Wireless and

Mobile
Communication

Introduction
What is Wireless
Communication?

Wireless and Mobile Communication A short history of

wireless
Overview of Wireless Communication and Mobile communication
Main Events in Wireless
Computing History
Current state and Future Of
Wireless

Applications of
wireless
communication
Services Offered Using
Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering wireless Media

Bahir Dar University Frequencies for

BIT radio transmission
Frequency Spectrum

Types of Wireless
2014 E.C. Communication
Classification Based on
Technology

Adaptation and
mobility
Mobility Support

Challenges of
Wireless Networks
Technological Challenges
 Wireless and
Outline Mobile
Communication
Introduction
What is Wireless Communication? Introduction
What is Wireless
A short history of wireless communication Communication?

Main Events in Wireless History A short history of

wireless
Current state and Future Of Wireless communication
Main Events in Wireless

Applications of wireless communication History

Current state and Future Of
Wireless
Services Offered Using wireless Media
Applications of
wireless
Frequencies for radio transmission communication
Frequency Spectrum Services Offered Using
wireless Media

Types of Wireless Communication Frequencies for

radio transmission
Classification Based on Technology Frequency Spectrum

Types of Wireless
Adaptation and mobility Communication
Mobility Support Classification Based on
Technology

Challenges of Wireless Networks Adaptation and

mobility
Technological Challenges Mobility Support

Challenges of
Basic Terminologies in Cellular Wireless Wireless Networks
Technological Challenges
 Wireless and
Outline Mobile
Communication
Introduction
What is Wireless Communication? Introduction
What is Wireless
A short history of wireless communication Communication?

Main Events in Wireless History A short history of

wireless
Current state and Future Of Wireless communication
Main Events in Wireless

Applications of wireless communication History

Current state and Future Of
Wireless
Services Offered Using wireless Media
Applications of
wireless
Frequencies for radio transmission communication
Frequency Spectrum Services Offered Using
wireless Media

Types of Wireless Communication Frequencies for

radio transmission
Classification Based on Technology Frequency Spectrum

Types of Wireless
Adaptation and mobility Communication
Mobility Support Classification Based on
Technology

Challenges of Wireless Networks Adaptation and

mobility
Technological Challenges Mobility Support

Challenges of
Basic Terminologies in Cellular Wireless Wireless Networks
Technological Challenges
 Wireless and
What is wireless Communication Mobile
Communication

▶ Transfer of data between 2+ points that aren't Introduction

connected by an electrical conductor What is Wireless

Communication?

▶ Typically use electromagnetic waves A short history of

wireless
communication
Main Events in Wireless
History
Current state and Future Of
Wireless

Applications of
wireless
communication
Services Offered Using
wireless Media

Frequencies for
radio transmission
Frequency Spectrum

Types of Wireless
Communication
Classification Based on
Technology

Adaptation and
mobility
Mobility Support

Challenges of
Wireless Networks
Technological Challenges
 Wireless and
Why wireless? Mobile
Communication

▶ Freedom from wires Introduction

What is Wireless
▶ No cost of installing the wires, No bunches of wires Communication?

A short history of
running around e.g. Bluetooth , Wi-Fi wireless
▶ Low footprint communication
Main Events in Wireless
History
Current state and Future Of
▶ Global Coverage Wireless

▶ Where wired communication is not feasible or costly Applications of

wireless
e.g. rural areas, battle field and outer space. communication
Services Offered Using
wireless Media

▶ Stay Connected Frequencies for

radio transmission
▶ Any where any time Frequency Spectrum

Types of Wireless
Communication
▶ Flexibility Classification Based on
Technology
▶ Connect to multiple devices simultaneously Adaptation and
▶ Rapid (re)configuration mobility
Mobility Support

Challenges of
Wireless Networks
Technological Challenges
 Wireless and
Elements of a Wireless System Mobile
Communication

Introduction
What is Wireless
Communication?

A short history of
wireless
communication
Main Events in Wireless
History
Current state and Future Of
Wireless

Applications of
wireless
communication
Services Offered Using
wireless Media

Frequencies for
radio transmission
Frequency Spectrum

Types of Wireless
Communication
Classification Based on
Technology

Adaptation and
mobility
Mobility Support

Challenges of
Wireless Networks
Technological Challenges
 Wireless and
Outline Mobile
Communication
Introduction
What is Wireless Communication? Introduction
What is Wireless
A short history of wireless communication Communication?

Main Events in Wireless History A short history of

wireless
Current state and Future Of Wireless communication
Main Events in Wireless

Applications of wireless communication History

Current state and Future Of
Wireless
Services Offered Using wireless Media
Applications of
wireless
Frequencies for radio transmission communication
Frequency Spectrum Services Offered Using
wireless Media

Types of Wireless Communication Frequencies for

radio transmission
Classification Based on Technology Frequency Spectrum

Types of Wireless
Adaptation and mobility Communication
Mobility Support Classification Based on
Technology

Challenges of Wireless Networks Adaptation and

mobility
Technological Challenges Mobility Support

Challenges of
Basic Terminologies in Cellular Wireless Wireless Networks
Technological Challenges
 Wireless and
History of wireless communication Mobile
Communication
@ 150 BC
The use of smoke signals for communication ( mentioned by Introduction
polybius · · · Greece) What is Wireless
Communication?

A short history of
wireless
communication
Main Events in Wireless
History
Current state and Future Of
Wireless

Applications of
wireless
communication
Services Offered Using
wireless Media

Frequencies for
radio transmission
Frequency Spectrum

Carrier Pigeons · · · other way to communicate Types of Wireless

Communication
Classification Based on
Technology

Adaptation and
mobility
Mobility Support

Challenges of
Wireless Networks
Technological Challenges
 Wireless and
History of wireless communication Mobile
Communication
@ 206 BC -– 24 AD

Introduction
What is Wireless
Communication?

Han Dynasty in Ancient China A short history of

wireless
▶ light was used for signalling messages along a line of communication
Main Events in Wireless

signal towers towards the capitol Chang'an – { Xi'an } History

Current state and Future Of
Wireless

Note Applications of
wireless
▶ Using light and flags for wireless communication communication
Services Offered Using
remained important for the navy until radio wireless Media

transmission was introduced. Frequencies for

radio transmission
Importance Frequency Spectrum

Types of Wireless
▶ Even today a sailor has to know some codes represented Communication
Classification Based on
by flags if all other means of wireless communication fail Technology

Adaptation and
mobility
Mobility Support

Challenges of
Wireless Networks
Technological Challenges
 Wireless and
Some Important discoveries Mobile
Communication

Introduction
▶ James C Maxwell (1831 – 1879) laying the theoretical What is Wireless
Communication?
foundation for EM fields with his famous equations
A short history of
▶ Heinrich Hertz (1857 – 1894) was the first to wireless
communication
demonstrate the wave character of electrical Main Events in Wireless
History

transmission through space (1886).(Note Today the Current state and Future Of
Wireless

unit Hz reminds us of this discovery). Applications of

wireless
▶ Radio invented in the 1880s by Marconi communication
Services Offered Using
wireless Media
▶ The first transatlantic transmission followed in 1901.
Frequencies for
▶ WARC – World Administration Radio Conference took radio transmission
Frequency Spectrum

place ,coordinating world wide use of radio frequencies Types of Wireless

Communication
▶ The 1st radio broadcast took place in 1906 when Classification Based on
Technology
Reginald A Fessenden transmitted voice and music for Adaptation and
Christmas. mobility
Mobility Support

Challenges of
Wireless Networks
Technological Challenges
 Wireless and
Some Important discoveries Mobile
Communication

▶ The invention of electronic vacuum tube in 1906 by Lee

Introduction
De Forest (1873 – 1961) & Robert Von Lieben (1878 -– What is Wireless
Communication?

1913)Helped to reduce the size of sender and receiver A short history of

wireless
▶ One of the 1st mobile transmitter was on board at communication
Main Events in Wireless
Zeppelin in 1911 History
Current state and Future Of

▶ In 1915 , the first wireless voice transmission was set Wireless

Applications of
up between New York and San Francisco wireless
communication
▶ The 1st commercial radio station started in 1920 Services Offered Using
wireless Media
▶ Note Sender & Receiver still needed huge antennas Frequencies for
High transmission power. radio transmission
Frequency Spectrum

▶ In 1926, the first telephone in a train was available on Types of Wireless

Communication
the Berlin -– Hamburg line Classification Based on
Technology
▶ 1928 was the year of many field trials for TV Adaptation and
broadcasting. John L Baird (1888 -– 1946) transmitted mobility
Mobility Support

TV across Atlantic and demonstrated color TV Challenges of

Wireless Networks
Technological Challenges
 Wireless and
Some Important discoveries Mobile
Communication

▶ Until 1932 , all wireless communication used AM which

Introduction
offered relatively poor quality due to interference. What is Wireless
Communication?

▶ Invention of FM in 1933 by Edwin H Armstrong [1890 A short history of

wireless
– 1954] communication
Main Events in Wireless
▶ Both the modulation schemes are still used for todays History
Current state and Future Of

radio broadcasting with FM having much better quality Wireless

Applications of
▶ After 2nd world war (in 1958) ,a network in Germany wireless
communication
was build namely the analog A- Netz using a carrier Services Offered Using
wireless Media

frequency of 160 Mhz Frequencies for

radio transmission
▶ Connection setup was only possible from the mobile Frequency Spectrum

station and no handover was possible Types of Wireless

Communication
▶ Following the development of the cellular concept in the Classification Based on
Technology

1960s at the Bell Laboratories, mobile communications Adaptation and

mobility
began to be a promising field of expanse which could Mobility Support

serve wider populations Challenges of

Wireless Networks
Technological Challenges
 Wireless and
Some Important discoveries Mobile
Communication

Introduction
What is Wireless
Communication?

▶ 1982:Groupe Spéciale Mobile now called Global A short history of

wireless
System for Mobile Communications was launched to communication
develop standards for pan-European mobile network Main Events in Wireless
History
Current state and Future Of
▶ 1995 GSM specifications ported to PCS (personal Wireless

Applications of
communications service) 1900 wireless
communication
▶ 1997 - Wireless LANs Services Offered Using
wireless Media
▶ 1998 - Specification for next generation CDMA starts Frequencies for
▶ Qualcomm starts work on wideband CDMA spec radio transmission
Frequency Spectrum

▶ 2000 - Bluetooth with 1Mbit/s specification, single cell Types of Wireless

Communication
Later work on 10 Mbit/s spec with multi cell capability Classification Based on
Technology

Adaptation and
mobility
Mobility Support

Challenges of
Wireless Networks
Technological Challenges
 Wireless and
Outline Mobile
Communication
Introduction
What is Wireless Communication? Introduction
What is Wireless
A short history of wireless communication Communication?

Main Events in Wireless History A short history of

wireless
Current state and Future Of Wireless communication
Main Events in Wireless

Applications of wireless communication History

Current state and Future Of
Wireless
Services Offered Using wireless Media
Applications of
wireless
Frequencies for radio transmission communication
Frequency Spectrum Services Offered Using
wireless Media

Types of Wireless Communication Frequencies for

radio transmission
Classification Based on Technology Frequency Spectrum

Types of Wireless
Adaptation and mobility Communication
Mobility Support Classification Based on
Technology

Challenges of Wireless Networks Adaptation and

mobility
Technological Challenges Mobility Support

Challenges of
Basic Terminologies in Cellular Wireless Wireless Networks
Technological Challenges
 Wireless and
Present Day Mobile Communication Mobile
Communication

Introduction
What is Wireless
Communication?

▶ Since the time of wireless telegraphy, radio A short history of

wireless
communication has been used extensively. communication
Main Events in Wireless
▶ Our society has been looking for acquiring mobility in History
Current state and Future Of

communication since then. Wireless

Applications of
▶ Initially the mobile communication was limited between wireless
communication
one pair of users on single channel pair. Services Offered Using
wireless Media

▶ The range of mobility was defined by Frequencies for

radio transmission
▶ The transmitter power Frequency Spectrum

▶ Type of antenna used and Types of Wireless

▶ The frequency of operation Communication
Classification Based on
Technology

Adaptation and
mobility
Mobility Support

Challenges of
Wireless Networks
Technological Challenges
 Wireless and
Present Day Mobile Communication Mobile
Communication

▶ With the increase in the number of users, Introduction

What is Wireless
accommodating them within the limited available Communication?

frequency spectrum became a major problem. A short history of

wireless
communication
▶ To resolve this problem, the concept of cellular Main Events in Wireless
History
communication was evolved. Current state and Future Of
Wireless

▶ The present day cellular communication uses a basic Applications of

wireless
unit called cell. communication
Services Offered Using
▶ Each cell consists of small hexagonal area with a base wireless Media

station located at the center of the cell which Frequencies for

radio transmission
communicates with the user. Frequency Spectrum

Types of Wireless
▶ To accommodate multiple users Time Division multiple Communication

Access (TDMA), Code Division Multiple Access Classification Based on

Technology

(CDMA), Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) Adaptation and

mobility
and their hybrids are used. Mobility Support

Challenges of
Wireless Networks
Technological Challenges
 Wireless and
Wireless Coverage by 2021 Mobile
Communication

Introduction
What is Wireless
Communication?

A short history of
wireless
communication
Main Events in Wireless
History
Current state and Future Of
Wireless

Applications of
wireless
communication
Services Offered Using
wireless Media

Frequencies for
radio transmission
Frequency Spectrum

Types of Wireless
Communication
Classification Based on
Technology

Adaptation and
mobility
Mobility Support

Challenges of
Wireless Networks
Technological Challenges
 Wireless and
Future Wireless Networks Mobile
Communication

Ubiquitous communication among People & Devices Introduction

What is Wireless
Communication?
▶ Next-generation
Cellular A short history of
wireless
▶ Wireless communication
Internet Access Main Events in Wireless
▶ Wireless History

Multimedia Current state and Future Of

Wireless
▶ Sensor
Applications of
Networks wireless
▶ Smart communication
Homes/Spaces Services Offered Using
wireless Media
▶ Automated
Highways Frequencies for
radio transmission
▶ In-Body Frequency Spectrum
Networks Types of Wireless
▶ IoT Communication
Classification Based on
Technology

Adaptation and
mobility
Mobility Support

Challenges of
Wireless Networks
Technological Challenges
 Wireless and
Software Defined Mobile network Controller Mobile
Communication

Introduction
What is Wireless
Communication?

A short history of
wireless
communication
Main Events in Wireless
History
Current state and Future Of
Wireless

Applications of
wireless
communication
Services Offered Using
wireless Media

Frequencies for
radio transmission
Frequency Spectrum

Types of Wireless
Communication
Classification Based on
Technology

Adaptation and
mobility
Mobility Support

Challenges of
Wireless Networks
Technological Challenges
 Wireless and
Key features of future mobile and wireless Mobile
Communication
networks
▶ Improved radio technology and antennas Introduction
▶ Smart antennas, Beam forming, Multiple-Input What is Wireless
Communication?

Multiple-Output (MIMO) · · · ( see LTE, 802.11ac) A short history of

▶ Space division multiplex to increase capacity, benefit wireless
communication
from multipath Main Events in Wireless

▶ Software defined radios (SDR) History

Current state and Future Of
▶ use of different air interfaces, download new Wireless

Applications of
modulation/coding/ · · · wireless
▶ requires a lot of processing power (UMTS RF 10000 communication
GIPS) Services Offered Using
wireless Media

▶ Dynamic spectrum allocation Frequencies for

▶ Spectrum on demand results in higher overall capacity radio transmission
Frequency Spectrum
▶ Core network convergence
Types of Wireless
▶ IP-based, quality of service, mobile IP Communication

▶ Ad-hoc technologies Classification Based on

Technology

▶ Spontaneous communication, power saving, redundancy Adaptation and

mobility
▶ Simple and open service platform Mobility Support

▶ Intelligence at the edge, not in the network (as with IN) Challenges of
▶ More service providers, not network operators only Wireless Networks
Technological Challenges
 Wireless and
Outline Mobile
Communication
Introduction
What is Wireless Communication? Introduction
What is Wireless
A short history of wireless communication Communication?

Main Events in Wireless History A short history of

wireless
Current state and Future Of Wireless communication
Main Events in Wireless

Applications of wireless communication History

Current state and Future Of
Wireless
Services Offered Using wireless Media
Applications of
wireless
Frequencies for radio transmission communication
Frequency Spectrum Services Offered Using
wireless Media

Types of Wireless Communication Frequencies for

radio transmission
Classification Based on Technology Frequency Spectrum

Types of Wireless
Adaptation and mobility Communication
Mobility Support Classification Based on
Technology

Challenges of Wireless Networks Adaptation and

mobility
Technological Challenges Mobility Support

Challenges of
Basic Terminologies in Cellular Wireless Wireless Networks
Technological Challenges
 Wireless and
Wireless Services Mobile
Communication

Introduction
▶ Telemetry control & traffic ▶ Global Positioning System What is Wireless
Communication?
control systems (GPS)
▶ Infrared & ultrasonic remote A short history of
▶ Cordless computer wireless
control devices peripherals communication
▶ Professional LMR (Land ▶ Cordless phones Main Events in Wireless
History

Mobile Radio) & SMR ▶ Satellite television Current state and Future Of
Wireless

(Specialized Mobile Radio) Applications of

wireless
▶ Used by business, communication
industrial & public Services Offered Using
wireless Media

safety entities Frequencies for

▶ Consumer 2-way radio radio transmission
Frequency Spectrum
▶ Airband & radio navigation
Types of Wireless
equipment Communication
▶ Amateur Radio Service Classification Based on
(Ham radio) Technology

▶ Cellular telephones & pagers Adaptation and

mobility
Mobility Support

Challenges of
Wireless Networks
Technological Challenges
 Wireless and
Outline Mobile
Communication
Introduction
What is Wireless Communication? Introduction
What is Wireless
A short history of wireless communication Communication?

Main Events in Wireless History A short history of

wireless
Current state and Future Of Wireless communication
Main Events in Wireless

Applications of wireless communication History

Current state and Future Of
Wireless
Services Offered Using wireless Media
Applications of
wireless
Frequencies for radio transmission communication
Frequency Spectrum Services Offered Using
wireless Media

Types of Wireless Communication Frequencies for

radio transmission
Classification Based on Technology Frequency Spectrum

Types of Wireless
Adaptation and mobility Communication
Mobility Support Classification Based on
Technology

Challenges of Wireless Networks Adaptation and

mobility
Technological Challenges Mobility Support

Challenges of
Basic Terminologies in Cellular Wireless Wireless Networks
Technological Challenges
 Wireless and
Frequency Spectrum Mobile
Communication

▶ Range of available frequencies

▶ Various wireless technologies use distinct frequency Introduction
What is Wireless
bands to avoid interference Communication?

A short history of
▶ Signal power is well controlled wireless
▶ Assigned by regulatory agencies communication
Main Events in Wireless
▶ e.g., FCC, ITU, TRC History
Current state and Future Of
Wireless

Applications of
wireless
communication
Services Offered Using
wireless Media

Frequencies for
radio transmission
Frequency Spectrum

Types of Wireless
Communication
Classification Based on
Technology

Adaptation and
▶ < 30KHz VLF ▶ 30MHz–300MHz VHF mobility
▶ 30 − 300KHz LF ▶ 300MHz–3GHz UHF Mobility Support

▶ 300KHz–3MHz MF ▶ 3 − 30GHz SHF Challenges of

▶ ▶ Wireless Networks
3MHz–30MHz HF > 30GHz EHF
Technological Challenges
 Wireless and
Key Frequency Bands Mobile
Communication

▶ AM: 520 − 1650.5 KHz

Introduction

▶ FM: 87.5 − 108 MHz

What is Wireless
Communication?

A short history of
▶ Direct broadcast satellite: 10.9 − 12.75 GHz wireless
communication
Main Events in Wireless

▶ Global System for Mobile (GSM) History

Current state and Future Of
Wireless
▶ 890 − 960 MHz & 1710 − 1880 MHz
Applications of
▶ Referred as 900 & 1800 bands wireless
communication
Services Offered Using
▶ Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) wireless Media

▶ 900 & 1800 bands Frequencies for

radio transmission
Frequency Spectrum

▶ 3G wideband CDMA (UMTS) Types of Wireless

Communication
▶ 1900 − 1980, 2020 − 2025, & 2110 − 2190 MHz bands Classification Based on
Technology

▶ Wireless LAN (IEEE 802.11) Adaptation and

mobility
▶ 902 − 928 MHz, 2400 − 2483 MHz, 5.15 − 5.725 GHz Mobility Support

▶ ISM band: 2.4 GHz in US Challenges of

Wireless Networks
Technological Challenges
 Wireless and
Key Frequency Bands (cont...) Mobile
Communication

▶ Bluetooth: 2.402 − 2.480 GHz in US Introduction

What is Wireless

▶ WiMax: 2 − 11 GHz (includes both licensed & Communication?

A short history of
unlicensed) wireless
communication
Main Events in Wireless
▶ Ultra-wideband (UWB): 1.1 − 10.6 GHz History
Current state and Future Of
Wireless

▶ Radio-frequency IDentification (RFID) Applications of

wireless
▶ LF (120 − –140 KHz), HF (13.56 MHz), UHF communication
(868 − –956 MHz) , & Microwave ( 2.4) GHz Services Offered Using
wireless Media

Frequencies for
▶ IrDA: 100 GHz radio transmission
Frequency Spectrum

▶ Wireless sensors Types of Wireless

Communication
▶ 300 − 1000 MHz & 2.4 bands Classification Based on
Technology

Adaptation and
▶ Global Positioning System (GPS) mobility
Mobility Support
▶ 1575.42 MHz (referred to as L1) & 1227.60 MHz (L2)
Challenges of
Wireless Networks
Technological Challenges
 Wireless and
Outline Mobile
Communication
Introduction
What is Wireless Communication? Introduction
What is Wireless
A short history of wireless communication Communication?

Main Events in Wireless History A short history of

wireless
Current state and Future Of Wireless communication
Main Events in Wireless

Applications of wireless communication History

Current state and Future Of
Wireless
Services Offered Using wireless Media
Applications of
wireless
Frequencies for radio transmission communication
Frequency Spectrum Services Offered Using
wireless Media

Types of Wireless Communication Frequencies for

radio transmission
Classification Based on Technology Frequency Spectrum

Types of Wireless
Adaptation and mobility Communication
Mobility Support Classification Based on
Technology

Challenges of Wireless Networks Adaptation and

mobility
Technological Challenges Mobility Support

Challenges of
Basic Terminologies in Cellular Wireless Wireless Networks
Technological Challenges
 Wireless and
Infrared (IR) wireless communication Mobile
Communication
▶ Infrared band of the electromagnet corresponds to
300GHz to 400THz Introduction
What is Wireless
▶ A wavelength of 780nm - 1mm Communication?

A short history of
▶ The propagation of light waves in this band can be used wireless
communication
for a communication system (for transmission and Main Events in Wireless
History

reception) of data Current state and Future Of

Wireless

Applications of
▶ This communication can be between two portable wireless
communication
devices or between a portable device and a fixed device. Services Offered Using
wireless Media

Frequencies for
radio transmission
Frequency Spectrum

Types of Wireless
Communication
Classification Based on
Technology

Adaptation and
mobility
Mobility Support

Challenges of
Wireless Networks
Technological Challenges
 Wireless and
Satellite communication Mobile
Communication

Introduction
▶ A communication satellite is an artificial satellite used What is Wireless
Communication?

specifically as a communication transmitter/receiver in A short history of

wireless
orbit. communication
Main Events in Wireless
History

▶ It behaves like a radio relay station above the earth to Current state and Future Of
Wireless

receive, amplify, and redirect analog and digital signals Applications of

wireless
carried on a specific radio frequency. communication
Services Offered Using
wireless Media
▶ Advances in satellite technology have given rise to a
Frequencies for
healthy satellite services sector that provides various radio transmission

services that satellites provide: Frequency Spectrum

Types of Wireless
▶ Telecommunications Communication
▶ Broadcasting Classification Based on
Technology

▶ Data communications Adaptation and

mobility
Mobility Support

Challenges of
Wireless Networks
Technological Challenges
 Wireless and
Satellite communication (cont...) Mobile
Communication

Introduction
What is Wireless
Communication?

A short history of
wireless
communication
Main Events in Wireless
History
Current state and Future Of
Wireless

Applications of
wireless
communication
Services Offered Using
wireless Media

Frequencies for
radio transmission
Frequency Spectrum

Types of Wireless
Communication
Classification Based on
Technology

Adaptation and
mobility
Mobility Support

Challenges of
Wireless Networks
Technological Challenges
 Wireless and
broadcast radio communication system Mobile
Communication
▶ Basically an audio broadcasting service, radio
broadcasts sound through the air as radio waves. Introduction

▶ It uses a transmitter to transmit radio waves to a What is Wireless

Communication?

receiving antenna. A short history of

wireless
communication
▶ Radio broadcasting can also be done via cable FM, the Main Events in Wireless
History
internet and satellites. Current state and Future Of
Wireless

▶ A radio broadcast sends data over long distances Applications of

wireless
(across countries) at up to 2 megabits per second communication
(AM/FM Radio). Services Offered Using
wireless Media

Frequencies for
radio transmission
Frequency Spectrum

Types of Wireless
Communication
Classification Based on
Technology

Adaptation and
mobility
Mobility Support

Challenges of
Wireless Networks
Technological Challenges
 Wireless and
Microwave wireless communication Mobile
Communication

Introduction
▶ Microwave transmission involves the transfer of voice What is Wireless
Communication?
and data through the atmosphere as super A short history of
high-frequency radio waves called microwaves. wireless
communication
Main Events in Wireless

▶ Microwave transmission is mainly used to transmit History

Current state and Future Of
Wireless
messages between ground-based stations and satellite
Applications of
communications systems. wireless
communication
Services Offered Using
wireless Media

Frequencies for
radio transmission
Frequency Spectrum

Types of Wireless
Communication
Classification Based on
Technology

Adaptation and
mobility
Mobility Support

Challenges of
Wireless Networks
Technological Challenges
 Wireless and
Microwave wireless communication (cont...) Mobile
Communication

Introduction
What is Wireless
Communication?

A short history of
wireless
communication
Main Events in Wireless
History
Current state and Future Of
Wireless

Applications of
wireless
communication
Services Offered Using
wireless Media

Frequencies for
radio transmission
Frequency Spectrum

Types of Wireless
Communication
Classification Based on
Technology

Adaptation and
mobility
Mobility Support

Challenges of
Wireless Networks
Technological Challenges
 Wireless and
Wi-fi Mobile
Communication
Wireless Fidelity

Introduction
▶ Wifi or wireless fidelity, allows you to access the internet while on What is Wireless
the move; you can remain online while moving from one area to Communication?

another in a wireless mode. A short history of

▶ Wifi enabled computers send and receive data indoors and out; wireless
anywhere within the range of a base station. communication
Main Events in Wireless
▶ Its just as fast as cable modem connection. History
Current state and Future Of
▶ Wifi is a generic term that refers to the IEEE 80211 Wireless

communications standard for wireless local area networks(WLANs) Applications of

wireless
communication
Services Offered Using
wireless Media

Frequencies for
radio transmission
Frequency Spectrum

Types of Wireless
Communication
Classification Based on
Technology

Adaptation and
mobility
Mobility Support

Challenges of
Wireless Networks
Technological Challenges
 Wireless and
Li-fi Mobile
Communication
Light Fidelity
▶ Li-fi is transmission of data through illumination by Introduction
taking the fiber out of fiber optics by sending data What is Wireless
Communication?

through LED light bulb. A short history of

wireless
▶ This varies in intensity faster than human eye can communication
Main Events in Wireless
follow. History
Current state and Future Of

▶ It is the fast and cheap wireless communication system Wireless

Applications of
which is optical version of wifi. wireless
communication
Services Offered Using
wireless Media

Frequencies for
radio transmission
Frequency Spectrum

Types of Wireless
Communication
Classification Based on
Technology

Adaptation and
mobility
Mobility Support

Challenges of
Wireless Networks
Technological Challenges
 Wireless and
Cellular Networks Mobile
Communication

Introduction
▶ Underlying technology for mobile phones, personal What is Wireless
Communication?

communication systems, wireless networking etc. A short history of

wireless
▶ Developed for mobile radio telephone communication
Main Events in Wireless
▶ Replace high power transmitter/receiver systems History
Current state and Future Of
▶ Typical support for 25 channels over 80km Wireless

▶ Use lower power, shorter range, multiple transmitters Applications of

wireless
▶ 100w or less communication
Services Offered Using
▶ Area divided into cells wireless Media

▶ Each with own antenna Frequencies for

radio transmission
▶ Each with own range of frequencies Frequency Spectrum

▶ Served by base station (Transmitter, receiver, control Types of Wireless

unit) Communication
Classification Based on
▶ Adjacent cells on different frequencies to avoid Technology

crosstalk Adaptation and

mobility
Mobility Support

Challenges of
Wireless Networks
Technological Challenges
 Wireless and
Cellular Networks (cont...) Mobile
Communication

Introduction
What is Wireless
Communication?

A short history of
wireless
communication
Main Events in Wireless
History
Current state and Future Of
Wireless

Applications of
wireless
communication
Services Offered Using
wireless Media

Frequencies for
radio transmission
Frequency Spectrum

Types of Wireless
Communication
Classification Based on
Technology

Adaptation and
mobility
Mobility Support

Challenges of
Wireless Networks
Technological Challenges
 Wireless and
Cellular Networks (cont...) Mobile
Communication

Introduction
What is Wireless
Communication?

A short history of
wireless
communication
Main Events in Wireless
History
Current state and Future Of
Wireless

Applications of
wireless
communication
Services Offered Using
wireless Media

Frequencies for
radio transmission
Frequency Spectrum

Types of Wireless
Communication
Classification Based on
Technology

Adaptation and
mobility
Mobility Support

Challenges of
Wireless Networks
Technological Challenges
 Wireless and
Outline Mobile
Communication
Introduction
What is Wireless Communication? Introduction
What is Wireless
A short history of wireless communication Communication?

Main Events in Wireless History A short history of

wireless
Current state and Future Of Wireless communication
Main Events in Wireless

Applications of wireless communication History

Current state and Future Of
Wireless
Services Offered Using wireless Media
Applications of
wireless
Frequencies for radio transmission communication
Frequency Spectrum Services Offered Using
wireless Media

Types of Wireless Communication Frequencies for

radio transmission
Classification Based on Technology Frequency Spectrum

Types of Wireless
Adaptation and mobility Communication
Mobility Support Classification Based on
Technology

Challenges of Wireless Networks Adaptation and

mobility
Technological Challenges Mobility Support

Challenges of
Basic Terminologies in Cellular Wireless Wireless Networks
Technological Challenges
 Wireless and
Variability Caused by Mobility Mobile
Communication

▶ Mobile computing (Wireless with mobility) poses new Introduction

challenges for both system and application designers. What is Wireless
Communication?

▶ In fixed telephony, new communications and terminal A short history of

wireless
infrastructure are created to provide a well-understood communication
Main Events in Wireless
service (peer-to-peer voice communication), and History
Current state and Future Of
inter-operability is maintained at the central office Wireless

Applications of
▶ Almost all of the computer applications that have been wireless
communication
built to date make the assumption that their Services Offered Using
wireless Media
environment is invariant over a significant period of Frequencies for
time. radio transmission
Frequency Spectrum

▶ Previous generations of bespoke applications were Types of Wireless

Communication
designed around assumptions of computer speed, Classification Based on
Technology
memory, network bandwidth, communications
Adaptation and
latency and user interface; changes in these mobility
Mobility Support
assumptions may have necessitated a new design.
Challenges of
Wireless Networks
Technological Challenges
 Wireless and
Variability Caused by Mobility (cont...) Mobile
Communication

Introduction
What is Wireless

▶ The challenge of mobile computing is that many Communication?

A short history of
attributes of the application environment vary as the wireless
communication
computer is moved from place to place. Moreover, the Main Events in Wireless
History
degree of variability is enormous Current state and Future Of
Wireless

▶ Adapting to this variability is the shared responsibility of Applications of

wireless
the application program and the operating system communication
Services Offered Using
▶ Because of fundamental physical limitations on wireless wireless Media

Frequencies for
networking, the gap between wired and wireless radio transmission
networks will widen rather than narrow. Frequency Spectrum

Types of Wireless
▶ Accommodating this divergence of functionality will Communication
Classification Based on
require changes to both applications and systems. Technology

Adaptation and
mobility
Mobility Support

Challenges of
Wireless Networks
Technological Challenges
 Wireless and
Outline Mobile
Communication
Introduction
What is Wireless Communication? Introduction
What is Wireless
A short history of wireless communication Communication?

Main Events in Wireless History A short history of

wireless
Current state and Future Of Wireless communication
Main Events in Wireless

Applications of wireless communication History

Current state and Future Of
Wireless
Services Offered Using wireless Media
Applications of
wireless
Frequencies for radio transmission communication
Frequency Spectrum Services Offered Using
wireless Media

Types of Wireless Communication Frequencies for

radio transmission
Classification Based on Technology Frequency Spectrum

Types of Wireless
Adaptation and mobility Communication
Mobility Support Classification Based on
Technology

Challenges of Wireless Networks Adaptation and

mobility
Technological Challenges Mobility Support

Challenges of
Basic Terminologies in Cellular Wireless Wireless Networks
Technological Challenges
 Wireless and
Wireless Networks Compared to Fixed Networks Mobile
Communication
▶ Higher loss-rates due to interference
▶ Other EM signals, objects in path (multi-path, Introduction
scattering) What is Wireless
Communication?

▶ Limited availability of useful spectrum A short history of

wireless
▶ Frequencies have to be coordinated, useful frequencies communication
are almost all occupied Main Events in Wireless
History

▶ Low transmission rates Current state and Future Of

Wireless

▶ Local area: 2 — 11 Mbit/s, wide area: 9.6 — 19.2 Applications of

wireless
kbit/s communication
Services Offered Using
▶ Higher delays, higher jitter wireless Media

▶ Connection setup time for cellular in the second range, Frequencies for
radio transmission
several hundred milliseconds for wireless LAN systems Frequency Spectrum

▶ Lower security, simpler active attacking Types of Wireless

Communication
▶ Radio interface accessible for everyone Classification Based on
Technology
▶ Base station can be simulated, thus attracting calls Adaptation and
from mobile phones mobility
Mobility Support
▶ Always shared medium Challenges of
▶ Secure access mechanisms important Wireless Networks
Technological Challenges
 Wireless and
Impact of Portability on Device Mobile
Communication
Design/Functionality
▶ Power consumption Introduction
What is Wireless
▶ Battery capacity - limited computing power, low Communication?

quality/smaller displays, smaller disks, fewer options (I/O, A short history of

wireless
CD/DVD) communication
▶ CPU: power consumption ∼ CV 2 f Main Events in Wireless
History
▶ C: internal capacity, reduced by integration
Current state and Future Of
▶ V: supply voltage, can be reduced to a certain limit Wireless
▶ f: clock frequency, can be reduced dynamically based on usage
Applications of
▶ Device vulnerability wireless
communication
▶ More rugged design required to withstand bumps, weather Services Offered Using
wireless Media
conditions, etc.
▶ Theft Frequencies for
radio transmission
▶ Limited/Simpler User Interfaces Frequency Spectrum

▶ Display size Types of Wireless

▶ Compromise between comfort/usability and portability Communication
Classification Based on
(keyboard size) Technology

▶ Integration of character/voice recognition, abstract symbols Adaptation and

mobility
▶ Limited memory Mobility Support
▶ Memory limited by size and power Challenges of
▶ Flash-memory or ? as alternative Wireless Networks
Technological Challenges
 Wireless and
Impact on Higher-Layer Protocols Mobile
Communication

Introduction
What is Wireless
Communication?
▶ Wireless and mobility change path properties
A short history of
▶ Wireless: higher packet loss, not from congestion wireless
communication
▶ Mobility: transient disruptions, and changes in RTT Main Events in Wireless
History

▶ Logically, impact should be minimal . . . Current state and Future Of

Wireless

▶ Best-effort service model remains unchanged Applications of

▶ TCP and UDP can (and do) run over wireless, mobile wireless
communication
▶ But, performance definitely is affected Services Offered Using
wireless Media

▶ TCP treats packet loss as a sign of congestion Frequencies for

radio transmission
▶ TCP tries to estimate the RTT to drive retransmissions Frequency Spectrum

▶ TCP does not perform well under out-of-order packets Types of Wireless
Communication
▶ Internet not designed with these issues in mind Classification Based on
Technology

Adaptation and
mobility
Mobility Support

Challenges of
Wireless Networks
Technological Challenges
 Wireless and
Potential problems Towards Development Mobile
Communication
▶ Quality of service
▶ Today's Internet is best-effort Introduction
▶ Integrated services did not work out What is Wireless
Communication?
▶ Differentiated services have to prove scalability and
A short history of
manageability wireless
communication
▶ What about the simplicity of the Internet? DoS attacks Main Events in Wireless
History
on QoS? Current state and Future Of
Wireless
▶ Internet protocols are well known · · ·
Applications of
▶ · · · also to attackers, hackers, intruders wireless
communication
▶ Security by obscurity does not really work, however, Services Offered Using
wireless Media
closed systems provide some protection
Frequencies for
▶ Reliability, maintenance radio transmission
Frequency Spectrum
▶ Open question if Internet technology is really cheaper as
Types of Wireless
soon as high reliability (99.9999%) is required plus all Communication
features are integrated Classification Based on
Technology

▶ Missing charging models Adaptation and

mobility
▶ Charging by technical parameters (volume, time) is not Mobility Support

reasonable Challenges of
▶ Pay-per-application may make much more sense Wireless Networks
Technological Challenges
 Wireless and
Basic Terminologies Mobile
Communication
▶ Mobile Station (MS) User Equipment (UE)
▶ A station in the cellular radio service intended for use Introduction
while in motion at unspecified locations What is Wireless
Communication?

▶ They can be either hand-held personal units (portables) A short history of

or installed on vehicles wireless
communication
▶ Base Station (BS) / Node B / eNodeB Main Events in Wireless
History

▶ A fixed station in a mobile radio system used for radio Current state and Future Of
Wireless

communication with mobile stations Applications of

▶ BSs are located at the center or edge of a coverage wireless
communication
region, consists of transmitter and receiver antennas, Services Offered Using
wireless Media

and are usually mounted on top of towers Frequencies for

▶ Provides gateway functionality between wireless and radio transmission
Frequency Spectrum
wired links
Types of Wireless
▶ BSs coordinate handoff and control functions Communication

▶ Mobile Switching Center (MSC) Classification Based on

Technology

▶ Switching center which coordinates the routing of calls Adaptation and

mobility
in a large service area Mobility Support

▶ In a cellular radio system, the MSC connects the BS Challenges of

Wireless Networks
and MS to the PSTN Technological Challenges
 Wireless and
Basic Terminologies Mobile
Communication

Introduction
▶ Subscriber What is Wireless
Communication?
▶ A user who pays subscription charges for using a mobile
A short history of
communication system wireless
communication
▶ Handoff/ Handover Main Events in Wireless
History

▶ The Process of transferring a mobile station from one Current state and Future Of
Wireless

channel or base station to another Applications of

wireless
▶ Roamer communication
▶ A mobile station which operates in a service area Services Offered Using
wireless Media

(market) other than that from which service has been Frequencies for
radio transmission
subscribed Frequency Spectrum

▶ Page Types of Wireless

Communication
▶ A brief message which is broadcast over the entire Classification Based on
Technology
service area, usually in simulcast fashion by many base
Adaptation and
stations at the same time mobility
Mobility Support

Challenges of
Wireless Networks
Technological Challenges
 Wireless and
Channel Types Mobile
Communication

▶ Control Channel (forward and reverse) Introduction

What is Wireless
▶ Radio channel used for transmission of call setup, call Communication?

A short history of
request, call initiation, call interruption (tear down) and wireless
other beacon and control purposes communication
Main Events in Wireless
▶ Downlink (forward) voice channels History
Current state and Future Of
Wireless
▶ Radio channels used for transmission of information
Applications of
from the base station to the mobile wireless
communication
▶ Uplink (reverse) voice channels Services Offered Using
wireless Media
▶ Radio channels used for transmission of information
Frequencies for
from mobile to base station radio transmission
Frequency Spectrum

Types of Wireless
Communication
Classification Based on
Technology

Adaptation and
mobility
Mobility Support

Challenges of
Wireless Networks
Technological Challenges
 Wireless and
Duplexing and Multiplexing Techniques Mobile
Communication

Introduction
What is Wireless
Communication?

A short history of
▶ The information from sender to receiver is carried over wireless
communication
a well defined frequency band Main Events in Wireless
History
▶ This is called a channel Current state and Future Of
Wireless

▶ Each channel has a fixed frequency bandwidth and Applications of

wireless
capacity (bit-rate) communication
Services Offered Using
▶ Different frequency bands (channels) can be used to wireless Media

Frequencies for
transmit information in parallel and independently radio transmission
Frequency Spectrum
▶ Duplexing and multiplexing techniques are required
Types of Wireless
Communication
Classification Based on
Technology

Adaptation and
mobility
Mobility Support

Challenges of
Wireless Networks
Technological Challenges
 Wireless and
Duplexing Types for Cellular Systems Mobile
Communication

▶ Simplex
Introduction
▶ is a one way communication, i.e., one source transmits What is Wireless
Communication?
and the other only receives
▶ Example: Remote control, Radio broadcast A short history of
wireless
▶ To enable two-way communication, we can use communication
Main Events in Wireless
▶ Frequency as in FDD History

▶ Time as in TDD Current state and Future Of

Wireless

▶ Half duuplex systems Applications of

wireless
▶ Communication systems which allow two-way communication
Services Offered Using
communication by using the same radio channel for wireless Media

both transmission and reception Frequencies for

radio transmission
▶ At any given time, the user can either transmit or Frequency Spectrum

receive information Types of Wireless

Communication
Classification Based on
Technology

Adaptation and
mobility
Mobility Support

Challenges of
Wireless Networks
Technological Challenges
 Wireless and
Duplexing Types for Cellular Systems Mobile
Communication

Introduction
▶ Full Duplex Systems What is Wireless
Communication?
▶ Communication systems which allow simultaneous
A short history of
two-way communication wireless
communication
▶ Transmission and reception is typically on two different Main Events in Wireless
History
channels (FDD) Current state and Future Of

▶ Downlink and uplink channels use different frequency Wireless

Applications of
bands wireless
▶ Providing two simultaneous but separate channels to communication
Services Offered Using
both users by using FDD or TDD wireless Media

Frequencies for
radio transmission
Frequency Spectrum

Types of Wireless
Communication
Classification Based on
Technology

Adaptation and
mobility
Mobility Support

Challenges of
Wireless Networks
Technological Challenges
 Wireless and
Duplexing Types for Cellular Systems Mobile
Communication
▶ Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)
▶ Supports two way communication with two distinct Introduction
radio channels What is Wireless
Communication?

▶ One channel transmits downstream from BS to MS A short history of

▶ The second is used in the upstream direction and wireless
communication
supports transmission from MS to BS Main Events in Wireless
History
▶ Hence simultaneous transmission in both directions is Current state and Future Of
Wireless
possible
Applications of
▶ to mitigate self-interference between upstream and wireless
communication
downstream transmissions, a minimum amount of Services Offered Using

frequency separation is needed between frequency pairs. wireless Media

Frequencies for
radio transmission
Frequency Spectrum

Types of Wireless
Communication
Classification Based on
Technology

Adaptation and
mobility
Mobility Support

Challenges of
Wireless Networks
Technological Challenges
 Wireless and
Duplexing Types for Cellular Systems Mobile
Communication

▶ Time Division Duplex (TDD) Introduction

▶ TDD uses a single frequency band to transmit signals in What is Wireless
Communication?

both directions (downstrean and upstream) A short history of

▶ TDD operates by toggling transmission directions over a wireless
communication
time interval Main Events in Wireless
History
▶ This toggling takes place very rapidly and is Current state and Future Of
Wireless

imperceptible to the user Applications of

wireless
communication
Services Offered Using
wireless Media

Frequencies for
radio transmission
Frequency Spectrum

Types of Wireless
Communication
Classification Based on
Technology

Adaptation and
mobility
Mobility Support

Challenges of
Wireless Networks
Technological Challenges
 Wireless and
Multiplexing Mobile
Communication

Introduction
What is Wireless
Communication?

A short history of
wireless
▶ Used for sharing radio resources communication
▶ Multiplexing: Gives a means to regulate access to a Main Events in Wireless
History

resource that is shared by multiple users Current state and Future Of

Wireless

▶ The switching element that serves as a controller Applications of

wireless
▶ Main resources to be shared are communication
Services Offered Using
▶ Time, Frequency, Code, (+some others) wireless Media

Frequencies for
▶ Techniques radio transmission
▶ TDMA, FDMA, SDMA, CDMA ... Frequency Spectrum

Types of Wireless
Communication
Classification Based on
Technology

Adaptation and
mobility
Mobility Support

Challenges of
Wireless Networks
Technological Challenges
 Wireless and
Basic Architecture of a Cellular System Mobile
Communication

Introduction
What is Wireless
Communication?

A short history of
wireless
communication
Main Events in Wireless
History
Current state and Future Of
Wireless

Applications of
wireless
communication
Services Offered Using
wireless Media

Frequencies for
radio transmission
Frequency Spectrum

Types of Wireless
Communication
Classification Based on
Technology

Adaptation and
mobility
Mobility Support

Challenges of
Wireless Networks
Technological Challenges
 Wireless and
Basic Architecture of a Cellular System Mobile
Communication

Introduction
What is Wireless
Communication?

A short history of
wireless
communication
Main Events in Wireless
History
Current state and Future Of
Wireless

Applications of
wireless
communication
Services Offered Using
wireless Media

Frequencies for
radio transmission
Frequency Spectrum

Types of Wireless
Communication
Classification Based on
Technology

Adaptation and
mobility
Mobility Support

Challenges of
Wireless Networks
Technological Challenges
 Wireless and
Call Flow Example - ISUP to SIP Network Mobile
Communication

Introduction
What is Wireless
Communication?

A short history of
wireless
communication
Main Events in Wireless
History
Current state and Future Of
Wireless

Applications of
wireless
communication
Services Offered Using
wireless Media

Frequencies for
radio transmission
Frequency Spectrum

Types of Wireless
Communication
Classification Based on
Technology

Adaptation and
mobility
Mobility Support

Challenges of
Wireless Networks
Technological Challenges
 Wireless and
Mobile
Communication

Introduction
What is Wireless
Communication?

A short history of
wireless
communication
Main Events in Wireless
History
Current state and Future Of
Wireless

Applications of
wireless
communication
Services Offered Using
wireless Media

Frequencies for
radio transmission
Frequency Spectrum

Types of Wireless
Communication
Classification Based on
Technology

Adaptation and
mobility
Mobility Support

Challenges of
Wireless Networks
Technological Challenges