PASIG CITY SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL

Rainforest Park, Maybunga, Pasig City

Telefax No. 628-2177
S.Y. 2025-2026

RESEARCH PROPOSALS | CALUMA, CARLET, JUINIO, NOLASCO

1.​ Title:

Analysis and Application of Piña and Abaca Fabrics as Filtration Materials in a

Jellyfish-Inspired Lily Impeller Propulsion System for Underwater ROVs

Rationale:

Water pollution, particularly due to microplastics, is a critical issue affecting aquatic

ecosystems both globally and locally. Remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) offer potential for
underwater monitoring, but most do not contribute to active water purification. Meanwhile,
natural plant fibers such as piña (Ananas comosus) (from pineapple leaves) and abaca Musa
textilis are locally available, and biodegradable.. This study aims to explore the physical and
mechanical properties of piña and abaca fabrics to determine their potential as filtration mesh
materials. These fibers will then be integrated into a jellyfish-inspired impeller system, which
provides thrust while filtering suspended particles from the water.

Statement of the Problem and Variables

1.​ Main Research Question:

a.​ Can piña (Ananas comosus) and abaca (Musa textilis) fabrics serve as
effective filtration materials in an underwater ROV’s jellyfish-inspired
propulsion system?
2.​ Variables:
a.​ Material Testing
i.​ Independent Variable:
1.​ Type of fabric (Piña, Abaca, Piña-Abaca Hybrid)
2.​ Impeller Shape
ii.​ Dependent Variables:
1.​ Tensile strength (N)
2.​ Water absorption
3.​ Dimensional change after submersion
4.​ Degradation observed over time
5.​ Percent of sediments or artificial microplastics collected from a
mixture​

iii.​ Controlled Variables:

 PASIG CITY SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
Rainforest Park, Maybunga, Pasig City
Telefax No. 628-2177
S.Y. 2025-2026
1.​ Temperature (20°C), water type
2.​ Mixture concentration, amount of debris (gravel, sand, glitters,
sediments)
iv.​ Descriptive Data:
1.​ Average tensile strength, Percentage change in mass, and size
v.​ Inferential Analysis:
1.​ T-Test for comparing fabric performance under controlled
conditions​

b.​ Propulsion System

i.​ Independent Variables:
1.​ Input voltage to the motor
ii.​ Dependent Variables:
1.​ Thrust (N)​
2.​ Using classical mechanics to solve for the average Net force.
3.​ Involving Terminal Velocity, Robot Mass, Drag Force (Drag
Force formula), displacement travelled, assuming constant
average acceleration
4.​ Filtration effectiveness (Percentage of particles trapped)
5.​ Net integrity after immersion
6.​ Particle/debris size​

iii.​ Controlled Variables:

1.​ Water temperature, tank size
2.​ Water density, Coefficient of Drag, Frontal Area
c.​ Materials:
i.​ Material Testing
1.​ Piña fabric – from local textile or weaving shops
2.​ Abaca fabric – from agricultural suppliers or native handicraft
vendors (Inspired by Barong Tagalog & Baro’t Saya)
3.​ Tap water
4.​ Spring scale or force meter
5.​ Ruler/calipers
6.​ Stopwatch
7.​ Spring (Weighing) scale
8.​ Basin or transparent container for immersion
9.​ Electronic Speedometer (Online Stores like Shopee)​

ii.​ Impeller Testing

1.​ DC motor (3–12V)
2.​ 3D-printed impeller and housing (PLA or PETG)
 PASIG CITY SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
Rainforest Park, Maybunga, Pasig City
Telefax No. 628-2177
S.Y. 2025-2026
3.​ Arduino + motor driver (L298N or ESC)
4.​ Filtration meshes (cut from piña/abaca fabric)
5.​ Glitter, sediments, gravel, and sand (simulate microplastics)
6.​ Transparent tank
7.​ Power source (battery or USB)​

3.​ Experimentation:
a.​ Property Testing
i.​ Durability:
1.​ Cut identical samples of piña, abaca, and hybrid fabrics
2.​ Measure and record initial tensile strength using hanging
weight and spring scale
3.​ Submerge in 20 °C tap water for 30, 60, and 90 minutes
4.​ Measure final dimensions, and tensile strength after
submerssion
5.​ Record and compare degradation or tears
6.​ Analyze results with descriptive stats and using the T-Test
ii.​ Debris Collection
1.​ Cut identical samples of piña, abaca, and hybrid fabrics
2.​ Create 3 mixtures of sediments, gravel, sand, and glitters, with
recorded mass per debris, and concentration of mixture
3.​ Pour the mixture into each fabric, and soak well.
4.​ Compare the mass loss of the mixture, and determine the
percentage of debris collected using separating mixtures
(evaporation or sedimentation)
5.​ Apply evaporation or sedimentation
6.​ Record and analyze using a T-test
b.​ Performance Testing
i.​ 3D-printed jellyfish-inspired impeller
ii.​ Submerge the system in a tank in water
iii.​ Run motor at different voltages (3V, 6V, 9V)
iv.​ Measure thrust using measured physical quantities (terminal velocity,
displacement, drag force, Robot Mass, assuming constant average
acceleration)
v.​ Record amount of particles trapped on mesh
vi.​ Inspect the mesh after cycles for durability
vii.​ Compare results across materials (piña, abaca, hybrid)​
 PASIG CITY SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
Rainforest Park, Maybunga, Pasig City
Telefax No. 628-2177
S.Y. 2025-2026

2.Title:
TiO₂-Assisted Photodegradation of Various Plastics: A Comparative Analysis Under UV
Exposure.

Rationale:
This study is important because it identifies which common plastics degrade more efficiently
under TiO₂-assisted UV exposure, helping develop smarter, more targeted approaches to
plastic waste reduction and environmental sustainability.

Statement of the Problem and Variables:

Independent:

-​ Type of plastic (e.g., PET, PE, PS, etc.)

Dependent:

-​ Amount of physical surface damage (cracks, brittleness)

-​ Discoloration or yellowing
-​ Mass loss (if using a precise scale)
-​ Change in flexibility or texture

Controlled:
-​ Size and shape of plastic samples
-​ Amount and method of TiO₂ application
-​ Distance from UV light source
-​ Exposure time per day
-​ Total duration of the experiment

Materials:
-​ PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate) – from water bottles
-​ PE (Polyethylene) – from plastic bags or cling wrap
-​ PS (Polystyrene) – from disposable cups or packaging foam
-​ Titanium Dioxide (TiO₂) powder
-​ Distilled water
-​ Spray bottle/paint brush
-​ Beaker
 PASIG CITY SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
Rainforest Park, Maybunga, Pasig City
Telefax No. 628-2177
S.Y. 2025-2026

-​ Gloves
-​ Stainless steel tray

Experimentation:

1.​ Preparation of Materials

2.​ Application of TiO₂
3.​ Observation and Data Collection
4.​ Data Analysis

3.Title:
Smart Waste Disposal: A Prototype UV-TiO₂ Trash Bin for Enhanced Plastic
Breakdown.

Rationale:
Plastic waste is a persistent global problem due to its resistance to natural decomposition.
Traditional disposal methods such as landfilling or incineration pose environmental hazards,
while recycling is limited by cost and contamination issues. This study explores a novel,
low-cost approach to managing plastic waste at the point of disposal: a trash bin integrated
with UV lighting (UV-A and UV-B) and Anatase TiO₂ coating to promote in-situ
degradation. By initiating early-stage photodegradation within the bin itself, plastic waste can
begin breaking down before entering landfills or recycling centers. This could help reduce
long-term environmental impact and open new possibilities in smart waste management.

For further explanation, Anatase titanium dioxide (TiO₂) helps break down plastic by acting
as a photocatalyst when exposed to UV light. The UV light energizes the TiO₂ particles,
causing them to release charged particles (electrons and holes) that react with oxygen and
water in the air. These reactions create highly reactive molecules called free radicals, such as
hydroxyl and superoxide radicals. These radicals are powerful enough to attack the long
molecular chains in plastic, breaking the chemical bonds and causing the plastic to weaken,
crack, and fragment.

As the plastic chains break down, oxygen in the environment continues to react with the
smaller fragments, turning them into simpler compounds like acids, alcohols, carbon dioxide,
and water. Over time, this process leads to the full degradation of the plastic. When used in
plastic products, especially in outdoor or UV-exposed environments, anatase TiO₂ can
significantly speed up how quickly the material breaks down, making it a useful tool for
reducing long-term plastic pollution.

Statement of the Problem and Variables:

 PASIG CITY SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
Rainforest Park, Maybunga, Pasig City
Telefax No. 628-2177
S.Y. 2025-2026
Independent Variable:

-​ Presence of TiO₂ coating

-​ Exposure to UV light

Dependent Variables:

-​ Rate of visible plastic degradation (cracking, color change, brittleness)

-​ Weight loss (if measured)
-​ Flexibility or structural integrity

Controlled Variables:

-​ Size and type of plastic samples

-​ UV exposure duration and intensity
-​ Distance from UV source
-​
-​ Environmental conditions (kept constant)
-​ Coating method and TiO₂ amount

Materials:

-​ Clear plastic or metal bin (prototype container)

-​ Titanium dioxide anatase (TiO₂)
powder:https://www.lazada.com.ph/products/titanium-dioxide-anatase-100g-500g-1k
g-asteria-apothecary-i3237740886-s16285525396.html
-​ UV-A lamp, UV-B lamp (254 nm preferred.) Solar powered:
https://www.lazada.com.ph/products/uva-uvb-reptile-light-25w50w75w-full-spectrum
-sun-lamp-uv-heating-lamp-for-turtle-aquarium-aquatic-reptile-lizard-i3467804794-s1
7884548230.html?from_gmc=1&fl_tag=1&gQT=1
-​ Reflective aluminum foil
-​ Clean plastic samples (PET, PE, PS, etc.)
-​ Spray bottle or brush
-​ Distilled water
-​ Tweezers and gloves
-​ Safety goggles and gloves (UV safety)

Experimentation:

1.​ Design the Bin Prototype (Add foil inside).

2.​ Prepare Plastic Samples.

3.​ Apply TiO₂ Coating.

4.​ Install UV Light Source.
5.​ Place Samples in Bin.
 PASIG CITY SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
Rainforest Park, Maybunga, Pasig City
Telefax No. 628-2177
S.Y. 2025-2026
6.​ Run the Experiment (Turn on the UV light daily for a fixed duration (e.g., 6 hours
over 14 days.)
7.​ Observe and Document Changes

Additional:

-​ The UV-A and UV-B lamp can either be electrically powered or solar powered.
-​ Solar powered trash bins would be used outdoors (e.g., parks) .
-​ Non solar powered trash bins would be used indoors (e.g., malls, houses).

4. Title:
Analysis of Rice Husk Ash as Partial Substitutes for Cement in Sustainable Concrete
Mixes

Statement of the Problem and Variables:

Main Research Question:​

Can rice husk ash be used as a partial substitute for cement in sustainable concrete
mixes?

Variables:

Independent Variables:

-​ Rice Husk Ash Content (5%, 10%, 15% by weight of cement)​

Dependent Variables:

-​ Compressive strength of concrete (MPa)

-​ Durability

Controlled Variables:

-​ Cement and aggregate type

-​ Water-to-cement ratio
-​ Curing time (7, 14, and 28 days)
-​ Ash particle size (sieved to <150 µm)
-​ Environmental conditions (temperature, humidity)

Materials and Sources:

-​ Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)

-​ Fine aggregate (river sand)
-​ Coarse aggregate (gravel)
-​ Rice Husk
-​ Furnace or open-air burning setup
 PASIG CITY SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
Rainforest Park, Maybunga, Pasig City
Telefax No. 628-2177
S.Y. 2025-2026

-​ Sieve (150 µm)

-​ Water
-​ Molds (15×15×15 cm concrete cubes)
-​ Compression Testing Machine (CTM)
-​ Weighing scale
-​ Thermometer and hygrometer
-​ Stopwatch

Experimentation:

1.​ Collect Rice Husk Ash from local farm

2.​ Burn each sample in controlled conditions (~600–800°C).​

3.​ Sieve ashes to <150 µm to remove unburned carbon.​

4.​ Record mass of ash produced and calculate yield percentage.​

B. Concrete Mixing and Casting

1.​ Prepare three batches for each ash content at 5%, 10%, and 15% cement substitution.​

2.​ Mix with constant water-to-cement ratio.​

3.​ Pour into cube molds and cure in water for 7, 14, and 28 days.​

C. Mechanical Testing

1.​ Test compressive strength at each curing interval.

2.​ Measure water absorption by soaking dried cubes and recording weight change.​

3.​ Observe setting time with Vicat apparatus (optional).

Expected Outcome:

-Identification if rice husk ash can be used as a partial substitute in cement making.

-Optimal substitution percentage without compromising concrete integrity.

-A sustainable solution for managing local biomass waste and reducing cement usage.
 PASIG CITY SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
Rainforest Park, Maybunga, Pasig City
Telefax No. 628-2177
S.Y. 2025-2026

5. Title:
Bioremediation of Heavy Metal Contamination in Pasig River Sediments using Azolla
pinnata

Rationale:

Pasig River, a vital waterway in Metro Manila, suffers from severe heavy metal
contamination, impacting aquatic life, human health, and the local economy. Existing
remediation efforts are often costly and insufficient. Water pollution is a significant
environmental challenge in the Philippines, affecting numerous rivers and posing risks to
public health and sustainable development. Successful bioremediation strategies could offer
a cost-effective and environmentally friendly solution applicable nationwide. Heavy metal
contamination of water bodies is a global environmental concern. This study contributes to
the global effort in developing sustainable and eco-friendly remediation techniques.

SOP & Variables:

Statement of the Problem: Main Research Question

Can Azolla pinnata significantly reduce heavy metal concentrations in the sediments of the
Pasig River?

Dependent Variable:

-​ Concentration of heavy metals (e.g., lead, cadmium, mercury) in Pasig River

sediments.
-​

Independent Variable:

-​ Presence and concentration of Azolla pinnata (water fern) used in bioremediation.

Controlled Variables:

-​ Sediment type, water temperature, pH, sunlight exposure, and other environmental
factors

Descriptive Statistics: Will be used to describe the initial heavy metal concentrations in the
sediments and the changes observed over time.

Inferential Statistics: Will be used to determine if there is a statistically significant difference

in heavy metal concentrations between the treatment (with Azolla pinnata) and control
groups. T-tests or ANOVA may be appropriate.
 PASIG CITY SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
Rainforest Park, Maybunga, Pasig City
Telefax No. 628-2177
S.Y. 2025-2026
Materials:

-​ Azolla pinnata (can be collected from freshwater ponds or sourced from agricultural
suppliers or DENR-accredited nurseries)
-​ Sediment samples from multiple Pasig River sites (collected with proper permits).
-​ Containers/trays for holding sediment and water
-​ Distilled water
-​
-​ pH meter, thermometer
-​ Analytical balance
-​ Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) or Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass
Spectrometry (ICP-MS) for metal analysis
-​ Laboratory gloves, safety goggles, lab coat

Experimentation:

1. Collection & Preparation

-​ Secure permission and collect sediment samples from 3 to 5 Pasig River sites with
known pollution.
-​ Air-dry sediments and homogenize to ensure consistency across samples.
-​
-​ Obtain healthy Azolla pinnata and acclimate it in distilled water for 2–3 days.

2. Experimental Setup

-​ Label five containers per site for controlled experiments.

-​ Place equal amounts of sediment and distilled water in each container.
-​
-​ Add a fixed biomass of Azolla pinnata to treatment groups. Leave one group without
Azolla as control.

3. Monitoring and Maintenance

-​ Keep containers in a location with indirect sunlight (simulate riverbank conditions).

-​ Maintain consistent water levels and temperature (~25–30°C).
-​ Monitor Azolla growth and check water pH every 3–5 days.

4. Sampling Schedule

-​ Extract sediment samples at 0, 7, 14, and 21 days from each setup.

-​ Air-dry and prepare sediment samples for heavy metal analysis.

5. Analysis

-​ Analyze samples for lead, cadmium, and mercury concentration using AAS or
ICP-MS.
 PASIG CITY SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
Rainforest Park, Maybunga, Pasig City
Telefax No. 628-2177
S.Y. 2025-2026
-​ Record and compare changes in metal concentration across time and between control
and experimental setups.

6. Data Treatment

-​ Use descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation) to summarize data.

-​ Conduct inferential analysis (e.g., paired t-test or ANOVA) to determine if reductions
are statistically significant.

7. Documentation

-​ Take weekly photographs for visual observation of Azolla’s condition and sediment
changes.
-​ Record qualitative changes (e.g., Azolla color, biomass expansion, smell, etc.).

6. Title:

Development of a Dual-Layer Passive Air Scrubbing Panel Using Activated Carbon and
Calcium Hydroxide for Mobile Ambient Air Purification

Rationale:

Air pollution remains a persistent environmental and public health issue, particularly in urban
areas with heavy vehicle traffic. Traditional car systems like catalytic converters help reduce
some harmful emissions, but they do not actively capture pollutants already present in the
ambient air. This proposal explores the development of a dual-layer passive air-scrubbing
panel that can be installed beneath vehicles to absorb pollutants directly from road-level air.
By combining activated carbon and calcium hydroxide, the panel offers a low-cost,
power-free solution to passively remove toxic substances and greenhouse gases during daily
commutes.

Activated carbon is a form of carbon processed to have a high surface area filled with
microscopic pores. These pores allow it to physically adsorb a wide variety of harmful
airborne pollutants such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs), nitrogen oxides (NOₓ),
carbon monoxide (CO), and particulate matter (PM2.5). Meanwhile, calcium hydroxide
(Ca(OH)₂), commonly known as slaked lime, is a chemical compound that reacts chemically
with carbon dioxide (CO₂) to form solid calcium carbonate (CaCO₃). This neutralization
process helps remove excess CO₂, a major greenhouse gas, from the air. Together, these two
materials provide complementary pollutant removal: activated carbon targets toxic gases and
particles, while calcium hydroxide addresses greenhouse gas emissions. This innovative
pairing could contribute to cleaner roadside air and serve as a scalable design for future
vehicle retrofits or city planning solutions.
 PASIG CITY SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
Rainforest Park, Maybunga, Pasig City
Telefax No. 628-2177
S.Y. 2025-2026
SOP & Variables:

Can a dual-layer air-scrubbing panel made of activated carbon and calcium hydroxide
effectively reduce ambient pollutants such as CO₂, VOCs, and PM2.5 when installed beneath
a moving vehicle?

Independent Variable:

-​ Type of filter setup used under the vehicle: Activated carbon + calcium hydroxide
(combined system)

Dependent Variables:

-​ Amount of pollutants absorbed, specifically: Carbon dioxide (CO₂), Volatile Organic

Compounds (VOCs), Particulate Matter (PM2.5), Change in air quality levels before
and after exposure (measured using sensors)​

Controlled Variables:

-​ Distance traveled by the vehicle

-​ Duration of exposure
-​ Type and model of vehicle used
-​ Speed of travel
-​ Environmental conditions (testing under similar weather and traffic)​

Materials:

-​ Activated carbon (granules, powder, or foam sheet form) – for adsorbing VOCs,
PM2.5, and harmful gases
-​ Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂) powder – for reacting with and trapping CO₂
-​ Perforated or breathable fabric (e.g., non-woven fabric or mesh) – to hold the powders
while allowing air flow
-​ Acrylic or aluminum sheet – as the outer casing for the panel
-​ Wire mesh or foam padding – to keep materials in place and support airflow
-​ Bolts/screws or brackets – for attaching the panel to the vehicle’s underside
-​ Rubber lining or sealant – to prevent leaks and secure material inside the housing
-​ Air quality sensors for: CO₂, PM2.5, VOCs

Experimentation:

1.​ Get a flat tray or box

-​ Use something light like plastic or aluminum. This will be the case for your panel.​
(Make sure it’s wide and thin, like a laptop.)​
 PASIG CITY SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
Rainforest Park, Maybunga, Pasig City
Telefax No. 628-2177
S.Y. 2025-2026
2.​ Add a layer of activated carbon
-​ Spread the activated carbon (granules or powder) across the bottom.​
(This layer will trap smoke, bad odors, and tiny harmful gases.)​

3.​ Put a barrier/fabric on top​

-​ Place a piece of breathable cloth or mesh over the carbon so it stays in place but air
can still pass through.​

4.​ Add a layer of calcium hydroxide powder

-​ On top of the cloth, add a thin layer of calcium hydroxide (like white powder). (This
layer will absorb carbon dioxide from the air.)​

5.​ Seal the top with mesh or thin cover

-​ Cover everything with another piece of mesh or fabric to keep the powder from flying
out.​

6.​ Attach it under a toy car or a small cart for testing

-​ You can use tape, straps, or screws to attach the panel securely underneath.​
(Make sure air can still pass through it as the vehicle moves.)

7.​ Use an air quality sensor to test the air quality of our testing location before, during,
and after the experiment. Weighing the panel before and after the experiment also
helps to see how much gasses the chemicals have absorbed.

7. Title:

Utilization of Algae-Infused Bricks for Passive Carbon Dioxide Absorption in Road

Infrastructure to Reduce Urban Air Pollution

Rationale:

Carbon dioxide pollution from vehicles is a growing concern worldwide, especially in urban
areas. In the Philippines, cities like Metro Manila face serious air quality problems due to
traffic congestion. People living near roads are exposed to health risks caused by CO₂. This
study proposes an eco-friendly solution by using algae-infused bricks that naturally absorb
CO₂ through photosynthesis, helping reduce pollution without relying on machines or
electricity.
 PASIG CITY SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
Rainforest Park, Maybunga, Pasig City
Telefax No. 628-2177
S.Y. 2025-2026
SOP & Variables:

Statement of the Problem:​

Can algae-infused bricks effectively absorb carbon dioxide in an urban environment when
exposed to real or simulated CO₂ emissions?

Independent Variable:

-​ Type of brick (algae-infused brick with Chlorella vulgaris vs. regular brick)

Dependent Variable:

-​ Amount of carbon dioxide absorbed (in ppm)

Controlled Variables:

-​ Brick size (10 cm x 10 cm x 5 cm)

-​ Exposure time (8 hours per day for 7 days)
-​ Light intensity (1000 lux)
-​ Watering schedule (10 ml every 12 hours)
-​ Temperature (25–30°C)

Types of Research:

●​ Descriptive – to observe algae growth and brick behavior

●​ Inferential – to compare CO₂ absorption between algae bricks and regular bricks using
t-test.

Materials:
-​ Chlorella vulgaris culture – from biology labs or aquaculture suppliers
-​ Porous clay bricks (10x10x5 cm) – from hardware stores or custom molds
-​ BG-11 nutrient solution – from laboratory chemical suppliers
-​ Transparent acrylic cover – for sealing algae cavity and allowing sunlight
-​ Grow light (1000 lux LED lamp) – borrowed or bought online
-​ CO₂ sensor (e.g., MQ-135 or NDIR type) – from school lab or rented
-​ Spray bottle – for moistening algae
-​ Plastic box or glass chamber – as a controlled test environment
-​ Digital thermometer and hygrometer – to monitor temperature and humidity
 PASIG CITY SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
Rainforest Park, Maybunga, Pasig City
Telefax No. 628-2177
S.Y. 2025-2026

Experimentation:

1.​ Algae Preparation

-​ Grow Chlorella vulgaris in a nutrient solution (BG-11) under light for 5–7 days.
2.​ Brick Preparation
-​ Create 6 bricks total (3 algae-infused, 3 regular). Drill a 2 cm deep, 3 cm wide cavity
into each algae brick.
3.​ Inoculation
-​ Add 10 ml of algae culture into the cavity and cover with transparent acrylic to allow
sunlight and protect algae.
4.​ Test Setup
-​ Place all bricks inside a sealed chamber. Introduce CO₂ using dry ice or
vinegar-baking soda reaction. Record starting CO₂ levels.
5.​ Simulated Conditions
-​ Expose bricks to grow lights for 12 hours daily. Moisten algae with 10 ml water every
12 hours. Maintain 25–30°C temperature.
6.​ Data Collection
-​ Measure CO₂ levels every 4 hours for 7 days. Record algae growth and brick
condition.
7.​ Data Analysis
-​ Compare the CO₂ reduction in algae bricks vs. regular bricks using statistical tools
like t-test.
8.​ Durability Check
-​ Observe brick structure and algae survival after the experiment to evaluate long-term
usability.

8. Title:
 PASIG CITY SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
Rainforest Park, Maybunga, Pasig City
Telefax No. 628-2177
S.Y. 2025-2026

SOURCES

Proposal 1:

Tauviqirrahman, M., Yohana, E., Cakranegara, J., Jamari, N., & Setiyana, B. (2024). Analysis

of the effect of cut sweep ratio of Lily Impeller on the distribution of dissolved

oxygen. Fluids, 9(12), 303. https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids9120303

Solomon, R. (2023, March 31). Impellers vs Propellers - What is the Difference? ProQuip

Inc. Mixing Solutions. https://proquipinc.com/impellers-vs-propellers-difference/

Fakhruddin, Mawaddah, N. A., Irmawaty, R., & Ngeljaratan, L. N. (2024). Physical and

mechanical properties of Abaca Fiber reinforced polymer composites for sustainable

structural application. Engineering Technology & Applied Science Research, 14(6),

18955–18960. https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.8613

Alam, N. A., Ahmed, N. Z., Morshed, N. N., Talukder, N. P., & Rahman, N. T. (2022).

Analysis of physio-mechanical properties of pineapple leaf fiber. International

 PASIG CITY SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
Rainforest Park, Maybunga, Pasig City
Telefax No. 628-2177
S.Y. 2025-2026
Journal of Life Science Research Archive, 3(2), 113–116.

https://doi.org/10.53771/ijlsra.2022.3.2.0127

Proposal 2:

Chen, Z., & Lian, H. (2019). Application of nanotechnology in the treatment of heavy metal

pollution in water. Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management, 12,

100255.https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2214785319316207

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Xie, R., Fu,Z., Yan, L., Yang, X., Luo, S., Zhang, J., & Zhou, Y. (2021). Biochar as a

low-cost adsorbent for aqueous heavy metal removal: A review. Environmental

Chemistry and

Ecotoxicology,https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S221334372100

941

Proposal 4:

Saand, A., Ali, T., Keerio, M. A., & Bangwar, D. K. (2019). Experimental study on the use of

rice husk ash as partial cement replacement in aerated concrete. Engineering,

Technology & Applied Science Research, 9(4),

4534–4537. https://etasr.com/index.php/ETASR/article/view/2903 sciencedirect.com+

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Saand, A., Ali, T., Keerio, M. A., & Bangwar, D. K. (2019). A new approach to improving

durability of rice husk ash blended concrete with re‑dispersible polymer powder.
 PASIG CITY SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
Rainforest Park, Maybunga, Pasig City
Telefax No. 628-2177
S.Y. 2025-2026
Scientia Iranica, 27(4),

1858–1865. https://scientiairanica.sharif.edu/article_21079_be44ba9ca0c7369283064

d3284dc6ce8.pdf sci-int.com+5scientiairanica.sharif.edu+5scientiairanica.sharif.edu+

5​

Bangwar, D. K., Saand, A., Bhutto, M. A., Zardari, M. A., & Keerio, M. A. (2019). Reducing

the effect of carbonation and corrosion in rice husk ash concrete by incorporating

polymer. Tehnički vjesnik, 26(3), 881–884.

https://doi.org/10.17559/TV‑20170906095149 hrcak.srce.hr+1hrcak.srce.hr+1​

Isberto, C. D., Labra, K. L., Landicho, J. M. B., & De Jesus, R. (2019). Optimized preparation

of rice husk ash (RHA) as a supplementary cementitious material. International

Journal of Geomate, 16(57), 56–61. Retrieved from

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orepository.dlsu.edu.ph+15academia.edu+15​

Abhishek, A., Guharay, A., Sai Raghuram, A. S., & Hata, T. (2024). A state‑of‑the‑art review

on suitability of rice husk ash as a sustainable additive for geotechnical applications.

Indian Geotechnical Journal, 54, 910–944.

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Rainforest Park, Maybunga, Pasig City
Telefax No. 628-2177
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Environmental Management Bureau (EMB). (n.d.). EMB official website.

Faruk, O., Bledzki, A. K., Fink, H. P., & Sain, M. (2012). Biocomposites reinforced with
natural fibers: 2000–2010. Progress in Polymer Science, 37(11), 1552–1596.

Kim, L., Santos, M. B., & Reyes, D. L. (2016). Assessment of heavy metal contamination in
Pasig River sediments. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 188(10), 1–12.

Khan Academy. (n.d.). Statistics and probability.

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Sood, A., Uniyal, P. L., & Prasanna, R. (2012). Phytoremediation potential of aquatic
macrophyte Azolla. Ecological Engineering, 49, 1–5.

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Arias, D., Brown, D. M., & Pollet, B. G. (2020). Algae-based carbon capture and

utilization systems: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 119,

109624. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.109624

Borowitzka, M. A. (2013). High-value products from microalgae—their development

and commercialization. Journal of Applied Phycology, 25(3), 743–756.

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Chisti, Y. (2007). Biodiesel from microalgae. Biotechnology Advances, 25(3),

294–306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2007.02.001

Gao, Y., & Wang, W. (2019). Application of algae in building materials for air

purification. Environmental Technology & Innovation, 15, 100408.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2019.100408
 PASIG CITY SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
Rainforest Park, Maybunga, Pasig City
Telefax No. 628-2177
S.Y. 2025-2026
Kumar, K., Dasgupta, C. N., Nayak, B., Lindblad, P., & Das, D. (2011). Development

of suitable photobioreactors for CO₂ sequestration addressing global warming using

green algae and cyanobacteria. Bioresource Technology, 102(8), 4945–4953.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.01.054

Nguyen, T. M., & Shafaghat, H. (2022). Green construction materials incorporating

living organisms: A review on algae-infused structures. Journal of Cleaner

Production, 339, 130683. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130683

World Health Organization. (2021). Ambient (outdoor) air pollution.

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health