the interceptor
drain there after protects the irrigable land from flood. Besides, there are
gullies coming from the upstream and crossing the drain channel. Such
gullies should be diverted to the drain by constructing a diversion dike
across the gullies and parallel to the direction of flow of the drain. The
dike is constructed along the boundary of the area only on one-side of the
drain embankment to prevent the spread of floodwater over the adjoining
irrigable land.

In order to provide reasonable embankment height of the dike, a 5 years’

return period of design flood is considered to compute the water depth.
By considering the stability of the dike, flood quantity, cost of
construction and similar factors, a crest width of 1.5m, side slope of 1:2,
free board of 0.5mhave been provided.

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Figure 7.2 Typical cross-section of interceptor drainage canal and

dike

Since the dike is likely to come in contact with high velocity currents, the
waterside should be provided with stone pitching over a layer of filter.
Therefore, a 0.20 m thickness of stone pitching with 0.10 m thickness layer
of gravel and 0.10 m thickness layer of filter material (sand) is provided. In
addition, the d/s face has to be protected from any external load that would
erode the soil and hence grass should be planted on the d/s face.
7.6 Infield drainage systems

The excess water arising, either from irrigation supplies or from excessive
rainfall over the irrigated land will be collected by a network of infield
drainages from field drains up to secondary drains. Field drains collect
excess water from the field area of about 5 ha which is half of the basic
irrigation unit and their FSL will be fixed at least 0.15 below the ground
level. Tertiary Drains will collect excess surface water directly from field
drains and the design water level should be the minimum ground level for
the fields being drained, or 0.2-0.30 m below the average field level or at
least about 0.05 - 0.10 m below the FSL of the field drains. The design water
level in secondary Drains is dependent on the water levels required by the
Tertiary Drains where they join.

Similarly, the water levels in the secondary drains are kept below the water
level in tertiary drains. Normally the drop at drain junctions will be minimal,
about 0.05 - 0.10 m. However, the design water level in the drainage
channels should ideally always remain below natural ground level and drain
drops will be allowed up to 1.0 m where required.

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7.6.1 Hydraulic Design

• Cross section Design

A uniform flow formula such as Manning is used to determine the design

capacity of drainage channels.

• Channel Roughness

The channels are designed for a Manning’s n value assuming the channel is
established with some weed growth and not freshly dug. A Manning’s n of
0.025 is likely to be suitable.

• Longitudinal Slope, Maximum Permissible Velocities and

Tractive force

The longitudinal slope and prism design should result in suitable flow
velocities. Longitudinal slopes of a drainage channel normally decrease
going downstream as design discharge increases.

The permissible tractive force of 3.0 N/m2was taken to design drainage

canals and the permissible velocity ranging from 0.30m/s to 0.90m/s has
been adapted.

• Bed Width to Depth Ratio (B/D)

Choice of a suitable width B/ D ratio is important if the channel is to be

stable. An over tight section could develop meanders, while an over-wide
section will be conducive to high weed growth and take up more land. The
B/ D ratios adapted for this study are presented in Table 7.5.

Table 7.6 Recommended B/D Ratios for Drain Canals

Discharge (m3/s) B/D (Drainage Channels)

<1 2
1-3 3
3 - 20 4
> 20 >5

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• Drain Side Slopes

Side slopes for a trapezoidal drain section depend on the type of material in
which the drain is constructed. Recommended side slopes are given in
Table 7.7.

Table 7.7 Recommended Side Slopes for Drainage Channels

Side Slope
Type of Soil
(1V: H)
Field Drain 0.5
Tertiary Drain 1.0
Secondary Drains 1.5
Interceptor Drain 1.5

• Freeboard

The design discharge and design water level are based on a rainfall event
with a five-year return period. To ensure that floodwater flowing in a
drainage channel will not overtop the channel section at any point and
cause flooding of adjacent land free board should be provided to the
drainage channels (Table 7.8).

Table 7.8 Drainage Channel Freeboard

Drain type Freeboard (m)
Field Drain 0.15
Tertiary Drain 0.2
Secondary Drains 0.20 – 0.30
Interceptor Drain 0.30 to 0.5

• Minimum drain bends

Wherever possible the drain alignments should follow a straight line. Where
a curve is unavoidable, it is desirable to ensure that radius is not too small,
to avoid erosion on the outside of the bend in unlined canals. Limits are

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also advisable for lined canals, to ensure that the head loss is not excessive
and the flow remains uniform.

The generally adopted minimum value of canal centerline curve is based on

USBR recommendations as shown in Table 7.9.

Table 7.9 Minimum Radius of drain bends

Soil type Minimum Radius R

Cohesive 10 T
Alluvial, Erodible 15 T
Rock, stiff clay 7T

Where, T = surface water width

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8.0 LANDLEVELING
The most ideal field surface for irrigated agricultural production is a plane
surface on a nearly leveled grade. Like-wise, the least desirable is one with
such surface relief that irrigation can barely be accomplished and that
unusually good management is required to obtain even fair irrigation water
efficiencies. Accordingly, in order to obtain suitable field surface throughout
the command area of the scheme, the application of land leveling practice
might be required. Stages of land leveling include:

 Rough grading which involves removing of knolls, mounds ridges and

filling pockets or swales in a field that is not to have a planned grade.
 Land grading to modify the surface relief of a field to a planned grade
to provide a more suitable surface for efficiently applying irrigation
water.
 Fine land leveling is land planning, land smoothing, or land floating
which is usually accomplished with special equipment to eliminate
minor irregularities, without changing the general topography of the
land surface.

In all the stages, land leveling activity needs machineries as it requires

moving a lot of earth over several hundred meters. Applying full land
leveling activity for the project will considerably increase project cost and
hence the application of rough grading on selected areas is considered to
be satisfactory and economical.

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9.0 HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF STRUCTURES

Different types of structures are essential in any irrigation and drainage
system to effectively and efficiently convey, regulate and drain the flows
and to protect the system from storm runoff damage.

The canal structures include all canal structures like storm water crossing,
canal siphons, falls, and road culverts. The regulating structures are cross
regulators, head regulators, pond intake & escape structures. The
structures dividing the flow in secondary, tertiary and field though regulate
the flow, in a broader term have been termed as flow division structures.
The protective structures, which externally protect the canal from storm
water, have also referred as cross drainage structures and the structures,
which internally safeguard the canal from the excess canal water, have
been named as escape structures. The cross-drainage structures would
direct the storm water runoff either under the canal or over the canal.

9.1 CANAL STRUCTURES

For Guyuk project, the hydraulic structures have been categorized as:

• Regulating Structures (Head and Cross Regulators);

• Conveyance Structures (Drops, Chutes, Aqueducts and Inverted Siphons)
and
• Protective Structures (Road Crossings, Cross Drainage Structures and
Escapes).
The types of structures on canal system are summarized in table 10-1 and
discussed further in the sections below.

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Table 9.1 Type of Structures on Canal System

Fall (Drop
CR HR Offtake
Canal structure) FC C Aquedu Sipho Pump Bifurcation
(from
Name M P T S S T Offtake D ct n station structure
PC SC TC FC NSR)
C C C C C C
MC 16 35 4 4 5 5 6 1 1
SC 8 4 125
19 16 2
PC-1 4 7 5 619 8 1
8 1 9
PC-2 1 66 59 4 4 9 4 324 7 1 1
28 25 1 4 1 2
Total 1 0 5 12 4 1 0 8 3 8 1068 0 1 2 2 0 1

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9.1.1 Head and Cross regulators

A head regulator (HR) is provided at the head of off-taking channel, and its
main purpose is control of discharge entering in to the off taking channel. A
Cross regulator (CR) on the other hand is located at the downstream side of
an off taking point on the continuing channel. Its main purpose is to head
up water level so that FSL of the off-taking canal can be met.

The head and cross regulating structures would be equipped with a vertical
gate. The flow under gated structure can be divided into free flow, drowned
orifice flow, and closed conveyance flow. The formula for the free flow is
different from that of the drowned and closed conveyance flow. As a result,
flow condition under the get has to be checked first.

a) Main Canal Cross Regulators

The Cross regulators (CR) on the main canals are provided where the
secondary/tertiary canals off-take from the main canals and are located at
the downstream of the off-taking canal. The Main Canal has four cross
regulators; each will be incorporated with a Vertical lift gates. All of the
cross regulators are designed as ‘Drowned Orifice Flow’ condition which the
driving head is the difference between the upstream and downstream
energy levels. The maximum driving head of 0.2 m has been taken.

Under submerged flow conditions the downstream water level is sufficiently

high to drown out the jet. The head/discharge relationship under this
condition is given by:
Q=C d ×C v ×a × w × √ 2 × g ×(h1−h2)
where: Q = Discharge (m3/s).
Cd = Discharge coefficient, taken as 0.6
Cv = Velocity coefficient, taken as 1.0
a = Gate Opening
w = Gate Width
g = Acceleration due to gravity

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h1 = Upstream head over the gate opening

h2 = Downstream head (to the same datum as h1)

The details of Main Canal Head and Cross regulators parameters & the
typical plan drawing are provided on the soft cope

Figure 9.1 Typical plan of MC cross regulator and Head Regulator

A head regulator (HR) is provided at the head of off-taking channel, and its
main purpose is control of discharge entering in to the off taking channel. A
gated head regulator has been provided at all points where the primary
canal and secondary canals off take from the Main Canal. All of the head
regulators are designed as ‘Drowned Orifice Flow’ condition with maximum
driving head of 0.3 m or above. The head regulator structure incorporated a
pipe to cross under the canal embankment and the access road. The
maximum length of pipe will be about 6-13 m. The parameters for these
structures are presented in Table 10.2.

A discharge regulator (head regulator) with orifice-flow is designed for a

gate that is fully opened during the peak discharge.

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The general underflow formula;

Q=C D Bw √ 2 g y 1

Where, Q is peak design discharge in m3/s,

w is the height of gate opening in m
B the gate opening width or water way (effective) of the structure in
m,
y1 is the entrance water depth above the sill or floor in m
CD is coefficient of discharge, dimensionless
The discharge coefficient CD is very inaccurately calculated for a submerged
underflow hence it is recommended to design such flow conditions for open
conveyance flow. The discharge coefficient C D is calculated by;
μ
C D=

√ 1+
w
y1
Where, y1 is the u/s flow depth in m
w is the gate opening in m
CD is the discharge coefficient, dimensionless
 is the contraction coefficient of the jet (usually taken as 
0.6

b) Primary Canal Cross Regulators

A gated cross regulator has been provided at all secondary canal off takes.
The entire cross regulators are design as ‘Drowned Orifice Flow’ condition in
which the driving head is the difference between the upstream and
downstream energy levels. The maximum driving head of 0.2m has been
taken.

The details of Primary Canal Head and Cross regulators parameters & the
typical plan drawing are provided in the following Table 10.3 and on Figure
10.2.

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Table 9.2 Primary Canal Cross regulators and Secondary Canal

Head Regulator parameters
Cross-regulator Off-taking PC design Offtakin Gate opening size and Number (WxH, N)
Primary / Discharge(m3/s) g
Secondar Dischar
Reference Chainage( y Canals Up Down ge Cross Regulator Head Regulator
m) stream stream (m3/s)
CRN, Size HRN, size*(w*
GN (W*H) GN H)
PC1_29
PCR 01-7 2516 SHR01 11.623 11.623 0.570 1x3 1.7 x 1.7 1x1 0.9 x 0.9
PCR 01-8 6470 SHR01 10.953 10.953 1.820 1x3 1.7 x 1.7 1x2 0.9 x 0.9
PCR 01-9 10396 SHR01 9.777 9.212 0.542 1x3 1.7 x 1.7 1x1 0.8 x 0.9
PCR 01-10 16863.41 SHR01 8.234 8.113 0.116 1x3 1.6 x 1.6 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
PCR 01-11 18368.42 SHR01 8.038 7.871 0.160 1x3 1.6 x 1.6 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
PCR 01-12 28944.54 SHR01 7.371 6.947 0.407 1x3 1.5 x 1.5 1x1 0.8 x 0.9
PCR 01-13 31174.68 SHR01 6.947 6.947 0.330 1x3 1.4 x 1.4 1x1 0.6 x 0.7
PCR 01-14 33175.63 SHR01 6.333 5.949 0.369 1x3 1.4 x 1.4 1x1 0.8 x 0.9
PCR 01-15 39753.30 SHR02 5.097 4.796 0.291 1x2 1.9 x 1.9 1x1 0.6 x 0.7
PCR 01-16 42746.19 SHR01 4.185 4.185 0.310 1x2 1.7 x 1.7 1x1 0.6 x 0.7
PCR 01-17 47120.39 SHR01 3.617 3.184 0.416 1x2 1.5 x 1.5 1x1 0.8 x 0.9
PCR 01-18 51754.89 SHR01 1.565 0.966 0.575 1x2 0.9 x 0.9 1x1 0.9 x 0.9
PCR 01-19 54196.00 SHR01 0.731 0.733 1.320 1x1 1.0 x 1.0 1x1 0.9 x 0.9
PCR 01-20 56761.38 SHR01 0.284 0.284 0.273 1x1 0.7 x 0.8 1x1 0.6 x 0.7

PC2_1-9
PCR 01-9 6860.00 SHR01 6.801 5.822 0.542 1x3 1.4 x 1.4 1x1 0.8 x 0.9
PCR 01-10 9650.00 SHR01 4.926 4.108 0.116 1x3 1.8 x 1.8 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
PCR 01-11 12280.00 SHR01 3.147 3.056 0.160 1x2 1.3 x 1.3 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
PCR 01-12 16500.00 SHR01 2.728 2.566 0.407 1x2 1.2 x 1.2 1x1 0.8 x 0.9
PCR 01-14 23200.00 SHR01 2.365 1.778 0.369 1x2 1.2 x 1.2 1x1 0.8 x 0.9
PCR 01-15 26580.00 SHR01 1.778 1.292 0.291 1x2 0.9 x 0.9 1x1 0.6 x 0.7
PCR 01-17 31800.00 SHR01 1.257 1.027 0.416 1x1 1.5 x 1.5 1x1 0.8 x 0.9
PCR 01-18 36000.00 SHR01 0.751 0.530 0.575 1x1 1.0 x 1.0 1x1 0.9 x 0.9
PCR 01-19 37900.00 SHR01 0.530 0.335 1.320 1x1 0.9 x 0.9 1x2 0.9 x 0.9
PCR 01-20 41521.26 SHR02 0.195 0.195 0.273 1x1 0.5 x 0.6 1x1 0.6 x 0.7

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Figure 9.2 Typical plan of PC cross regulator and Secondary Canal

Head Regulator

c) Secondary Canal Cross Regulator & Head Regulator

A gated cross regulator has been provided on secondary canal at

downstream of all tertiary canals off take points. For design of these
structures, a maximum driving head of 0.1m has been taken. A standard
secondary canal cross regulator structure is prepared for discharges
ranging from 0.02 to 1.7m3/sec.

A gated head regulator has been provided at all secondary canal off takes
from the main & Primary Canal. All of the head regulators are design as
‘Drowned Orifice Flow’ condition with maximum driving head of 0.3m. The
secondary head regulator structure will incorporate a pipe to cross under

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the canal embankment and the access road. The maximum length of pipe
will be about 15 m. The details of Secondary Canal Head and Cross
regulators parameters & the typical plan drawing are provided in the
following Table 9.4 and on Figure 9.3.

Table 9.3 Secondary Canal Cross regulators and Head Regulator

(SCCR & HR) parameters in MC, PC1, and PC2
1. Main Canal (MC)

Cross-regulator Off-taking PC design Offtakin Gate opening size and Number (WxH,
Primary / Discharge(m3/s) g N)
Referenc Chainage( Secondar Up Down Dischar Cross Regulator Head Regulator
e m) y Canals stream stream ge
(m3/s) CRN, Size HRN, size*(w*
GN (W*H) GN H)
MC_SCR
SCR01 29.8 THR01 0.217 0.217 0.114 1x1 0.5 x 0.6 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
SCR02 539.87 THR02 0.121 0.121 0.114 1x1 0.5 x 0.6 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
SCR03 1049.9 THR03 0.062 0.062 0.114 1x1 0.3 x 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
0.45
SCR04 1559.91 THR04 0.018 0.018 0.114 1x1 0.3 x 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
0.45
SCR01 30.12 THR01 0.143 0.8 x 0.9 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
0.420 0.420 1x1
SCR02 541.12 THR02 0.114 0.7 x 0.8 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
0.281 0.281 1x1
SCR03 1051.15 THR03 0.114 0.5 x 0.6 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
0.166 0.166 1x1
SCR04 1561.46 THR04 0.114 0.3 x 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
0.077 0.077 1x1 0.45
SCR01 52.16 THR01 1x1 0.5 x 0.6 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
0.134 0.134 0.114
SCR02 570.30 THR02 0.114 1x1 0.3 x 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
0.058 0.058 0.45
SCR03 1044.95 THR03 0.114 1x1 0.3 x 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
0.029 0.029 0.45
SCR01 52.16 THR01 0.114 1x1 0.5 x 0.6 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
0.205 0.205
SCR02 569.36 THR02 0.114 1x1 0.5 x 0.6 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
0.126 0.126
SCR03 1043.97 THR03 0.114 1x1 0.3 x 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
0.038 0.038 0.45
SCR01 49.30 THR01 1x1 0.8 x 0.9 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
0.434 0.434 0.131
SCR02 111.20 THR02 1x1 0.7 x 0.8 1x1
0.307 0.307 0.114 0.5 x 0.6
SCR03 837.90 THR03 0.212 0.212 1x1 0.5 x 0.6 1x1
0.114 0.5 x 0.6
SCR04 1595.66 THR04 0.106 0.106 1x1 0.5 x 0.6 1x1
0.114 0.5 x 0.6

2. Primary canal 1 (PC1)

Cross-regulator Off-taking PC design Offtakin Gate opening size and Number (WxH,
Primary / Discharge(m3/s) g N)
Referenc Chainage Secondar Up Down Dischar Cross Regulator Head Regulator
e (m) y Canals stream stream ge
(m3/s) CRN, Size HRN, size*(w*
GN (W*H) GN H)
PC1_S
CR
SCR01 50.32 THR01 0.311 0.311 0.134 1x1 0.7 x 0.8 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
SCR02 327.44 THR02 0.179 0.179 0.114 1x1 0.5 x 0.6 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
SCR03 1138.74 THR03 0.097 0.097 0.114 1x1 0.3 x 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
0.45

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SCR04 1643.09 THR04 0.032 0.032 0.114 1x1 0.3 x 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
0.45
SCR01 31.65 THR01 0.201 0.201 0.173 1x1 0.5 x 0.6 1x1 0.6 x 0.7
SCR02 551.76 THR02 0.034 0.034 0.117 1x1 0.3 x 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
0.45
SCR01 86.68 THR01 0.647 0.647 0.119 1x1 0.7 x 0.8 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
SCR02 613.25 THR02 0.530 0.530 0.114 1x1 0.5 x 0.6 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
SCR03 973.37 THR03 0.467 0.467 0.114 1x1 0.3 x 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
0.45
SCR04 1452.46 THR04 0.403 0.403 0.114 1x1 0.5 x 0.6 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
SCR05 2603.53 THR05 0.361 0.361 0.172 1x1 0.3 x 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
0.45
SCR06 2610.54 THR06 0.189 0.189 0.192 1x1 0.3 x 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
0.45
SCR01& 44.52 THR01&0 0.664 0.664 0.130 1x1 0.5 x 0.6 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
02 2
SCR03 547.64 THR03 0.437 0.437 0.114 1x1 0.5 x 0.6 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
SCR04 1057.73 THR04 0.324 0.324 0.114 1x1 0.3 x 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
0.45
SCR05 1578.74 THR05 0.229 0.229 0.114 1x1 0.8 x 0.9 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
SCR06 2093.57 THR06 0.132 0.132 0.114 1x1 0.7 x 0.8 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
SCR07 2608.40 THR07 0.035 0.035 0.114 1x1 0.5 x 0.6 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
SCR01 67.34 THR01 0.469 0.469 0.127 1x1 0.5 x 0.6 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
SCR02 690.16 THR02 0.319 0.319 0.114 1x1 0.7 x 0.8 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
SCR03 1269.55 THR03 0.268 0.268 0.138 1x1 0.7 x 0.8 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
SCR04 1784.35 THR04 0.131 0.131 0.132 1x1 0.5 x 0.6 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
SCR01 42.57 THR01 0.542 0.542 0.197 1x1 0.9 x 0.9 1x1 0.6 x 0.7
SCR02 448.00 THR02 0.345 0.345 0.136 1x1 0.7 x 0.8 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
SCR03 948.00 THR03 0.210 0.210 0.136 1x1 0.5 x 0.6 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
SCR04 1448.00 THR04 0.076 0.076 0.114 1x1 0.3 x 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
0.45
SCR01 79.26 THR01 0.583 0.583 0.138 1x1 0.9 x 0.9 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
SCR02 903.15 THR02 0.445 0.445 0.114 1x1 0.8 x 0.9 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
SCR03 1432.69 THR03 0.356 0.356 0.136 1x1 0.8 x 0.9 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
SCR04 1932.69 THR04 0.220 0.220 0.136 1x1 0.5 x 0.6 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
SCR05 2432.69 THR05 0.085 0.085 0.114 1x1 0.3 x 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
0.45
SCR01& 32.65 THR01&0 0.358 0.358 0.114 1x1 0.8 x 0.9 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
02 2
SCR03 368.76 THR03 0.239 0.239 0.114 1x1 0.5 x 0.6 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
SCR04 881.12 THR04 0.139 0.139 0.141 1x1 0.5 x 0.6 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
SCR01 224.56 THR01 0.116 0.116 0.114 1x1 0.5 x 0.6 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
SCR02 409.73 THR02 0.047 0.047 0.114 1x1 0.3 x 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
0.45
SCR01 30.30 THR01 0.160 0.160 0.114 1x1 0.5 x 0.6 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
SCR02 428.99 THR02 0.066 0.066 0.114 1x1 0.3 x 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
0.45
SCR01 100.00 THR01 0.185 0.185 0.114 1x1 0.5 x 0.6 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
SCR02 565.12 THR02 0.081 0.081 0.139 1x1 0.3 x 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
0.45
SCR03 1065.12 THR03 0.033 0.033 0.147 1x1 0.3 x 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
0.45
SCR01 16.85 THR01 0.295 0.295 0.140 1x1 0.7 x 0.8 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
SCR02 527.16 THR02 0.158 0.158 0.114 1x1 0.5 x 0.6 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
SCR03 939.60 THR03 0.048 0.048 0.114 1x1 0.3 x 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
0.45
SCR01 34.00 THR01 0.407 0.407 0.114 1x1 0.8 x 0.9 1x1 0.5 x 0.6

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SCR02 518.90 THR02 0.334 0.334 0.114 1x1 0.7 x 0.8 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
SCR03 692.87 THR03 0.233 0.233 0.128 1x1 0.5 x 0.6 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
SCR04 1049.15 THR04 0.107 0.107 0.114 1x1 0.5 x 0.6 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
SCR01 30.00 THR01 0.287 0.287 0.114 1x1 0.7 x 0.8 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
SCR02 963.64 THR02 0.207 0.207 0.114 1x1 0.5 x 0.6 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
SCR03 1267.15 THR03 0.153 0.153 0.114 1x1 0.5 x 0.6 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
SCR04 1772.30 THR04 0.101 0.101 0.114 1x1 0.3 x 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
0.45
SCR05 2300.08 THR05 0.046 0.046 0.114 1x1 0.3 x 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
0.45
0 0.114 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
SCR01& 78.10 THR01&0 0.169 0.169 0.114 1x1 0.5 x 0.6 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
02 2
SCR01 207.66 THR01 0.109 0.109 0.114 1x1 0.5 x 0.6 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
SCR02 660.90 THR02 0.073 0.073 0.114 1x1 0.3 x 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
0.45
SCR03 1113.00 THR03 0.039 0.039 0.114 1x1 0.3 x 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
0.45
SCR01 69.50 THR01 0.369 0.369 0.114 1x1 0.8 x 0.9 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
SCR02 486.20 THR02 0.303 0.303 0.114 1x1 0.7 x 0.8 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
SCR03 812.23 THR03 0.254 0.254 0.114 1x1 0.7 x 0.8 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
SCR04 1211.57 THR04 0.150 0.150 0.153 1x1 0.5 x 0.6 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
SCR01 29.29 THR01 0.308 0.308 0.160 1x1 0.7 x 0.8 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
SCR02 417.70 THR02 0.151 0.151 0.155 1x1 0.5 x 0.6 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
SCR01 34.78 THR01 0.399 0.399 0.114 1x1 0.8 x 0.9 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
SCR02 502.70 THR02 0.330 0.330 0.114 1x1 0.7 x 0.8 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
SCR03 972.40 THR03 0.262 0.262 0.140 1x1 0.7 x 0.8 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
SCR04 1484.84 THR04 0.124 0.124 0.126 1x1 0.5 x 0.6 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
SCR01 34.80 THR01 0.291 0.291 0.114 1x1 0.7 x 0.8 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
SCR02 494.40 THR02 0.216 0.216 0.114 1x1 0.5 x 0.6 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
SCR03 882.20 THR03 0.151 0.151 0.114 1x1 0.5 x 0.6 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
SCR04 1051.55 THR04 0.107 0.107 0.114 1x1 0.5 x 0.6 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
SCR05 1565.43 THR05 0.046 0.046 0.114 1x1 0.3 x 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
0.45
SCR01 91.41 THR01 0.162 0.162 0.114 1x1 0.5 x 0.6 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
SCR02 591.64 THR02 0.080 0.080 0.114 1x1 0.3 x 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
0.45
SCR03 1105.40 THR03 0.033 0.033 0.114 1x1 0.3 x 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
0.45
SCR01 77.53 THR01 0.428 0.428 0.114 1x1 0.8 x 0.9 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
SCR02 582.00 THR02 0.369 0.369 0.114 1x1 0.8 x 0.9 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
SCR03 1100.90 THR03 0.309 0.309 0.114 1x1 0.7 x 0.8 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
SCR04 1628.00 THR04 0.247 0.247 0.114 1x1 0.5 x 0.6 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
SCR05 1981.71 THR05 0.154 0.154 0.155 1x1 0.5 x 0.6 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
SCR01 129.54 THR01 0.546 0.546 0.126 1x1 0.9 x 0.9 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
SCR02 576.18 THR02 0.422 0.422 0.148 1x1 0.8 x 0.9 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
SCR03 900.97 THR03 0.275 0.275 0.114 1x1 0.7 x 0.8 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
SCR04 1305.60 THR04 0.162 0.162 0.164 1x1 0.5 x 0.6 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
SCR01 69.27 THR01 0.416 0.416 0.156 1x1 0.8 x 0.9 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
SCR02 576.30 THR02 0.264 0.264 0.143 1x1 0.7 x 0.8 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
SCR03 1095.30 THR03 0.123 0.123 0.114 1x1 0.5 x 0.6 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
SCR04 1612.65 THR04 0.052 0.052 0.114 1x1 0.3 x 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
0.45

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SCR01 108.40 THR01 0.672 0.672 0.158 1x1 1.0 x 1.0 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
SCR02 608.40 THR02 0.517 0.517 0.160 1x1 0.9 x 0.9 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
SCR03 1108.40 THR03 0.358 0.358 0.157 1x1 0.8 x 0.9 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
SCR04 1608.40 THR04 0.203 0.203 0.152 1x1 0.5 x 0.6 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
SCR05 2108.41 THR05 0.053 0.053 0.114 1x1 0.3 x 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
0.45
SCR01 115.80 THR01 0.885 0.885 0.132 1x1 1.1 x 1.1 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
SCR02 615.80 THR02 0.756 0.756 0.137 1x1 1.0 x 1.0 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
SCR03 1115.80 THR03 0.620 0.620 0.130 1x1 1.0 x 1.0 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
SCR04 1615.80 THR04 0.491 0.491 0.130 1x1 0.8 x 0.9 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
SCR05 2115.80 THR05 0.363 0.363 0.208 1x1 0.8 x 0.9 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
SCR06 2203.83 THR06 0.159 0.159 0.163 1x1 0.5 x 0.6 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
SCR01 38.66 THR01 0.575 0.575 0.141 1x1 0.9 x 0.9 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
SCR02 633.70 THR02 0.437 0.437 0.165 1x1 0.8 x 0.9 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
SCR03 1203.00 THR03 0.274 0.274 0.156 1x1 0.7 x 0.8 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
SCR04 1698.29 THR04 0.120 0.120 0.121 1x1 0.5 x 0.6 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
SCR01 121.30 THR01 0.427 0.427 0.142 1x1 0.8 x 0.9 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
SCR02 644.40 THR02 0.286 0.286 0.150 1x1 0.7 x 0.8 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
SCR03 1180.23 THR03 0.138 0.138 0.142 1x1 0.5 x 0.6 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
SCR01 121.90 THR01 0.273 0.273 0.114 1x1 0.7 x 0.8 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
SCR02 621.90 THR02 0.187 0.187 0.114 1x1 0.5 x 0.6 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
SCR03 1121.91 THR03 0.091 0.091 0.114 1x1 0.3 x 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
0.45

3. Primary canal 2 (PC2)

Cross-regulator Off-taking PC design Off Gate opening size and Number (WxH, N)
Primary / Discharge(m3/s) taking
Referenc Chainag Secondar Up Down Dischar Cross Regulator Head Regulator
e e (m) y Canals stream stream ge
(m3/s) CRN, GN Size HRN, size*(w*
(W*H) GN H)
PC2_SC
R
SCR01 180 THR 2-1-3 0.856 0.856 0.114 1x1 1.1 x 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
1.1
SCR02 442 THR 2-1-4 0.739 0.739 0.186 1x1 1.0 x 1x1 0.6 x 0.7
1.0
SCR03 943 THR 2-1-5 0.557 0.557 0.180 1x1 0.9 x 1x1 0.6 x 0.7
0.9
SCR04 1276 THR 2-1-6 0.379 0.379 0.198 1x1 0.8 x 1x1 0.6 x 0.7
0.9
SCR05 1821.28 THR 2-1-7 0.189 0.5 x 1x1 0.6 x 0.7
0.186 0.186 1x1 0.6
SCR01 180.00 THR 2-2-3 0.3 x 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
0.061 0.061 0.114 1x1 0.45
SCR01 120.00 THR 2-3-2 0.8 x 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
0.436 0.436 0.114 1x1 0.9
SCR02 230.00 THR 2-3-3 0.8 x 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
0.390 0.390 0.149 1x1 0.9
SCR03 762.00 THR 2-3-4 1x1 0.5 x 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
0.244 0.244 0.114 0.6
SCR04 1262.00 THR 2-3-5 1x1 0.5 x 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
0.137 0.137 0.121 0.6
SCR05 1761.72 THR 2-3-6 1x1 0.3 x 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
0.017 0.017 0.114 0.45
SCR01 200.00 THR2-4-2 0.167 1x1 1.2 x 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
0.924 0.924 1.2
SCR02 580.00 THR2-4-3 0.175 1x1 1.0 x 1x1 0.6 x 0.7
0.759 0.759 1.0

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SCR03 1096.00 THR2-4-4 0.155 1x1 0.9 x 1x1 0.5 x 0.6

0.586 0.586 0.9
SCR04 1596.00 THR2-4-5 1x1 0.8 x 1x1 0.5 x 0.6
0.432 0.432 0.114 0.9
SCR05 2096.00 THR2-4-6 1x1 0.7 x 1x1
0.333 0.333 0.142 0.8 0.5 x 0.6
SCR06 2596.00 THR2-4-7 0.192 0.192 1x1 0.5 x 1x1
0.114 0.6 0.5 x 0.6
SCR07 2996.06 THR2-4-8 0.079 0.079 1x1 0.3 x 1x1
0.114 0.45 0.5 x 0.6
THR2-5-1 0.855 0.855 1x1 1.1 x 1x1
SCR01 140 0.114 1.1 0.5 x 0.6
THR2-5-2 0.797 0.797 1x1 1.0 x 1x1
SCR02 392 0.144 1.0 0.5 x 0.6
THR2-5-3 0.654 0.654 1x1 1.0 x 1x1
SCR03 892 0.137 1.0 0.5 x 0.6
THR2-5-4 0.518 0.518 1x1 0.9 x 1x1
SCR04 1286 0.128 0.9 0.5 x 0.6
THR2-5-5 0.391 0.391 1x1 0.8 x 1x1
SCR05 1913 0.130 0.9 0.5 x 0.6
THR2-5-6 0.261 0.261 1x1 0.7 x 1x1
SCR06 2413 0.161 0.8 0.5 x 0.6
THR2-5-7 0.101 0.101 1x1 0.5 x 1x1
SCR07 2939.08 0.114 0.6 0.5 x 0.6
THR2-6-2 0.766 0.766 1x1 1.0 x 1x1
SCR01 260 0.114 1.0 0.5 x 0.6
THR2-6-3 0.669 0.669 1x1 1.0 x 1x1
SCR02 654 0.114 1.0 0.5 x 0.6
THR2-6-4 0.564 0.564 1x1 0.9 x 1x1
SCR03 1065 0.114 0.9 0.5 x 0.6
THR2-6-5 0.453 0.453 1x1 0.8 x 1x1
SCR04 1470 0.122 0.9 0.5 x 0.6
THR2-6-6 0.332 0.332 1x1 0.7 x 1x1
SCR05 2066 0.147 0.8 0.5 x 0.6
THR2-6-7 0.186 0.186 1x1 0.5 x 1x1
SCR06 2566 0.160 0.6 0.5 x 0.6
THR2-6-8 0.065 0.065 1x1 0.3 x 1x1
SCR07 3066 0.114 0.45 0.5 x 0.6
THR2-7-1 0.962 0.962 1x1 1.2 x 1x1
SCR01 40 0.166 1.2 0.5 x 0.6
THR2-7-2 0.869 0.869 1x1 1.1 x 1x1
SCR02 300 0.191 1.1 0.6 x 0.7
THR2-7-3 0.681 0.681 1x1 1.0 x 1x1
SCR03 780 0.160 1.0 0.5 x 0.6
THR2-7-4 0.523 0.523 1x1 0.9 x 1x1
SCR04 1278 0.151 0.9 0.5 x 0.6
THR2-7-5 0.373 0.373 1x1 0.8 x 1x1
SCR05 1778 0.162 0.9 0.5 x 0.6
THR2-7-6 0.213 0.213 1x1 0.5 x 1x1
SCR06 2278 0.130 0.6 0.5 x 0.6
THR2-7-7 0.085 0.085 1x1 0.3 x 1x1
SCR07 2778.25 0.114 0.45 0.5 x 0.6
THR2-8-1 0.082 0.082 0.114 1x1 0.3 x 1x1
SCR01 477.87 0.45 0.5 x 0.6
THR2-9-1 0.114 1x1 0.7 x 1x1
SCR01 140 0.290 0.290 0.8 0.5 x 0.6
THR2-9-2 0.268 0.268 0.145 1x1 0.7 x 1x1
SCR02 168 0.8 0.5 x 0.6
THR2-9-3 0.127 0.127 0.128 1x1 0.5 x 1x1
SCR03 667.7 0.6 0.5 x 0.6
THR2-10- 0.154 0.154 0.114 1x1 0.5 x 1x1
SCR01 440 1 0.6 0.5 x 0.6
THR2-10- 0.085 0.085 0.114 1x1 0.3 x 1x1
SCR02 958.93 2 0.45 0.5 x 0.6
THR2-11- 0.547 0.547 0.272 1x1 0.9 x 1x1
SCR01 800 1 0.9 0.6 x 0.7
THR2-11- 0.278 0.278 0.282 1x1 0.7 x 1x1
SCR02 1125.58 2 0.8 0.6 x 0.7
THR2-12- 0.197 1x1 0.8 x 1x1
SCR01 290 1 0.455 0.455 0.9 0.6 x 0.7

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THR2-12- 0.187 1x1 0.7 x 1x1

SCR02 1340 2 0.262 0.262 0.8 0.6 x 0.7
THR2-12- 0.076 0.076 0.114 1x1 0.3 x 1x1
SCR03 1349.7 3 0.45 0.5 x 0.6
THR2-13- 1x1 0.5 x 1x1
SCR01 140 1 0.215 0.215 0.114 0.6 0.5 x 0.6
THR2-13- 0.122 1x1 0.5 x 1x1
SCR02 669.19 2 0.120 0.120 0.6 0.5 x 0.6
THR2-14- 0.125 1x1 0.7 x 1x1
SCR01 220 1 0.258 0.258 0.8 0.5 x 0.6
THR2-14- 0.137 1x1 0.5 x 1x1
SCR02 570.55 2 0.135 0.135 0.6 0.5 x 0.6
SCR01& THR2-15- 0.114 1x1 0.5 x 1x1
02 100 2 0.205 0.205 0.6 0.5 x 0.6
THR2-16- 0.152 1x1 0.5 x 1x1
SCR01 70 1 0.248 0.248 0.6 0.5 x 0.6
THR2-16- 0.145 1x1 0.5 x 1x1
SCR02 276.45 2 0.127 0.127 0.6 0.5 x 0.6
THR2-17- 0.114 1x1 0.5 x 1x1
SCR01 90 1 0.103 0.103 0.6 0.5 x 0.6
THR2-17- 0.114 1x1 0.3 x 1x1
SCR02 265.39 2 0.072 0.072 0.45 0.5 x 0.6
THR2-18- 1x1 0.5 x 1x1
SCR01 90 1 0.139 0.139 0.114 0.6 0.5 x 0.6
THR2-18- 1x1 0.3 x 1x1
SCR02 561.82 2 0.078 0.078 0.114 0.45 0.5 x 0.6

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d) Tertiary Canal Cross & Head Regulators

Tertiary canal cross regulators are similar to secondary cross regulator,

controlling the water levels upstream of field off takes. These structures
designed with a maximum driving head of 0.15m and a standard secondary
canal tertiary canal cross regulator structure is prepared for discharges of
0.114 m3/sec as presented on Table 10.5.

A gated head regulator has been provided at all tertiary canal off takes and
the gates are simple vertical lift gates that can be operated by an
individual. The tertiary head regulator/field canal off take structure will
incorporate a pipe to cross under the canal embankment and the access
road. A standard tertiary canal field canal off take is prepared for
discharges of 0.9m3/sec and are designed with maximum length of pipe will
be about 4 m for a maximum driving head of 0.1m.

The details of Tertiary Canal Head and Cross regulators parameters & the
typical plan drawing are provided in the following Table 10.5 and on Figure
9.3 below.

Table 9.4 Tertiary Cross & Field Canal offtake/Head Regulators

Cross-regulator Off-taking TC design Off Gate opening size and Number
Canals Discharge( taking (WxH, N)
Refere Chainage m3/s) Discha Cross Head Regulator
nce (m) rge Regulator
Up Dow (m3/s) TCR Size FCHR size*(w
strea n N, (W*H) N, *H)
m strea GN GN
m
TCCR_FCHR
TCR&FCH 0.11 0.11 0.5 x 0.5 x
TCCR Typical R01 4 4 0.09 1x1 0.6 1x1 0.6

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Figure 9.3 Typical plan of TC cross regulator and Secondary Canal

Head Regulator

9.1.2 Bifurcation Structure

The bifurcation structure is designed in main canal as a compound structure

that combines a cross & head regulator to distribute the flow to primary
canal 1 and primary canal 2 together with side channel spillway/weir escape
and sluice escape canal.

The structure was designed using the same design principles for cross and
head regulator as ‘Drowned Orifice Flow’ condition in which the driving
head is the difference between the upstream and downstream energy
levels.

Side Channel Spillway

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The side channel spillway is used for the emergency escape structures &
equated using broad crested weir formula:
Length of spillway channel, Q=CLH3/2
Where, L: Length of weir
C: 1.705 for broad crest weir
H: Head over crest in m
H=h+ (v2/2g)

An escape generally comprises an overflow structure such as a side-channel

spillway in combination with a drop or chute structure and a waste way
channel.

Escapes allow release of water from a channel and are generally provided
upstream of inverted siphons and other structures protected by trash
screens, in case they become blocked.

Side spillway weirs are used for the emergency escape structures. The
discharge over the weir is obtained from the following formula:

Q = 1.7  L  h 3/2

where
:
Q = Discharge (m3/s).
L = Weir crest length (m)
h = Head over the weir (m)
Condition for calculation
 Water level at the beginning point of the side spill channel is same
one as the crest level of weir.
 Assumed water surface slope is as straight line.
 Assumed maximum velocity is as 3m/s and that the water depth is
the same as the height of pipe at the end point.

Sluice Escape

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The discharge over the sluice escape is obtained from the following
formula:
Qe =V * A = =V * ((b + m*h1x2) +m x h) * h
Where, Qe = Escape discharge
V=velocity in main canal
A: flow Area above FSL at the canal
b: Bed width of canal
m: side slop inside of canal
h: Depth over flow the crest
h1: Flow depth canal

Condition for calculation

 The discharging capacity of an escape is limited to 60 percent of full
supply discharge of the main canal.
 Escape can serve such purposes as protection of the canal against
possible damage, emptying of the canal for repairs and maintenance
in addition to removing a part of sediment deposited in the canal.

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Figure 9.4 Typical plan of Bifurcation

9.1.3 Drops (Fall Structures)

Drop structures are required to dissipate the excessive energy at steep

alignments to avoid erosion in unlined open-channels. These structures are
designed at a high head loss for all discharges. In broad, there are three
types of drop structure; chute or flume, inclined drop structure, vertical
drop structure.

A vertical drop structure has a vertical wall between the control and the
stilling basin. The small portion of energy loss occurs by impact of the jet on
the floor. The major portion of energy loss occurs by turbulence in the
stilling basin.

Vertical drop is the most common drop structure that has an aerated free-
falling nappe, which hits the downstream basin floor/cistern. The turbulent
flow in the basin is one of the stages of energy dissipation. The most

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important part of the hydraulic design of the vertical drop structure is the
design of the stilling basin.

Vertical drop stilling basins are characterized by, a free-falling jet into the
basin. The free-falling jet makes an impact with the basin floor and is turned
into the downstream direction. The basin is equipped with an end sill. Up to
50% of the energy may be dissipated by the impact of the jet and by the
turbulent circulation in the pool beneath the jet. The remainder part is
dissipated by the hydraulic jump in the basin. Even if the vertical drop
stilling basin seems easy to construct, but it has to be well checked on uplift
of the floor by groundwater pressure.

Vertical drops become rather massive structures for large drop heights. In
addition, their hydraulic performance may decrease because of variation in
the place where the jet strikes the basin floor where the discharge changes.
Straight drops are not recommended if the change in energy head over the
structure exceeds 1.50m.
The size of the length of basin/cistern has been determined with the
following equation (USBR):
3
dc dc
L=[2.5+1.1 + 0.79( ) ] √h d c
h h
' dc
h=
2

Where, L = Length of basin/cistern in m

h= Difference in upstream and downstream bed levels
h’= Cistern Level below downstream bed level in m
dc=critical depth in m

For GIS project a standard drop height of 0.5m, 1.0m, 1.5m, and 2.0m have
been adapted and accordingly a range of standard vertical drop structures
have been designed for discharges from 0.114 to 1.4 m3/s for primary,
secondary tertiary and Field canals. The details of standard vertical drop
structures are provided on Figure 9.5 below.

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Figure 9.5 Typical plan of Drop Structure

9.1.4 Cross Drainage Structures

The need for cross drainage structures results from the flow of drainage or
storm runoff water from the high side of the channel to the low side. To
protect the channel from such flows, cross drainage structures will be
provided. While the alignment of a channel usually follows natural ground
contours, it is often necessary to cross natural drainage channels. In
crossing large natural drainage channels, the channel flow is usually
conveyed in an aqueduct over, or in an inverted siphon under, the drainage
channel. For small drainage flows, it may be cheaper for the drainage flow
to be passed under, over or into a channel using one of the following cross
drainage structures:

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Cross drainage structures are provided on the main and Primary Canals on
locations where there are major tributaries of Gongola River. The location
and type of cross drainage structures have been identified and designed
according to the design criteria.
Drainage culverts are suitable for carrying small drainage flows under a
channel which is in fill. Culverts are unsuitable for large cross drainage
flows which could be transporting boulders and other debris which would
block the culvert.

The cross-drainage structures provided on the main and Primary Canals are
categorized as pipe culvert, box culvert, Aqueduct and inverted siphon. For
hydraulic design of the cross-drainage structures, the 1 in 25-year return
period peak discharges have been adopted and the particular configuration
for each is summarized in Table 9.6.
Cross drainage structures are designed with 25-year return period flood
estimation as detail presented in Guyuk Hydrology report

Table 9.5 Cross-Drainage Structures Locations and Structure Types

CD Design
Name CH Discharge Q D Total loss
m (㎥/S) bxhxnr
2.5x2.25x
CD-0 MC1-1520 20.000 4 0.66
Syphon 01 MC 6260 202.7 2.5*2.5*2 1.0
2.5x2.25x
CD-2 MC1-10760 24.134 3 0.21
CD-3 MC1-14390 4.460 1.75x2x2 0.9
2.5x2.25x
CD-4 MC1-17230 26.730 4 0.66
2.5x2.25x
CD-5 MC1-18255 22.978 3 0.19
2.5x2.25x
CD-6 MC1-22020 22.685 3 0.18
3.5*1.83*
Syphon 2-1 PC2 (0+040-0+860) 21.8 1 0.60
1.25x1.5x
CD-7 PC2-2540 8.272 2 0.3
1.25x1.5x
CD-8 PC2-3980 7.331 2 0.26
CD-9 PC2-5620 7.266 1.25x1.5x 0.26

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2
1.25x1.5x
CD-10 PC2-6140 7.266 2 0.25
1.25x1.5x
CD-11 PC2-9580 4.926 2 0.13
1.25x1.5x
CD-12 PC2-12180 3.147 2 0.06
1.25x1.5x
CD-13 PC2-13660 3.056 2 0.06
Aqueduct 4.25*2.0*
01 PC1-26140 26.9 1 0.40
2.5x2.25x
CD-14 PC1-30006 10.180 4 0.24
2.5x2.25x
CD-15 PC1-30247 8.430 4 0.17
2.5x2.25x
CD-16 PC1-31293 15.550 4 0.49
2.5x2.25x
CD-17 PC1-31815 10.590 4 0.26
2.5x2.25x
CD-18 PC1-33948 58.780 4 1.32
2.5x2.25x
CD-19 PC1-42206 41.750 4 0.67
2.5x2.25x
CD-20 PC1-42830 58.530 4 0.7
2.5x2.25x
CD-21 PC1-50310 46.650 4 0.68
2.5x2.25x
CD-22 PC1-54361 21.970 4 0.35
2.5x2.25x
CD-23 PC1-54844 26.490 4 0.47

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Figure 9.6 Typical plan of cross drainage culvert Structure

Sample cross drainage design data and calculation

Designed Canal Syphon structure located at Chainage 6+620 km of the

Main canal, the design data of the Canal and Drain are as follows:

Canal Parameters:
Design Discharge of Canal 24 m3/s
Bed Width of Canal 10.0 m
Full Supply Depth 1.86 m
Canal Bed level at D/S 200.76 m
Side Slope of Canal 1.50 :1
Free Board 0.75 m

Drain Parameters:
Design Flood Discharge of Drain 202.7 m3/s
High Flood Level 201 M asl
Bed Level of Drain 197 m
The Designed feature of the Canal Syphon are as follows:
Canal Waterway
Number of tubes 2 No.
Width of Canal tube 2.5 m
Height of Canal tube 2.5 m
Thickness of tube wall 0.25 m
Length of Contraction Transition 5.0 m

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Length of Expansion Transition 7.13 m

Total Length of tube 240 m
Invert level of tube at D/S 200.76 m

Designed Canal Syphon structure located at 6.62 km at MC, drawing plan

and section A-A as shown below.

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Figure 9.7 Guyuk Syphion01 plan and section A-A

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ANNEX
A-1 HYDRULIC DESIGN OF MAJOR CANALS
A-1.1 Hydraulic Design of Main Canal

Chainag convey cummula S(cm/

Offtakes Area ,net Q B Y B/Y V Q Q 1/n Z A P R
e ance tive km)
m ha m3/s m3/s losses m m m/s m3/s m3/s m2 m m
Concrete 5.9
1260 8163.24 21.22 0.001 0.017 11.30 1.89 0.992 21.24 21.2 20.00 55.56 0.00 21.41 15.09 1.42
wall 6
4.7
TC0-0-1 4787.5 8163.24 21.22 0.001 0.016 8.80 1.87 0.981 21.24 21.2 20.00 55.56 1.50 21.66 15.53 1.39
1
4.7
TC0-0-2 5402.77 8145.06 21.18 0.001 0.015 8.80 1.86 0.980 21.19 21.2 20.00 55.56 1.50 21.62 15.52 1.39
2
4.7
PC-3 6460.97 8090.96 21.04 0.001 0.014 8.80 1.86 0.978 21.05 21.1 20.00 55.56 1.50 21.52 15.50 1.39
4
4.7
SC 0-1 8413.85 8090.96 21.04 0.001 0.013 8.80 1.86 0.978 21.05 21.0 20.00 55.56 1.50 21.52 15.50 1.39
4
4.7
SC 0-2 8424.95 7999.09 20.80 0.001 0.012 8.80 1.85 0.975 20.81 20.8 20.00 55.56 1.50 21.35 15.45 1.38
7
PC-4, SC 4.8
12403.3 7819.98 20.33 0.001 0.011 8.80 1.82 0.968 20.34 20.3 20.00 55.56 1.50 21.02 15.37 1.37
3&4 3
4.8
PC-5 14452.2 7676.14 19.96 0.001 0.008 8.80 1.80 0.962 19.97 20.0 20.00 55.56 1.50 20.75 15.30 1.36
8
4.8
SC 0-5 14886.29 7676.14 19.96 0.001 0.007 8.80 1.80 0.962 19.96 20.0 20.00 55.56 1.50 20.74 15.30 1.36
8
4.7
TC0-0-3 17267.05 7491.15 19.48 0.001 0.006 8.60 1.80 0.958 19.48 19.5 20.00 55.56 1.50 20.33 15.09 1.35
8
4.8
PC-6 17389.76 7403.81 19.25 0.001 0.005 8.60 1.79 0.955 19.25 19.3 20.00 55.56 1.50 20.16 15.04 1.34
1
4.8
TC0-0-4 19555.6 7403.81 19.25 0.001 0.004 8.60 1.79 0.955 19.25 19.3 20.00 55.56 1.50 20.16 15.04 1.34
1
4.8
21270 7347.29 19.10 0.001 0.003 8.60 1.78 0.953 19.11 19.1 20.00 55.56 1.50 20.05 15.02 1.34
3
6.3
TC0-0-5 21340.07 7347.29 19.10 0.001 0.002 11.20 1.78 0.959 19.10 19.1 20.00 55.56 0.00 19.91 14.76 1.35
0
6.3
PC1 & 2 22775.8 7298.08 18.98 0.001 0.001 11.20 1.77 0.957 18.98 19.0 20.00 55.56 0.00 19.82 14.74 1.34
3

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A-1.2 Hydraulic Design of Primary Canal-1

CH Canal Dis. Rou. F.S.D F.B Slope B SS BW A WP Hyd. Expon Chezy V Dis. Diffe B/D
Name Req. Coef. radius ential coef. Des. rence
From To m3/s m m m m m2 m m m0.5/s m/s m3/s m3/s
SC 1-1
- 1,263 12.20 0.02 1.82 0.60 5,350 5.00 1.50 2.00 14.08 11.57 1.22 0.17 57.41 0.87 12.20 (0.00) 2.75
SC 1-2
1,263 1,282 11.87 0.02 1.80 0.60 5,350 5.00 1.50 2.00 13.81 11.47 1.20 0.17 57.30 0.86 11.87 0.00 2.78
PC-
1,282 2,496 7,CR1 11.66 0.02 1.80 0.60 5,350 4.85 1.50 2.00 13.60 11.34 1.20 0.17 57.26 0.86 11.66 (0.00) 2.69
SC1-3
2,496 5,338 11.66 0.02 1.80 0.60 5,350 4.85 1.50 2.00 13.60 11.34 1.20 0.17 57.26 0.86 11.66 (0.00) 2.69
PC-
5,338 6,451 8,CR2 10.99 0.02 1.75 0.60 5,350 4.85 1.50 2.00 13.03 11.14 1.17 0.17 57.03 0.84 10.99 0.00 2.78
SC1-4
6,451 7,471 10.99 0.02 1.75 0.60 5,350 4.80 1.50 2.00 13.02 11.12 1.17 0.17 57.04 0.84 10.99 (0.00) 2.74
SC1-5
7,471 8,956 10.30 0.02 1.74 0.60 5,350 4.50 1.50 2.00 12.37 10.77 1.15 0.17 56.85 0.83 10.30 (0.00) 2.59
SC1-6
8,956 10,378 9.81 0.02 1.74 0.60 5,350 4.22 1.50 2.00 11.89 10.50 1.13 0.17 56.72 0.83 9.81 (0.00) 2.43
SC1-7
10,378 12,767 9.24 0.02 1.72 0.60 5,350 4.00 1.50 2.00 11.35 10.21 1.11 0.17 56.54 0.81 9.24 (0.00) 2.32
SC 1-
12,767 15,633 8,CR3 8.64 0.02 1.66 0.60 5,350 4.00 1.50 2.00 10.80 10.00 1.08 0.17 56.28 0.80 8.64 (0.00) 2.41
SC1-9
15,633 16,845 8.26 0.02 1.62 0.60 5,350 4.00 1.50 2.00 10.46 9.86 1.06 0.17 56.11 0.79 8.26 (0.00) 2.46
TC1-0-1
16,845 17,737 8.14 0.02 1.61 0.60 5,350 4.00 1.50 2.00 10.35 9.81 1.05 0.17 56.05 0.79 8.14 (0.00) 2.48
SC1-10
17,737 18,350 8.07 0.02 1.60 0.60 5,350 4.00 1.50 2.00 10.28 9.78 1.05 0.17 56.01 0.78 8.07 0.00 2.49
SC 1-11
18,350 25,079 7.90 0.02 1.59 0.60 5,350 4.00 1.50 2.00 10.12 9.72 1.04 0.17 55.93 0.78 7.90 0.00 2.52
SC 1-
25,079 25,080 12,CR4 7.82 0.02 1.52 0.60 4,250 3.75 1.50 2.00 9.21 9.25 1.00 0.17 55.51 0.85 7.82 0.00 2.46
SC1-13
25,080 28,901 7.82 0.02 1.52 0.60 4,250 3.75 1.50 2.00 9.21 9.25 1.00 0.17 55.51 0.85 7.82 0.00 2.46
PC-
28,901 31,098 9,CR5 7.82 0.02 1.52 0.60 4,250 3.75 1.50 2.00 9.21 9.25 1.00 0.17 55.51 0.85 7.82 0.00 2.46
SC1-14
31,098 31,171 7.26 0.02 1.51 0.60 4,250 3.50 1.50 2.00 8.69 8.94 0.97 0.17 55.29 0.84 7.26 0.00 2.32
TC1-0-2
31,171 31,357 7.26 0.02 1.51 0.60 4,250 3.50 1.50 2.00 8.69 8.94 0.97 0.17 55.29 0.84 7.26 0.00 2.32

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SC1-15
31,357 32,811 7.26 0.02 1.51 0.60 4,250 3.50 1.50 2.00 8.69 8.94 0.97 0.17 55.29 0.84 7.26 0.00 2.32
SC1-16
32,811 32,826 7.26 0.02 1.51 0.60 4,250 3.50 1.50 2.00 8.69 8.94 0.97 0.17 55.29 0.84 7.26 0.00 2.32
SC 1-
32,826 33,100 17,CR6 7.26 0.02 1.51 0.60 4,250 3.50 1.50 2.00 8.69 8.94 0.97 0.17 55.29 0.84 7.26 0.00 2.32
TC1-0-3
33,100 36,345 7.26 0.02 1.51 0.60 4,250 3.50 1.50 2.00 8.69 8.94 0.97 0.17 55.29 0.84 7.26 0.00 2.32
SC1-18
36,345 37,499 7.26 0.02 1.51 0.60 4,250 3.50 1.50 2.00 8.69 8.94 0.97 0.17 55.29 0.84 7.26 0.00 2.32
SC1-19
37,499 39,591 7.26 0.02 1.51 0.60 4,250 3.50 1.50 2.00 8.69 8.94 0.97 0.17 55.29 0.84 7.26 0.00 2.32
SC1-20
39,591 39,603 7.26 0.02 1.51 0.60 4,250 3.50 1.50 2.00 8.69 8.94 0.97 0.17 55.29 0.84 7.26 0.00 2.32
SC1-21
39,603 41,959 7.26 0.02 1.51 0.60 4,250 3.50 1.50 2.00 8.69 8.94 0.97 0.17 55.29 0.84 7.26 0.00 2.32
SC1-22
41,959 42,120 7.26 0.02 1.51 0.60 4,250 3.50 1.50 2.00 8.69 8.94 0.97 0.17 55.29 0.84 7.26 0.00 2.32
PC-
42,120 42,596 10,CR7 7.26 0.02 1.50 0.60 3,300 3.00 1.50 2.00 7.85 8.40 0.94 0.17 54.94 0.92 7.26 (0.00) 2.00
SC1-23
42,596 43,374 4.20 0.02 1.12 0.60 3,300 3.00 1.50 2.00 5.27 7.05 0.75 0.17 52.92 0.80 4.20 (0.00) 2.67
SC1-24
43,374 46,865 3.63 0.02 1.12 0.60 3,300 2.48 1.50 2.00 4.69 6.54 0.72 0.17 52.56 0.77 3.63 0.00 2.21
SC1-25
46,865 48,322 3.47 0.02 1.12 0.60 3,300 2.34 1.50 2.00 4.52 6.39 0.71 0.17 52.45 0.77 3.47 (0.00) 2.08
SC1-26
48,322 48,336 3.47 0.02 1.12 0.60 3,300 2.34 1.50 2.00 4.52 6.39 0.71 0.17 52.45 0.77 3.47 (0.00) 2.08
SC 1-
48,336 51,499 27,CR8 3.47 0.02 1.10 0.60 5,000 3.25 1.50 2.00 5.38 7.21 0.75 0.17 52.91 0.65 3.47 - 2.96
TC1-0-4
51,499 52,829 3.47 0.02 1.10 0.60 5,000 3.25 1.50 2.00 5.38 7.21 0.75 0.17 52.91 0.65 3.47 - 2.96
TC1-0-5
52,829 53,313 3.47 0.02 1.10 0.60 5,000 3.25 1.50 2.00 5.38 7.21 0.75 0.17 52.91 0.65 3.47 - 2.96
PC-11 &
53,313 53,540 12,CR9 3.47 0.02 1.10 0.60 5,000 3.25 1.50 2.00 5.38 7.21 0.75 0.17 52.91 0.65 3.47 - 2.96
PC-13
53,540 55,720 1.15 0.02 0.74 0.60 5,000 1.50 2.50 2.00 2.48 5.49 0.45 0.17 48.67 0.46 1.15 - 2.03
SC 1-28
55,720 55,822 0.73 0.02 0.66 0.60 5,000 1.50 1.50 2.00 1.65 3.89 0.42 0.17 48.17 0.44 0.73 - 2.26
SC 1-29
55,822 55,833 &CR10 0.28 0.02 0.52 0.60 5,000 0.75 1.50 2.00 0.80 2.63 0.30 0.17 45.56 0.36 0.28 - 1.44

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Canal Dis. Rou. F.S.D F.B Slope Bed Side BW A WP Hyd. Expon Chezy V Dis. Diffe B/D
Name Req Coef. width slope radius ential coef. Des. rence
.
From To m m m m m2 m m m0.5/s m/s m3/s m3/s
m3/
s
SC- 5,000
3,038 1,CR1 0.02 1.41 0.50 3.30 1.50 2.00 7.66 8.40 0.91 0.17 54.71 0.74 5.66 0.00 2.33
- 5.66
SC-2 5,000
3,038 6,792 0.02 1.30 0.50 3.20 1.50 2.00 6.72 7.90 0.85 0.17 54.08 0.71 4.74 0.00 2.46
4.74
SC-3 5,000
6,792 6,812 0.02 1.25 0.50 3.10 1.50 2.00 6.21 7.60 0.82 0.17 53.71 0.69 4.26 0.00 2.48
4.26
SC- 5,000
6,812 8,220 4,CR2 0.02 1.20 0.50 2.50 1.50 2.00 5.14 6.82 0.75 0.17 53.01 0.65 3.35 0.00 2.09
3.35
SC-5 5,300
8,220 9,517 0.02 1.11 0.50 2.05 1.50 2.00 4.13 6.06 0.68 0.17 52.12 0.59 2.44 (0.00) 1.84
2.44
SC- 5,300
9,517 10,973 6,CR3 0.02 1.01 0.50 1.50 1.50 2.00 3.06 5.15 0.59 0.17 50.93 0.54 1.65 0.00 1.48
1.65
SC-7 5,300
10,973 12,436 0.02 0.72 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 1.49 3.59 0.42 0.17 48.00 0.43 0.64 0.00 1.39
0.64
SC-8
12,436 14,602 0.02 0.70 0.50 5,300. 0.80 1.50 2.00 1.30 3.33 0.39 0.17 47.50 0.41 0.53 0.00 1.14
0.53
SC- 5,300
14,602 16,277 9,CR4 0.02 0.45 0.50 0.50 1.50 2.00 0.53 2.13 0.25 0.17 44.08 0.30 0.16 0.00 1.11
0.16

A-1.3 Hydraulic Design of Primary Canal-2

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A-2 HYDRULIC DESIGN OF MAJOR STRUCTURES

A-2.1 Hydraulic Design of Main Canal Sypion1

HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF GUYUK SYPION1 (MAIN CANAL CH: 6620M~6860M)

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REFERENCES
1) A M Michael, 1978. Irrigation theory and practice, Delhi
2) Andreas P. S, and Karen F., 2002. Irrigation manual: Planning,
development, monitoring and evaluation of irrigated agriculture with
farmers’ participation; Vol. II, Module 7; FAO, Harare
3) Chow, V.T, 1973. Open - Channel Hydraulic, McGraw – Hill Book
Company Ltd.
4) Guyuk Irrigation Scheme Feasibility Study and Detail Design, Irrigation
Agronomy Draft Report, July, 2020, Gombe
5) Guyuk Irrigation Scheme Feasibility Study and Detail Design,
Hydrogeology Study Draft Report, February, 2020, Gombe
6) Guyuk Irrigation Scheme Feasibility Study and Detail Design, Soil
Study Draft Report, July, 2020, Gombe
7) Guyuk Irrigation Scheme Feasibility Study and Detail Design,
Hydrogeology Study Draft Report, July, 2020, Gombe
8) Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 1977 rev.
Crop Water Requirements, FAO Irrigation and Drainage paper 24,
Rome, Italy.
9) FAO. (1994). IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE PAPER, 29 Rev. 1. Rome.
10) H. PRitzema (Ed.), Drainage Principles and Applications.
International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement (ILRI),
Publication 16, second revised edition, 1994, Wageningen, The
Netherlands. ISBN 90 70754 3 39
11) Preliminary Studies to Develop 25,000 Ha of Irrigation Scheme
Downstream of the DadinKowa Dam, Gombe State
12) Pre-feasibility of DadinKowa and Reconnaissance study of
Guyuk, Draft report,March, 2014, Upper Benue River Basin, Nigeria.
13) S.N. GHOSH (1996) “Flood Control and Drainage Engineering”,
professor, Department of Civil Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology, Kharagpur.

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14) USBR, 1967.Canals and related structures, design standards

No.3.

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